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Keywords = fluoropolymer

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22 pages, 10034 KB  
Article
Three-Dimensionally Printed Microstructured Hydrophobic Surfaces: Morphology and Wettability
by Loredana Tammaro, Sergio Galvagno, Giuseppe Pandolfi, Fausta Loffredo, Fulvia Villani, Anna De Girolamo Del Mauro, Pierpaolo Iovane, Sabrina Portofino, Paolo Tassini and Carmela Borriello
Polymers 2025, 17(19), 2570; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17192570 - 23 Sep 2025
Viewed by 371
Abstract
This work presents the design and fabrication of microstructured hydrophobic surfaces via fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing with polylactic acid (PLA). Three geometric patterns—triangular-based prisms (TG), truncated pyramids (TP), and truncated ellipsoidal cones (CET)—were developed to modify the surface wettability. Morphological analysis [...] Read more.
This work presents the design and fabrication of microstructured hydrophobic surfaces via fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing with polylactic acid (PLA). Three geometric patterns—triangular-based prisms (TG), truncated pyramids (TP), and truncated ellipsoidal cones (CET)—were developed to modify the surface wettability. Morphological analysis revealed that the printer resolution limits the accurate reproduction of sharp CAD-defined features. Despite this, TG structures exhibited superhydrophobic behavior evaluated through static water contact angles (WCAs), reaching up to 164° along the structured direction and so representing a 100% increase relative to flat PLA surfaces (WCA = 82°). To improve print fidelity, TP and CET geometries with enlarged features were introduced, resulting in contact angles up to 128°, corresponding to a 56% increase in hydrophobicity. The truncated shapes enable the fabrication of the smallest features achievable via the FFF technique, while maintaining good resolution and obtaining higher contact angles. In addition, surface functionalization with fluoropolymer-coated SiO2 nanoparticles, confirmed by SEM and Raman spectroscopy, led to a further slight enhancement in wettability up to 18% on the structured surfaces. These findings highlight the potential of FFF-based microstructuring, combined with surface treatments, for tailoring the wetting properties of 3D-printed polymeric parts with promising applications in self-cleaning, de-icing, and anti-wetting surfaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Research on 3D Printing of Polymer and Polymer Composites)
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22 pages, 2576 KB  
Review
Essential Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Our Society of the Future
by Rudy Dams and Bruno Ameduri
Molecules 2025, 30(15), 3220; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153220 - 31 Jul 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1027
Abstract
Per- or polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are man-made compounds involved in compositions of many industrial processes and consumer products. The largest-volume man-made PFAS are made up of refrigerants and fluoropolymers. Major concerns for our society related to these substances are their contribution to global [...] Read more.
Per- or polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are man-made compounds involved in compositions of many industrial processes and consumer products. The largest-volume man-made PFAS are made up of refrigerants and fluoropolymers. Major concerns for our society related to these substances are their contribution to global warming as greenhouse gasses and the potential for adverse effects on living organisms, particularly by long-chain perfluoroalkyl acid derivatives. Restrictions on manufacturing and applications will increase in the near future. The full remediation of historical and current contaminations of air, soil and water remains problematic, especially for ultra-short PFASs, such as trifluoroacetic acid. Future monitoring of PFAS levels and their impact on ecosystems remains important. PFASs have become integrated in the lifestyle and infrastructures of our modern worldwide society and are likely to be part of that society for years to come in essential applications by closing the fluorine loop. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights for Organofluorine Chemistry, 2nd Edition)
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13 pages, 2253 KB  
Article
Organic Acid-Assisted Hydrothermal Leaching of Silver from End-of-Life Photovoltaic Panels
by Eleni Kastanaki, Rafaela Athanasiadou, Anastasia Katsifou and Apostolos Giannis
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 6383; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15126383 - 6 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1026
Abstract
