Processes

Editorial

3 pages, 645 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial for Special Issue on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation

by Alfredo Iranzo

Processes 2024, 12(8), 1744; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12081744 - 20 Aug 2024

Viewed by 995

Abstract

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been firmly established as a fundamental discipline to advancing research on energy engineering [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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Research

Jump to: Editorial, Other

19 pages, 16057 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Hydraulic Characteristics on Structural Performance in a Pump-Turbine under No-Load Conditions

by Shenming Ren, Yuan Zheng, Cong Yuan, Bin Liu, Emmanuel Fernandez-Rodriguez and Yuquan Zhang

Processes 2023, 11(12), 3422; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11123422 - 13 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1138

Abstract

The operating state of a pump-turbine unit under no-load conditions is directly related to its safe and stable operation. In order to probe into the influence of hydraulic characteristics on structural performance, a pump-turbine assembled in China is selected for research by using [...] Read more.

The operating state of a pump-turbine unit under no-load conditions is directly related to its safe and stable operation. In order to probe into the influence of hydraulic characteristics on structural performance, a pump-turbine assembled in China is selected for research by using CFD (computational fluid dynamics) and unidirectional FSI (fluid–structure interaction) methods. The vortex distribution and the law of pressure pulsation propagation are analyzed to capture the peculiar flow phenomena. The results show that the vortex distribution in the runner channel appears initially at the suction side of the blades but then propagates toward the pressure side with GVO. This produces rotating stall frequencies (0.7f_n) and a combination of the RSI, asymmetry of the water ring in vaneless space, and high-amplitude pressure pulsations in the downstream channel close to the runner inlet and elbow section of the draft tube. This, in turn, is associated with the structural stress of the runner and guide vane. The stress level of the guide vane becomes alleviated under no-load conditions with large GVO, but the stress distribution of the runner is no longer symmetrical, which aligns with the vortex evolution in the runner passage. The stress concentration that develops further along the blade root increases the structural failure, which is also captured and verified as a crack in the prototype runner. The phenomena suggest that the RPT should avoid operating under no-load conditions with large GVO as far as possible. Therefore, in the design or optimization of the pump-turbine unit, the structures of the guide vanes and runner could be treated as a whole to investigate the resulting internal flow and structure characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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30 pages, 12899 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Impact of Operating Conditions on Relief Pressure Valve Flow through CFD and Statistical Analysis

by Petrică Cană, Razvan George Ripeanu, Iulian Pătîrnac, Alin Diniță and Maria Tănase

Processes 2023, 11(12), 3396; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11123396 - 9 Dec 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1821

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of air/water flow through a discharge valve, focusing on four different seat–valve distances and three adjustment nozzle positions. The study investigates the velocity distribution, pressure profiles, tangential stresses, and turbulent kinetic energy within [...] Read more.

This paper presents a comprehensive computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of air/water flow through a discharge valve, focusing on four different seat–valve distances and three adjustment nozzle positions. The study investigates the velocity distribution, pressure profiles, tangential stresses, and turbulent kinetic energy within the valve and analyzes its performance under various operating conditions. Notably, peak velocities of 3210 m/s were observed between the valve seat and valve, with significant variations for different nozzle positions. Extreme pressure values centered on the valve plate, reaching 4.3 MPa. Tangential stresses were highest on the chamfered plate surface and varied on the seat, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) exhibited randomness. This study provides valuable information for enhancing the valve’s efficiency in a wide range of industrial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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19 pages, 14483 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Blade Trailing-Edge Filing on the Transient Characteristics of the Centrifugal Pump during Startup

by Hongchang Ding, Fei Ge, Kai Wang and Fanyun Lin

Processes 2023, 11(8), 2420; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11082420 - 11 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1017

Abstract

During the startup process of a centrifugal pump, the vibration and noise problems caused by unsteady flow are the focus of attention, and pressure pulsation is one of the main reasons for this problem. In the current research, a special impeller with blade [...] Read more.

During the startup process of a centrifugal pump, the vibration and noise problems caused by unsteady flow are the focus of attention, and pressure pulsation is one of the main reasons for this problem. In the current research, a special impeller with blade pressure side trimming was proposed to reduce the strong pressure pulsation phenomenon during the startup process of centrifugal pumps. This article uses numerical simulation methods to simulate three typical blade trailing edges: original trailing edge (OTE), pressure side long linear (LLPS), and pressure side short linear (SLPS), and verifies them with experimental results. The results indicate that although the head of the centrifugal pump after filing has been reduced, its efficiency has been improved to a certain extent. Thirteen monitoring points were set up near the impeller outlet circumference and volute tongue to analyze the changes in pressure pulsation, verifying that blade trimming has a significant inhibitory effect on pressure pulsation during the startup of centrifugal pumps. The average maximum pressure pulsation amplitude of all monitoring points decreased by 32.23%, and the maximum pressure pulsation amplitude decreased by 56%. Blade trimming can affect the internal flow field distribution of centrifugal pumps. By analyzing the static pressure distribution, velocity streamline distribution, and vorticity distribution at the middle interface of three different impellers during startup, it was verified that there is a close relationship between pressure pulsation and unsteady flow structure during startup. The final conclusion is that blade trimming has a significant inhibitory effect on the pressure pulsation of the centrifugal pump during startup, and the impeller outlet vorticity is significantly reduced. The scheme proposed in this study has far-reaching prospects in the design of low noise centrifugal pumps. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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18 pages, 12264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Electric Supercharger Compressor and Its Performance Optimization

by Yiyang Wei, Binglin Li, Xiaomei Xu, Minxiang Wei and Chengdong Wang

Processes 2023, 11(7), 2132; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11072132 - 17 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1553

Abstract

The performance of the centrifugal compressor, which is the main component of the electric supercharger, significantly impacts the engine’s dynamics, economy, emissions, and responsiveness. The purpose of this paper is to enhance the aerodynamic performance of the centrifugal compressor of the electric supercharger [...] Read more.

The performance of the centrifugal compressor, which is the main component of the electric supercharger, significantly impacts the engine’s dynamics, economy, emissions, and responsiveness. The purpose of this paper is to enhance the aerodynamic performance of the centrifugal compressor of the electric supercharger for the two-stroke engine by optimizing the design of its impeller and diffuser parameters. The paper employs the numerical simulation method and applies the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model to solve the RANS equations to analyze the impact of impeller-related parameters on the centrifugal compressor’s performance. Subsequently, the paper optimizes the initial model parameters based on the simulation results and confirms its performance through an experiment. The findings indicate that enhancing the isentropic efficiency and pressure ratio of the compressor can be achieved by increasing the number of blades on the impeller, selecting an appropriate blade backward angle, and increasing the relative outlet width. After optimization, the compressor’s efficiency can achieve 0.842, the pressure ratio can reach 1.49 with a working margin of 22%, and the efficiency is enhanced by 1.4%, while the pressure ratio is increased by 1.8% compared to the pre-optimization state. Moreover, the optimized model is experimentally validated to meet the design requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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19 pages, 4700 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modification of Meso-Micromixing Interaction Reaction Model in Continuous Reactors

by Junan Jiang, Ning Yang, Hanyang Liu, Jianxin Tang, Chenfeng Wang, Rijie Wang and Xiaoxia Yang

Processes 2023, 11(5), 1576; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11051576 - 22 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1499

Abstract

The yields of chemical reactions are highly dependent on the mixing pattern between reactants. Herein, we report the modification of a meso-micromixing interaction reaction model which is applied in batch reactors by leveraging the flow characteristics in the continuous reactors. Both experimental and [...] Read more.

The yields of chemical reactions are highly dependent on the mixing pattern between reactants. Herein, we report the modification of a meso-micromixing interaction reaction model which is applied in batch reactors by leveraging the flow characteristics in the continuous reactors. Both experimental and model-predicted yields were compared using the classical Villermaux–Dushman method in a self-designed split and recombination reactor. This modified model significantly reduced the error in predicted product yields from approximately 15% to within 3%, compared to a model containing the micromixing term only. The effects of flow rates and reactor structure parameters on mixing performance were analyzed. We found that increasing flow rates and the degree of twist in the mixing element’s grooves, as well as decreasing the cross-sectional area of grooves, improved mixing performance. The optimization of reactor flow rates and structural parameters was achieved by combining Gaussian process regression and Bayesian optimization with the modified model. This approach provided higher target product yields for consecutive reactions, while simultaneously achieving a lower pressure drop in the reactor. Corresponding combinations of reactor parameters were also identified during this process. Our modified model-based optimization methodology can be applied to a diversity of reactors, serving as a reference for the selection of their structure and operational parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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24 pages, 5821 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structure Size Optimization and Internal Flow Field Analysis of a New Jet Pump Based on the Taguchi Method and Numerical Simulation

by Zhiliang Wang, Yu Lei, Zhenhua Wu, Jian Wu, Manlai Zhang and Ruiquan Liao

Processes 2023, 11(2), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11020341 - 20 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2623

Abstract

Interlayer contradiction (high-pressure oil that prevents low-pressure oil from being extracted) has always been the main factor affecting the oil-recovery efficiency of the many oil-bearing series in shale oil wells in Eastern Shandong, China. If steps to deal with interlayer contradiction are not [...] Read more.

Interlayer contradiction (high-pressure oil that prevents low-pressure oil from being extracted) has always been the main factor affecting the oil-recovery efficiency of the many oil-bearing series in shale oil wells in Eastern Shandong, China. If steps to deal with interlayer contradiction are not taken, Shengli Oilfield’s oil-recovery efficiency will be significantly reduced after a certain period of exploitation. Furthermore, as the drilling depth increases, the formation-fluid supply capacity of Shengli Oilfield becomes worse and further increases the difficulty of oil recovery as well as production costs. In order to improve the oil-recovery efficiency of shale oil wells in Eastern Shandong and realize cost reductions and efficiency increases, we designed a new jet pump in this study. The pump can be used for oil recovery according to the principle of Venturi jet propulsion, as the required power fluid is not a high-pressure fluid injected from the ground, but rather high-pressure oil that is present in the formation. Through the analysis of the overall structure of the new jet pump, it was found that the pump could not only transform the existing interlayer contradiction (co-mining of high and low oil layers by utilizing interlayer contradiction), but also had the characteristics of a simple structure and low production costs. Since the structural dimensions of the jet pump and the physical characteristic parameters of the fluid have significant impacts on pump efficiency, we first analyzed the internal flow field of the jet pump by using numerical simulations and found that the throat–nozzle distance, area ratio, throat length–diameter ratio, diffuser angle, and flow ratio had the most significant impacts on pump efficiency. After obtaining the specific numerical range of the abovementioned structural parameters when the pump efficiency was as its maximum, an orthogonal array designed according to the Taguchi method was used to conduct experiments. According to a range analysis and an analysis of variance, at an unchanged flow ratio (0.3156), the new jet pump achieved the highest efficiency (31.26%) when the throat–nozzle distance was 2.62 mm, the throat length was 46 mm, the throat diameter was 6.8 mm, and the diffuser angle was 7.5°. In comparing its efficiency with that before optimization, we noticed that the efficiency was significantly improved by about 10%. These research results not only offer a new idea for the existing oil-recovery mode, but also introduce a new method for optimizing the structure of jet pumps. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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16 pages, 3948 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Study of the Purge Flow’s Effect on the Loss Mechanism of the Blocking and Shear Effects

by Tao Bai, Qingzhen Yang and Jian Liu

Processes 2023, 11(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11010050 - 26 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1344

Abstract

The loss mechanism of shear and upstream blockage caused by the interaction of the purged flow and ingested gas needs to be systematically studied to optimize the flow near the rim. In order to study the causes and influence factors of blocking and [...] Read more.

