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Processes
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State-of-the-Art Wastewater Treatment Techniques
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State-of-the-Art Wastewater Treatment Techniques

A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Biological Processes and Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 October 2024 | Viewed by 5681

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Yi Yang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. College of Education for the Future, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
2. College of Arts and Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
Interests: catalysis; adsorption; composite; chemical engineering; environmental engineering
Dr. Ying Mei

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Research and Development Center for Watershed Environmental Eco-Engineering, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
Interests: membrane technology; seawater desalination; water reuse; resource recovery
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Fuqiang Fan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Center for Water Research, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China
Interests: water pollution control; environmental microbiology; wastewater treatment and deodorization
Dr. Shangwei Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China
Interests: microbial reductive dehalogenation; biogeochemical process of nitrogen; mechanism decipherment of reaction

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As one of the most fundamental natural resources for life, water is arguably indispensable to human being, and the problem of water environmental pollution is getting more attention. Currently, there are still a large number of people worldwide suffering from water shortage. Wastewater treatment techniques play a critical role in purification of polluted effluent and achieving sustainable water use in order to solve the problem of water shortage worldwide. In this Special Issue, we anticipate seeing the State-of-the-Art development of materials and process for wastewater treatment techniques. The potential topics include but are not limited to physical and chemical methods in wastewater purification, mechanism studies at the interface of these processes, preparation and fit-for-purpose applications of novel functional materials, strengthening of the current wastewater treatment technologies, and other approaches relating to wastewater treatment techniques.

Dr. Yi Yang
Dr. Ying Mei
Dr. Fuqiang Fan
Dr. Shangwei Zhang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Processes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • wastewater treatment processes
  • purification mechanism
  • environmental remediation material
  • water reuse