The aim of this study was the hydrothermal leaching of silver from waste monocrystalline silicon (m-Si) and polycrystalline silicon (p-Si) photovoltaic panel (PV) cells using organic acids, namely oxalic acid (OA) and citric acid (CA). Before leaching, two different pretreatment procedures were applied. [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was the hydrothermal leaching of silver from waste monocrystalline silicon (m-Si) and polycrystalline silicon (p-Si) photovoltaic panel (PV) cells using organic acids, namely oxalic acid (OA) and citric acid (CA). Before leaching, two different pretreatment procedures were applied. First, the fluoropolymer backsheet was manually removed from the panel pieces and, then, the samples were subjected to high-temperature heating for the thermal degradation of the ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) polymer. When removal by hand was not feasible, the second pretreatment procedure was followed by toluene immersion to remove the EVA and backsheet and separate the cells, glass, and films. After pretreatment, 4 M HCl leaching was applied to remove the aluminum layer from the cells. The remaining cells were subjected to hydrothermal leaching with organic acids to extract the silver. Several hydrothermal parameters were investigated, such as acid concentration (1-1.5-2 M), processing time (60-105-150 min), and temperature (150-180-210 °C), while the liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio was fixed at 30 mL: 1 g, based on preliminary tests. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the hydrothermal leaching parameters. The optimized parameters were 210 °C, 95 min, 2 M CA or 210 °C, 60 min, 1 M OA. OA was more effective in Ag leaching than CA. The results were compared to HNO3 leaching. The green leaching of silver from end-of-life PV panels with organic acids is an environmentally beneficial route. Full article
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14 pages, 2408 KB  
Article
Comprehensive Risk Evaluation of Perfluoroalkyl Substance Pollution in Urban Riverine Systems: Ecotoxicological and Human Health Perspectives
by Ferlian Vida Satriaji, Cat Tuong Le Tong, Nelly Marlina, Yan Lin, Nguyen Duy Dat, Ha Manh Bui, Yoshifumi Horie and Jheng-Jie Jiang
Toxics 2025, 13(6), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13060435 - 26 May 2025
Viewed by 870
Abstract
This study investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the Daku River, Taoyuan, with a particular focus on source apportionment and associated ecological and human health risks. The total PFAS concentrations ranged from below the detection limits to 185 ng/L, with [...] Read more.
This study investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the Daku River, Taoyuan, with a particular focus on source apportionment and associated ecological and human health risks. The total PFAS concentrations ranged from below the detection limits to 185 ng/L, with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) emerging as the predominant compound, followed by perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS). Elevated PFAS levels were observed downstream of the confluence between the Daku River and Litouzhou ditch, suggesting contributions from industrial activities. Principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) were employed to identify important components and factors that explain different compounds. Factor 1 (dominated by PFUnA) was attributed to sources such as food packaging and textiles. Factor 2 (PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS) originated from agricultural inputs and wastewater discharges linked to the semiconductor and photonics industries. Factor 3 (PFOA, PFNA, PFDA) was primarily associated with fluoropolymer manufacturing, electronics, chemical engineering, machinery, and coating production. Ecological risk assessments showed no significant threats (RQ < 0.1) for PFBS, PFPA, PFNA, PFOS, and PFDA. Human health risk evaluations based on the Health Risk Index (HRI < 1), likewise, indicated negligible risk from crop and vegetable consumption in the Daku River area. These findings underscore the importance of continued monitoring and targeted pollution management strategies to safeguard environmental quality and public health. Full article
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26 pages, 5247 KB  
Perspective
Linking Fluorine with Bio-Derived Furfural: Aiming Towards More Sustainable Fluorinated Polymers and Drugs
by Konstantin I. Galkin and Irina V. Sandulenko
Molecules 2025, 30(11), 2305; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30112305 - 24 May 2025
Viewed by 2188
Abstract
This perspective highlights current trends and recent advances in the introduction of fluorine and fluoroalkyl moieties into the furanic core of biobased furfural-derived furans. Existing and potential applications of these fluorinated building blocks in the development of pharmaceuticals and advanced materials are also [...] Read more.
This perspective highlights current trends and recent advances in the introduction of fluorine and fluoroalkyl moieties into the furanic core of biobased furfural-derived furans. Existing and potential applications of these fluorinated building blocks in the development of pharmaceuticals and advanced materials are also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Organic Chemistry)
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18 pages, 4330 KB  
Article
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Surface Water of Fuyang River (Handan Section): Occurrence, Source Apportionment, and Risk Assessment
by Xiaoying Pan, Lifeng Wu and Dong Wang
Water 2025, 17(8), 1223; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17081223 - 19 Apr 2025
Viewed by 671
Abstract
Perfluorinated and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), as an emerging type of pollutant, always pollute water quality to a certain extent. The occurrence, source, and risk of PFASs in the Fuyang River are not well understood. For the first time, the state of PFASs in [...] Read more.