The loss mechanism of shear and upstream blockage caused by the interaction of the purged flow and ingested gas needs to be systematically studied to optimize the flow near the rim. In order to study the causes and influence factors of blocking and shearing effects and quantify their losses reasonably, the three-dimensional unsteady numerical method validated by the experiment data was adopted to study the turbine with three kinds of sealing structures. The block and shear loss are quantified by integrating the dissipation coefficient in the volume where the specific aerodynamic loss occurs. The result indicated that there was a larger radial velocity and smaller tangential velocity of the purged flow relative to the main flow caused the blocking effect. Therefore, its loss is affected by the seal flow and seal structure. The shear effect is mainly affected by the tangential velocity gradient and the axial velocity gradient near the cavity exit. The contribution of the tangential velocity gradient to shear loss is increased with the enlarged sealing efficiency. Through research, it is clear that increasing the purge flow’s tangential velocity is beneficial to reducing the shear loss and has a positive significance for weakening the blocking effect in the main flow channel. Furthermore, the influence of sealing structure on blocking and shear effect must be particularly considered since both are related to sealing efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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16 pages, 7800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gas–Liquid Interaction Characteristics in a Multiphase Pump under Different Working Conditions

by Yuxuan Deng, Xiaodong Wang, Jing Xu, Yanna Li, Yanli Zhang and Chunyan Kuang

Processes 2022, 10(10), 1977; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10101977 - 1 Oct 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1606

Abstract

In this study, we analyze gas–liquid interaction characteristics using a heterogeneous two-fluid model to investigate the influence of interphase force on multiphase pump performance. Two-phase transport platforms are used in oil and gas development to eliminate the need for separation equipment and reduce [...] Read more.

In this study, we analyze gas–liquid interaction characteristics using a heterogeneous two-fluid model to investigate the influence of interphase force on multiphase pump performance. Two-phase transport platforms are used in oil and gas development to eliminate the need for separation equipment and reduce costs. Full-channel numerical calculations were conducted for an axial-flow multiphase pump based on different inlet gas void fractions (IGVFs) and flow rates. The results indicate that the interaction force of each phase is relatively large in the rotor–stator interference region, and the drag, lift, virtual mass, and turbulent dispersion forces increase with an increase in IGVF or when deviating from the design condition (Q = 50 m³/h). The interphase forces (resistance, lift, virtual mass force, and turbulent dispersion) increase considerably in the impeller passage and minimally in the guide blade passage. Under the conditions of small and high flows, the force of each phase changes considerably in the impeller and diffuser passages, respectively. Furthermore, the turbulent kinetic energy in the flow passage corresponds to the change trend of the interphase force, indicating that the interphase force causes energy loss inside a multiphase pump. These results provide essential information for the optimization of the hydraulic design of multiphase pumps. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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21 pages, 8733 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Wet Compression Study for an Aero-Thermodynamic Performance Analysis of a Centrifugal Compressor at Design and Off-Design Points

by Hyun-Su Kang, Sung-Yeon Kim and Youn-Jea Kim

Processes 2022, 10(5), 936; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10050936 - 9 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2571

Abstract

In this study, to analyze the effect of wet compression technology on the aero-thermodynamic performance of a centrifugal compressor, a numerical analysis study was conducted on the design point and off-design point. Wet compression technology sprays water droplets at the inlet of the [...] Read more.

In this study, to analyze the effect of wet compression technology on the aero-thermodynamic performance of a centrifugal compressor, a numerical analysis study was conducted on the design point and off-design point. Wet compression technology sprays water droplets at the inlet of the compressor. During the compression process, water droplets evaporate, reducing the heat of compression and reducing the compression work, which improves the efficiency of the compressor. In wet compression technology, detailed research is needed for the application to compressors because the droplet behavior affects the internal flow. The main parameters for wet compression technology are the droplet size and injection rate selection, and the flow inside the compressor changed by the droplet behavior was analyzed. When the droplet size and injection rate were changed at the design point and the off-design point, it was confirmed that a small droplet size was effective in both areas, and it was confirmed that the performance improved as the flow rate increased. The internal flow changed greatly depending on the size of the droplet. As a result, the centrifugal compressor to which the wet compression technology was applied had a lower outlet temperature than dry compression at both the design point and the off-design point and had increases in the pressure ratio and efficiency. However, the surge margin decreased by about 2% in the surge region. The reason is that due to high-speed rotation, particles move in the outer diameter direction and are driven into a tip-leakage flow, and many stagnant flows occur without flowing into the main flow. Through the study results, it was possible to understand the effects of wet compression technology on the performance and efficiency increase of centrifugal compressors and the effects of particle behavior on the internal flow of the compressor at the off-design point. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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12 pages, 5074 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigation of the Flow and Infrared Radiation Characteristics of Nozzles with Transverse Jets of Different Shapes

by Bo Zhang, Ziqiang Lin, Jun Zhang, Sheng Yang and Honghu Ji

Processes 2022, 10(4), 763; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10040763 - 13 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1793

Abstract

The hot jet of an aero engine is one of the main radiation sources of infrared detectors in 3–5 microwave bands. Transverse jets were introduced into a hot jet to enhance mixing and reduce the infrared radiation characteristics. This proved to be a [...] Read more.

The hot jet of an aero engine is one of the main radiation sources of infrared detectors in 3–5 microwave bands. Transverse jets were introduced into a hot jet to enhance mixing and reduce the infrared radiation characteristics. This proved to be a high-efficiency and low-resistance infrared suppression technology. The steady-state distribution of temperature data was simulated, which was needed in the thermal radiation calculation. The radiation characteristics were calculated based on the anti-Monte Carlo method in 3–5 microwave bands. The mechanics of enhanced mixing by a rectangular nozzle or transverse jets was investigated with the LES simulation. Compared with an axisymmetric nozzle, a rectangular nozzle induced abundant counter-rotating vortex pairs (CVP), hairpins, shears, and helical vortexes, which resulted in significant mixing enhancement and infrared radiation decrease of the hot jets. Further, circumferential transverse jets of different types were introduced downstream of the nozzle. These jets enhanced the mixing and reduced the infrared radiation in the 3–5 µm band. The mixing characteristics of these different schemes were studied in detail. Large-scale vortices formed on the windward portion of the hot jet boundary under the effect of the transverse jets, which caused strong CVP structures. They also resulted in hairpin vortexes, shear vortexes, and helical vortexes appearing earlier and occurring more frequently than with nozzles without transverse jets. The enhanced mixing caused by the transverse jets led to an increase in temperature decay and a decrease in infrared radiation in the 3–5 µm band. Further, transvers jets of different geometrical shapes (rectangular, cube, and circular schemes) achieved different mixing characteristics, and the rectangular transverse jets allowed the most significant mixing for the largest Q criterion value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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12 pages, 1762 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Valuation of Climate Performance of a Low-Tech Greenhouse in Costa Rica

by Adriana Rojas-Rishor, Jorge Flores-Velazquez, Edwin Villagran and Cruz Ernesto Aguilar-Rodríguez

Processes 2022, 10(4), 693; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10040693 - 2 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2639

Abstract

The expansion of protected agriculture has technological, climatic, and topographic limitations. The agricultural regions of Costa Rica use the greenhouse concept and adapt it to its conditions. The objective of this work was to describe the variation in temperature and humidity in a [...] Read more.

The expansion of protected agriculture has technological, climatic, and topographic limitations. The agricultural regions of Costa Rica use the greenhouse concept and adapt it to its conditions. The objective of this work was to describe the variation in temperature and humidity in a greenhouse ventilated passively and on land with a more than 45% slope. To evaluate the environment inside the greenhouse, temperature and humidity variations were measured with a weather station installed outside of the greenhouse to measure the external environment. Inside the greenhouse, 17 sensors were placed to measure the temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH). During data recording inside the greenhouse, tomato crops were in the fruit formation stage, and pepper was less than one week old. Six scenarios were tested to determine the air temperature and humidity dynamic under different climatic conditions. An evaluation of the greenhouse environment was carried out employing an analysis of variance of temperature and RH to establish if there are significant differences in the direction of the slope of the cross-section. The uniformity of temperature and RH do not present stratifications derived from wind currents that can affect the effective production of these crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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Graphical abstract

16 pages, 26105 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on High-Pressure Hydrogen Pre-Cooling Based on CFD Technology in Fast Filling Process

by Sen Li, Jinxing Guo, Xin Lv, Teng Deng, Bo Cao and Juan Wang

Processes 2021, 9(12), 2208; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9122208 - 8 Dec 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3886

Abstract

In the fast filling process, in order to control the temperature of the vehicle-mounted storage tank not to exceed the upper limit of 85 °C, it is an effective method to add a hydrogen pre-cooling system upstream of the hydrogenation machine. In this [...] Read more.

In the fast filling process, in order to control the temperature of the vehicle-mounted storage tank not to exceed the upper limit of 85 °C, it is an effective method to add a hydrogen pre-cooling system upstream of the hydrogenation machine. In this paper, Fluent is used to simulate the heat transfer process of high-pressure hydrogen in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger and the phase change process of refrigerant R23. The accuracy of the model is proven by a comparison with the data in the references. Using this model, the temperature field and gas volume fraction in the heat transfer process are obtained, which is helpful to analyze the heat transfer mechanism. At the same time, the influence of hydrogen inlet temperature, hydrogen inlet pressure, and refrigerant flow rate on the refrigeration performance was studied. The current work shows that the model can be used to determine the best working parameters in the pre-cooling process and reduce the operating cost of the hydrogen refueling station. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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24 pages, 2328 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Selection Flowchart for Micromodel Experiments Based on Computational Fluid Dynamic Simulations of Surfactant Flooding in Enhanced Oil Recovery

by Santiago Céspedes, Alejandro Molina, Betiana Lerner, Maximiliano S. Pérez, Camilo A. Franco and Farid B. Cortés

Processes 2021, 9(11), 1887; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9111887 - 22 Oct 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3204

Abstract

A selection flowchart that assists, through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations, the design of microfluidic experiments used to distinguish the performance in Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (CEOR) of two surfactants with very similar values of interfacial tension (IFT) was proposed and its use [...] Read more.

