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Solid Dispersions for Drug Delivery: Applications and Preparation Methods

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A special issue of Pharmaceutics (ISSN 1999-4923). This special issue belongs to the section "Physical Pharmacy and Formulation".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2021) | Viewed by 52322

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Vitaliy V. Khutoryanskiy

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Guest Editor

Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AD, UK
Interests: water-soluble polymers; hydrogels; polymer complexes; drug delivery; mucoadhesion; nanomaterials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Hisham Al-Obaidi

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Guest Editor

The School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AD, UK
Interests: amorphous polymeric solid dispersions; pulmonary drug delivery; oral drug delivery; co-crystals; co-amorphous dispersions
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Manuscripts are invited for publication in a Special Issue of Pharmaceutics entitled "Solid Dispersions for Drug Delivery: Applications and Preparation Methods". This Special Issue is focused on poorly-soluble drugs formulated as solid dispersions. Formation of solid dispersions, where poorly-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients are dispersed in a solid carrier, is one of the strategies to improve drug dissolution profiles and to enhance bioavailability. These solid drug dispersions could be formulated with the use of water-soluble or insoluble polymers as well as some small molecular weight materials such as surfactants, sugars, and other drugs. Recent advances in this area of research have shown potential application of co-amorphous and polymeric amorphous solid dispersions to enhance solubility and as well as to deliver combination treatments. Likewise, pharmaceutical co-crystals have attracted significant interest to deliver combination treatments. The drug present in amorphous dispersions typically undergoes rapid dissolution, which may result in its better bioavailability. There are several methods used to prepare solid drug dispersions, which include solvent evaporation, melting, and supercritical fluid technology. Numerous solvent evaporation approaches may also involve the use of spray drying, lyophilization, co-precipitation, electrospraying, electrospinning, etc. There are also several melting approaches such as hot-melt extrusion and melt agglomeration.

Prof. Dr. Vitaliy Khutoryanskiy
Dr. Hisham Al-Obaidi
Guest Editors

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Keywords

solid dispersions
poorly-soluble drugs
amorphous dispersions
crystallinity
polymer–drug mixtures
solid dosage forms
dissolution properties
co-crystals

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

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24 pages, 32297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Formulation and Evaluation of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System Derived Tablet Containing Sertraline

by Anroop B. Nair, Bhavna Singh, Jigar Shah, Shery Jacob, Bandar Aldhubiab, Nagaraja Sreeharsha, Mohamed A. Morsy, Katharigatta N. Venugopala, Mahesh Attimarad and Pottathil Shinu

Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(2), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14020336 - 31 Jan 2022

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5187

Abstract

Being a biopharmaceutics classification system class II drug, the absorption of sertraline from the gut is mainly limited by its poor aqueous solubility. The objective of this investigation was to improve the solubility of sertraline utilizing self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) and developing it into a tablet dosage form. Ternary phase diagrams were created to identify nanoemulsion regions by fixing oil (glycerol triacetate) and water while varying the surfactant (Tween 80) and co-surfactant (PEG 200) ratio (S_mix). A three-factor, two-level (2³) full factorial design (batches F1–F8) was utilized to check the effect of independent variables on dependent variables. Selected SNEDDS (batch F4) was solidified into powder by solid carrier adsorption method and compressed into tablets. The SNEDDS-loaded tablets were characterized for various pharmaceutical properties, drug release and evaluated in vivo in Wistar rats. A larger isotropic region was noticed with a S_mix ratio of 2:1 and the nanoemulsion exhibited good stability. Screening studies’ data established that all three independent factors influence the dependent variables. The prepared tablets displayed optimal pharmaceutical properties within acceptable limits. In vitro sertraline release demonstrated from solid SNEDDS was statistically significant (p < 0.0001) as compared to pure sertraline. Differential Scanning Calorimetry and X-Ray Diffraction data established the amorphous state of the drug in SNEDDS formulation, while FTIR spectra indicate the compatibility of excipients and drug. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of the SNEDDS tablet demonstrated significant increment (p < 0.0001) in AUC_0-_α (~5-folds), C_max (~4-folds), and relative bioavailability (386%) as compared to sertraline suspension. The current study concludes that the solid SNEDDS formulation could be a practicable and effective strategy for oral therapy of sertraline. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid Dispersions for Drug Delivery: Applications and Preparation Methods)

