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Extraction and Purification of Bioactive Compounds

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A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Biological Processes and Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2022) | Viewed by 43312

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Zongbi Bao

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Guest Editor

Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
Interests: metal-organic frameworks; adsorption separation of light hydrocarbons; extraction and purification of bioactive compounds; chiral separation

Dr. Qianqian Xu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
Interests: adsorption separation, extraction separation and thermodynamic distribution in the separation process; heterogeneous catalysis

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

A bioactive compound is a compound which has the ability to interact with one or more component(s) of living tissues and induce an effect, either beneficial or detrimental. Examples of bioactive compounds include lycopene, resveratrol, lignan, tannins, polyphenols, flavonoids, and indoles. Although bioactive compounds are mostly natural, they are not necessarily biologic. Some of them can be chemically synthesized nowadays. Bioactive compounds have a wide range of applications, such as in geo-medicine, plant science, modern pharmacology, agrochemistry, cosmetic industry, food industry, nano-bioscience, etc. Purity is critical to their application. Due to the complex composition of their sources and their unique properties (such as heat sensitivity, pH sensitivity), isolation and purification of these substances pose a great challenge. Pre-treatments such as enzymatic hydrolysis and high-pressure processing can be performed to improve the subsequent separation efficiency of bioactive compounds. Solvent extraction is a commonly used approach for the enrichment of bioactive compounds. Some of the popular extraction methods are reflux distillation, shaking, stirring, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasonic extraction. Meanwhile, modern and rapid methods that consume less solvent and energy continue to emerge, such as supercritical fluid extraction, microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity, ultrasound extraction, and subcritical water extraction. Techniques like membrane processing, adsorption technology, and colloidal gas aphrons are often adopted to further purify bioactive compounds.

For this Special Issue on “Extraction and Purification of Bioactive Compounds”, we would like to invite researchers to submit original articles and review articles that introduce novel or fundamental extraction and purification methods as well as other processes to obtain common or new bioactive compounds.

Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

Methodology development of new or enhanced extraction processes for bioactive compounds;
Methodology development of new or enhanced purification technologies for bioactive compounds;
Extraction and purification protocols for new bioactive compounds.

Prof. Dr. Zongbi Bao
Dr. Qianqian Xu
Guest Editors

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Keywords

bioactive compounds
extraction
purification
separation
environmentally friendly processes

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

2 pages, 169 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue on “Extraction and Purification of Bioactive Compounds”

by Qianqian Xu and Zongbi Bao

Processes 2023, 11(7), 2034; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11072034 - 7 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 636

Abstract

Bioactive compounds, which are abundant in flora, fauna, and microorganisms, can potentially be used by various industries, including pharmaceuticals, functional foods, dietary supplements, and cosmetics [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction and Purification of Bioactive Compounds)

Research

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16 pages, 859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS Characterization of Phenolic Compounds in Common Commercial Mushrooms and Their Potential Antioxidant Activities

by Minghang Chu, Rana Dildar Khan, Ying Zhou, Osman Tuncay Agar, Colin J. Barrow, Frank R. Dunshea and Hafiz A. R. Suleria

Processes 2023, 11(6), 1711; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11061711 - 3 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2151

Abstract

Mushrooms have a long history of use as food and medicine. They are rich in various nutrients and bioactive compounds, particularly phenolic compounds. In this study, ten mushroom species were selected, and solvent extraction using 80% ethanol was used to extract phenolic compounds. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total condensed tannin content (TCT) were measured to evaluate phenolic content in different mushroom varieties. In the mushroom varieties tested, brown portobello mushroom had the highest TPC (396.78 ± 3.12 µg GAE/g), white cup mushroom exhibited the highest TFC (275.17 ± 9.40 μg CE/g), and shiitake mushroom presented the highest TCT (13.80 ± 0.21 µg QE/g). Antioxidant capacity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2′-azino-bis-3ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assays. The highest DPPH free radical scavenging ability was found in white cup mushroom (730.14 ± 55.06 µg AAE/g), while the greatest iron-reducing ability (FRAP) was recorded for shiitake mushroom (165.32 ± 10.21 μg AAE/g). Additionally, Swiss brown mushroom showed the highest ABTS antioxidant capacity (321.31 ± 5.7 μg AAE/g), and the maximum TAC value was found in shiitake mushroom (24.52 ± 1.2 μg AAE/g). These results highlight that most of the mushroom varieties studied showed high phenolic contents and demonstrated strong antioxidant activity, with shiitake mushrooms standing out due to their high TCT and FRAP values, and the highest TAC value among the varieties studied. In addition, LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS was used to characterize the mushroom samples, and tentatively identified a total of 22 phenolic compounds, including 11 flavonoids, 4 lignans, 3 phenolic acids, 2 stilbenes and 2 other phenolic compounds in all mushroom samples. The research results of this study showed that mushrooms are a good source of phenolic compounds with strong antioxidant potential. The results can provide a scientific basis for the development of mushroom extracts in functional food, health products, and other industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction and Purification of Bioactive Compounds)