A selection flowchart that assists, through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations, the design of microfluidic experiments used to distinguish the performance in Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (CEOR) of two surfactants with very similar values of interfacial tension (IFT) was proposed and its use demonstrated. The selection flowchart first proposes an experimental design for certain modified variables (

\vec{X}

: porosity, grain shape, the presence of preferential flowing channels, and injection velocity). Experiments are then performed through CFD simulations to obtain a set of response variables (

\vec{Y}

: recovery factor, breakthrough time, the fractal dimension of flow pattern, pressure drop, and entrapment effect). A sensitivity analysis of

\vec{Y}

regarding the differences in the interfacial tension (IFT) can indicate the CFD experiments that could have more success when distinguishing between two surfactants with similar IFTs (0.037 mN/m and 0.045 mN/m). In the range of modifiable variables evaluated in this study (porosity values of 0.5 and 0.7, circular and irregular grain shape, with and without preferential flowing channel, injection velocities of 10 ft/day and 30 ft/day), the entrapment effect is the response variable that is most affected by changes in IFT. The response of the recovery factor and the breakthrough time was also significant, while the fractal dimension of the flow and the pressure drop had the lowest sensitivity to different IFTs. The experimental conditions that rendered the highest sensitivity to changes in IFT were a low porosity (0.5) and a high injection flow (30 ft/day). The response to the presence of preferential channels and the pore shape was negligible. The approach developed in this research facilitates, through CFD simulations, the study of CEOR processes with microfluidic devices. It reduces the number of experiments and increases the probability of their success. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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14 pages, 2973 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation of Water Vapor and Near Infrared Radiation to Predict Vapor Pressure Deficit in a Greenhouse Using CFD

by Cruz Ernesto Aguilar-Rodríguez, Jorge Flores-Velázquez, Fernando Rojano, Hector Flores-Magdaleno and Enrique Rubiños Panta

Processes 2021, 9(9), 1587; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9091587 - 4 Sep 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2861

Abstract

Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) can be used as an indicator to schedule greenhouse irrigation. VPD can be estimated as a function of relative humidity (RH) and temperature (T). The objective of this work was to analyze spatial variation in VPD as an indicator [...] Read more.

Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) can be used as an indicator to schedule greenhouse irrigation. VPD can be estimated as a function of relative humidity (RH) and temperature (T). The objective of this work was to analyze spatial variation in VPD as an indicator of water stress influenced by concentration of water vapor and intensity of near infrared (NIR). The study was carried out in an empty three-span sawtooth greenhouse with natural ventilation under the local climate in Montecillo, Mexico; these findings established a base value to analyze greenhouse field conditions prior to the influence from a crop. The experimental phase consisted of recording data (3 February 2019–24 February 2019) on temperature, humidity, solar radiation, and wind speed, which were used for developing a model in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Then, this model was used to estimate VPD, considering changes in mass fraction of water vapor and the intensity of NIR. Scenarios with 50, 70, and 90% external RH were evaluated. It was found that without a crop, temperature was not affected by the variation in the mass fraction of water vapor and the intensity of NIR in the simulated scenarios, each of which generated a thermal gradient within the range of 4 °C. When considering the scenario of 90% external RH, we found the best VPD range along the greenhouse (2–3 kPa) that would be a favorable field condition for crops. Differences between VPD with and without a crop can be used to estimate the water quantity needs for crop growth based on the climate variables examined in this study, where higher VPD values require more water for irrigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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14 pages, 5160 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Bending of Fluidic Oscillators on Aerodynamic Performance of an Airfoil with a Flap

by Nam-Hun Kim and Kwang-Yong Kim

Processes 2021, 9(8), 1429; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9081429 - 18 Aug 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1869

Abstract

The present work investigated the effects of bending the outlet nozzles of fluidic oscillators installed on the NACA0015 airfoil with a flap on the flow control performance and, thus, the aerodynamic performance of the airfoil. The effects of bending on fluidic oscillators have [...] Read more.

The present work investigated the effects of bending the outlet nozzles of fluidic oscillators installed on the NACA0015 airfoil with a flap on the flow control performance and, thus, the aerodynamic performance of the airfoil. The effects of bending on fluidic oscillators have not been reported so far in previous works. The aerodynamic analysis was performed numerically using unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. Three different cases were considered: Case 1 changes only the bending angle with a fixed pitch angle, Case 2 changes only the pitch angle without bending, and Case 3 changes both the bending and pitch angles. Although the bending of the oscillators was introduced inevitably due to a geometrical limitation in the installation, the results indicated that the bending rather improved the lift coefficient and lift-to-drag ratio of the airfoil by improving the characteristics of the fluidic oscillators, such as the jetting angle and peak velocity ratio. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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10 pages, 3363 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Air Pressure and Velocity for Solution Blow Spinning of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Nanofibres

by Rasheed Atif, Madeleine Combrinck, Jibran Khaliq, James Martin, Ahmed H. Hassanin, Nader Shehata, Eman Elnabawy and Islam Shyha

Processes 2021, 9(6), 1014; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9061014 - 8 Jun 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2908

Abstract

Solution blow spinning (SBS) is gaining popularity for producing fibres for smart textiles and energy harvesting due to its operational simplicity and high throughput. The whole SBS process is significantly dependent on the characteristics of the attenuation force, i.e., compressed air. Although variation [...] Read more.

Solution blow spinning (SBS) is gaining popularity for producing fibres for smart textiles and energy harvesting due to its operational simplicity and high throughput. The whole SBS process is significantly dependent on the characteristics of the attenuation force, i.e., compressed air. Although variation in the fibre morphology with varying air input pressure has been widely investigated, there is no available literature on the experimentally determined flow characteristics. Here, we have experimentally measured and calculated airflow parameters, namely, output air pressure and velocity in the nozzle wake at 12 different pressure values between 1 and 6 bar and 11 different positions (retracted 5 mm to 30 mm) along the centreline. The results obtained in this work will answer many critical questions about optimum protrusion length for the polymer solution syringe and approximate mean fibre diameter for polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) at given output air pressure and velocity. The highest output air pressure and velocity were achieved at a distance of 3–5 mm away from the nozzle wake and should be an ideal location for the apex of the polymer solution syringe. We achieved 250 nm PVDF fibres when output air pressure and velocity were 123 kPa and 387 m/s, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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19 pages, 3374 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Heat Transfer Coefficient Estimation and Performance Evaluation of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Using Flue Gas

by Xuejun Qian, Seong W. Lee and Yulai Yang

Processes 2021, 9(6), 939; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9060939 - 26 May 2021

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 10357

Abstract

In the past few decades, water and air were commonly used as working fluid to evaluate shell and tube heat exchanger (STHE) performance. This study was undertaken to estimate heat transfer coefficients and evaluate performance in the pilot-scale twisted tube-based STHE using the [...] Read more.

In the past few decades, water and air were commonly used as working fluid to evaluate shell and tube heat exchanger (STHE) performance. This study was undertaken to estimate heat transfer coefficients and evaluate performance in the pilot-scale twisted tube-based STHE using the flue gas from biomass co-combustion as working fluid. Theoretical calculation along with experimental results were used to calculate the specific heat of flue gas. A simplified model was then developed from the integration of two heat transfer methods to predict the overall heat transfer coefficient without tedious calculation of individual heat transfer coefficients and fouling factors. Performance including water and trailer temperature, heat load, effectiveness, and overall heat transfer coefficient were jointly investigated under variable operating conditions. Results indicated that the specific heat of flue gas from co-combustion ranging between 1.044 and 1.338 kJ/kg

\cdot

K while specific heat was increased by increasing flue gas temperature and decreasing excess air ratio. The developed mathematical model was validated to have relatively small errors to predict the overall heat transfer coefficient. A flue gas mass flow rate of 61.3–98.8 kg/h, a water flow rate of 13.7–14.1 L/min, and a parallel arrangement of two water-to-air heaters in an empty trailer were found to be optimal conditions for space heating purpose. In addition, a lower poultry litter feeding rate decreased heat loss of flue gas and increased heat gain of water, while a lower water flow rate also provided a lower maximum possible heat transfer rate with a higher actual heat transfer rate to quickly achieve heat equilibrium that ultimately improves the performance. This study demonstrates the possibility of collecting residual heat from the flue gas using the pilot-scale STHE system while outlining a systematic approach and process for evaluating its performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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17 pages, 9090 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vortex Suppression and Flow Pattern Analysis of a Hydrofoil with Parallel Grooves

by Yue Chen, Wei Zhang, Dehong Fang, Mingkang Sun, Jian Liu, Daoyuan Song and Xiaoping Zhang

Processes 2021, 9(5), 816; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9050816 - 8 May 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2307

Abstract

As one of the typical negative factors affecting the vortex structure and flow characteristics of hydraulic machinery, the TLV has a non-negligible impact on the energy performance. In order to improve the utilization efficiency of hydraulic machinery in marine energy, the parallel grooves [...] Read more.

As one of the typical negative factors affecting the vortex structure and flow characteristics of hydraulic machinery, the TLV has a non-negligible impact on the energy performance. In order to improve the utilization efficiency of hydraulic machinery in marine energy, the parallel grooves structure is proposed and applied to the NACA0009 hydrofoil. Subsequently, an exhaustive numerical analysis is carried out adopting the SST k-ω turbulence model, and the effects of the position and spacing on the suppression effect and flow characteristics are investigated. The presence of the parallel grooves leads to a decrease in the lift-to-drag ratio of the hydrofoil within 5%, but it can effectively suppress the development of TLV and reduce the area of TLV. The parallel grooves destroy the structure of PTLV and STLV, and the spacing and position have a greater influence on the flow characteristics of the hydrofoil. In order to take the TLV suppression effect and the energy performance of the hydrofoil into account, the L3T1 structure is recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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17 pages, 42719 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Proper Shape of the Trailing Edge Modification to Solve a Housing Damage Problem in a Gas Turbine Power Plant

by Thodsaphon Jansaengsuk, Mongkol Kaewbumrung, Wutthikrai Busayaporn and Jatuporn Thongsri

Processes 2021, 9(4), 705; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9040705 - 16 Apr 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2932

Abstract

To solve the housing damage problem of a fractured compressor blade (CB) caused by an impact on the inner casing of a gas turbine in the seventh stage (from 15 stages), modifications of the trailing edge (TE) of the CB have been proposed, [...] Read more.

