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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Public Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 November 2020) | Viewed by 69001

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Vicente Martinez Vizcaino

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Guest Editor

Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 16071 Cuenca, Spain
Interests: obesity; Cardiovascular disease; meta-analysis; physical activity
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Dr. Celia Álvarez Bueno

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Guest Editor

Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
Interests: fitness; cognition; meta-analysis; physical activity
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Dr. Iván Cavero Redondo

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Guest Editor

Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 16071 Cuenca, Spain
Interests: dietary habits; nutrient impact; dietary interventions; inflammatory response; antioxidant nutrients;biomarkers; arterial stiffness; cardiovascular diseases; meta-analysis; diabetes; vascular health; hypertension
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The prevalence of obesity is reaching alarming figures in both industrialized and developing countries, to the point that it has become a major health problem. According to the World Health Organization, it is estimated that, around the world, approximately one-third of adults are overweight and one-tenth are obese. The upward trend in the prevalence of obesity is a cause of great concern due to the parallel increase in comorbidities associated with it.

In recent years, epidemiological studies on diet and health have changed their approach: before they focused on a single nutrient (e.g., dietary fat), and now they focus on the quality of the total diet and the dietary pattern. Improving lifestyle has been considered a key strategy to reduce the tendency to obesity, and diet—as one of the main components of lifestyle—plays a crucial role. An association between the different components of the diet, including energy, food groups, and nutrients, with obesity is suggested.

The aim of this proposed Special Issue on “Diet in the Management of Weight Loss” is to publish selected papers (reviews and/or clinical or experimental studies) dealing with trends of overweight and obesity and specific aspects related to the diet and nutrition and eating behaviors.

Dr. Vicente Martinez Vizcaino
Dr. Celia Álvarez Bueno
Dr. Iván Cavero Redondo
Guest Editors

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Keywords

overweight
obesity
BMI
weight status
weight loss
nutrition
diet

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Editorial

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2 pages, 199 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Diet in the Management of Weight Loss

by Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno, Celia Álvarez-Bueno and Iván Cavero-Redondo

Nutrients 2021, 13(4), 1306; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041306 - 15 Apr 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3529

Abstract

The prevalence of obesity and related disorders has been growing at an alarming rate in both wealthy and middle–low-income countries [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet in the Management of Weight Loss)

Research

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10 pages, 1038 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Barriers to Adherence to a Weight Loss Diet in Women Using the Nominal Group Technique

by Angela De Leon, James N. Roemmich and Shanon L. Casperson

Nutrients 2020, 12(12), 3750; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123750 - 6 Dec 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5738

Abstract

Background: At any given time, a majority of women are engaged in some type of weight loss diet; however, these efforts are difficult to sustain for long-term weight control. Because women are more likely to develop obesity and suffer a greater severity of obesity-related health and economic consequences, we sought to identify the key factors that make adhering to a weight loss diet difficult for overweight/obese women. Methods: Ten nominal group technique (NGT) sessions aimed at identifying perceived barriers to adherence to a weight loss diet were conducted as part of a weight loss study for overweight/obese women (n = 33) during the controlled feeding weight loss phase. Results: Individual-level barriers to emerge from the sessions included knowing when to stop eating, being able to control cravings and emotional eating, and sustaining healthier dietary habits. Environmental-level barriers included family/social events that bring people together, especially those centered around food and drink, eating out, cost, and busy schedules. Conclusions: These findings offer a deeper understanding of barriers women find most salient to adhering to a weight loss diet, providing direction for the clinical application of weight loss programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet in the Management of Weight Loss)