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13 pages, 1213 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comprehensive Study on the Acidic Compounds in Gas and Particle Phases of Mainstream Cigarette Smoke

by Xinbo Lu, Hongfei Zhang, Yifeng Cao, Yongqiang Pang, Guojun Zhou, Hua Huang, Jing Li, Jian Jiang and Qiwei Yang

Processes 2023, 11(6), 1694; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11061694 - 1 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1350

Abstract

Acidic compounds constitute a group of chemicals present in mainstream cigarette smoke, among which organic acids contribute to flavoring. In order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the constituents of acidic compounds in both the particulate and gaseous phases of the mainstream smoke of commercial cigarettes, and to delineate the difference between two types of cigarettes, the yields of acidic constituents from nine cigarettes of two commercial brands (L- and M-types) were collected and analyzed in detail by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results identified and quantitatively analyzed 46 compounds, grouped according to the substituent groups. Compositional differences between the two cigarette types were evaluated with statistical approaches. Comparison between individual, grouped, and total acid contents, between the particulate and the gaseous phases, and between the commercial L- and M-type tobaccos were conducted and characterized by the p values obtained from Student’s t-test. Multivariate analysis was performed using principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) models to identify the acids that enable a reliable differentiation of the two types. Seventeen acidic compounds whose p < 0.05 and variable importance in projection (VIP) > 1 were identified as key components that could discriminate between the two groups of commercial cigarettes. This study may be beneficial for the development of non-combusted tobacco products, which could serve as alternatives to traditional cigarettes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction and Purification of Bioactive Compounds)

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10 pages, 2431 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Solubility of Biocompounds 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid and 5-Formylfuran-2-Carboxylic Acid in Binary Solvent Mixtures of Water and 1,4-Dioxane

by Linli Xu, Jianhui Fu, Cunbin Du, Qianqian Xu, Baojian Liu and Zongbi Bao

Processes 2022, 10(12), 2480; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10122480 - 23 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1887

Abstract

The solubility of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and its synthetic intermediates (e.g., 5-formylfuran-2-carboxylic acid, FFCA) provides fundamental information for the preparation and purification of the value-added biocompound FDCA. We measured the solubility of FDCA and FFCA in binary water + 1,4-dioxane mixtures with different mixing ratios at 303.15 K–342.15 K. The obtained solubility values were correlated with the Jouyban-Acree-van’t Hoff model, and the preferential solvation theory was used to study the microscopic dissolution mechanism. The solubility of FDCA/FFCA increases with increasing temperature, and pure 1,4-dioxane dissolves more solutes than pure water. FFCA shows higher solubility than FDCA. In the binary solvent mixtures, the phenomenon of co-solvency exists for both FDCA and FFCA, i.e., at a 1,4-dioxane mole fraction of about 0.60, FDCA and FFCA dissolve the most. Acceptable mean percentage deviations (MPD) (5.5% and 6.9%) are obtained for FDCA and FFCA (Jouyban-Acree-van’t Hoff model). The calculated preferential solvation parameters show different dissolution mechanisms at different solvent compositions. When the 1,4-dioxane mole fraction is 0.17~0.62/0.63, FDCA/FFCA are preferentially solvated by 1,4-dioxane. Otherwise, they are preferentially solvated by water. A trend similar to the “co-solvency phenomenon” is observed in the differences in solubility of FFCA and FDCA. This study gives important guidance for the use of binary water and 1,4-dioxane solvents in practical FDCA purification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction and Purification of Bioactive Compounds)

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16 pages, 1332 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Innovative and Green Extraction Techniques for the Optimal Recovery of Phytochemicals from Saudi Date Fruit Flesh

by Kashif Ghafoor, Md. Zaidul Islam Sarker, Fahad Y. Al-Juhaimi, Elfadil E. Babiker, Mohammed S. Alkaltham, Abdullah K. Almubarak and Isam A. Mohamed Ahmed

Processes 2022, 10(11), 2224; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10112224 - 29 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1573