To solve the housing damage problem of a fractured compressor blade (CB) caused by an impact on the inner casing of a gas turbine in the seventh stage (from 15 stages), modifications of the trailing edge (TE) of the CB have been proposed, namely 6.5 mm curved cutting and a combination of 4 mm straight cutting with 6.5 mm curved cutting. The simulation results of the modifications in both aerodynamics variables C_l and C_d and the pressure ratio, including structural dynamics such as a normalized power spectrum, frequency, total deformation, equivalent stress, and the safety factor, found that 6.5 mm curved cutting could deliver the aerodynamics and structural dynamics similar to the original CB. This result also overcomes the previous work that proposed 5.0 mm straight cutting. This work also indicates that the operation of a CB gives uneven pressure and temperature, which get higher in the TE area. The slightly modified CB can present the difference in the properties of both the aerodynamics and the structural dynamics. Therefore, any modifications of the TE should be investigated for both properties simultaneously. Finally, the results from this work can be very useful information for the modification of the CB in the housing damage problem of the other rotating types of machinery in a gas turbine power plant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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20 pages, 8637 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Large Eddy Simulation of Film Cooling Involving Compound Angle Holes: Comparative Study of LES and RANS

by Seung Il Baek and Joon Ahn

Processes 2021, 9(2), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9020198 - 21 Jan 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2858

Abstract

A large eddy simulation (LES) was performed for film cooling in the gas turbine blade involving spanwise injection angles (orientation angles). For a streamwise coolant injection angle (inclination angle) of 35°, the effects of the orientation angle were compared considering a simple angle [...] Read more.

A large eddy simulation (LES) was performed for film cooling in the gas turbine blade involving spanwise injection angles (orientation angles). For a streamwise coolant injection angle (inclination angle) of 35°, the effects of the orientation angle were compared considering a simple angle of 0° and 30°. Two ratios of the coolant to main flow mass flux (blowing ratio) of 0.5 and 1.0 were considered and the experimental conditions of Jung and Lee (2000) were adopted for the geometry and flow conditions. Moreover, a Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes simulation (RANS) was performed to understand the characteristics of the turbulence models compared to those in the LES and experiments. In the RANS, three turbulence models were compared, namely, the realizable k-ε, k-ω shear stress transport, and Reynolds stress models. The temperature field and flow fields predicted through the RANS were similar to those obtained through the experiment and LES. Nevertheless, at a simple angle, the point at which the counter-rotating vortex pair (CRVP) collided on the wall and rose was different from that in the experiment and LES. Under the compound angle, the point at which the CRVP changed to a single vortex was different from that in the LES. The adiabatic film cooling effectiveness could not be accurately determined through the RANS but was well reflected by the LES, even under the compound angle. The reattachment of the injectant at a blowing ratio of 1.0 was better predicted by the RANS at the compound angle than at the simple angle. The temperature fluctuation was predicted to decrease slightly when the injectant was supplied at a compound angle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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17 pages, 4680 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

CFD Modeling and Experimental Validation of an Alkaline Water Electrolysis Cell for Hydrogen Production

by Jesús Rodríguez and Ernesto Amores

Processes 2020, 8(12), 1634; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8121634 - 11 Dec 2020

Cited by 55 | Viewed by 23227

Abstract

Although alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) is the most widespread technology for hydrogen production by electrolysis, its electrochemical and fluid dynamic optimization has rarely been addressed simultaneously using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. In this regard, a two-dimensional (2D) CFD model of an AWE [...] Read more.

Although alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) is the most widespread technology for hydrogen production by electrolysis, its electrochemical and fluid dynamic optimization has rarely been addressed simultaneously using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. In this regard, a two-dimensional (2D) CFD model of an AWE cell has been developed using COMSOL^® software and then experimentally validated. The model involves transport equations for both liquid and gas phases as well as equations for the electric current conservation. This multiphysics approach allows the model to simultaneously analyze the fluid dynamic and electrochemical phenomena involved in an electrolysis cell. The electrical response was evaluated in terms of polarization curve (voltage vs. current density) at different operating conditions: temperature, electrolyte conductivity, and electrode-diaphragm distance. For all cases, the model fits very well with the experimental data with an error of less than 1% for the polarization curves. Moreover, the model successfully simulates the changes on gas profiles along the cell, according to current density, electrolyte flow rate, and electrode-diaphragm distance. The combination of electrochemical and fluid dynamics studies provides comprehensive information and makes the model a promising tool for electrolysis cell design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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18 pages, 5186 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Incorporated Guide Vane Length with SCC Piston for High-Viscosity Fuel Applications

by Mohd Fadzli Hamid, Mohamad Yusof Idroas, Mazlan Mohamed, Shukriwani Sa'ad, Teoh Yew Heng, Sharzali Che Mat, Muhamad Azman Miskam, Zainal Alimuddin Zainal Alauddin and Muhammad Khalil Abdullah

Processes 2020, 8(11), 1328; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8111328 - 22 Oct 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3445

Abstract

Compression ignition (CI) engines that run on high-viscosity fuels (HVF) like emulsified biofuels generally demonstrate poor engine performance. An engine with a consistently low performance, in the long run, will have a negative effect on its lifespan. Poor combustion in engines occurs mainly [...] Read more.

Compression ignition (CI) engines that run on high-viscosity fuels (HVF) like emulsified biofuels generally demonstrate poor engine performance. An engine with a consistently low performance, in the long run, will have a negative effect on its lifespan. Poor combustion in engines occurs mainly due to the production of less volatile, less flammable, denser, and heavier molecules of HVF during injection. This paper proposes a guide vane design (GVD) to be installed at the intake manifold, which is incorporated with a shallow depth re-entrance combustion chamber (SCC) piston. This minor modification will be advantageous in improving the evaporation, diffusion, and combustion processes in the engine to further enhance its performance. The CAD models of the GVD and SCC piston were designed using SolidWorks 2018 while the flow run analysis of the cold flow CI engine was conducted using ANSYS Fluent Version 15. In this study, five designs of the GVD with varying lengths of the vanes from 0.6D (L) to 3.0D (L) were numerically evaluated. The GVD design with 0.6D (L) demonstrated improved turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) as well as swirl (R_s), tumble (R_T), and cross tumble (R_CT) ratios in the fuel-injected zone compared to other designs. The suggested improvements in the design would enhance the in-cylinder airflow characteristics and would be able to break up the penetration length of injection to mix in the wider area of the piston-bowl. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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17 pages, 6489 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigation on the Transient Flow of a Boiler Circulating Pump Based on the Shear Stress Transport Turbulence Model

by Fei Zhao, Fanyu Kong, Xiaohui Duan, Huiyuan Wu and Jun Wang

Processes 2020, 8(10), 1279; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8101279 - 13 Oct 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2128

Abstract

Based on the shear stress transport (SST) turbulence model, the influence of different outlet pipe angles on the head and efficiency of a boiler circulating pump was analyzed. When the outlet pipe angle changed from 115° to 130°, the head and efficiency of [...] Read more.

Based on the shear stress transport (SST) turbulence model, the influence of different outlet pipe angles on the head and efficiency of a boiler circulating pump was analyzed. When the outlet pipe angle changed from 115° to 130°, the head and efficiency of the pump reduced significantly. The boiler circulating pump with 115° outlet pipe angle was selected as the further research object, and the reliability of the numerical simulation was verified by experiments. The transient flow of the prototype pump under the design flow rate condition (1.0Q_d) and four other flow rate conditions (0.6Q_d, 0.8Q_d, 1.2Q_d, and 1.4Q_d) was studied. The results show that, under the conditions of design flow and large flow rate (1.0Q_d, 1.2Q_d, and 1.4Q_d), the centrality and regularity of radial force distribution are obviously better than those of small flow rate (0.6Q_d, 0.8Q_d). The leakage of the rear seal ring is less than that of the front seal ring under five flow rate conditions. As the flow rate increases, the leakage of front and rear seal rings decreases, and the leakage ratio of front and rear seal rings increases. The energy loss of the rear cover plate is greater than the energy loss of the front cover plate under five flow rate conditions. With the increase in flow rate, the total loss energy of the prototype pump decreases first and then increases, and the energy loss of the disc becomes larger and larger. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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20 pages, 6532 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation on Vortex Characteristics of a Multi-Blade Centrifugal Fan near Volute Outlet Region

by Zhehong Li, Xinxue Ye and Yikun Wei

Processes 2020, 8(10), 1240; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8101240 - 2 Oct 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3338

Abstract

The origins and effects of the complex vortex structure near the volute outlet of a multi-blade centrifugal fan are investigated in this paper. Due to the wide blade and short blade channel, the airflow maintains a large radial velocity during the blade channel. [...] Read more.

The origins and effects of the complex vortex structure near the volute outlet of a multi-blade centrifugal fan are investigated in this paper. Due to the wide blade and short blade channel, the airflow maintains a large radial velocity during the blade channel. This continuous radial partial velocity causes vortices to be generated at the region of volute outlet. Then, the secondary flow close to the impeller generate from the center to the sides in volute. It is obtained that the streamlines are divided into two parts (backflow and outflow) at volute outlet. Although the vortices near volute outlet region are complex, the main features of flow behavior caused by the vortex are understandable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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21 pages, 7466 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Law of Diesel Oil Carrying Water in Lanzhou–Chengdu–Chongqing Product Oil Pipeline Based on Large Eddy Simulation

by Tao Zhang, Bin Chen, Kun Sun and Wenjie Chang

Processes 2020, 8(9), 1049; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8091049 - 27 Aug 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2227

Abstract

Water accumulation at the bottom of the product oil pipeline will lead to corrosion damage to the pipeline. The study on water carrying laws of refined oil could provide a reference for the safe operation of the pipeline. In this paper, the actual [...] Read more.