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15 pages, 576 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Quality Changes According to the Preceding Maximum Weight: A Longitudinal Analysis in the PREDIMED-Plus Randomized Trial

by Cristina Bouzas, Maria del Mar Bibiloni, Silvia Garcia, David Mateos, Miguel Ángel Martínez-González, Jordi Salas-Salvadó, Dolores Corella, Helmut Schröder, J. Alfredo Martínez, Ángel M. Alonso-Gómez, Julia Wärnberg, Jesús Vioque, Dora Romaguera, José Lopez-Miranda, Ramon Estruch, Francisco J. Tinahones, José Lapetra, Luís Serra-Majem, Aurora Bueno-Cavanillas, Rafael M. Micó-Pérez, Xavier Pintó, Miguel Delgado-Rodríguez, María Ortíz-Ramos, Andreu Altés-Boronat, Bogdana L. Luca, Lidia Daimiel, Emilio Ros, Carmen Sayon-Orea, Nerea Becerra-Tomás, Ignacio Manuel Gimenez-Alba, Olga Castañer, Itziar Abete, Lucas Tojal-Sierra, Jéssica Pérez-López, Andrea Bernabé-Casanova, Marian Martin-Padillo, Antonio Garcia-Rios, Sara Castro-Barquero, José Carlos Fernández-García, José Manuel Santos-Lozano, Cesar I. Fernandez-Lazaro, Pablo Hernández-Alonso, Carmen Saiz, Maria Dolors Zomeño, Maria Angeles Zulet, Maria C. Belló-Mora, F. Javier Basterra-Gortari, Silvia Canudas, Albert Goday and Josep A. Tur Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2020, 12(10), 3023; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103023 - 2 Oct 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5010

Abstract

One-year dietary quality change according to the preceding maximum weight in a lifestyle intervention program (PREDIMED-Plus trial, 55–75-year-old overweight or obese adults; n = 5695) was assessed. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intake. A total of 3 groups were made according to the difference between baseline measured weight and lifetime maximum reported weight: (a) participants entering the study at their maximum weight, (b) moderate weight loss maintainers (WLM), and (c) large WLM. Data were analyzed by General Linear Model. All participants improved average lifestyle. Participants entering the study at their maximum weight were the most susceptible to improve significantly their dietary quality, assessed by adherence to Mediterranean diet, DII and both healthful and unhealthful provegetarian patterns. People at maximum weight are the most benefitted in the short term by a weight management program. Long term weight loss efforts may also reduce the effect of a weight management program. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet in the Management of Weight Loss)

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17 pages, 910 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Weight Reduction by the Low-Insulin-Method—A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Martin Röhling, Katharina Martin, Sabine Ellinger, Michael Schreiber, Stephan Martin and Kerstin Kempf

Nutrients 2020, 12(10), 3004; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103004 - 30 Sep 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6226

Abstract

Continuous high insulin levels are associated with weight gain and lead to cardiometabolic diseases. Therefore, we have developed the Low-Insulin-Method and integrated it into the multi-component, occupational healthcare program SHAPE-AND-MOTION-Medical-Accompanied-Slimming (SAMMAS) to reduce daily insulin levels for long-term weight reduction in overweight or obesity. Employees were randomized into a starting intervention group (SI, n = 15) or waiting list control group (WL, n = 15). SAMMAS consisted of group-based seminars, low-carbohydrate nutrition including formula diet, continuous glucose monitoring, telemetric monitoring, and telemedical coaching. Both groups received telemetric devices at baseline. Intention-to-treat analyses were performed after 12, 26, and 52 weeks. The estimated treatment difference in weight reduction after 12 weeks, which is the primary endpoint of the study, showed a pronounced effect in favour of SI (−6.3 kg with (95% confidence interval) (−7.4; −4.5) (p < 0.001)) after 12 weeks. Furthermore, SI improved fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, quality of life, fasting insulin, blood pressure, and eating behaviour (all p < 0.05) in the within-group analysis, while WL did not. After 26 and 52 weeks, weight reduction could be maintained in the whole group (both groups together) by −6.7 kg (−9.5; −3.8) (p < 0.001) and −6.1 kg (−9.2; −2.7) (p < 0.01). SAMMAS supports clinically relevant weight reduction and long-term weight loss maintenance in individuals with overweight or obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet in the Management of Weight Loss)

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17 pages, 593 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“An Important Part of Who I am”: The Predictors of Dietary Adherence among Weight-Loss, Vegetarian, Vegan, Paleo, and Gluten-Free Dietary Groups

by Tegan Cruwys, Rebecca Norwood, Veronique S. Chachay, Evangelos Ntontis and Jeanie Sheffield

