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Toxics
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Radiation: Occurrence, Transport and Effect
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Radiation: Occurrence, Transport and Effect

A special issue of Toxics (ISSN 2305-6304). This special issue belongs to the section "Metals and Radioactive Substances".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2024) | Viewed by 32473

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Shino Homma-Takeda

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
Interests: uranium; biometals; toxicology; SR-XRF; PIXE; imaging
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Teruaki Konishi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Single Cell Radiation Biology Group, Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage 263-8555, Chiba, Japan
Interests: radiation biology; single cell biology; microbeam; heavy ions; radiation induced bystander effect; cytoplasmic damage response; DNA damage and repair
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are exposed to various physical and chemical health hazards in our daily lives, even if each of them is at a non-risk level. Exposure to radiation is also happening all around us. The expansion of industrial and medical uses of radiation and nuclear accidents has led to growing public concern over their health effects. In general, toxicology studies hazardous substances and their potential toxicity, mechanisms of chemical reaction and toxic substations, and the construction of protocols for prevention, diagnosis, detoxification, and treatment. In addition, studies on the hazardous risks of radiation exposure and radionuclides are known as “radiotoxicology”, which includes the combined biological effect of chemical toxicity and radiation.

This Special Issue will aim to highlight the latest advances in radiotoxicological studies present in both low and high doses of ionizing radiation, that potentially harbor risks of mutation, carcinogenesis, and genomic instability. Authors are invited to submit original research papers, reviews, short communications, and technical notes on novel methods and advancements.

We hope this Special Issue will lead to improved understanding of radio-toxicology for researchers in different research fields.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Shino Homma-Takeda
Dr. Teruaki Konishi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Toxics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • radiotoxicity 
  • internal radionuclides 
  • radiation emitters and its distribution 
  • effects of alpha particles and charged particles 
  • low-dose effect 
  • defensive cellular response 
  • radiation induced bystander effect and abscopal effect 
  • radionuclide therapy 
  • decorporation 
  • monitoring and analytical methodology 
  • in vivo kinetics 
  • quantum beam sciences 
  • bioindicators and biomarkers