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25 pages, 3294 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Formulation and Development of Oral Fast-Dissolving Films Loaded with Nanosuspension to Augment Paroxetine Bioavailability: In Vitro Characterization, Ex Vivo Permeation, and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation in Healthy Human Volunteers

by Ahmed Hassen Elshafeey and Rania Moataz El-Dahmy

Pharmaceutics 2021, 13(11), 1869; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13111869 - 5 Nov 2021

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 5030

Abstract

Paroxetine (PX) is the most potent serotonin reuptake inhibitor utilized in depression and anxiety treatment. It has drawbacks, such as having a very bitter taste, low water solubility, and undergoing extensive first pass metabolism, leading to poor oral bioavailability (<50%). This work aimed to develop and optimize palatable oral fast-dissolving films (OFDFs) loaded with a paroxetine nanosuspension. A PX nanosuspension was prepared to increase the PX solubility and permeability via the buccal mucosa. The OFDFs could increase PX bioavailability due to their rapid dissolution in saliva, without needing water, and the rapid absorption of the loaded drug through the buccal mucosa, thus decreasing the PX metabolism in the liver. OFDFs also offer better convenience to patients with mental illness, as well as pediatric, elderly, and developmentally disabled patients. The PX nanosuspension was characterized by particle size, poly dispersity index, and zeta potential. Twelve OFDFs were formulated using a solvent casting technique. A 2² × 3¹ full factorial design was applied to choose the optimized OFDF, utilizing Design-Expert^® software (Stat-Ease Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA). The optimized OFDF (F1) had a 3.89 ± 0.19 Mpa tensile strength, 53.08 ± 1.28% elongation%, 8.12 ± 0.13 MPa Young’s modulus, 17.09 ± 1.30 s disintegration time, and 96.02 ± 3.46% PX dissolved after 10 min. This optimized OFDF was subjected to in vitro dissolution, ex vivo permeation, stability, and palatability studies. The permeation study, using chicken buccal pouch, revealed increased drug permeation from the optimized OFDF; with a more than three-fold increase in permeation over the pure drug. The relative bioavailability of the optimized OFDF in comparison with the market tablet was estimated clinically in healthy human volunteers and was found to be 178.43%. These findings confirmed the success of the OFDFs loaded with PX nanosuspension for increasing PX bioavailability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid Dispersions for Drug Delivery: Applications and Preparation Methods)

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26 pages, 6017 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro-In Silico Tools for Streamlined Development of Acalabrutinib Amorphous Solid Dispersion Tablets

by Deanna M. Mudie, Aaron M. Stewart, Jesus A. Rosales, Molly S. Adam, Michael M. Morgen and David T. Vodak

Pharmaceutics 2021, 13(8), 1257; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13081257 - 13 Aug 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5614 | Correction

Abstract

Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) dosage forms can improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs, enabling the commercialization of new chemical entities and improving the efficacy and patient compliance of existing drugs. However, the development of robust, high-performing ASD dosage forms can be challenging, often requiring multiple formulation iterations, long timelines, and high cost. In a previous study, acalabrutinib/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS)-H grade ASD tablets were shown to overcome the pH effect of commercially marketed Calquence in beagle dogs. This study describes the streamlined in vitro and in silico approach used to develop those ASD tablets. HPMCAS-H and -M grade polymers provided the longest acalabrutinib supersaturation sustainment in an initial screening study, and HPMCAS-H grade ASDs provided the highest in vitro area under the curve (AUC) in gastric to intestinal transfer dissolution tests at elevated gastric pH. In silico simulations of the HPMCAS-H ASD tablet and Calquence capsule provided good in vivo study prediction accuracy using a bottom–up approach (absolute average fold error of AUC_0-inf < 2). This streamlined approach combined an understanding of key drug, polymer, and gastrointestinal properties with in vitro and in silico tools to overcome the acalabrutinib pH effect without the need for reformulation or multiple studies, showing promise for reducing time and costs to develop ASD drug products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid Dispersions for Drug Delivery: Applications and Preparation Methods)