Perfluorinated and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), as an emerging type of pollutant, always pollute water quality to a certain extent. The occurrence, source, and risk of PFASs in the Fuyang River are not well understood. For the first time, the state of PFASs in the upper Fuyang River (Handan section) was investigated. The results showed that there were 10 types of PFASs with concentrations higher than the limit of quantitation in the surface water of the Fuyang River. The surface water ρ (∑PFASs) ranges from 13.80 to 22.88 ng·L1. The highest quality score is perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), which is 59.40%. PFASs are mainly composed of long-chain substances. PFASs generally show a trend of gradually increasing downstream. PFASs have the same source, mainly from industrial activities around rivers and rainfall inputs. Principal component analysis shows that PFASs mainly come from the leather and textile manufacturing industries, fluoropolymer production, and electroplating metal industries. The concentration of PFASs in the Fuyang River has not yet affected ecology and health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Water Quality and Contamination)
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18 pages, 4367 KB  
Communication
Synergistic Incorporation of Boron Nitride Nanosheets and Fluoropolymers to Amplify Anti-Corrosion Attributes of Waterborne Epoxy Resin
by Hui Ma, Xuan Liu, Xiaofeng Han, Rui Yang, Zhaotie Liu and Jian Lv
Polymers 2025, 17(8), 1020; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17081020 - 10 Apr 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 799
Abstract
The corrosion of metal substrates is closely associated with the permeability of the corrosive medium in which they are immersed. To enhance the protection of metal materials and improve anti-corrosion performance from an epoxy resin perspective, the diffusion path complexity can be increased [...] Read more.
The corrosion of metal substrates is closely associated with the permeability of the corrosive medium in which they are immersed. To enhance the protection of metal materials and improve anti-corrosion performance from an epoxy resin perspective, the diffusion path complexity can be increased and porosity reduced within the epoxy resin coating to effectively block the invasion of corrosive media. Simultaneously, reducing the affinity between the corrosive media and the epoxy resin coating makes it difficult for corrosive substances to adhere. Based on this principle, this study introduces two-dimensional boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS) and fluoropolymers-modified one-dimensional nano-silica (SiO2) and organic tannic acid as fillers to jointly enhance the protective effect of waterborne epoxy-resin-based composites. Experimental results demonstrate that when the BNNS content is 0.5 wt.%, the 0.5-BNNS/WEP composite coating exhibits superior anti-corrosion performance, achieving an electrochemical impedance of 2.90 × 107 Ω∙cm2. Moreover, when BNNS is compounded with fluorinated SiO2 or fluorinated tannic acid as fillers and incorporated into waterborne epoxy resin, the resulting composite coatings maintain excellent long-term anti-corrosion performance even after 20 days of salt spray testing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Applications)
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15 pages, 5300 KB  
Article
HTPFA-Coated AlB2 with Enhanced Combustion Performance as a High-Energy Fuel
by Jiangfeng Wang, Wanjun Zhao, Chen Shen, Yapeng Ou and Qingjie Jiao
Materials 2025, 18(7), 1452; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18071452 - 25 Mar 2025
Viewed by 557
Abstract
High-energy boron-based fuel aluminum-diboride (AlB2) has attracted much attention in the field of solid propellants. However, the low reactivity of AlB2 hindered its further application. In this study, highly reactive AlB2@hydroxyl-terminated perfluoropolyether alcohol (AlB2@HTPFA) composites with [...] Read more.