Water accumulation at the bottom of the product oil pipeline will lead to corrosion damage to the pipeline. The study on water carrying laws of refined oil could provide a reference for the safe operation of the pipeline. In this paper, the actual size of Lanzhou–Jiangyou section of Lanzhou–Chengdu–Chongqing pipeline was taken as the pipeline size. The volume of fluid (VOF) model of oil-water two-phase flow based on large eddy simulation (LES) was established. The numerical simulation of the water-carrying behavior of the product oil in the inclined pipeline was carried out. The LES-based two-phase flow model can capture the characteristics of stratified flow, wavy stratified flow, and dispersed flow under various operating conditions. The model was applied to simulate the water carrying process under various oil inlet velocities and the inclined pipe angles. The results show that as the pipeline inclined angle is 10~20° and the oil inlet velocity is 0.66 m/s, the flow patterns in the pipeline mainly include stratified flow and wavy stratified flow. As the oil inlet velocity is 0.88~1.55 m/s, the flow patterns in the pipe are mainly stratified flow, wavy stratified flow, and dispersed flow. As the inclined angle of the pipeline is 30~40°, the flow patterns in the pipeline mainly include stratified flows, wavy stratified flows, and dispersed flows. Finally, with the increase of flow time, water can be carried completely from the pipeline through the oil. With the increase of oil inlet velocity, the water carrying capacity of oil gradually increases. With the increase of pipeline inclination, the water carrying capacity of oil firstly increases and then decreases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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15 pages, 7000 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Influence of Floating-Deck Height on Oil-Vapor Migration and Emission of Internal Floating-Roof Tank Based on Numerical Simulation and Wind-Tunnel Experiment

by Gao Zhang, Fengyu Huang, Weiqiu Huang, Zhongquan Zhu, Jie Fang, Hong Ji, Lipei Fu and Xianhang Sun

Processes 2020, 8(9), 1026; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8091026 - 21 Aug 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2984

Abstract

Internal floating-roof tanks (IFRTs) are widely used to store light oil and chemical products. However, if the annular-rim gap around the floating deck becomes wider due to abrasion and aging of the sealing arrangement, the static breathing loss from the rim gap will [...] Read more.

Internal floating-roof tanks (IFRTs) are widely used to store light oil and chemical products. However, if the annular-rim gap around the floating deck becomes wider due to abrasion and aging of the sealing arrangement, the static breathing loss from the rim gap will be correspondingly aggravated. To investigate the oil-vapor migration and emissions from an IFRT, the effects of varying both the floating-deck height and wind speed on the oil-vapor diffusion were analyzed by performing numerical simulations and wind-tunnel experiments. The results demonstrate that the gas space volume and the wind speed of an IFRT greatly influence the vapor-loss rate of the IFRT. The larger the gas space volume, the weaker the airflow exchange between the inside and outside of the tank, thereby facilitating oil-vapor accumulation in the gas space of the tank. Furthermore, the loss rate of the IFRT is positively correlated with wind speed. Meanwhile, negative pressures and the vortexes formed on the leeward side of the tank. In addition, the higher concentration areas were mainly on the three vents on the downwind side of the IFRT. The results can provide important theoretical support for the design, management, and improvement of IFRTs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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21 pages, 11092 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) Analysis of a Two-Sided Windcatcher Integrated with Anti-Short-Circuit Device for Low Wind Conditions

by Payam Nejat, Hasanen Mohammed Hussen, Fodil Fadli, Hassam Nasarullah Chaudhry, John Calautit and Fatemeh Jomehzadeh

Processes 2020, 8(7), 840; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8070840 - 15 Jul 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3757

Abstract

Windcatchers are considered as promising passive ventilation and cooling strategy, but the ventilation performance of this system is still of concern in areas with low speed and unpredictable winds. The air short circuiting in windcatchers can reduce its ventilation performance and ability to [...] Read more.

Windcatchers are considered as promising passive ventilation and cooling strategy, but the ventilation performance of this system is still of concern in areas with low speed and unpredictable winds. The air short circuiting in windcatchers can reduce its ventilation performance and ability to introduce clean air and remove stale air. The current work aimed to evaluate the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) performance of a two-sided windcatcher fitted with an anti-short-circuit device (ASCD) for improving its performance in low wind speed conditions. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed for different ASCD configurations. The CFD method was verified using grid-sensitivity analysis and validated by comparing the simulation results with wind tunnel data. The results indicated that the average difference between CFD results and previous experimentation was below 10%, therefore indicating good agreement. Building on the findings of the previous research, the study focused on evaluating the impact of the length of ASCD on the achieved fresh air supply rates and air change rate. The length of the ASCD was varied between 5 cm to 50 cm, while the angle was maintained at 80°. The shorter ASCD was still able to minimize the fresh supply airflow short-circuiting to the exhaust stream, and at the same time, it would also require a smaller ceiling space for installation and lower material cost. Hence, the 15 cm ASCD with 80° angle was selected for further analysis in this study. Then, consideration of low wind speed and various directions were studied to evaluate the ventilation performance of windcatcher with ASCD. The study simulated wind speeds between 0.5–2 m/s and two wind directions. Based on the assessment of IEQ factors, including mean age of air and percentage of dead zone, a 0° incident angle demonstrated slightly better results. The achieved fresh air supply rates ranged between 180 L/s to 890 L/s in 45° wind angle, while, for 0°, these values were from 160 L/s to 642 L/s. Likewise, the range of air change rates (ACH) was from 8 ACH to 32 ACH in 0° wind angle and increased to 9 ACH and then to 45 ACH in 45° wind angle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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26 pages, 6658 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Modeling the Effect of Channel Tapering on the Pressure Drop and Flow Distribution Characteristics of Interdigitated Flow Fields in Redox Flow Batteries

by Pablo A. García-Salaberri, Tugba Ceren Gokoglan, Santiago E. Ibáñez, Ertan Agar and Marcos Vera

Processes 2020, 8(7), 775; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8070775 - 1 Jul 2020

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4313

Abstract

Optimization of flow fields in redox flow batteries can increase performance and efficiency, while reducing cost. Therefore, there is a need to establish a fundamental understanding on the connection between flow fields, electrolyte flow management and electrode properties. In this work, the flow [...] Read more.

Optimization of flow fields in redox flow batteries can increase performance and efficiency, while reducing cost. Therefore, there is a need to establish a fundamental understanding on the connection between flow fields, electrolyte flow management and electrode properties. In this work, the flow distribution and pressure drop characteristics of interdigitated flow fields with constant and tapered cross-sections are examined numerically and experimentally. Two simplified 2D along-the-channel models are used: (1) a CFD model, which includes the channels and the porous electrode, with Darcy’s viscous resistance as a momentum sink term in the latter; and (2) a semi-analytical model, which uses Darcy’s law to describe the 2D flow in the electrode and lubrication theory to describe the 1D Poiseuille flow in the channels, with the 2D and 1D sub-models coupled at the channel/electrode interfaces. The predictions of the models are compared between them and with experimental data. The results show that the most influential parameter is

γ

, defined as the ratio between the pressure drop along the channel due to viscous stresses and the pressure drop across the electrode due to Darcy’s viscous resistance. The effect of

R e

in the channel depends on the order of magnitude of

γ

, being negligible in conventional cells with slender channels that use electrodes with permeabilities in the order of

10^{- 12} m^{2}

and that are operated with moderate flow rates. Under these conditions, tapered channels can enhance mass transport and facilitate the removal of bubbles (from secondary reactions) because of the higher velocities achieved in the channel, while being pumping losses similar to those of constant cross-section flow fields. This agrees with experimental data measured in a single cell operated with aqueous vanadium-based electrolytes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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13 pages, 2439 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Oil Droplet Deposition Characteristics and Determination of Impact State Criterion in Aero-Engine Bearing Chamber

by Fei Wang, Lin Wang and Guoding Chen

Processes 2020, 8(6), 741; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8060741 - 25 Jun 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3247

Abstract

The research of oil/air two-phase flow and heat transfer is the fundamental work of the design of lubrication and heat transfer in aero-engine bearing chamber. The determination of impact state criterion of the moving oil droplets with the wall and the analysis of [...] Read more.

The research of oil/air two-phase flow and heat transfer is the fundamental work of the design of lubrication and heat transfer in aero-engine bearing chamber. The determination of impact state criterion of the moving oil droplets with the wall and the analysis of oil droplet deposition characteristics are important components. In this paper, the numerical analysis model of the impact between the moving oil droplet and the wall is established by using the finite volume method, and the simulation of oil droplet impingement on the wall is carried out. Then the effects of oil droplet diameter, impact velocity, and incident angle on the characteristic parameters of impact state are discussed. The characteristic parameters include the maximum spreading length, the maximum spreading width, and the number of splashing oil droplets. Lastly the calculation results are verified through comparing with the experimental results in the literature. The results show as follows: (1) The maximum spreading width of oil droplet firstly increases and then slows down with the incident angle and the oil droplet diameter increasing; (2) when the oil droplet diameter becomes small, the influence of the incident angle on the maximum spreading length of oil droplet is obvious and vice versa; (3) with the impact velocity and diameter of oil droplet increasing, the maximum spreading width of oil droplet increases firstly and then slows down, and the maximum spreading length increased gradually; (4) the number of splashing oil droplets increases with the incident angle and impact velocity increasing; and (5) compared with the experimental data in literature, the critical dimensionless splashing coefficient

K c

proposed in this paper can better distinguish the impact state of oil droplet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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13 pages, 2447 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Valuation of the Energy Performance of a Greenhouse with an Electric Heater Using Numerical Simulations

by Cruz Ernesto Aguilar-Rodriguez, Jorge Flores-Velazquez, Waldo Ojeda-Bustamante, Fernando Rojano and Mauro Iñiguez-Covarrubias

Processes 2020, 8(5), 600; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8050600 - 18 May 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3861

Abstract

In Mexico, there are regions where the temperature drops below the minimum threshold for tomato cultivation (10 °C), requiring the implementation of auxiliary equipment to heat greenhouse air. The objective of this work was to estimate the energy consumption necessary to maintain climate [...] Read more.

In Mexico, there are regions where the temperature drops below the minimum threshold for tomato cultivation (10 °C), requiring the implementation of auxiliary equipment to heat greenhouse air. The objective of this work was to estimate the energy consumption necessary to maintain climate requirements of a greenhouse located in Texcoco, State of Mexico, by using a model of energy balance implemented on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The temperature prediction relied on a numerical model based on CFD, proposing a benchmarking on the position and direction of the heater to estimate its effect on the thermal distribution. Results indicated that heater operation on January 2019, a power of 85.56 kW was needed to keep the greenhouse at 12 °C. Also, simulations indicated that electric heater used was not enough to get a homogeneous temperature inside the greenhouse. To achieve well-distributed thermal conditions, it was necessary to consider both the direction and position of heaters. Consequently, airflow direction became more important than height of the heater in order to homogenize the greenhouse area, given that the thermal gradient was reduced due to reverse heat flows. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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22 pages, 19787 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Superposition Effect of Oil Vapor Leakage and Diffusion from External Floating-Roof Tanks Using CFD Numerical Simulations and Wind-Tunnel Experiments

by Jie Fang, Weiqiu Huang, Fengyu Huang, Lipei Fu and Gao Zhang

Processes 2020, 8(3), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8030299 - 5 Mar 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3241

Abstract

Based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and Realizable k-ε turbulence model, we established a numerical simulation method for wind and vapor-concentration fields of various external floating-roof tanks (EFRTs) (single, two, and four) and verified its feasibility using wind-tunnel experiments. Subsequently, we analysed superposition [...] Read more.