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18 pages, 3706 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mutual Effects of Hydrogen Bonding and Polymer Hydrophobicity on Ibuprofen Crystal Inhibition in Solid Dispersions with Poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) and Poly(2-oxazolines)

by Xiaoning Shan, Maryam A. Moghul, Adrian C. Williams and Vitaliy V. Khutoryanskiy

Pharmaceutics 2021, 13(5), 659; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13050659 - 4 May 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2994

Abstract

Poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (PMOZ), poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEOZ), poly(2-n-propyl-2-oxazoline) (PnPOZ), and poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) (PiPOZ) were used to prepare solid dispersions with ibuprofen (IB), a model poorly-water soluble drug. Dispersions, prepared by solvent evaporation, were investigated using powder X-ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry, and FTIR spectroscopy; hydrogen bonds formed between IB and all polymers in solid dispersions. PMOZ, the most hydrophilic polymer, showed the poorest ability to reduce or inhibit the crystallinity of IB. In contrast, the more hydrophobic polymers PVP, PEOZ, PnPOZ, and PiPOZ provided greater but similar abilities to reduce IB crystallinity, despite the differing polymer hydrophobicity and that PiPOZ is semi-crystalline. These results indicate that crystallinity disruption is predominantly due to hydrogen bonding between the drug molecules and the polymer. However, carrier properties affected drug dissolution, where PnPOZ exhibited lower critical solution temperature that inhibited the release of IB, whereas drug release from other systems was consistent with the degree of ibuprofen crystallinity within the dispersions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid Dispersions for Drug Delivery: Applications and Preparation Methods)

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22 pages, 4093 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Amorphous Solid Dispersion Tablets Overcome Acalabrutinib pH Effect in Dogs

by Deanna M. Mudie, Aaron M. Stewart, Jesus A. Rosales, Nishant Biswas, Molly S. Adam, Adam Smith, Christopher D. Craig, Michael M. Morgen and David T. Vodak

Pharmaceutics 2021, 13(4), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13040557 - 15 Apr 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4798

Abstract

Calquence^® (crystalline acalabrutinib), a commercially marketed tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), exhibits significantly reduced oral exposure when taken with acid-reducing agents (ARAs) due to the low solubility of the weakly basic drug at elevated gastric pH. These drug–drug interactions (DDIs) negatively impact patient treatment and quality of life due to the strict dosing regimens required. In this study, reduced plasma drug exposure at high gastric pH was overcome using a spray-dried amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) comprising 50% acalabrutinib and 50% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS, H grade) formulated as an immediate-release (IR) tablet. ASD tablets achieved similar area under the plasma drug concentration–time curve (AUC) at low and high gastric pH and outperformed Calquence capsules 2.4-fold at high gastric pH in beagle dogs. In vitro multicompartment dissolution testing conducted a priori to the in vivo study successfully predicted the improved formulation performance. In addition, ASD tablets were 60% smaller than Calquence capsules and demonstrated good laboratory-scale manufacturability, physical stability, and chemical stability. ASD dosage forms are attractive for improving patient compliance and the efficacy of acalabrutinib and other weakly basic drugs that have pH-dependent absorption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid Dispersions for Drug Delivery: Applications and Preparation Methods)

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25 pages, 32872 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green Nanotechnology in the Formulation of a Novel Solid Dispersed Multilayered Core-Sheath Raloxifene-Loaded Nanofibrous Buccal Film; In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization

by Sara Nageeb El-Helaly, Eman Abd-Elrasheed, Samar A. Salim, Rania H. Fahmy, Salwa Salah and Manal M. EL-Ashmoony

Pharmaceutics 2021, 13(4), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13040474 - 1 Apr 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3071

