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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Phytochemicals and Human Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 October 2024) | Viewed by 28345

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Dr. Sonia Blanco Mejia

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1. Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
2. Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials unit and Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
Interests: cardiovascular disease; dyslipidaemia; diabetes; obesity; systematic reviews and meta-analyses; nutrition; plant protein

Dr. Andreea Zurbau

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Guest Editor

1. Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
2. Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials unit and Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
Interests: cardiovascular disease; dyslipidaemia; diabetes; obesity; randomised controlled trials; systematic reviews and meta-analyses; nutritional epidemiology; nutrition; carbohydrate quality; glycaemic index; dietary fibre; dietary patterns; plant protein

Dr. Laura Chiavaroli

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Guest Editor

1. Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
2. Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials unit and Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
Interests: cardiovascular disease; dyslipidaemia; diabetes; obesity; randomised controlled trials; systematic reviews and meta-analyses; nutrition; dietary patterns; carbohydrate quality; glycaemic index; sugars; plant protein; web- and mobile-based applications

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Dietary pulses are the dry edible seeds from a legume plant, rich in protein, fibre, iron, potassium, and folate and low on the glycaemic index. Soybeans are another food source rich in protein and minerals. For the purpose of this Special Issue, the term ‘beans’ will include dietary pulses (i.e., chickpeas, lentils, beans, and peas) and soybeans. Consumption of beans is associated with numerous health benefits, including reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, hypertension, and obesity incidence. Although pulse production has increased globally in the past few decades, and despite dietary guidelines emphasising the inclusion of bean consumption to lower LDL-cholesterol, blood pressure, body weight, and to manage glycaemic control and increase fibre intake, the global bean consumption per capita has been relatively stable.

The objective of this Special Issue is to provide the public with the latest high-quality evidence of the effects of bean intake on human health, as well as sustainability, malnutrition, and food insecurity. Original research, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, and reviews on dietary pulses and/or soybeans and human health, sustainability, malnutrition, and food insecurity are welcome.

Dr. Sonia Blanco Mejia
Dr. Andreea Zurbau
Dr. Laura Chiavaroli
Guest Editors

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Keywords

cardiovascular disease
hypertension
obesity
glycaemic index
plant protein
fibre
micronutrients
malnutrition
sustainability
food insecurity

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 689 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Portfolio Diet and HbA1c in Adults Living with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Patient-Level Pooled Analysis of Two Randomized Dietary Trials

by Meaghan E. Kavanagh, Songhee Back, Victoria Chen, Andrea J. Glenn, Gabrielle Viscardi, Zeinab Houshialsadat, John L. Sievenpiper, Cyril W. C. Kendall, David J. A. Jenkins and Laura Chiavaroli

Nutrients 2024, 16(17), 2817; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172817 - 23 Aug 2024