High-energy boron-based fuel aluminum-diboride (AlB2) has attracted much attention in the field of solid propellants. However, the low reactivity of AlB2 hindered its further application. In this study, highly reactive AlB2@hydroxyl-terminated perfluoropolyether alcohol (AlB2@HTPFA) composites with a core–shell structure were prepared by coating AlB2 with functionalized fluoropolymers by using a facile one-step in situ polymerization method. AlB2@HTPFA composites with varying polymer contents (0, 5, 10, and 15 wt%) were obtained. The in situ polymerization strategy enables precise control over the polymer coating thickness and interfacial interactions, which is critical for optimizing the reactivity and thermal stability of composites. The morphology and structure were characterized, and the microcore–shell structure of AlB2@HTPFA was obtained. Compared with raw AlB2, the combustion efficiency of coated fuel increased by 4.1%, 5.6%, and 7.5%, respectively, with varying polymer contents. Meanwhile, the reactivity of AlB2@HTPFA (5 wt%) was 0.65 MPa/s, which is ~1.5 times that of AlB2. Additionally, the ignition and combustion characteristics of AlB2@HTPFA were investigated by laser ignition experiments with potassium perchlorate (KP) as an oxidant. The results revealed that AlB2@HTPFA/KP composites showed a greatly reduced combustion duration compared to uncoated AlB2. The ignition and combustion enhancement mechanism of AlB2@HTPFA was proposed. During the ignition process, the existence of HTPFA can result in a pre-ignition reaction, thus raising its reaction activity. This work provided a promising candidate for high-energy fuel that can be used in energetic materials. Full article
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16 pages, 1777 KB  
Article
Cloud Point Behavior of Poly(trifluoroethyl methacrylate) in Supercritical CO2–Toluene Mixtures
by James R. Zelaya and Gary C. Tepper
Molecules 2025, 30(6), 1199; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30061199 - 7 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1002
Abstract
Supercritical CO2 (scCO2) is a versatile solvent for polymer processing; however, many partially fluorinated polymers exhibit limited solubility in neat scCO2. Organic cosolvents such as toluene can enhance polymer–solvent interactions, thereby improving solubility. The cloud point behavior of [...] Read more.
Supercritical CO2 (scCO2) is a versatile solvent for polymer processing; however, many partially fluorinated polymers exhibit limited solubility in neat scCO2. Organic cosolvents such as toluene can enhance polymer–solvent interactions, thereby improving solubility. The cloud point behavior of poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) (poly(TFEMA)) at 3 wt% concentration in scCO2–toluene binary mixtures was investigated over a temperature range of 31.5–50 °C and toluene contents of 0–20 wt%. Solvent mixture densities were estimated using the Altuin–Gadetskii–Haar–Gallagher–Kell (AG–HGK) equation of state for CO2 and the Tait equation for toluene. For all compositions, the cloud point pressure was observed to increase linearly with temperature. The cloud point pressure decreased monotonically with increasing toluene concentration and at the highest concentration of 20 wt% was reduced by approximately 40% in comparison to neat scCO2. The addition of toluene lowered the solvent density, but the increase in solvent–solute molecular interactions resulted in the observed decrease in cloud point pressure. Toluene is shown to be an effective cosolvent for dissolving poly(TFEMA) in scCO2, offering a promising approach to lowering operating pressures in fluoropolymer processing. Our results provide valuable phase behavior data for designing scCO2-based extraction, impregnation, and particle formation processes involving poly(TFEMA). Full article
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19 pages, 5085 KB  
Review
Polyoxometalate–Polymer Composites with Distinct Compositions and Structures as High-Performance Solid Electrolytes
by Takeru Ito
Inorganics 2025, 13(3), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030075 - 5 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1349
Abstract
Solid electrolytes, including polymer electrolytes, are a promising option for improving the performance of environmentally friendly batteries such as rechargeable lithium-ion batteries or fuel cells. Hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells producing only water under power generation are attracting widespread attention, and they need proton conductors [...] Read more.
