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Nutrition, Exercise and Diabetes

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Diabetes".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 March 2024) | Viewed by 11653

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Maurício Da Silva Krause

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Guest Editor

Laboratory of Inflammation, Metabolism and Exercise Research (LAPIMEX) and Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Interests: exercise; metabolism; obesity; diabetes; nutrition
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Giuseppe De Vito

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Guest Editor

Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
Interests: aging; skeletal muscle; sarcopenia; physical activity; neuromuscular control; diabetes mellitus
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Philip Newsholme

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Guest Editor

Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
Interests: metabolism; molecular metabolism and nutrition; immunometabolism; diabetes; neurodegeneration

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to invite you to contribute to this Special Issue entitled “Nutrition, Exercise and Diabetes”.

Diet and physical activity are modifiable lifestyle factors that are associated with metabolic health. In fact, exercise is the most effective non-pharmacological tool to prevent and treat metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. The present Special Issue aims to join efforts towards the comprehension of the effects of exercise, alone or in combination with nutritional interventions, in obesity, type I and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Papers describing the effects of exercise and nutrition on health, and their impact on changes in metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, microbiota, gene and protein expression, body composition, cardiovascular function and others, are welcome.

We encourage all researchers to submit original research papers, reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses to this Special Issue in order to broaden our knowledge and open new research avenues.

Prof. Dr. Maurício Da Silva Krause
Prof. Dr. Giuseppe De Vito
Prof. Dr. Philip Newsholme
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

exercise
nutrition
obesity
diabetes

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 247 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Commonalities, Differences and the Importance of Exercise and Nutrition

by Maurício Krause and Giuseppe De Vito

Nutrients 2023, 15(19), 4279; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15194279 - 7 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1746

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus represents a group of physiological dysfunctions characterized by hyperglycaemia resulting directly from insulin resistance (in the case of type 2 diabetes mellitus—T2DM), inadequate insulin secretion/production, or excessive glucagon secretion (in type 1 diabetes mellitus—T1DM) [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Exercise and Diabetes)

Research

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16 pages, 1457 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Improvement in Cardiorespiratory Fitness Ameliorates Insulin Sensitivity beyond Changes in Visceral/Ectopic Fat among Men with Visceral Obesity

by Adrien Murphy-Després, Dominic J. Chartrand, Isabelle Lemieux, Angelo Tremblay, Jean Bergeron, Paul Poirier, Natalie Alméras and Jean-Pierre Després

Nutrients 2024, 16(9), 1377; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091377 - 1 May 2024

Viewed by 625

Abstract

The SYNERGIE study documented the effects on cardiometabolic risk (CMR) indices of a 1-year lifestyle intervention targeting physical activity (PA) and diet followed by a 2-year maintenance period in men with visceral obesity. Improvements in CMR markers and a decrease in low-attenuation muscle (LAM) area were observed after 1 year. Despite a rebound in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) during the maintenance period, insulin resistance (IR) improved. We tested the hypothesis that variations in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and LAM could explain the long-term improvement in IR. A health (n = 88; mean age 49.0 ± 8.2 years) and fitness (n = 72) evaluation was performed at 0, 1, and 3 years. Participants were classified into two groups based on their CRF response over the maintenance period (worsening: CRF− vs. maintenance/improvement: CRF+). During the maintenance period, changes in the psoas and core LAM areas correlated with changes in IR (r = 0.27; p < 0.05 and r = 0.34; p < 0.005) and changes in CRF (r = −0.31; p < 0.01 and r = −0.30; p < 0.05). IR improved in the CRF+ group (p < 0.05) but remained stable in the CRF− group. Men in the CRF+ group regained half of the changes in VAT volume and LAM at the psoas and mid-thigh compared to the CRF− group (p < 0.05). These results support the importance of targeting VAT and CRF/PA for the long-term management of CMR in men with visceral obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Exercise and Diabetes)

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19 pages, 2171 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Vitamin D3 Supplementation and Aerobic Training on Autophagy Signaling Proteins in a Rat Model Type 2 Diabetes Induced by High-Fat Diet and Streptozotocin

by Hadi Golpasandi, Mohammad Rahman Rahimi, Slahadin Ahmadi, Beata Łubkowska and Paweł Cięszczyk

Nutrients 2023, 15(18), 4024; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15184024 - 17 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1510

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effects of vitamin D3 supplementation and aerobic training on regulating the autophagy process in rats with type 2 diabetic induced by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin. A total of 40 Wistar rats were divided into five groups: normal control (NC), diabetic control (DC), diabetic + aerobic training (DAT), diabetic + vitamin D3 (DVD), and diabetic + aerobic training + vitamin D3 (DVDAT). The rats underwent eight weeks of aerobic training with an intensity of 60% maximum running speed for one hour, along with weekly subcutaneous injections of 10,000 units of vitamin D3. The protein levels of different autophagy markers were assessed in the left ventricular heart tissue. The results showed that the protein levels of AMPK, pAMPK, mTOR, and pmTOR were significantly lower in the DC group compared to the NC group. Conversely, the levels of ULK, Beclin-1, LC3II, Fyco, and Cathepsin D proteins were significantly higher in the DC group. However, the interventions of aerobic training and vitamin D3 supplementation, either individually or in combination, led to increased levels of AMPK, pAMPK, mTOR, and pmTOR, and decreased levels of ULK, Beclin-1, LC3II, Fyco, and Cathepsin D (p < 0.05). Additionally, the aerobic capacity in the DAT and DVDAT groups was significantly higher compared to the NC, DC, and DVD groups (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that type 2 diabetes is associated with excessive autophagy in the left ventricle. However, after eight weeks of vitamin D3 supplementation and aerobic training, a significant reduction in excessive autophagy was observed in rats with type 2 diabetes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Exercise and Diabetes)