Viewed by 2646

Abstract

(1) Background: The Portfolio Diet, a dietary pattern of cholesterol-lowering foods, is also rich in low glycemic index (GI) foods. While strong evidence supports clinically meaningful reductions in cholesterol, evidence on the relationship between the Portfolio Diet and diabetes management is lacking. (2) Objective: To evaluate the relationship between the Portfolio Diet and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) as a determinant of glycemic control among adults living with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). (3) Methods: Patient-level data was pooled from two randomized dietary trials of low glycemic index interventions compared to high cereal fibre control diets in adults living with T2DM where HbA1c was collected (clinicaltrials.gov identifiers: NCT00438698, NCT00438698). Dietary exposure was assessed using weighed 7-day diet records. Adherence to the Portfolio Diet and its pillars (nuts and seeds, plant protein, viscous fibre, plant sterols, monounsaturated fatty acid [MUFA] oils) was determined using the validated clinical Portfolio Diet Score (c-PDS). Multiple linear regression was used to assess the association between change in the c-PDS and change in HbA1c over 6-months with covariate adjustments. (4) Results: A total of 267 participants, predominantly White (67%) and male (63%), were included, with a mean ± standard error age of 62 ± 0.5 years, baseline BMI of 30.2 ± 0.3 kg/m², HbA1c of 7.08 ± 0.03%, and a c-PDS of 4.1 ± 0.3 points out of 25. Change in the c-PDS was significantly associated with a change in HbA1c (β: −0.04% per point, 95% CI: −0.07, −0.02, p = 0.001). A 7.5-point (30%) increase in the c-PDS was associated with a 0.3% reduction in HbA1c. Of the individual pillars, a 1-point change in nut and seeds intake (β: −0.07%, 95% CI: −0.12, −0.02, p = 0.009) or in plant protein intake (β: −0.11%, 95% CI: −0.18, −0.03, p = 0.009) was associated with a change in HbA1c. Further analysis of plant protein intake revealed that an increase in dietary pulse intake, a particularly low-GI food, was significantly associated with a reduction in HbA1c (β: −0.24% per 1-cup points cooked pulses (226 g) or 2 c-PDS points, 95% CI: −0.45, −0.03, p = 0.028). (5) Conclusions: Among adults living with T2DM, the Portfolio Diet was associated with lower HbA1c over a 6-month period, predominantly driven by two pillars: nuts and seeds and plant protein, particularly dietary pulses. These data have implications for including the Portfolio Diet in dietary recommendations for glycemic control in T2DM. A trial demonstrating the direct causal effect of the Portfolio Diet in a diverse group is warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Consumption of Bean and Human Health)

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15 pages, 275 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bean and Nut Intake Were Protective Factors for Comorbid Hypertension and Hyperuricemia in Chinese Adults: Results from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (2015–2017)

by Wei Piao, Shujuan Li, Qiya Guo, Xue Cheng, Xiaoli Xu, Liyun Zhao and Dongmei Yu

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020192 - 6 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1749

Abstract

This study aimed to describe the prevalence of comorbid hypertension and hyperuricemia (HH) and detected the dietary factors for HH in Chinese adults aged 18 to 64 years. All of the data were collected from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2015–2017, with a stratified, multistage, random sampling method on a national scale. A total of 52,627 adult participants aged 18~64 years from the CNHS 2015–2017 were included in this study. HH was identified as SUA level cut-offs for males and females of 420 μmol/L and 360 μmol/L, respectively, with mean systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or mean diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg and/or received antihypertensive treatment within two weeks. The differences in HH prevalence between or among the subgroups were compared by the Rao–Scott chi-square test. The correlations between HH and covariates or metabolic factors were detected by a weighted two-level multivariate survey logistic regression. The total weighted sufficient intake ratios of beans and nuts, vegetables, and red meat were 59.1%, 46.6%, and 64.8%, respectively. The weighted prevalence of HH in the total participants was 4.7% (95% CI: 4.3–5.0%). The positive effects of bean and nut on HH were observed. The participants who had sufficient bean and nut intake showed lower risk for HH (for the total participants: OR = 0.734, 95% CI = 0.611–0.881). The prevalence of HH might have been a public health problem, and bean and nut intake might be a protective factor for HH in the Chinese population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Consumption of Bean and Human Health)

10 pages, 605 KiB

Open AccessArticle

UK Chickpea Consumption Doubled from 2008/09–2018/19

by Inga Kutepova, Colin D. Rehm and Samara Joy Friend

Nutrients 2023, 15(22), 4784; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15224784 - 15 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1838