Based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and Realizable k-ε turbulence model, we established a numerical simulation method for wind and vapor-concentration fields of various external floating-roof tanks (EFRTs) (single, two, and four) and verified its feasibility using wind-tunnel experiments. Subsequently, we analysed superposition effects of wind speed and concentration fields for different types of EFRTs. The results show that high concentrations of vapor are found near the rim gap of the floating deck and above the floating deck surface. At different ambient wind speeds, interference between tanks is different. When the ambient wind speed is greater than 2 m/s, vapor concentration in leeward area of the rear tank is greater than that between two tanks, which makes it easy to reach explosion limit. It is suggested that more monitoring should be conducted near the bottom area of the rear tank and upper area on the left of the floating deck. Superposition in a downwind direction from the EFRTs becomes more obvious with an increase in the number of EFRTs; vapor superposition occurs behind two leeward tanks after leakage from four large EFRTs. Considering safety, environmental protection, and personnel health, appropriate measures should be taken at these positions for timely monitoring, and control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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28 pages, 8505 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Flow Characteristics of Straight Line Conjugate Internal Meshing Gear Pump

by Hongqiang Chai, Guolai Yang, Guoguo Wu, Guixiang Bai and Wenqi Li

Processes 2020, 8(3), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8030269 - 27 Feb 2020

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3763

Abstract

The improvement of the overall performance of hydraulic pumps is the basis of intelligent hydraulics. Taking the straight line conjugate internal meshing gear pump as the research object, the theoretical flow rate and the geometric flow pulsation rate equations are established in this [...] Read more.

The improvement of the overall performance of hydraulic pumps is the basis of intelligent hydraulics. Taking the straight line conjugate internal meshing gear pump as the research object, the theoretical flow rate and the geometric flow pulsation rate equations are established in this study through the volume change method. The change laws of the gear pair’s geometric parameters on the theoretical flow rate and the geometric flow pulsation rate are studied. The simulation model of the internal flow channel is established, and the influence factors and the influence degree of the flow pulsation and average flow rate are analyzed. The high-pressure positive displacement pump test system is also designed and built. The performance evaluations are conducted, and the experimental results are analyzed. The results show that the periodic change of the meshing point position is the root cause of the geometric flow pulsation. The theoretical flow rate and the geometric flow pulsation rate are 103.71 L/min and 1.76%, respectively. To increase the theoretical flow rate whilst decreasing the geometric flow pulsation rate, the tip circle radius of the external gear should be increased as much as possible within the allowable range of the design calculation. Amongst the three influencing factors that produce flow pulsation, the oil compressibility has no effect on the flow pulsation. The uneven internal leakage is the main factor, and the geometric flow pulsation only accounts for a small proportion. The internal leakage reduces the simulated flow rate by 3.59 L/min. The difference between the experimental and simulated flow rates is less than 2%. Within the allowable speed range, the rotation speed of the external gear should be increased as much as possible to increase the average flow rate and the volumetric efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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29 pages, 13115 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Soil Particle Size on the Temperature Field and Energy Consumption of Injected Steam Soil Disinfection

by Zhenjie Yang, Adnan Abbas, Xiaochan Wang, Muhammad Ameen, Haihui Yang and Shakeel Ahmed Soomro

Processes 2020, 8(2), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8020241 - 20 Feb 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4086

Abstract

Soil steam disinfection (SSD) technology is an effective means of eliminating soil borne diseases. Among the soil cultivation conditions of facility agriculture in the Yangtze River Delta region of China, the clay soil particles (SPs) are fine, the soil pores are small, and [...] Read more.

Soil steam disinfection (SSD) technology is an effective means of eliminating soil borne diseases. Among the soil cultivation conditions of facility agriculture in the Yangtze River Delta region of China, the clay soil particles (SPs) are fine, the soil pores are small, and the texture is relatively viscous. When injection disinfection technology is applied in the clay soil, the diffusion of steam is hindered and the heating efficiency is substantially affected. To increase the heating efficiency of SSD, we first discretized the continuum model of Philip and De Vries into circular particle porous media of different sizes and random distribution. Then with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation technology, a single-injection steam disinfection model for different SP size conditions was constructed. Furthermore, the diffusion pattern of the macro-porous vapor flow and matrix flow and the corresponding temperature field were simulated and analyzed. Finally, a single-pipe injection steam disinfection verification test was performed for different SP sizes. The test results show that for the clay soil in the Yangtze River Delta region of China, the test temperature filed results are consistent with the simulation results when the heat flow reaches H = 20 cm in the vertical direction, the simulation and test result of the heat flow in the maximum horizontal diffusion distance are L = 13 cm and 12 cm, respectively. At the same disinfection time, the simulated soil temperature change trend is consistent with the test results, and the test temperature is lower than the simulated temperature. The difference between the theoretical temperature and the experimental temperature may be attributed to the heat loss in the experimental device. Further, it is necessary to optimize the CFD simulation process and add the disintegration and deformation processes of soil particle size with the change of water content. Furthermore, the soil pores increase as the SP size increases and that a large amount of steam vertically diffuses along the macropores and accumulates on the soil surface, causing ineffective heat loss. Moreover, soil temperature distribution changes from oval (horizontal short radius/vertical long radius = 0.65) to irregular shape. As the SP size decreases, the soil pore flow path becomes fine; the steam primarily diffuses uniformly around the soil in the form of a matrix flow; the diffusion distance in the horizontal direction gradually increases; and the temperature distribution gradually becomes even, which is consistent with the soil temperature field simulation results. Similar to the energy consumption analysis, the maximum energy consumption for SP sizes>27mm and <2mm was 486and 477kJ, respectively. Therefore, proper pore growth was conducive to the diffusion of steam, but excessive pores cause steam to overflow, which increased energy consumption of the system. Considering that the test was carried out in an ideal soil environment, the rotary tiller must be increased for fine rotary tillage in an actual disinfection operation. Although large particles may appear during the rotary tillage process, an appropriate number of large particles contributes to the formation of a large pore flow, under the common effect of matrix flow, it will simultaneously promote greater steam diffusion and heating efficiency. The above theoretical research has practical guiding significance for improving the design and disinfection effect of soil steam sterilizers in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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15 pages, 9209 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Swirled Jet Flame Simulation and Flow Visualization Inside Rotary Kiln—CFD with PDF Approach

by Hassan F. Elattar, Eckehard Specht, Ali Fouda, Saeed Rubaiee, Ahmed Al-Zahrani and Sameh A. Nada

Processes 2020, 8(2), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8020159 - 29 Jan 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6131

Abstract

CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulation using a commercial package (Fluent-ANSYS) on industrial rotary kilns using annulus-type burners and methane gas was carried out to examine the characteristics of the flame length and flow visualization. New influencing design and operating parameters—primary air swirl number, [...] Read more.

CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulation using a commercial package (Fluent-ANSYS) on industrial rotary kilns using annulus-type burners and methane gas was carried out to examine the characteristics of the flame length and flow visualization. New influencing design and operating parameters—primary air swirl number, primary air inlet annulus diameter, and secondary air temperature—were investigated and discussed. The influence of these parameters on axial temperature distribution, axial mean mixture fractions, velocity vectors, mixture fractions, and temperature contours were investigated. The current numerical findings were compared with existing experimental results to validate the simulation approach. The results showed that the primary air swirl number had a remarkable influence on the flame length at a lower primary air inlet annulus diameter ratio of 2.3. Moreover, the flame length increased by 20% and 6% with increasing the swirl number from zero to one for primary air inlet annulus diameter ratios of 2.3 and 5, respectively, and it also increased by 19% with increasing primary air inlet annulus diameter ratio from 2.3 to 5. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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14 pages, 8552 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Numerical Study on the Flow Mechanism of Performance Improvement of a Wide-Angle Diffuser by Inserting a Short Splitter Vane

by Xu Meng, Zhigang Zuo, Michihiro Nishi and Shuhong Liu

Processes 2020, 8(2), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8020143 - 22 Jan 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5485

Abstract

Usage of a wide-angle diffuser may result in unfavorable separated flow and a significant diffuser loss. To improve the performance of the diffusers, inserting short splitter vanes is known as a useful method that has been demonstrated experimentally. Regarding the role of the [...] Read more.

Usage of a wide-angle diffuser may result in unfavorable separated flow and a significant diffuser loss. To improve the performance of the diffusers, inserting short splitter vanes is known as a useful method that has been demonstrated experimentally. Regarding the role of the vane in the diffuser flow, Senoo & Nishi (1977) qualitatively explained that the lift force acting on the vane should be a key factor. However, its quantitative verification remains since then. To challenge this issue, numerical simulations of incompressible flow in a wide angle of 28° two-dimensional diffuser with and without a short splitter vane were conducted in the present study. An improvement of pressure-recovery by the vane and oscillatory flows in the diffuser are reasonably reproduced from comparison with the experimental results made by Cochran & Kline (1958). It is also found that the lift force acting on the vane varies periodically in an opposite phase with the detachment point moved back and forth on a diverging wall, since one vane is not sufficient to fully suppress the flow separation that occurred on the wall and the incoming main-flow shifts toward the other diverging wall in the diffuser. Thus, as a role of splitter vane in the diffuser, “the lift force of the vane is a key factor” may be quantitatively verified from the present numerical simulation. Further, it is confirmed by the local loss analysis that the turbulent kinetic energy production observed in mixing layers contributes most of the loss in the diffuser. Consequently, the present numerical technique may be usable to investigate the flow character in a diffuser with splitter vanes at a design stage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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26 pages, 9749 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cryogenic Energy for Indirect Freeze Desalination—Numerical and Experimental Investigation

by Harith Jayakody, Raya Al-Dadah and Saad Mahmoud

Processes 2020, 8(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8010019 - 21 Dec 2019

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5812

Abstract

Renewed interest in freeze desalination has emerged due to its advantages over other desalination technologies. A major advantage of the freeze desalination process over evaporative methods is its lower energy consumption (latent heat of freezing is 333.5 kJ/kg and latent heat of evaporation [...] Read more.