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23 pages, 3860 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Moderate- and High-Intensity Endurance Training Alleviate Diabetes-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction in Rats

by Sarah D’Haese, Maxim Verboven, Lize Evens, Dorien Deluyker, Ivo Lambrichts, BO Eijnde, Dominique Hansen and Virginie Bito

Nutrients 2023, 15(18), 3950; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15183950 - 12 Sep 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1619

Abstract

Exercise training is an encouraging approach to treat cardiac dysfunction in type 2 diabetes (T2DM), but the impact of its intensity is not understood. We aim to investigate whether and, if so, how moderate-intensity training (MIT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) alleviate adverse cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in rats with T2DM. Male rats received standard chow (n = 10) or Western diet (WD) to induce T2DM. Hereafter, WD rats were subjected to a 12-week sedentary lifestyle (n = 8), running MIT (n = 7) or HIIT (n = 7). Insulin resistance and glucose tolerance were assessed during the oral glucose tolerance test. Plasma advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) were evaluated. Echocardiography and hemodynamic measurements evaluated cardiac function. Underlying cardiac mechanisms were investigated by histology, western blot and colorimetry. We found that MIT and HIIT lowered insulin resistance and blood glucose levels compared to sedentary WD rats. MIT decreased harmful plasma AGE levels. In the heart, MIT and HIIT lowered end-diastolic pressure, left ventricular wall thickness and interstitial collagen deposition. Cardiac citrate synthase activity, mitochondrial oxidative capacity marker, raised after both exercise training modalities. We conclude that MIT and HIIT are effective in alleviating diastolic dysfunction and pathological cardiac remodeling in T2DM, by lowering fibrosis and optimizing mitochondrial capacity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Exercise and Diabetes)

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17 pages, 1800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A High Protein Diet Is Associated with Improved Glycemic Control Following Exercise among Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes

by Franklin R. Muntis, Abbie E. Smith-Ryan, Jamie Crandell, Kelly R. Evenson, David M. Maahs, Michael Seid, Saame R. Shaikh and Elizabeth J. Mayer-Davis

Nutrients 2023, 15(8), 1981; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081981 - 20 Apr 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3609

Abstract

Nutritional strategies are needed to aid people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in managing glycemia following exercise. Secondary analyses were conducted from a randomized trial of an adaptive behavioral intervention to assess the relationship between post-exercise and daily protein (g/kg) intake on glycemia following moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among adolescents with T1D. Adolescents (n = 112) with T1D, 14.5 (13.8, 15.7) years of age, and 36.6% overweight or obese, provided measures of glycemia using continuous glucose monitoring (percent time above range [TAR, >180 mg/dL], time-in-range [TIR, 70–180 mg/dL], time-below-range [TBR, <70 mg/dL]), self-reported physical activity (previous day physical activity recalls), and 24 h dietary recall data at baseline and 6 months post-intervention. Mixed effects regression models adjusted for design (randomization assignment, study site), demographic, clinical, anthropometric, dietary, physical activity, and timing covariates estimated the association between post-exercise and daily protein intake on TAR, TIR, and TBR from the cessation of MVPA bouts until the following morning. Daily protein intakes of ≥1.2 g/kg/day were associated with 6.9% (p = 0.03) greater TIR and −8.0% (p = 0.02) less TAR following exercise, however, no association was observed between post-exercise protein intake and post-exercise glycemia. Following current sports nutrition guidelines for daily protein intake may promote improved glycemia following exercise among adolescents with T1D. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Exercise and Diabetes)

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23 pages, 2014 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Influence of Acute and Chronic Exercise on Appetite and Appetite Regulation in Patients with Prediabetes or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus—A Systematic Review

by Christoph Konitz, Leon Schwensfeier, Hans-Georg Predel and Christian Brinkmann

Nutrients 2024, 16(8), 1126; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081126 - 11 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1429

Abstract

This systematic review aims to analyze the effects of acute and chronic exercise on appetite and appetite regulation in patients with abnormal glycemic control. PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for eligible studies. The included studies had to report assessments of appetite (primary outcome). Levels of appetite-regulating hormones were analyzed as secondary outcomes (considered, if additionally reported). Seven studies with a total number of 211 patients with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) met the inclusion criteria. Ratings of hunger, satiety, fullness, prospective food consumption, nausea, and desire to eat, as well as levels of (des-)acylated ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, pancreatic polypeptide, peptide tyrosine tyrosine, leptin, and spexin were considered. Following acute exercise, the effects on appetite (measured up to one day post-exercise) varied, while there were either no changes or a decrease in appetite ratings following chronic exercise, both compared to control conditions (without exercise). These results were accompanied by inconsistent changes in appetite-regulating hormone levels. The overall risk of bias was low. The present results provide more evidence for an appetite-reducing rather than an appetite-increasing effect of (chronic) exercise on patients with prediabetes or T2DM. PROSPERO ID: CRD42023459322. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Exercise and Diabetes)

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