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 11336 KiB  
Article
Improved Dujiangyan Irrigation System Optimization (IDISO): A Novel Metaheuristic Algorithm for Hydrochar Characteristics
by Jingyuan Shi, Dapeng Zhang, Zifeng Sui, Jie Wu, Zifeng Zhang, Wenjie Hu, Zhanpeng Huo and Yongfu Wu
Processes 2024, 12(7), 1321; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071321 - 26 Jun 2024
Viewed by 720
Abstract
Hyperparameter tuning is crucial in the development of machine learning models. This study introduces the nonlinear shrinking factor and the Cauchy mutation mechanism to improve the Dujiangyan Irrigation System Optimization (DISO), proposing the improved Dujiangyan Irrigation System Optimization algorithm (IDISO) for hyperparameter tuning [...] Read more.
Hyperparameter tuning is crucial in the development of machine learning models. This study introduces the nonlinear shrinking factor and the Cauchy mutation mechanism to improve the Dujiangyan Irrigation System Optimization (DISO), proposing the improved Dujiangyan Irrigation System Optimization algorithm (IDISO) for hyperparameter tuning in machine learning. The optimization capabilities and convergence performance of IDISO were validated on 87 CEC2017 benchmark functions of varying dimensions and nine real-world engineering problems, demonstrating that it significantly outperforms DISO in terms of convergence speed and accuracy, and ranks first in overall performance among the seventeen advanced metaheuristic algorithms being compared. To construct a robust and generalizable prediction model for hydrochar element characteristics, this study utilized IDISO and DISO algorithms to fine-tune the parameters of the XGBoost model. The experimental results show that the IDISO-XGBoost model achieved an average prediction performance of 0.95, which represents a 4% improvement over the DISO-XGBoost model. These results indicate that the IDISO algorithm has significant potential and value in practical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Wastewater Treatment Techniques)
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14 pages, 10711 KiB  
Article
Preparation of Bioaerogel from Iron-Rich Microalgae for the Removal of Water Pollutants
by Xinqi Niu, Junhui Si, Binyi Chen, Qianting Wang, Sen Zeng and Zhixiang Cui
Processes 2024, 12(7), 1313; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071313 - 24 Jun 2024
Viewed by 489
Abstract
Microalgae-based materials have gained significant attention considering their rich resources, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. Herein, iron-rich microalgae (Chlorella pyrenoidosa, CP) were treated by hydrothermal reaction under alkaline conditions to remove the protoplast and obtain a hollow shell with an FexOy [...] Read more.
Microalgae-based materials have gained significant attention considering their rich resources, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. Herein, iron-rich microalgae (Chlorella pyrenoidosa, CP) were treated by hydrothermal reaction under alkaline conditions to remove the protoplast and obtain a hollow shell with an FexOy core inside. Then, the iron-rich microalgae-based aerogel (Fe-CP aerogel) was fabricated through a freeze-drying process. The as-prepared Fe-CP aerogel exhibited superior adsorption performance, and the maximum adsorption quantity for Cu2+ could reach 208.3 mg/g due to the synergistic adsorption of the hollow shell of CP cells and FexOy core. The Fe-CP aerogel also possessed super-hydrophilicity and displayed high separation efficiency (over 99%) when used for separating different oil/water emulsions. Moreover, the existence of FexOy endowed the Fe-CP aerogel with photo-Fenton activity, thus exhibiting excellent antifouling performance. The prepared Fe-CP aerogel could be considered an ideal adsorbent, with green, efficient, low-cost, and regenerative properties, and has the potential for the practical treatment of wastewater. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Wastewater Treatment Techniques)
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18 pages, 3483 KiB  
Article
Effects of Vegetation Cover Varying along the Hydrological Gradient on Microbial Community and N-Cycling Gene Abundance in a Plateau Lake Littoral Zone
by Jing Yuan, Jing Cao, Wanxue Liao, Feng Zhu, Zeying Hou and Zhaosheng Chu
Processes 2024, 12(6), 1276; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12061276 - 20 Jun 2024
Viewed by 365
Abstract
The lake littoral zone is periodically exposed to water due to water level fluctuations, driving the succession and distribution of littoral vegetation covers, which complexly affect nutrient biogeochemical transformation. However, the combined effects of water level fluctuations and other environmental factors on microbial [...] Read more.
The lake littoral zone is periodically exposed to water due to water level fluctuations, driving the succession and distribution of littoral vegetation covers, which complexly affect nutrient biogeochemical transformation. However, the combined effects of water level fluctuations and other environmental factors on microbial characteristics and functions at the regional scale remain unclear. In this study, typical vegetation cover types along various water levels were chosen to investigate the effects of water level and vegetation cover on the microbial community and functional genes in the Lake Erhai littoral zone. The results showed that water level fluctuations influenced oxygen and nitrogen compound contents due to oxic–anoxic alternations and intensive material exchange. Meanwhile, vegetation cover affected the organic matter and total nitrogen content through plant residues and root exudation supplying exogenous carbon and nitrogen. Along the hydrological gradient, the high microbial diversity and abundant microbes related to nitrogen cycling were observed in interface sediments. It was attributed to the alternating aerobic–anaerobic environments, which filtered adaptable dominant phyla and genera. The abundances of amoA AOA, nirS, and amx were higher than those of the other genes and were strongly related to flooding days and water content. In conclusion, water level fluctuations and vegetation type jointly affect microbial community structure and nitrogen-related functional genes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Wastewater Treatment Techniques)
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16 pages, 2934 KiB  
Article
Controlling Eutrophication of Aquaculture Production Water Using Biochar: Correlation of Molecular Composition with Adsorption Characteristics as Revealed by FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry
by William F. Rance Bare, Ethan Struhs, Amin Mirkouei, Kenneth Overturf, Martha L. Chacón-Patiño, Amy M. McKenna, Huan Chen and Krishnan S. Raja
Processes 2023, 11(10), 2883; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11102883 - 30 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1347
Abstract
This study aims to construct a novel and sustainable approach for remediating aquaculture-generated water contamination using various engineered biochars. Particularly, this study focuses on capturing nitrogen and phosphorus from downstream water of commercial fish farms in Magic Valley, Idaho, containing approximately 2.26 mg/L [...] Read more.