Abstract

Background: Only 9% of individuals in the United Kingdom (UK) meet the recommendation for dietary fibre intake. Little is known about chickpea consumption in the UK. Methods: Chickpea intake trends and sociodemographic patterns were analysed using the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme data collected from 2008/09 to 2018/19 among 15,655 individuals ≥1.5 years completing a four-day food diary. Chickpea consumers were identified based on a list of chickpea-containing foods, with the most consumed foods being hummus, boiled chickpeas, chickpea flour, and low/reduced-fat hummus. Micronutrient and food group intakes were compared between chickpea consumers and non-consumers; the Modified Healthy Dietary Score was also assessed, which measures adherence to UK dietary recommendations. Results: Chickpea consumption increased from 6.1% (2008–2012) to 12.3% (2016–2019). Among 1.5–3 years, consumption increased from 5.7% to 13.4%, and among 19–64 years, consumption increased from 7.1% to 14.4%. The percentage of individuals eating chickpeas was higher among individuals with higher incomes and more education. Healthy-weight adults were more likely to consume chickpeas compared to those who were overweight or obese. Compared to both bean and non-bean consumers, chickpea consumers ate significantly more dietary fibre, fruits and vegetables, pulses, nuts, and less red meat and processed meat products. Chickpea consumers also had a higher Modified Healthy Dietary Score. Conclusions: In the UK, chickpea consumption more than doubled from 2008/09 to 2018/19. Chickpea consumers had a higher diet quality than non-consumers. Full article

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17 pages, 862 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Minimal Effective Dose of Beans Required to Elicit a Significantly Lower Glycemic Response Than Commonly Consumed Starchy Foods: Predictions Based on In Vitro Digestion and Carbohydrate Analysis

by D. Dan Ramdath, Simone Renwick, Aileen Hawke, Davin G. Ramdath and Thomas M. S. Wolever

Nutrients 2023, 15(21), 4495; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15214495 - 24 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2095

Abstract

Beans elicit lower glycemic responses (GRs) than other starchy foods, but the minimum effective dose (MED) to reduce GR is unknown. We sought to determine the MED of beans compared to common starchy foods. Overnight-fasted healthy volunteers consumed ¼c (phase 1, n = 24) or ½c (phase 2, n = 18) of black, cranberry, great northern, kidney, navy and pinto beans and corn, rice, pasta and potato (controls), with blood glucose measured before and for 2 h after eating. GRs (incremental areas under the curves, iAUCs) after beans were consumed were compared to those of controls by ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. To qualify for MED, beans had to elicit an effective reduction in GR, defined as a statistically significant reduction in iAUC of ≥20% (i.e., a relative glycemic response, RGR, ≤80). Outcomes from in vitro digestion were compared with in vivo RGR. Both doses of all six beans effectively reduced GR versus all four starchy controls, except for ¼c and ½c cranberry and pinto vs. corn, ¼c great northern and navy vs. corn and ¼c navy and pinto vs. potato. MED criteria were met for 18 comparisons of the ¼c servings, with four of the remaining six met by the ½c servings. The overall mean ± SEM RGR vs. controls was similar for the ¼c and ½c servings: 53 ± 4% and 56 ± 3%, respectively. By multiple regression analysis, RGR = 23.3 × RDS + 8.3 × SDS − 20.1 × RS + 39.5 × AS − 108.2 (rapidly digested starch, p < 0.001; slowly digested starch, p = 0.054; resistant starch, p = 0.18; available sugars, p = 0.005; model r = 0.98, p = 0.001). RGR correlated with in vitro glucose release (r = 0.92, p < 0.001). The MED of beans is ¼ cup. For n = 30 comparisons (n = 24 beans vs. controls, n = 6 controls vs. each other), an effective reduction in GR was predicted from in vitro carbohydrate analysis with 86% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Full article

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18 pages, 5268 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protective Effects of White Kidney Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) against Diet-Induced Hepatic Steatosis in Mice Are Linked to Modification of Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolites

by Qiqian Feng, Zhitao Niu, Siqi Zhang, Li Wang, Lijun Dong, Dianzhi Hou and Sumei Zhou

Nutrients 2023, 15(13), 3033; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15133033 - 4 Jul 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4408