Nutrients 2020, 12(4), 970; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040970 - 1 Apr 2020

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 12198

Abstract

Weight-loss diets are notorious for their low adherence, which is a barrier to efforts to reduce population rates of overweight and obesity. However, there is some evidence that adherence is better among people on other kinds of diets, such as vegan and gluten free. This study aimed to explore the predictors of dietary adherence across five restrictive dietary patterns (vegan, vegetarian, paleo, gluten free, and weight loss). This study used both qualitative and quantitative methods among 292 adult community members who were following a restrictive dietary pattern. Personality, mental health, and motivational predictors of adherence were examined. Substantial differences in adherence were found between dietary groups, with vegans and vegetarians being particularly high in adherence and gluten-free and weight-loss dieters being comparably low. Four consistent predictors of adherence across different dietary patterns were supported in both the quantitative and qualitative analyses. Self-efficacy and social identification with one’s dietary group positively predicted adherence. Conversely, being motivated in one’s dietary choices by mood or by weight control negatively predicted adherence. These findings speak to the importance of social and motivational factors in determining adherence. The results also illustrate the utility of looking beyond weight-loss dieters and virtuous individual traits for insights into how adherence may be improved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet in the Management of Weight Loss)

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Review

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14 pages, 795 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Effect of Curcumin Supplementation on Anthropometric Measures among Overweight or Obese Adults

by Farah J. Alsharif and Yara A. Almuhtadi

Nutrients 2021, 13(2), 680; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020680 - 20 Feb 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6946

Abstract

Over the past decades, the worldwide prevalence of obesity has dramatically increased, thus posing a serious public health threat. Obesity is associated with the development of comorbid conditions and psychological disorders. Several lifestyle interventions have been proposed to tackle obesity; however, long-term maintenance of these interventions often proves challenging. In addition, among the different types of diets there is still a debate about the optimal macronutrient composition that will achieve the best results in weight loss. Recently, several commonly used spices such as pepper, ginger, and curcumin have been shown to play a beneficial role in obesity management. Therefore, exploring the effects of certain herbs or dietary spices on obesity may be promising. Among these spices, curcumin, which is the primary component of the spice turmeric, has gained great interest for its multiple health benefits. Several randomized controlled trials have investigated the potential favorable effects of curcumin supplementation on anthropometric measures. The aim of this review is to evaluate the effect of curcumin supplementation on the anthropometric indices among overweight or obese adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet in the Management of Weight Loss)

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19 pages, 2882 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effect of Behavioral Weight Management Interventions Using Lifestyle mHealth Self-Monitoring on Weight Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Iván Cavero-Redondo, Vicente Martinez-Vizcaino, Rubén Fernandez-Rodriguez, Alicia Saz-Lara, Carlos Pascual-Morena and Celia Álvarez-Bueno

Nutrients 2020, 12(7), 1977; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12071977 - 3 Jul 2020

Cited by 81 | Viewed by 10331

Abstract

Alongside an increase in obesity, society is experiencing the development of substantial technological advances. Interventions that are easily scalable, such as lifestyle (including diet and physical activity) mobile health (mHealth) self-monitoring, may be highly valuable in the prevention and treatment of excess weight. Thus, the aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to estimate the following: (i) the effect of behavioral weight management interventions using lifestyle mHealth self-monitoring on weight loss and (ii) the adherence to behavioral weight management interventions using lifestyle mHealth self-monitoring. MEDLINE via PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the Web of Science databases were systematically searched. The DerSimonian and Laird method was used to estimate the effect of and adherence to behavioral weight management interventions using lifestyle mHealth self-monitoring on weight loss. Twenty studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis, yielding a moderate decrease in weight and higher adherence to intervention of behavioral weight management interventions using lifestyle mHealth self-monitoring, which was greater than other interventions. Subgroup analyses showed that smartphones were the most effective mHealth approach to achieve weight management and the effect of behavioral weight management interventions using lifestyle mHealth self-monitoring was more pronounced when compared to usual care and in the short-term (less than six months). Furthermore, behavioral weight management interventions using lifestyle mHealth self-monitoring showed a higher adherence than: (i) recording on paper at any time and (ii) any other intervention at six and twelve months. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet in the Management of Weight Loss)