Abstract

Saudi Arabia is one of the major producers of date (Phoenix dactylifera) fruit. Date fruit flesh is considered a healthy food due to the presence of natural antioxidants. Green and innovative supercritical fluid (SFE, 52.5 °C temperature, 27.50 MPa pressure, 5 mL CO₂/min flow rate) and subcritical (SubCO₂, 250 extraction cycles, 29 °C temperature, 6.8 MPa, 12 h, ethanol solvent) extraction techniques were used to produce flesh extracts from four Saudi date fruits (Sukari (SKFE), Ambara (AMFE), Majdool (MJFE) and Sagai (SGFE)), and extracts prepared using 6 h Soxhlet extraction at 70 °C for 16 h using n-hexane as solvent, were taken as control. SFE produced the highest (p < 0.05) extract yields, whereas the SubCO₂ method recovered significantly higher (p < 0.05) amounts of phytochemicals. Total phenolics (186.37–447.31 mg GAE/100 g), total flavonoids (82.12–215.28 mg QE/100 g), total anthocyanins (0.41–1.34 mg/100 g), and total carotenoid (1.24–2.85 mg BCE/100 g) were quantified in all the flesh extracts. The biological properties evaluation showed that flesh extracts had high antioxidant (17.79–45.08 µg AAE/mL), antiradical (191.36–34.66 µg/mL DPPH IC₅₀), ferric-reducing (2.18–5.01 mmol TE/100 g) and ABTS-scavenging (444.75–883.96 µmol TE/100 g) activities. SubCO₂ was the best technique and Majdool the best date variety, in terms of both phytochemicals and biological properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction and Purification of Bioactive Compounds)

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18 pages, 2269 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Carotenoid-Producing Yeasts: Selection of the Best-Performing Strain and the Total Carotenoid Extraction Procedure

by Olja Šovljanski, Anja Saveljić, Ana Tomić, Vanja Šeregelj, Biljana Lončar, Dragoljub Cvetković, Aleksandra Ranitović, Lato Pezo, Gordana Ćetković, Siniša Markov and Jasna Čanadanović-Brunet

Processes 2022, 10(9), 1699; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091699 - 26 Aug 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2272

Abstract

Yeasts are considered an extraordinary alternative source of natural carotenoids and pigmented terpenoids with multiple applications. Production of carotenoids by yeast fermentation technology has many benefits; it is cost-effective, easily scalable, and safe. The aim of this research is the isolation of yeasts from natural resources and selection of the most potent bioagent for carotenoid production. Additionally, an upgraded carotenoid extraction protocol we established, which implies the testing of four methods for cell lysis (hydrochloric acid treatment, ultrasound treatment, milling treatment, and osmotic pressure treatment), three extraction methods (conventional extraction, ultrasound extraction, and conventional + ultrasound extraction), and three extraction solvents (acetone, isopropanol/methanol (50:50), and ethanol). For the first time, the obtained results were further modeled by an artificial neural network (ANN). Based on the obtained maximal carotenoid yield (253.74 ± 9.74 mg/100 g d.w) for the best-performing Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, the optimized extraction procedure involving milling treatment (for cell lysis) and conventional extraction with acetone (for carotenoid extraction) convincingly stood out compared to the other 35 tested protocols. Therefore, the selected carotenoid extraction protocol was verified with respect to its universality for all other yeast isolates, demonstrating its simplicity and effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction and Purification of Bioactive Compounds)

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26 pages, 5705 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adsorption and Desorption Behavior of Ectoine Using Dowex^® HCR-S Ion-Exchange Resin

by Yu-Chi Wu, Yu-Hong Wei and Ho-Shing Wu

Processes 2021, 9(11), 2068; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9112068 - 18 Nov 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3698

Abstract

Dowex^® HCR-S ion-exchange resin was used to adsorb ectoine in a batch system under varying operation conditions in terms of contact time, temperature, pH value, initial concentration of ectoine, and type of salt. Six adsorption isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin–Radushkevich, Sips, and Redlich–Peterson) and three kinetic models (pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion) were used to investigate the ectoine adsorption mechanism of ion-exchange resin. According to the experimental results, the mechanism of ectoine adsorption using an ion exchanger includes the ion-exchange reaction and physisorption. Both the Langmuir and Freundlich models were found to have a high fitting. For the kinetic analysis, the pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models were suitable to describe the ectoine adsorption. Dowex^® HCR-S resin has an average saturated adsorption capacity of 0.57 g/g and 93.6% of ectoine adsorption at 25~65 °C, with an initial concentration of 125 g/L. By changing the pH of the environment using NaOH solution, the adsorbed ectoine on the ion-exchange resin can be desorbed to 87.7%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction and Purification of Bioactive Compounds)

