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Nutrients
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Maternal Gestational Diabetes and Its Impact on Fetal Health
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Maternal Gestational Diabetes and Its Impact on Fetal Health

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition in Women".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 April 2025 | Viewed by 2166

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Christian S. Göbl

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Obstetrics and Feto-Maternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Interests: gestational diabetes mellitus; insulin resistance; beta cell function; obesity; bariatric surgery

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects up to 15 to 18% of pregnancies and is associated with risks to both mother and child. Consequently, GDM is one of the most important metabolic complications during pregnancy. The benefits of therapies aiming to reduce glucose levels in GDM pregnancies are well-established. Nonetheless, several critical research questions remain unresolved: Firstly, the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes (HAPO) Study indicated a direct association between maternal glucose concentrations during a 75g oral glucose tolerance test, conducted between the 24th and 32nd weeks of gestation, and adverse perinatal outcomes. It is, however, an ongoing debate regarding whether earlier testing and treatment (before 24 weeks of gestation) could diminish perinatal complications. Secondly, the frequent co-occurrence of fetal overgrowth and maternal obesity may be partially independent from maternal hyperglycemia. This phenomenon is likely driven by a higher degree of maternal insulin resistance in obese mothers; however, research in this area is limited. Thirdly, GDM presents a complex challenge in clinical management due to its phenotypic heterogeneity. This heterogeneity of GDM needs to be addressed with more detail to provide individualized treatment strategies. These research gaps should be addressed by this Special Issue. 

Dr. Christian S. Göbl
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • gestational dibetes mellitus
  • insulin resistance
  • pregnancy
  • fetal health
  • hyperglycaemia

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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16 pages, 1317 KiB  
Article
How Do Maternal Gestational Diabetes and Other Concomitant Maternal Factors Determine the Perinatal Outcomes of Pregnancy?—A Retrospective Analysis
by Karolina Karcz and Barbara Królak-Olejnik
Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010177 - 2 Jan 2025
Viewed by 947
Abstract
Objectives: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with an increased risk of both neonatal and maternal morbidity. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the frequency of perinatal complications due to GDM in the Department of Neonatology at the Medical University [...] Read more.
Objectives: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with an increased risk of both neonatal and maternal morbidity. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the frequency of perinatal complications due to GDM in the Department of Neonatology at the Medical University of Wroclaw, Poland, considering the treatment of GDM—diet and physical activity versus insulin therapy. The influence of maternal comorbidities and the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnancy outcomes was assessed. Methods: A retrospective analysis of medical records was conducted. Statistics were calculated using a range of methods, with p < 0.05 considered significant. A sample of n = 625 mothers with n = 646 newborns were included in this study. Results: The newborns of insulin-treated mothers had cardiovascular defects more often (p < 0.05). A higher prevalence of vaginal infections was found in the diet-treated mothers (p < 0.05), while insulin-treated mothers had a higher prevalence of pregnancy-induced hypertension, pregnancy-induced hypothyroidism and obesity (p < 0.05). The mode of delivery, maternal age and maternal pregnancy-induced hypertension, obesity and cholestasis were found to influence neonatal outcomes (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The maternal management of GDM is not the main determinant of pregnancy outcomes, which might be affected by other maternal comorbidities. Effective initiatives are needed to control GDM, support breastfeeding and prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maternal Gestational Diabetes and Its Impact on Fetal Health)
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9 pages, 546 KiB  
Brief Report
The Association Between Glucose Variability and Insulin Parameters in Gestational Diabetes Diagnosed After 24 Gestational Weeks
by Yoshifumi Kasuga, Kaoru Kajikawa, Naotsugu Ishikawa, Yasuhiko Ogata, Marina Takahashi, Keisuke Akita, Junko Tamai, Yuka Fukuma, Yuya Tanaka, Toshimitsu Otani, Marie Fukutake, Satoru Ikenoue and Mamoru Tanaka
Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030440 - 25 Jan 2025
Viewed by 580
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Recently, it was reported that glucose variability (GV) calculated using the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. However, its role in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) remains unclear. We investigated the association between GV and [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Recently, it was reported that glucose variability (GV) calculated using the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. However, its role in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) remains unclear. We investigated the association between GV and insulin parameters in Japanese women diagnosed with GDM after 24 weeks of gestation (late GDM). Methods: A total of 280 mothers with late GDM cared for at Keio University Hospital were included in this study. Using 75 g OGTT, the initial increase and subsequent decrease were calculated as the GV. Results: The initial increase was significantly positively associated with 1 h plasma glucose level (PG) and 2 h PG with 75 g OGTT (p < 0.001), but fasting PG, insulinogenic index (IGI), and homeostasis model assessment—insulin resistance were negatively associated with the initial increase (all p < 0.001). The subsequent decrease was significantly positively correlated with 1 h PG (p < 0.001) but negatively correlated with 2 h PG (p < 0.001), IGI (p = 0.009), and the whole-body insulin sensitivity index derived from the OGTT (p = 0.02). Insulin Secretion-Sensitivity Index-2 was not associated with an initial increase or subsequent decrease. Conclusions: Since the initial increase might reflect insulin secretion and the subsequent decrease might reflect insulin sensitivity in Japanese women with late GDM, GV could alter several insulin parameters. Further studies are required to investigate the usefulness of GV in the management of GDM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maternal Gestational Diabetes and Its Impact on Fetal Health)
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