This study aims to construct a novel and sustainable approach for remediating aquaculture-generated water contamination using various engineered biochars. Particularly, this study focuses on capturing nitrogen and phosphorus from downstream water of commercial fish farms in Magic Valley, Idaho, containing approximately 2.26 mg/L of nitrogen and 0.15 mg/L of phosphorous. The results indicate that the proposed approach can improve downstream waters by adsorbing micronutrients (e.g., nitrogen-ammonia, nitrate-n + nitrite-n, and total phosphorus). Water treatment time and biochar pH are two key parameters strongly associated with adsorbed compounds. Molecular-level characterization of solvent-extracted organics from biochar materials (before and after water treatment) suggests increased levels of highly oxygenated molecules as a function of increasing water treatment time. Also, the results show the enrichment in organic species with higher molecular weight and increased double bond equivalents, with a compositional range similar to that of dissolved organic matter. Upon water treatment, extracted organics revealed higher abundances of compounds with higher H/C and O/C ratios. The engineered biochars, after water treatment, can be reused as nutrient-rich fertilizers. This study concluded that the engineered biochars could sequester more nitrogen and phosphorous over time. Also, the proposed approach can simultaneously increase fish production capacity and support the aquaculture industry in different regions by improving water quality and enabling aquaculture expansion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Wastewater Treatment Techniques)
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16 pages, 2525 KiB  
Article
Response of Nitrogen Removal Performance and Microbial Distribution to Seasonal Shock Nutrients Load in a Lakeshore Multicell Constructed Wetland
by Jing Yuan, Bin Wang, Zeying Hou, Jiayu Peng, Dan Li and Zhaosheng Chu
Processes 2023, 11(9), 2781; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11092781 - 18 Sep 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 918
Abstract
Multicell constructed wetlands (MCWs) on lakeshores are a prospective treatment technique. However, the factors affecting the nutrient removal performance of lakeshore MCWs at the field scale are unclear. This study chose a field-scale lakeshore MCW with the highest mass removal efficiency (approximately 49,175.12 [...] Read more.
Multicell constructed wetlands (MCWs) on lakeshores are a prospective treatment technique. However, the factors affecting the nutrient removal performance of lakeshore MCWs at the field scale are unclear. This study chose a field-scale lakeshore MCW with the highest mass removal efficiency (approximately 49,175.12 mg m−2 day−1) for total nitrogen removal in the wet season to investigate the response of nitrogen removal and microbial distribution to seasonal shock nutrients load. The mass loading rates in the wet season were as high as 43~72 times over those in the dry season. Hence, a storage pond (SP), as a forebay retention cell, was necessary to mitigate the shock loads of the influent, which is beneficial to nitrogen removal of the MCW system. The two major genera in the sediments are heterotrophic nitrification–aerobic denitrification bacteria, and the abundance and species of the nitrogen-related functional genera were higher in the wet season than the dry season. According to the results of redundancy analysis, the hydraulic residence time (29.4%, F = 2.2, p < 0.1) and hydraulic loading rate (85.9, F = 36.5, p < 0.05) were the major factors explaining microbial community variation, instead of environmental factors (temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen). The shock loads of influent and the periodic saturation in sediments contributed to a complicated oxygen and nitrogen nutrient exchange environment resulting in higher abundance and species of nitrogen-related microbes, which is beneficial to nitrogen removal in lakeshore MCWs. The results provided a scientific basis for the optimal design of constructed wetlands on lakeshores. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Wastewater Treatment Techniques)
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14 pages, 3235 KiB  
Article
Surface Runoff and Diffuse Nitrogen Loss Dynamics in a Mixed Land Use Watershed with a Subtropical Monsoon Climate
by Congyu Hou, Zhifeng Yang and Wei Ouyang
Processes 2023, 11(7), 1910; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11071910 - 25 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1004
Abstract
The surface hydrology and diffuse pollution loading is hypothesized based on the unique characteristics under different rainfall types in watersheds with a subtropical monsoon climate. This study evaluated the effects of different rainfall event intensity on surface runoff and diffuse nitrogen loss in [...] Read more.
The surface hydrology and diffuse pollution loading is hypothesized based on the unique characteristics under different rainfall types in watersheds with a subtropical monsoon climate. This study evaluated the effects of different rainfall event intensity on surface runoff and diffuse nitrogen loss in a subtropical watershed located in the latitude range between 22.5° north and 25° north in southern China by adapting the hydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool). The rainfall events were classified into four categories including light rainfall (LR), moderate rainfall (MR), intense rainfall (IR), and extreme rainfall (ER). Our results showed that the ER events had the lowest occurrences of 7 days per year, but they contributed the most to total surface runoff (54.29%) and TN losses (57.63%) in the subtropical watershed researched. Although forests and pastures had a better effect on reducing diffuse pollution, their surface runoff and nitrogen loss were still proved to be serious under ER events. As for the nitrogen loss form, water-soluble nitrogen oxides nitrogen (ON-N) loss was the dominant form of total nitrogen (TN) loss, which accounted for 90% of the total loss in the simulated watershed in the subtropical monsoon climate region. Under LR events, however, nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) accounted for 74.54% and 55.59% of TN losses from paddy fields and dry lands, respectively. The effects of antecedent soil water content (ASW) on surface runoff and TN loss were higher under ER events. The surface runoff and TN loss in the high-ASW condition were 1.17–3.86 times and 1.34–1.76 times higher, respectively, than in the low-ASW condition. These findings highlighted the important influence of ER events on diffuse pollution and have significant implications for controlling diffuse pollution under different rainfall types. This conclusion proved that extra attention and efforts are required in handling non-point-source pollution in subtropical monsoon watersheds than the watersheds in cooler regions because the natural systems including forest and pastures are no longer effective enough in controlling surface runoff and TN loss during ER. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Wastewater Treatment Techniques)
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