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14 pages, 2073 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Volatile Profiling Aided in the Isolation of Anti-Proliferative Lupeol from the Roots of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau

by Angelina Ying Fang Cheng, Peik Lin Teoh, Lalith Jayasinghe and Bo Eng Cheong

Processes 2021, 9(8), 1383; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9081383 - 9 Aug 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2089

Abstract

Isolation of anti-proliferative compounds from plants is always hindered by the complexities of the plant’s nature and tedious processes. Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau is a medicinal plant with reported anti-proliferative activities. Our study aimed to isolate potential anti-proliferative compounds present in C. nutans plant. To start with, for our study, we came up with a strategy by first profiling the volatile compounds present in the leaf, stem and root of C. nutans using GC-MS. Comparing the plant’s volatile profiles greatly narrowed down our target of study. We decided to start with the isolation and characterization of a pentacyclic terpenoid, i.e., lupeol from the roots of C. nutans, as this compound was found to present abundantly in the roots compared to the leaf or stem. We developed a simple maceration and re-crystallization method, without the necessity to go through the fractionation or column chromatography for the isolation of lupeol. Characterizations of the isolated compound identified the compound as lupeol. The anti-proliferative activity of the isolated lupeol was further investigated against the MCF-7 cell line, which showed comparable anti-proliferative activity with the authentic lupeol and camptothecin. Our strategy to profile every part of the plant first, followed by selection of the most suitable plant part and targeted compound proved useful for further isolation and characterization bioactive compound from C. nutans. Full article

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13 pages, 1899 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carotenoid Extraction from Locally and Organically Produced Cereals Using Saponification Method

by Abrar Hussain, Hans Larsson and Eva Johansson

Processes 2021, 9(5), 783; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9050783 - 29 Apr 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2049

Abstract

Carotenoids are important phytochemicals contributing nutritional health benefits in the human diet, with a significant contribution from cereals as one of the major food component around the world. Different methods have been described and adopted for the extraction and isolation of carotenoid compounds. Saponification can be seen as an option for carotenoid extraction from cereals as it converts retinol esters to retinol and removes other abundant compounds such as triglycerides. Extraction of carotenoids content of locally adapted and organic cereals have been limitedly investigated and was, therefore, evaluated in the present study, with a specific aim to understand genotypic and local cultivation effects and interactions. Therefore, 17 diverse cereal genotypes of local origin were grown organically in four localities and evaluated for carotenoid content and composition by HPLC. The results showed a large variation in content and composition of carotenoids in locally adapted and organically grown cereal genotypes, with lutein as the dominating type in wheat and rye, while zeaxanthin was the dominating type in barley. High-level genotypes showed values (9.9 mg/kg of total carotenoids) similar to the highest values previously reported in specific types of wheat. The barley genotypes showed relatively high stability in carotenoids content within and between cultivation locations, while large interactions were found with the cultivation location for the rest of the genotypes, indicating their local adaptation. The local adaptation of the cereal genotypes evaluated contributes large opportunities for local production of high value, highly nutritious food products, while the direct value of these genotypes for conventional plant breeding for varieties performing similar over broad environmental ranges, are more limited. Full article

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18 pages, 3036 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effect of Drying on Nutritional Composition of Atlantic Sea Cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa) Viscera Derived from Newfoundland Fisheries

by Yi Liu, Deepika Dave, Sheila Trenholm, Vegneshwaran V. Ramakrishnan and Wade Murphy

Processes 2021, 9(4), 703; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9040703 - 16 Apr 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3143

Abstract

Cucumaria frondosa is the main sea cucumber species harvested from Newfoundland waters. During processing, the viscera of sea cucumber are usually discarded as waste. As a matter of fact, sea cucumber viscera are abundant in various nutrients and promising for valorization. In the present study, sea cucumber viscera were pretreated by air drying and freeze drying, and the nutritional compositions of the dried products were investigated, including proximate composition, lipid class, fatty acid profile, and amino acid composition. The dried viscera had similar levels of ash, lipids, and proteins compared to fresh viscera. Both air- and freeze-dried viscera had total fatty acid composition similar to fresh viscera, with high levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (30–31%), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (27–28%), and low levels of omega-6 PUFAs (~1%). The dried samples were abundant in essential amino acids (46–51%). Compared to air-dried viscera, freeze-dried viscera contained a lower content of moisture and free fatty acids, and higher content of glycine and omega-3 PUFAs in phospholipid fraction. The high content of nutritious components in dried viscera of Cucumaria frondosa indicates their great potential for valorization into high-value products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction and Purification of Bioactive Compounds)