Abstract

Disturbances in the gut microbiota and its derived metabolites are closely related to the occurrence and development of hepatic steatosis. The white kidney bean (WKB), as an excellent source of protein, dietary fiber, and phytochemicals, has recently received widespread attention and might exhibit beneficial effects on a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic steatosis via targeting gut microbiota and its metabolites. The results indicated that HFD, when supplemented with WKB for 12 weeks, could potently reduce obesity symptoms, serum lipid profiles, and glucose, as well as improve the insulin resistance and liver function markers in mice, thereby alleviating hepatic steatosis. An integrated fecal microbiome and metabolomics analysis further demonstrated that WKB was able to normalize HFD-induced gut dysbiosis in mice, thereby mediating the alterations of a wide range of metabolites. Particularly, WKB remarkably increased the relative abundance of probiotics (Akkermansiaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae, and norank_f_Muribaculaceae) and inhibited the growth of hazardous bacteria (Mucispirillum, Enterorhabdus, and Dubosiella) in diet-induced hepatic steatosis mice. Moreover, the significant differential metabolites altered by WKB were annotated in lipid metabolism, which could ameliorate hepatic steatosis via regulating glycerophospholipid metabolism. This study elucidated the role of WKB from the perspective of microbiome and metabolomics in preventing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, which provides new insights for its application in functional foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Consumption of Bean and Human Health)

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11 pages, 764 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Legume Consumption and Blood Pressure Control in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension: Cross-Sectional Findings from the TOSCA.IT Study

by Marilena Vitale, Annalisa Giosuè, Sabina Sieri, Vittorio Krogh, Elena Massimino, Angela Albarosa Rivellese, Gabriele Riccardi, Olga Vaccaro and Maria Masulli

Nutrients 2023, 15(13), 2895; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15132895 - 26 Jun 2023

Viewed by 2363

Abstract

Background: Our aims were to evaluate the relationship of habitual legume consumption with blood pressure (BP) control in a large cohort of people with T2D and hypertension, and to investigate whether specific nutritional components of legumes or other foods may contribute to regulate BP levels. Methods: We studied 1897 participants with T2D and hypertension. Dietary habits were assessed through a validated food frequency questionnaire. Sex-specific quartiles of legume consumption were created. Results: Higher legume consumption was associated with a lower intake of energy, carbohydrates, glycaemic load, alcohol, and sodium, and a significantly greater intake of proteins, fat, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, fibre, potassium, and polyphenols. Significantly lower systolic and diastolic BP values were observed in the highest vs. lowest quartile of legume consumption (132.9 ± 6.7 vs. 137.3 ± 7.0 mmHg, p < 0.001; 78.9 ± 4.1 vs. 81.0 ± 4.2 mmHg, p = 0.002; respectively), as well as the proportion of people meeting the treatment targets (61.3% vs. 37.4% and 71.3% vs. 52.4%, respectively, p < 0.01). This association was independent from other foods whose consumption is associated with the high legume intake. Conclusions: In people with T2D and hypertension, three servings of legumes per week are associated with significantly better BP control. This gives further support to current dietary guidelines in recommending the frequent consumption of legumes, as a “ready-to-use” dietary strategy to achieve optimal BP control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Consumption of Bean and Human Health)

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21 pages, 1515 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effects of Extracted Pulse Proteins on Lipid Targets for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Shuting Yang, Songhee Back, Shannan M. Grant, Sabrina Ayoub-Charette, Victoria Chen, Erika J. Lin, Lukas Haintz, Yue-Tong Chen, Elmirah Ahmad, Jacqueline Gahagan, Christopher P. F. Marinangeli, Vanessa Ha, Tauseef Ahmad Khan, Sonia Blanco Mejia, Andreea Zurbau, Russell J. de Souza, Joseph Beyene, Marcia M. English, Vladimir Vuksan, Robert G. Josse, Lawrence A. Leiter, Cyril W. C. Kendall, David J. A. Jenkins, John L. Sievenpiper and Laura Chiavaroli Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3765; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213765 - 1 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1776