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 2688 KiB  
Article
Health Impacts of Natural Background Radiation in High Air Pollution Area of Thailand
by Narongchai Autsavapromporn, Chutima Kranrod, Rawiwan Kritsananuwat, Phachirarat Sola, Pitchayaponne Klunklin, Imjai Chitapanarux, Churdsak Jaikang, Tawachai Monum, Masahiro Hosoda and Shinji Tokonami
Toxics 2024, 12(6), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12060428 - 13 Jun 2024
Viewed by 533
Abstract
Chiang Mai province of Thailand is known for having the highest natural background radiation in the country, as well as being recognized as one of the world’s most polluted cities for air quality. This represents the major contributor to the development of lung [...] Read more.
Chiang Mai province of Thailand is known for having the highest natural background radiation in the country, as well as being recognized as one of the world’s most polluted cities for air quality. This represents the major contributor to the development of lung cancer. This research aims to estimate the comprehensive dose of both internal and external exposure due to natural background radiation and related health perspectives in the highly polluted area of Chiang Mai. The average values of indoor radon and thoron concentrations in 99 houses over 6 months were 40.8 ± 22.6 and 17.8 ± 16.3 Bq/m3, respectively. These results exceed the worldwide value for indoor radon and thoron (40 and 10 Bq/m3), respectively. During burning season, the average values of indoor radon (56.7 ± 20 Bq/m3) and thoron (20.8 ± 20.4 Bq/m3) concentrations were higher than the world-wide averages. The radon concentration in drinking water (56 samples) varied from 0.1 to 91.9 Bq/L, with an average value of 9.1 ± 22.8 Bq/L. Most of the drinking water samples (87%) fell below the recommended maximum contamination limit of 11.1 Bq/L. The average values of natural radionuclide (226Ra, 232Th and 40K) in 48 soil samples were 47 ± 20.9, 77.9 ± 29.7 and 700.1 ± 233 Bq/kg, respectively. All values were higher than the worldwide average of 35, 30 and 400 Bq/kg, respectively. The average value of outdoor absorbed gamma dose rate (98 ± 32.5 nGy/h) exceeded the worldwide average of 59 nGy/h. Meanwhile, the average activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in 25 plant food samples were 2.7 ± 0.1, 3.2 ± 1.6 and 1000.7 ± 1.9 Bq/kg, respectively. The 40K concentration was the most predominant in plant foods. The highest concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were found in Chinese cabbage, celery and cilantro, respectively. The total annual effective dose for residents in the study area varied from 0.6 to 4.3 mSv, with an average value of 1.4 mSv. This indicates a significant long-term public health hazard due to natural background radiation and suggests a heightened radiation risk for the residents. The excess lifetime cancer risk value (5.4) associated with natural background radiation was found to be higher than the recommended value. Moreover, the number of lung cancer cases per year per million average of 25.2 per million persons per year was in the limit range 170–230 per million people. Overall, our results will be used for future decision making in the prevention of lung cancer risk associated with natural background radiation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radiation: Occurrence, Transport and Effect)
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14 pages, 3307 KiB  
Article
The Roles of IL-18 in a Realistic Partial Body Irradiation with 5% Bone Marrow Sparing (PBI/BM5) Model
by Wanchang Cui, Lisa Hull, Alex Zizzo, Li Wang, Bin Lin, Min Zhai, Vidya P. Kumar and Mang Xiao
Toxics 2024, 12(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010005 - 20 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1145
Abstract
IL-18 has been shown to play important roles in response to total body irradiation. However, homogenous total body irradiation is not a realistic model to reflect the radiation exposure in a real nuclear event. To further study the roles of IL-18 in a [...] Read more.
IL-18 has been shown to play important roles in response to total body irradiation. However, homogenous total body irradiation is not a realistic model to reflect the radiation exposure in a real nuclear event. To further study the roles of IL-18 in a real nuclear scenario, we developed a mouse partial body irradiation with 5% bone marrow sparing (PBI/BM5) model to mimic the inhomogeneous radiation exposure. We established the dose response curves of PBI/BM5 using different radiation doses ranging from 12 to 16 Gy. Using the PBI/BM5 model, we showed that IL-18 knockout mice were significantly more radiation resistant than the wild-type mice at 14.73 Gy. We further studied the hematopoietic changes using a complete blood count, bone marrow colony-forming assays, and serum cytokine assays on the mice exposed to PBI/BM5 with IL-18BP treatment and wild-type/IL-18 knockout mice. In conclusion, our data suggest that IL-18 plays important roles in mouse survival in a realistic nuclear exposure model, potentially through the IL-18/IFNγ pathway. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radiation: Occurrence, Transport and Effect)
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17 pages, 3298 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Radiation Exposure in a Nuclear Medicine Department during 99mTc-MDP Bone Scintigraphy
by Suphalak Khamruang Marshall, Piyatida Prom-on, Siriluck Sangkue and Wasinee Thiangsook
Toxics 2023, 11(10), 814; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100814 - 26 Sep 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 27477
Abstract
This study measured 99mTc-MDP bone scintigraphy radiation risks, as low-dose radiation exposure is a growing concern. Dosimeter measurements were taken at four positions (left lateral, right lateral, anterior, and posterior) around the patients at 30, 60, 100, and 200 cm at 0, [...] Read more.