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18 pages, 2370 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Statistical Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Salmon Oil via Enzymatic Transesterification: Investigation of the Effects of Various Operational Parameters

by Vegneshwaran V. Ramakrishnan, Deepika Dave, Yi Liu, Winny Routray and Wade Murphy

Processes 2021, 9(4), 700; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9040700 - 16 Apr 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2052

Abstract

The enzymatic transesterification of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) oil was carried out using Novozym 435 (immobilized lipase from Candida antartica) to produce biodiesel. A response surface modelling design was performed to investigate the relationship between biodiesel yield and several critical factors, including enzyme concentration (5, 10, or 15%), temperature (40, 45, or 50 °C), oil/alcohol molar ratio (1:3, 1:4, or 1:5) and time (8, 16, or 24 h). The results indicated that the effects of all the factors were statistically significant at p-values of 0.000 for biodiesel production. The optimum parameters for biodiesel production were determined as 10% enzyme concentration, 45 °C, 16 h, and 1:4 oil/alcohol molar ratio, leading to a biodiesel yield of 87.23%. The step-wise addition of methanol during the enzymatic transesterification further increased the biodiesel yield to 94.5%. This is the first study that focused on Atlantic salmon oil-derived biodiesel production, which creates a paradigm for valorization of Atlantic salmon by-products that would also reduce the consumption and demand of plant oils derived from crops and vegetables. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction and Purification of Bioactive Compounds)

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18 pages, 1904 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adsorption/Desorption Characteristics and Simultaneous Enrichment of Orientin, Isoorientin, Vitexin and Isovitexin from Hydrolyzed Oil Palm Leaf Extract Using Macroporous Resins

by Mohamad Shazeli Che Zain, Soo Yee Lee, Chian Ying Teo and Khozirah Shaari

Processes 2021, 9(4), 659; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9040659 - 9 Apr 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3631

Abstract

Oil palm leaves (OPL) containing flavonoid C-glycosides are abundantly generated as oil palm byproducts. The performances of three macroporous resins with different physical and chemical properties for the enrichment of isoorientin, orientin, vitexin, and isovitexin from acid-hydrolyzed OPL (OPLAH) extract were screened. The XAD7HP resin exhibited the best sorption capacities for the targeted flavonoid C-glycosides and was thus selected for further evaluation. Static adsorption using the XAD7HP resin under optimal conditions (extract adjusted to pH 5, shaken at 298 K for 24 h) gave adsorption kinetics that fit well with a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption of isoorientin and orientin was well described by Langmuir isotherms, while vitexin and isovitexin fit well with the Freundlich isotherms. Dynamic sorption trials using the column-packed XAD7HP resin produced 55–60-fold enrichment of isovitexin and between 11 and 25-fold enrichment of isoorientin, vitexin, and orientin using aqueous ethanol. The total flavonoid C-glycoside-enriched fractions (enriched OPLAH) with isoorientin (247.28–284.18 µg/mg), orientin (104.88–136.19 µg/mg), vitexin (1197.61–1726.11 µg/mg), and isovitexin (13.03–14.61 µg/mg) showed excellent antioxidant free radical scavenging activities compared with their crude extracts, with IC₅₀ values of 6.90–70.63 µg/mL and 44.58–200.00 µg/mL, respectively. Hence, this rapid and efficient procedure for the preliminary enrichment of flavonoid C-glycosides by using macroporous resin may have practical value in OPL biomass waste utilization programs to produce high value-added products, particularly in the nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and fine chemicals industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction and Purification of Bioactive Compounds)

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Review

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43 pages, 1323 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Microalgae Biomolecules: Extraction, Separation and Purification Methods

by Priscila S. Corrêa, Wilson G. Morais Júnior, António A. Martins, Nídia S. Caetano and Teresa M. Mata

Processes 2021, 9(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9010010 - 22 Dec 2020

Cited by 62 | Viewed by 14390

Abstract

Several microalgae species have been exploited due to their great biotechnological potential for the production of a range of biomolecules that can be applied in a large variety of industrial sectors. However, the major challenge of biotechnological processes is to make them economically viable, through the production of commercially valuable compounds. Most of these compounds are accumulated inside the cells, requiring efficient technologies for their extraction, recovery and purification. Recent improvements approaching physicochemical treatments (e.g., supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, pulsed electric fields, among others) and processes without solvents are seeking to establish sustainable and scalable technologies to obtain target products from microalgae with high efficiency and purity. This article reviews the currently available approaches reported in literature, highlighting some examples covering recent granted patents for the microalgae’s components extraction, recovery and purification, at small and large scales, in accordance with the worldwide trend of transition to bio-based products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction and Purification of Bioactive Compounds)

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