Abstract

Background: Many clinical practice guidelines recommend dietary pulses for the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The impact of extracted pulse proteins remains unclear. We therefore conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of the effect of extracted pulse proteins on therapeutic lipid targets. Methods and Findings: MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched through April 2024 for trials of ≥3-weeks. The primary outcome was low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C). The secondary outcomes were other lipid targets. Independent reviewers extracted data and assessed the risk of bias. Subgroup analyses included by pulse type and the certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE. Results: Seven included trials (14 trial comparisons, n = 453) with a median of 4-weeks duration and dose of 35 g/day showed that extracted pulse proteins decreased LDL-C by −0.23 mmol/L (95% confidence interval: −0.36 to −0.10 mmol/L, p < 0.001). Similar effects were observed for non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B. No interactions were found by pulse type. Subgroup analyses revealed effect modification by sex, with greater proportions of females seeing greater reductions. GRADE was generally moderate. Conclusions: Extracted pulse proteins likely result in moderate reductions in LDL-C and other lipid targets. Future studies on various types of extracted pulse proteins including assessments by sex are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Consumption of Bean and Human Health)

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18 pages, 1984 KiB

Open AccessReview

Common Beans as a Source of Amino Acids and Cofactors for Collagen Biosynthesis

by Carolina Añazco, Paola G. Ojeda and Marion Guerrero-Wyss

Nutrients 2023, 15(21), 4561; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15214561 - 27 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5452

Abstract

Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are widely consumed in diets all over the world and have a significant impact on human health. Proteins, vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, and other micro- and macronutrients are abundant in these legumes. On the other hand, collagens, the most important constituent of extracellular matrices, account for approximately 25–30 percent of the overall total protein composition within the human body. Hence, the presence of amino acids and other dietary components, including glycine, proline, and lysine, which are constituents of the primary structure of the protein, is required for collagen formation. In this particular context, protein quality is associated with the availability of macronutrients such as the essential amino acid lysine, which can be acquired from meals containing beans. Lysine plays a critical role in the process of post-translational modifications facilitated with enzymes lysyl hydroxylase and lysyl oxidase, which are directly involved in the synthesis and maturation of collagens. Furthermore, collagen biogenesis is influenced by the cellular redox state, which includes important minerals and bioactive chemicals such as iron, copper, and certain quinone cofactors. This study provides a novel perspective on the significant macro- and micronutrients present in Phaseolus vulgaris L., as well as explores the potential application of amino acids and cofactors derived from this legume in the production of collagens and bioavailability. The utilization of macro- and micronutrients obtained from Phaseolus vulgaris L. as a protein source, minerals, and natural bioactive compounds could optimize the capacity to promote the development and durability of collagen macromolecules within the human body. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Consumption of Bean and Human Health)

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27 pages, 2388 KiB

Open AccessReview

Unveiling the Evidence for the Use of Pulses in Managing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Scoping Review

by Daniel J. Thomas, Mojtaba Shafiee, Matthew G. Nosworthy, Ginny Lane, D. Dan Ramdath and Hassan Vatanparast

Nutrients 2023, 15(19), 4222; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15194222 - 30 Sep 2023

Viewed by 3739

Abstract

Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a pressing global healthcare challenge. Innovative strategies that integrate superior medical and nutritional practices are essential for holistic care. As such, pulse consumption is encouraged for its potential benefit in reducing hypercholesterolaemia, dyslipidaemia, and triglyceride levels, as well as enhancing glycaemic control. This scoping review aims to assess the depth of evidence supporting the recommendation for pulse consumption in T2DM management and to identify gaps in the existing literature. We conducted a comprehensive search across the databases MEDLINE, Global Health, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library (up to July 2023). We included population-based studies of any design, and excluded review-style articles. Articles published in languages other than English were also excluded. From the 2449 studies initially identified, 28 met our inclusion criteria. Acute postprandial trials demonstrated improved glucose responses and enhanced insulin responses to pulse-based intervention. Meanwhile, long-term trials reported meaningful improvements in T2DM indicators such as haemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), fasting glucose, fasting insulin, C-peptide, and markers of insulin resistance like homeostatic model assessment (HOMA). Integrating more pulses into the diets of diabetic individuals might offer an efficient and cost-effective strategy in the global initiative to combat T2DM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Consumption of Bean and Human Health)

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