Abstract

Green nanotechnology utilizes the principles of green chemistry to formulate eco-friendly nanocarrier systems to mitigate patients and environment hazards. Raloxifene (RLX) demonstrates poor aqueous solubility (BCS class II) and low bioavailability, only 2% (extensive first-pass metabolism). The aim of this study is to enhance RLX solubility and bioavailability via development of novel solid dispersed multilayered core-sheath RLX-loaded nanofibers (RLX-NFs) without the involvement of organic solvents. A modified emulsion electrospinning technique was developed. Electrospinning of an RLX-nanoemulsion (RLX-NE) with polymer solution (poly vinyl alcohol (PVA), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and chitosan (CS) in different volume ratios (1:9, 2:8, and 4:6) using D-optimal response surface methodology was adopted. In vitro characterization of RLX-loaded NFs was performed; scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal analysis, drug content, release studies, and bioadhesion potential. The optimum NFs formula was evaluated for morphology using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and ex vivo drug permeation. The superiority of E2 (comprising RLX-NE and PVA (2:8)) over other NF formulae was statistically observed with respect to Q60 (56.048%), Q240 (94.612%), fiber size (594.678 nm), mucoadhesion time 24 h, flux (5.51 µg/cm²/h), and enhancement ratio (2.12). RLX pharmacokinetics parameters were evaluated in rabbits following buccal application of NF formula E2, relative to RLX oral dispersion. E2 showed significantly higher Cmax (53.18 ± 4.56 ng/mL), and relative bioavailability (≈2.29-fold). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid Dispersions for Drug Delivery: Applications and Preparation Methods)

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15 pages, 3194 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Dissolution Rate and Intestinal Absorption of Fexofenadine Hydrochloride by the Preparation of Solid Dispersions: In Vitro and In Situ Evaluation

by Basanth Babu Eedara, Dinesh Nyavanandi, Sagar Narala, Prabhakar Reddy Veerareddy and Suresh Bandari

Pharmaceutics 2021, 13(3), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13030310 - 27 Feb 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4661

Abstract

The objective of this study was to enhance dissolution and permeation of a low soluble, absorbable fexofenadine hydrochloride (FFH) by preparing solid dispersions using polyethylene glycol 20,000 (PEG 20,000) and poloxamer 188 as carriers. The phase solubility measurement for the supplied FFH revealed a linear increase in the solubility of fexofenadine with increasing carrier concentration in water (1.45 mg/mL to 11.78 mg/mL with 0% w/v to 30% w/v PEG 20,000; 1.45 mg/mL to 12.27 mg/mL with 0% w/v to 30% w/v poloxamer 188). To select the appropriate drug carrier concentration, a series of solid dispersions were prepared in the drug carrier weight ratios of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4 by fusion method. The solid dispersions composed of drug carrier at 1:4 weight ratio showed highest dissolution with the time required for the release of 50% of the drug <15 min compared to the supplied FFH (>120 min). The intestinal absorption study presented a significant improvement in the absorption of drug from the solid dispersions composed of poloxamer 188 than PEG 20,000. In summary, the solid dispersions of FFH prepared using PEG 20,000 and poloxamer 188 demonstrated improved dissolution and absorption than supplied FFH and could be used to improve the oral bioavailability of fexofenadine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid Dispersions for Drug Delivery: Applications and Preparation Methods)

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15 pages, 2980 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Solid Dispersions of Naphthoquinone Using Different Polymers for Improvement of Antichagasic Activity

by Verônica da Silva Oliveira, Elen Diana Dantas, Anna Thereza de Sousa Queiroz, Johny Wysllas de Freitas Oliveira, Marcelo de Sousa da Silva, Patricia Garcia Ferreira, Fernando de Carvalho da Siva, Vitor Francisco Ferreira and Ádley Antonini Neves de Lima

Pharmaceutics 2020, 12(12), 1136; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12121136 - 24 Nov 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2120

Abstract

IVS320 (3a,10b-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphtho[2,3-d]furan-5,10-dione) is a naphthoquinone that has low solubility in aqueous medium, a physical behavior that limits its biological activities, considering that compounds from this class have several activities. In this work, solid dispersions (SDs) prepared between IVS320 and polymers hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were developed using physical mixture (PM), kneading (KN), and rotary evaporation (RE) methods. Dispersions were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, in vitro antiparasitic activity in Trypanosoma cruzi Y strains was evaluated. Physical-chemical characterization demonstrated the formation of SDs through the interaction of IVS320 with polymeric matrices. SDs of IVS320-polymer presented a significant potentiation of antichagasic activity, with inhibitory growth around 62% (IVS320-HPMC/RE), 55% (IVS320-PEG/RE), and 85% (IVS320-PVP/RE), while pure IVS320 showed a value of 48% for the highest concentrations evaluated (50 µg/mL). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid Dispersions for Drug Delivery: Applications and Preparation Methods)