Renewed interest in freeze desalination has emerged due to its advantages over other desalination technologies. A major advantage of the freeze desalination process over evaporative methods is its lower energy consumption (latent heat of freezing is 333.5 kJ/kg and latent heat of evaporation is 2256.7 kJ/kg). Cryogenic fluids like LN₂/L_Air are emerging as an effective energy storage medium to maximise utilisation of intermittent renewable energy sources. The recovery of this stored cold energy has the potential to be used for freeze desalination. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling was developed to simulate the evaporation of liquid nitrogen to simultaneously conduct freeze desalination to investigate the feasibility of using cryogenic energy for freeze desalination. This integrated CFD model was validated using experimental heat exchanger test facility constructed, to evaporate liquid nitrogen to supply the cooling required for freezing. Parametric study on the LN₂ flow rate to observe the volume of ice obtained was also examined using CFD, where increasing the velocity of LN₂ by 6 times, increased the volume of ice obtained by 4.3 times. A number of freezing stages were required in order to reduce the ice salinity from 1.5% down to 0.1% as regarded by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as safe to drink. In the cryogenic desalination test rig, approximately 1.35 L of liquid nitrogen was required to reduce the ice salinity from 1.5% to less than 0.1%. Furthermore, the above results illustrate the potential of using the cold energy of cryogenic fluids such as Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) and LN₂/L_Air for freeze desalination applications as most cold energy during LNG regasification has been unexploited today. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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17 pages, 7521 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Affinity Law of Energy and Cavitation Characteristics in Emergency Drainage Pumps at Different Rotating Speeds

by Weidong Cao and Jiayu Mao

Processes 2019, 7(12), 932; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120932 - 6 Dec 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2655

Abstract

The affinity law is widely used in pump design and experiments. The applicability of the affinity law in an emergency drainage pump at different rotating speeds was studied. Experiments and numerical simulation through ANSYS CFX (Computational Fluid Dynamics X) 15.0 software were used [...] Read more.

The affinity law is widely used in pump design and experiments. The applicability of the affinity law in an emergency drainage pump at different rotating speeds was studied. Experiments and numerical simulation through ANSYS CFX (Computational Fluid Dynamics X) 15.0 software were used to research the affinity law characteristics. Results show that the simulation of characteristics is basically consistent with the experimental curves. In small flow rate conditions, due to the existence of obvious differential pressure between the pressure side and the suction side in the impeller blade tip area, the leakage flow occurs at the tip clearance, which collides with the main stream at the inlet and generates vortices at the leading edge of the impeller. The tip leakage flows of the pump at four different rotating speeds were compared, and it was found that the tip leakage increased with increasing rotation speed, and at the same rotation speed, the tip leakage flow was large in the small flow rate condition, which led to the simulation value of the characteristics being greater than the scaling value. As the flow rate increased, the anti-cavitation performance of the pump became worse and the hydraulic loss was larger, so the pump’s performance curve deviated from the scaling curve. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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21 pages, 7191 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation on Hydraulic Characteristics of Nozzle in Waterjet Propulsion System

by Chuan Wang, Xiaoke He, Li Cheng, Can Luo, Jing Xu, Kun Chen and Weixuan Jiao

Processes 2019, 7(12), 915; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120915 - 3 Dec 2019

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5402

Abstract

As an important over-current component of the waterjet propulsion system, the main function of a nozzle is to transform the mechanical energy of the propulsion pump into the kinetic energy of the water and eject the water flow to obtain thrust. In this [...] Read more.

As an important over-current component of the waterjet propulsion system, the main function of a nozzle is to transform the mechanical energy of the propulsion pump into the kinetic energy of the water and eject the water flow to obtain thrust. In this study, the nozzle with different geometry and parameters was simulated based on computational fluid dynamics simulation and experiment. Numerical results show a good agreement with experimental results. The results show that the nozzle with a circular shape outlet shrinks evenly. Under the designed flow rate condition, the velocity uniformity of the circular nozzle is 0.26% and 0.34% higher than that of the elliptical nozzle and the rounded rectangle nozzle, respectively. The pump efficiency of the circular nozzle is 0.31% and 0.14% higher than that of the others. The pressure recovery and hydraulic loss of the circular nozzle are superior. The hydraulic characteristics of the propulsion pump and waterjet propulsion system are optimal when the nozzle area is 30% times the outlet area of the inlet duct. Thus, the shaft power, head, thrust, and system efficiency of the propulsion pump and waterjet propulsion system are maximized. The system efficiency curve decreases rapidly when the outlet area exceeds 30% times the outlet area of the inlet duct. The transition curve forms greatly affect thrust and system efficiency. The transition of the linear contraction shows improved uniformity, and the hydraulic loss is reduced. Furthermore, the hydraulic performance of the nozzle with a linear contraction transition is better than that of others. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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15 pages, 4366 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Modeling and Thermal Analysis of a Moving Spacecraft Subject to Solar Radiation Effect

by Mohamed Gadalla, Mehdi Ghommem, George Bourantas and Karol Miller

Processes 2019, 7(11), 807; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7110807 - 4 Nov 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4195

Abstract

The impact of solar radiation on spacecraft can increase the cooling load, degrade the material properties of the structure and possibly lead to catastrophic failure of their missions. In this paper, we develop a computational model to investigate the effect of the exposure [...] Read more.

The impact of solar radiation on spacecraft can increase the cooling load, degrade the material properties of the structure and possibly lead to catastrophic failure of their missions. In this paper, we develop a computational model to investigate the effect of the exposure to solar radiation on the thermal distribution of a spacecraft with a cylindrical shape which is traveling in low earth orbit environment. This is obtained by the energy conservation between the heat conduction among the spacecraft, the heating from the solar radiation, and the radiative heat dissipation into the surroundings while accounting for the dynamics of the space vehicle (rotational motion). The model is solved numerically using the meshless collocation point method to evaluate the temperature variations under different operating conditions. The meshless method is based on approximating the unknown field function and their space derivatives, by using a set of nodes, sprinkled over the spatial domain of the spacecraft wall and functions with compact support. Meshless schemes bypass the use of conventional mesh configurations and require only clouds of points, without any prior knowledge on their connectivity. This would relieve the computational burden associated with mesh generation. The simulation results are found in good agreement with those reported in previously-published research works. The numerical results show that spinning the spacecraft at appropriate rates ensures low and uniform temperature distribution on the spacecraft, treated as thick-walled object of different geometries. Therefore, this would extend its lifetime and protect all on-board electronic equipment needed to accomplish its mission. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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19 pages, 17155 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Study of the Unsteady Flow Characteristics of a Jet Centrifugal Pump under Multiple Conditions

by Rong Guo, Rennian Li, Renhui Zhang and Wei Han

Processes 2019, 7(11), 786; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7110786 - 1 Nov 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2957

Abstract

To study the reasons for the low efficiency of jet centrifugal pumps (JCPs) and the mechanism of unsteady flow characteristics under multiple conditions, taking a JET750G1 JCP as the object, three-dimensional steady and unsteady numerical calculations of the model pump were carried out [...] Read more.

To study the reasons for the low efficiency of jet centrifugal pumps (JCPs) and the mechanism of unsteady flow characteristics under multiple conditions, taking a JET750G1 JCP as the object, three-dimensional steady and unsteady numerical calculations of the model pump were carried out using the k–ω turbulence model. The transient fluctuation characteristics of the flow field in the major flow passage components and the spatial and temporal evolution laws of vortices in the rotor–stator cascades were analyzed. The accuracy of the numerical method was verified by experiments. The results show that there are various scales of flow distortion phenomena in the chamber of the JCP, such as eddies, blockage of the flow passage, recirculation, secondary flow, and circulation, which not only cause great hydraulic loss, but also destroy the flow stability, symmetry, and balance in the other flow passage components. This is an important reason for the obviously lower efficiency of a JCP compared to a general centrifugal pump. The spatial and temporal evolution laws of vortices in the rotor–stator cascades are mainly related to the relative positions of the impeller blades and guide vane blades. The formation mechanism of the unsteady flow field fluctuation characteristics of JCPs is mainly related to the number of blades in the rotor–stator cascades and the operation parameters of the pump. The fluctuation intensity of the flow field inside the impeller and guide vane is obviously greater than that in the other flow areas, reflecting that the rotor–stator interaction is the decisive factor affecting the unsteady flow characteristics of a JCP under multiple conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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27 pages, 32921 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

DynamFluid: Development and Validation of a New GUI-Based CFD Tool for the Analysis of Incompressible Non-Isothermal Flows

by Héctor Redal, Jaime Carpio, Pablo A. García-Salaberri and Marcos Vera

Processes 2019, 7(11), 777; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7110777 - 28 Oct 2019

Viewed by 5510

Abstract

A computational fluid dynamics software (DynamFluid) based on the application of the finite element method with the characteristic-based-split algorithm is presented and validated. The software is used to numerically integrate the steady and unsteady Navier–Stokes equations for both constant-density and Boussinesq non-isothermal flows. [...] Read more.

A computational fluid dynamics software (DynamFluid) based on the application of the finite element method with the characteristic-based-split algorithm is presented and validated. The software is used to numerically integrate the steady and unsteady Navier–Stokes equations for both constant-density and Boussinesq non-isothermal flows. Benchmark two-dimensional computations carried out with DynamFluid show good agreement with previous results reported in the literature. Test cases used for validation include (i) the lid-driven cavity flow, (ii) mixed convection flow in a vertical channel with asymmetric wall temperatures, (iii) unsteady incompressible flow past a circular cylinder, and (iv) steady non-isothermal flow past a circular cylinder with negligible buoyancy effects. The new software is equipped with a graphical user interface that facilitates the definition of the fluid properties, the discretization of the physical domain, the definition of the boundary conditions, and the post-processing of the computed velocity, pressure and temperature fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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21 pages, 6157 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Verification of a Single-Channel Pump Model based on a Hybrid Optimization Technique

by Jin-Hyuk Kim, Sang-Bum Ma, Sung Kim, Young-Seok Choi and Kwang-Yong Kim

Processes 2019, 7(10), 747; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7100747 - 15 Oct 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3490

Abstract

This paper handles a hybrid multiple optimization technique to concurrently enhance hydraulic efficiency and decrease unsteady radial forces resulting from fluid-induced vibration of a single-channel pump for wastewater treatment. A single-channel impeller and volute was optimized systematically by using a hybrid particle swarm [...] Read more.

This paper handles a hybrid multiple optimization technique to concurrently enhance hydraulic efficiency and decrease unsteady radial forces resulting from fluid-induced vibration of a single-channel pump for wastewater treatment. A single-channel impeller and volute was optimized systematically by using a hybrid particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm coupled with surrogate modeling. Steady and unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes analyses were conducted to optimize the internal flow path in the single-channel pump. Design variables for controlling the internal flow cross-sectional area of the single-channel impeller and volute in the single-channel pump were chosen to concurrently optimize objective functions with hydraulic efficiency and the unsteady radial forces resulting from impeller–volute interaction. The optimization results clearly showed that the arbitrary cluster optimum design considerably enhanced hydraulic efficiency and decreased the unsteady radial forces concurrently, compared to the reference design. Finally, the hydraulic performance of the optimized prototype model was verified experimentally. Then, it was proved that the proposed technique is a practical tool for designing a single-channel pump. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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19 pages, 7967 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Optimization of High Specific Speed Centrifugal Pump Based on Orthogonal Experiment Design Method

by Zikang Li, Hongchang Ding, Xiao Shen and Yongming Jiang

Processes 2019, 7(10), 728; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7100728 - 11 Oct 2019

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5470

Abstract

A high specific speed centrifugal pump is used in the situation of large flow and low head. Centrifugal pump parameters need to be optimized in order to raise its head and efficiency under off-design conditions. In this study, the orthogonal experiment design method [...] Read more.