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16 pages, 1033 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Effects of Physical Activity and Diet Interventions on Body Mass Index in Latin American Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Andrés Godoy-Cumillaf, Paola Fuentes-Merino, Armando Díaz-González, Judith Jiménez-Díaz, Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno, Celia Álvarez-Bueno and Iván Cavero-Redondo

Nutrients 2020, 12(5), 1378; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051378 - 12 May 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5302

Abstract

The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to compare the effect of physical activity only with that of physical activity plus diet interventions on body mass index (BMI) in Latin American children and adolescents. We searched the Medline, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Scielo databases from their inception until March 2020, including studies examining the effect of physical activity or physical activity plus diet interventions on BMI in children and adolescents and based on data from intervention studies. The DerSimonian and Laird method was used to compute a pooled standardized mean difference for BMI in terms of effect size (ES) and respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Eighteen studies were included. Analyses were performed based on intervention (four studies were included for physical activity only and four studies were included for physical activity plus diet). In the analysis of physical activity only versus control, there was no effect on BMI (ES = 0.00; 95% CI −0.17–0.17, I² = 0.0%; p = 0.443). In the analysis of physical activity plus diet versus control, there was a decrease in BMI in favour of the intervention group (ES = −0.28; 95% CI −0.42–−0.14, I² = 74.5%; p = 0.001). When ES was estimated considering only the effect in intervention groups, there was no evidence of a decrease in BMI (ES = −0.17; 95% CI −0.44–0.11, I² = 84.5%; p < 0.001) for physical activity only (eight studies). However, there was a statistically significant decrease in BMI (ES = −0.30; 95% CI −0.50–0.11, I² = 95.8%; p < 0.001) for physical activity plus diet (ten studies). Some limitations of this review could compromise our results, but the main limitation that should be stated is the quality of the studies (mainly medium/moderate), especially as physical activity and diet interventions cannot be blinded, compromising the quality of these studies. In summary, this meta-analysis offers evidence that physical activity plus diet interventions produced a reduction in BMI in Latin American children and adolescents, but physical activity only interventions did not. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet in the Management of Weight Loss)

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17 pages, 815 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effects of Rapid Weight Loss on Judo Athletes: A Systematic Review

by Nemanja Lakicevic, Roberto Roklicer, Antonino Bianco, Diba Mani, Antonio Paoli, Tatjana Trivic, Sergej M. Ostojic, Aleksandra Milovancev, Nebojsa Maksimovic and Patrik Drid

Nutrients 2020, 12(5), 1220; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051220 - 26 Apr 2020

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 12619

Abstract

Rapid weight loss (RWL) is commonly practiced among judo athletes. Although it helps them to gain the advantage over their lighter opponents, previous studies have shown that RWL can have a negative impact on the athlete’s performance and overall well-being. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the evidence that examines the influence of rapid weight loss on physiological parameters, biomarkers, and psychological well-being in judo athletes. We followed the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines. We searched for studies on Web of Science and PubMed that elaborate on the influence of ≥5% RWL achieved over ≤7-day period in judokas. Out of 52 studies initially found, 14 studies met our eligibility criteria and were included in the review. In total, we examined data from 1103 judo athletes. Retrieved studies showed conflicting data concerning physiological parameters and biomarkers, while psychological well-being parameters were more consistent than physiological and biomarkers. The feeling of tension, anger, and fatigue significantly increased while a decrease in vigor was demonstrated among athletes who lost weight rapidly. The evidence on the impact of RWL on performance remains ambiguous. More studies under standardized conditions are needed in order to provide firm evidence. Considering the harmful effects of RWL outlined in the existing literature, it is important to determine and monitor athlete’s minimal competitive weight to prioritize the health and safety of the athlete, emphasize fairness, and ultimately benefit the sport. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet in the Management of Weight Loss)

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