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Review

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26 pages, 1038 KiB

Open AccessReview

Pulmonary Drug Delivery of Antimicrobials and Anticancer Drugs Using Solid Dispersions

by Hisham Al-Obaidi, Amy Granger, Thomas Hibbard and Sefinat Opesanwo

Pharmaceutics 2021, 13(7), 1056; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13071056 - 10 Jul 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5725

Abstract

It is well established that currently available inhaled drug formulations are associated with extremely low lung deposition. Currently available technologies alleviate this low deposition problem via mixing the drug with inert larger particles, such as lactose monohydrate. Those inert particles are retained in the inhalation device or impacted in the throat and swallowed, allowing the smaller drug particles to continue their journey towards the lungs. While this seems like a practical approach, in some formulations, the ratio between the carrier to drug particles can be as much as 30 to 1. This limitation becomes more critical when treating lung conditions that inherently require large doses of the drug, such as antibiotics and antivirals that treat lung infections and anticancer drugs. The focus of this review article is to review the recent advancements in carrier free technologies that are based on coamorphous solid dispersions and cocrystals that can improve flow properties, and help with delivering larger doses of the drug to the lungs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid Dispersions for Drug Delivery: Applications and Preparation Methods)

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27 pages, 2758 KiB

Open AccessReview

Drug-Rich Phases Induced by Amorphous Solid Dispersion: Arbitrary or Intentional Goal in Oral Drug Delivery?

by Kaijie Qian, Lorenzo Stella, David S. Jones, Gavin P. Andrews, Huachuan Du and Yiwei Tian

Pharmaceutics 2021, 13(6), 889; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13060889 - 15 Jun 2021

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5540

Abstract

Among many methods to mitigate the solubility limitations of drug compounds, amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is considered to be one of the most promising strategies to enhance the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. The enhancement of ASD in the oral absorption of drugs has been mainly attributed to the high apparent drug solubility during the dissolution. In the last decade, with the implementations of new knowledge and advanced analytical techniques, a drug-rich transient metastable phase was frequently highlighted within the supersaturation stage of the ASD dissolution. The extended drug absorption and bioavailability enhancement may be attributed to the metastability of such drug-rich phases. In this paper, we have reviewed (i) the possible theory behind the formation and stabilization of such metastable drug-rich phases, with a focus on non-classical nucleation; (ii) the additional benefits of the ASD-induced drug-rich phases for bioavailability enhancements. It is envisaged that a greater understanding of the non-classical nucleation theory and its application on the ASD design might accelerate the drug product development process in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid Dispersions for Drug Delivery: Applications and Preparation Methods)

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28 pages, 1674 KiB

Open AccessReview

Therapeutic Applications of Solid Dispersions for Drugs and New Molecules: In Vitro and In Vivo Activities

by Verônica da Silva Oliveira, Amanda Silva de Almeida, Ingrid da Silva Albuquerque, Fernanda Ílary Costa Duarte, Bárbara Cristina Silva Holanda Queiroz, Attilio Converti and Ádley Antonini Neves de Lima

Pharmaceutics 2020, 12(10), 933; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12100933 - 30 Sep 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3328

Abstract

This review aims to provide an overview of studies that address the use, in therapeutic applications, of solid dispersions (SDs) with biological activities in vitro and/or in vivo mainly made up of polymeric matrices, as well as to evaluate the bioactive activity of their constituents. This bibliographic survey shows that the development of solid dispersions provides benefits in the physicochemical properties of bioactive compounds, which lead to an increase in their biological potential. However, despite the reports found on solid dispersions, there is still a need for biological assay-based studies, mainly in vivo, to assist in the investigation and to devise new applications. Therefore, studies based on such an approach are of great importance to enhance and extend the use of solid dispersions in the most diverse therapeutic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid Dispersions for Drug Delivery: Applications and Preparation Methods)

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