A high specific speed centrifugal pump is used in the situation of large flow and low head. Centrifugal pump parameters need to be optimized in order to raise its head and efficiency under off-design conditions. In this study, the orthogonal experiment design method is adopted to optimize the performance of centrifugal pump basing on three parameters, namely, blade outlet width b₂, blade outlet angle β₂ and blade wrap angle φ. First, the three-dimensional model of the centrifugal pump is established by CFturbo and SolidWorks. Then nine different schemes are designed by using orthogonal table, and numerical simulation is carried out in CFX15.0. The final optimized combination of parameters is b₂ = 24 mm, β₂ = 24°, φ = 112°. Under the design condition, the head and efficiency of the optimized centrifugal pump are appropriately improved, the increments of which are 0.74 m and 0.48%, respectively. However, the efficiency considerably increases at high flow rates, with an increase of 6.9% at 1.5 Q_d. The anti-cavitation performance of the optimized centrifugal pump is also better than the original pump. The results in this paper can provide references for parameter selection (b₂, β₂, φ) in the centrifugal pump design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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34 pages, 24309 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unsteady Characteristics of Forward Multi-Wing Centrifugal Fan at Low Flow Rate

by Yuxin Lun, Xinxue Ye, Limin Lin, Cunlie Ying and Yikun Wei

Processes 2019, 7(10), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7100691 - 2 Oct 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3928

Abstract

The unsteady flow characteristics of a forward multi-wing centrifugal fan under a low flow rate are studied using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. This paper emphasizes the eddy current distribution in terms of the Q criterion method, as well as pressure fluctuation, [...] Read more.

The unsteady flow characteristics of a forward multi-wing centrifugal fan under a low flow rate are studied using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. This paper emphasizes the eddy current distribution in terms of the Q criterion method, as well as pressure fluctuation, frequency spectrum, and kinetic energy spectrum analysis of internal monitoring points in a forward multi-wing centrifugal fan. The numerical results show that abnormal eddies mainly appear at the volute outlet and near the volute tongue, boundary layer separation occurs near the suction surface of the blade, and shedding eddies appear at the trailing edge of the blade with the time evolution. The unsteady flow characteristics of a forward multi-wing centrifugal fan at a small flow rate provide significant physical insight into understanding the internal flow law. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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20 pages, 3494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CFD-DEM Modeling and Simulation Coupled to a Global Thermodynamic Analysis Methodology for Evaluating Energy Performance: Biofertilizer Industry

by Francisco Burgos-Florez, Antonio Bula, John Marquez, Alberto Ferrer and Marco Sanjuan

Processes 2019, 7(10), 673; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7100673 - 29 Sep 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3856

Abstract

This work develops a methodology based on real chemical plant data collected from a Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium fertilizer (NPK) cooling rotary drum. By blending thermodynamic variables given by global energy and mass balances with computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method (CFD-DEM) modeling and simulation, the methodology [...] Read more.

This work develops a methodology based on real chemical plant data collected from a Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium fertilizer (NPK) cooling rotary drum. By blending thermodynamic variables given by global energy and mass balances with computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method (CFD-DEM) modeling and simulation, the methodology provides an initial approximation to the understanding of heat transfer inside industry rotary coolers. The NPK cooling process was modeled in CFD software Simcenter STAR − CCM + 13.06.011 using a Eulerian–Lagrangian scheme through a coupled CFD-DEM method using one-way coupling. The average temperature of the NPK particles was obtained as well as the average mass flow of the particles dropping as the drum was rotating. The analysis was performed for two-particle diameters (8 and 20 mm) during 17.5 s. The average heat transfer coefficient between the fluid and the NPK particles during the simulated time was obtained. A thermodynamic analysis was carried out using instantaneous energy and mass balances. Prandtl, Nusselt, and Reynolds numbers were obtained for each simulated time step. Finally, through a non-linear regression using the Marquardt method, a correlation between Prandtl, Nusselt, and Reynolds number was developed that allowed analyzing the rotating drum. Results showed that the proposed methodology could serve as a useful tool during the design and analysis of any given rotary cooler, allowing calculation of the heat transfer coefficient and obtaining the process variables that could expand the machine operational capabilities due to the knowledge of the Nusselt number as a function of the drum working parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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24 pages, 12164 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Single-arc Blade Profile Length on the Performance of a Forward Multiblade Fan

by Yikun Wei, Cunlie Ying, Jun Xu, Wenbin Cao, Zhengdao Wang and Zuchao Zhu

Processes 2019, 7(9), 629; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7090629 - 17 Sep 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3698

Abstract

The effects of single-arc blade profile length on the performance of a forward multiblade fan are investigated in this paper by computational fluid dynamics and experimental measurement. The present work emphasizes that the use of a properly reduced blade inlet angle (β_1A [...] Read more.

The effects of single-arc blade profile length on the performance of a forward multiblade fan are investigated in this paper by computational fluid dynamics and experimental measurement. The present work emphasizes that the use of a properly reduced blade inlet angle (β_1A) and properly improved blade outlet angle (β_2A) is to increase the length blade profile, which suggests a good physical understanding of internal complex flow characteristics and the aerodynamic performance of the fan. Numerical results indicate that the gradient of the absolute velocity among the blades in model-L (reducing the blade inlet angle and improving blade outlet angle) is clearly lower than that of the baseline model and model-S (improving the blade inlet angle and reducing blade outlet angle), where a number of secondary flows arise on the exit surface of baseline model and model-S. However, no secondary flow occurs in model-L, and the flow loss at the exit surface of the volute (scroll-shaped flow patterns) for model-L is obviously lower than that of the baseline model at the design point. The comparison of the test results further shows that to improve the blade profile length is to increase the static pressure and the efficiency of the static pressure, since the improved static pressure of the model-L rises as much as 22.5 Pa and 26.2%, and the improved static pressure efficiency of the model-L rises as much as 5 % at the design flow rates. It is further indicated that increasing the blade working area provides significant physical insight into increasing the static pressure, total pressure, the efficiency of the static pressure and the total pressure efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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16 pages, 9674 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Blade Sinusoidal Tubercle Trailing Edge in a Centrifugal Pump with Low Specific Speed

by Bowen Li, Xiaojun Li, Xiaoqi Jia, Feng Chen and Hua Fang

Processes 2019, 7(9), 625; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7090625 - 17 Sep 2019

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5045

Abstract

Pressure pulsations may cause high-amplitude vibrations during the process of a centrifugal pump. The trailing edge shape of the blade has a critical influence on the pump’s pressure fluctuation and hydraulic characterization. In this paper, inspired by the humpback whale flipper, the authors [...] Read more.

Pressure pulsations may cause high-amplitude vibrations during the process of a centrifugal pump. The trailing edge shape of the blade has a critical influence on the pump’s pressure fluctuation and hydraulic characterization. In this paper, inspired by the humpback whale flipper, the authors research the impact of applying the sinusoidal tubercles to the blade suction side of the trailing edge. Numerical calculation and experiments are carried out to investigate the impact of the trailing edge shape on the pressure pulsations and performance of a centrifugal pump with low specific speed. Two designed impellers are tested, one is a sinusoidal tubercle trailing edge (STTE) impeller and the other is the original trailing edge (OTE) prototype. The detailed study indicates that the sinusoidal tubercle trailing edge (STTE) reduces pressure pulsation and enhances hydraulic performance. In the volute tongue region, the pressure pulsation amplitudes of STTE at f_BPF decrease significantly. The STTE impeller also effectively changes the vortex structure and intensity in the blade trailing edge area. This investigation will be of great benefit to the optimal design of pumps. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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11 pages, 5251 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation and Performance Prediction of Centrifugal Pump’s Full Flow Field Based on OpenFOAM

by Si Huang, Yifeng Wei, Chenguang Guo and Wenming Kang

Processes 2019, 7(9), 605; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7090605 - 7 Sep 2019

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5553

Abstract

The open-source software OpenFOAM 5.0 was used as a platform to perform steady-state and transient numerical simulation for full flow field of a pipeline centrifugal pump (specific speed n_s = 65) in a wide operating capacity range of 0.3Q_d~1.4Q_d [...] Read more.

The open-source software OpenFOAM 5.0 was used as a platform to perform steady-state and transient numerical simulation for full flow field of a pipeline centrifugal pump (specific speed n_s = 65) in a wide operating capacity range of 0.3Q_d~1.4Q_d. The standard k-ε and k-ω SST (Shear-Stress Transport) turbulence models were selected in the flow governing equations. The simpleFoam and pimpleDyMFoam solvers were used for the steady-state and transient calculations, respectively. ParaView, the postprocessor in OpenFOAM, was used to display the calculated flow velocity, pressure and streamline distributions, and to analyze the relationship between the vortex and the hydraulic loss in the pump. The external performance parameters of the pump such as head, input power and efficiency were also calculated based on the simulated flow fields. The predicted pump performances by OpenFOAM and Ansys-Fluent are compared with the test results under the same calculation model, grids and boundary conditions. The comparison indicates that OpenFOAM had high accuracy in the prediction of pump performance in the current case. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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17 pages, 2985 KiB

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CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation: An Introduction to Published Reviews

by Alfredo Iranzo

Processes 2019, 7(12), 883; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120883 - 26 Nov 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 9225

Abstract

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been firmly established as a fundamental discipline to advancing research on energy engineering. The major progresses achieved during the last two decades both on software modelling capabilities and hardware computing power have resulted in considerable and widespread CFD [...] Read more.

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been firmly established as a fundamental discipline to advancing research on energy engineering. The major progresses achieved during the last two decades both on software modelling capabilities and hardware computing power have resulted in considerable and widespread CFD interest among scientist and engineers. Numerical modelling and simulation developments are increasingly contributing to the current state of the art in many energy engineering aspects, such as power generation, combustion, wind energy, concentrated solar power, hydro power, gas and steam turbines, fuel cells, and many others. This review intends to provide an overview of the CFD applications in energy and thermal engineering, as a presentation and background for the Special Issue “CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation” published by Processes in 2020. A brief introduction to the most significant reviews that have been published on the particular topics is provided. The objective is to provide an overview of the CFD applications in energy and thermal engineering, highlighting the review papers published on the different topics, so that readers can refer to the different review papers for a thorough revision of the state of the art and contributions into the particular field of interest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Energy Engineering Research and Simulation)

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