This study measured 99mTc-MDP bone scintigraphy radiation risks, as low-dose radiation exposure is a growing concern. Dosimeter measurements were taken at four positions (left lateral, right lateral, anterior, and posterior) around the patients at 30, 60, 100, and 200 cm at 0, 1.5, and 3 h. The highest dose rates were recorded from 51% of the patients, who emitted ≥ 25 µSv/h up to 49.00 µSv/h at the posterior location at a distance of 30 cm. Additionally, at the anterior location at a distance of 30 cm, 42% of patients emitted ≥ 25 µSv/h up to 38.00 µSv/h. Furthermore, at 1.5 h after the tracer injection, 7% of the dose rates exceeded 25 µSv/h. There was a significant reduction in mean dose rates for all positions as distance and time increased (p-value < 0.05). As a result, radiation levels decreased with increased distance and time as a result of radiation decay, biological clearance, and distance from the source. In addition, increasing the distance from the patient for all positions reduced the radiation dose, as was substantiated via exponential regression analysis. Additionally, after completing the bone scintigraphy, the patients’ dose rates on discharge were within the current guidelines, and the mean radiation doses from 99mTc-MDP were below occupational limits. Thus, medical staff received less radiation than the recommended 25 μSv/h. On discharge and release to public areas, the patients’ mean dose rates were as follows: 1.13 µSv/h for the left lateral position, 1.04 µSv/h for the right lateral, 1.39 µSv/h for the anterior, and 1.46 µSv/h for the posterior. This confirms that if an individual was continuously present in an unrestricted area, the dose from external sources would not exceed 20 µSv/h. Furthermore, the patients’ radiation doses were below the public exposure limit on discharge. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radiation: Occurrence, Transport and Effect)
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11 pages, 1157 KiB  
Article
Metal Ions Modify In Vitro DNA Damage Yields with High-LET Radiation
by Dylan J. Buglewicz, Cathy Su, Austin B. Banks, Jazmine Stenger-Smith, Suad Elmegerhi, Hirokazu Hirakawa, Akira Fujimori and Takamitsu A. Kato
Toxics 2023, 11(9), 773; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090773 - 12 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1122
Abstract
Cu2+ and Co2+ are metals known to increase DNA damage in the presence of hydrogen peroxide through a Fenton-type reaction. We hypothesized that these metals could increase DNA damage following irradiations of increasing LET values as hydrogen peroxide is a product [...] Read more.
Cu2+ and Co2+ are metals known to increase DNA damage in the presence of hydrogen peroxide through a Fenton-type reaction. We hypothesized that these metals could increase DNA damage following irradiations of increasing LET values as hydrogen peroxide is a product of the radiolysis of water. The reaction mixtures contain either double- or single-stranded DNA in solution with Cu2+ or Co2+ and were irradiated either with X-ray, carbon-ion or iron-ion beams, or they were treated with hydrogen peroxide or bleomycin at increasing radiation dosages or chemical concentrations. DNA damage was then assessed via gel electrophoresis followed with a band intensity analysis. DNA damage was the greatest when DNA in the solution with either metal was treated with only hydrogen peroxide followed by the DNA damage of DNA in the solution with either metal post irradiation of low-LET (X-Ray) or high-LET (carbon-ion and iron-ion), respectively, and demonstrated the least damage after treatment with bleomycin. Cu2+ portrayed greater DNA damage than Co2+ following all experimental conditions. The metals’ effect caused more DNA damage and was observed to be LET-dependent for single-strand break formation but inversely dependent for double-strand break formation. These results suggest that Cu2+ is more efficient than Co2+ at inducing both DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks following all irradiations and chemical treatments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radiation: Occurrence, Transport and Effect)
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9 pages, 1243 KiB  
Article
Effects of Electron Radiation on Serotonin Signaling and Reactivity of Rat Gastric Smooth Muscle
by Raina Ardasheva, Natalia Prissadova, Valentin Turiyski, Anna Tolekova, Athanas Krastev, Mina Pencheva and Veselin Popov
Toxics 2023, 11(7), 603; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11070603 - 12 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1032
Abstract
Ionizing radiation in radiotherapy can disrupt cellular functions based on radiation type, energy, and dose. However, investigations on the effects of accelerated electrons, particularly on serotonin mediation, are limited. This study aimed to investigate changes in serotonin signal transduction (targeting 5-HT2A and [...] Read more.
Ionizing radiation in radiotherapy can disrupt cellular functions based on radiation type, energy, and dose. However, investigations on the effects of accelerated electrons, particularly on serotonin mediation, are limited. This study aimed to investigate changes in serotonin signal transduction (targeting 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors) in gastric smooth muscle (SM) samples isolated from rats irradiated with accelerated electrons (linear accelerator Siemens Primus S/N 3561) and their effects on serotonin-induced reactions. The radiation effects were examined in samples prepared five days after the procedure. The contractile activity of smooth muscle samples was measured using an isometric method. The expression of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors was determined by immunohistochemical assay. Increased contractile reactivity to exogenous serotonin (1.10−8–1.10−4 mol/L) was observed in irradiated samples compared to controls. The expression of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors was significantly increased in the irradiated tissue. By selecting appropriate time intervals between equimolar (1.10−6 mol/L) sequential serotonin exposures, a process of desensitization associated with agonist-induced internalization was established in control samples, which was absent in irradiated samples. In conclusion, irradiation with accelerated electrons affects the agonist-induced receptor internalization of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors and increases their expression in rat gastric SM, which alters their contractile reactivity to exogenous serotonin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radiation: Occurrence, Transport and Effect)
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