Solid electrolytes, including polymer electrolytes, are a promising option for improving the performance of environmentally friendly batteries such as rechargeable lithium-ion batteries or fuel cells. Hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells producing only water under power generation are attracting widespread attention, and they need proton conductors as electrolytes. Fluoropolymer electrolytes such as Nafion® have been utilized for hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells below 100 °C; however, they are not applicable over the working temperature. Therefore, other types of polymer electrolytes are demanded for hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells. Polyoxometalate (POM) inorganic clusters are known as proton conductors and are utilized to prepare POM–polymer composites for solid electrolyte application. In such POM–polymer composites, distinct compositions and structures are significant for improving the performance of proton conductivity. Recently, POM–polymer composites with distinct compositions and structures have been synthesized to obtain high proton conductivity. The key factor is to use single-crystalline compounds. Here, several examples are overviewed by classifying them into three categories: (i) single-crystalline POM–polymer composites, (ii) organically modified POM (org-POM) polymers, and (iii) POM hybrid polymers using polymerizable cations. The application of proton-conductive solid electrolytes is focused on. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials)
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13 pages, 2863 KB  
Article
Expanding the Applicability of Electroactive Polymers for Tissue Engineering Through Surface Biofunctionalization
by Beatriz Leiva, Igor Irastorza, Andrea Moneo, Gaskon Ibarretxe, Unai Silvan and Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez
Biomimetics 2025, 10(2), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020126 - 19 Feb 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1186
Abstract
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a synthetic semicrystalline fluoropolymer with great potential for tissue engineering applications. In addition to its excellent mechanical strength, thermal stability, biocompatibility and simple processability into different morphologies, the relevance of PVDF-based materials for tissue engineering applications comes for its [...] Read more.
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a synthetic semicrystalline fluoropolymer with great potential for tissue engineering applications. In addition to its excellent mechanical strength, thermal stability, biocompatibility and simple processability into different morphologies, the relevance of PVDF-based materials for tissue engineering applications comes for its electroactive properties, which include piezo-, pyro- and ferroelectricity. Nevertheless, its synthetic nature and inherent hydrophobicity strongly limit the applicability of this polymer for certain purposes, particularly those involving cell attachment. In addition, the variable adhesion of cells and proteins to PVDF surfaces with different net surface charge makes it difficult to accurately compare the biological response in each case. In this work, we describe a method for the surface functionalization of PVDF films with biological molecules. After an initial chemical modification, and, independently of its polarization state, the PVDF films covalently bind equivalent amounts of cell-binding proteins. In addition, the materials retain their properties, including piezoelectric activity, representing a very promising method for the functionalization of PVDF-based tissue engineering approaches. Full article
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23 pages, 5896 KB  
Article
Increasing the Number of Material Recognition Classes in Cargo Inspection Using the X-Ray Dual High-Energy Method
by Sergey Osipov, Sergei Chakhlov and Eugeny Usachev
Computation 2025, 13(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/computation13020041 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1310
Abstract
Issues related to increasing the number of material recognition classes in cargo inspection by the X-ray dual high-energy method through introducing a class of heavy organic materials that include basic explosives are considered. A mathematical model of material recognition by the dual-energy method [...] Read more.
Issues related to increasing the number of material recognition classes in cargo inspection by the X-ray dual high-energy method through introducing a class of heavy organic materials that include basic explosives are considered. A mathematical model of material recognition by the dual-energy method based on the parameters of level lines and effective atomic numbers has been proposed. Estimates of the parameters of the level lines and effective atomic numbers of explosives and their physical counterparts for monoenergetic and classical high-energy implementations of the dual-energy method were made. The use of a simulation model to demonstrate the ability to detect and correctly identify explosives and their physical counterparts using the dual high-energy method is illustrated. An algorithmic methodological approach is proposed to improve the accuracy of effective atomic number estimation. It has been demonstrated theoretically and by simulation that it is possible to distinguish materials in cargo inspection from the following classes of materials: light organics (typical representative—polyethylene); heavy organics (explosives), light minerals and heavy plastics (fluoropolymers); light metals (aluminum, Z = 13), heavy minerals (calcium oxide, Z = 19); metals (iron, Z = 26); heavy metals (tin, Z = 50); and radiation insensitive metals (Z > 57). Full article
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11 pages, 2507 KB  
Article
Deposition and Characterization of Fluoropolymer–Ceramic (ECTFE/Al2O3) Coatings via Atmospheric Plasma Spraying
by Mariem Abdennadher, Beatriz Garrido, Vicente Albaladejo-Fuentes, Irene Garcia-Cano, Anas Bouguecha and Riadh Elleuch
J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2025, 9(2), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp9020050 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1344
Abstract
Thermal spray techniques allow coatings to be deposited from a wide range of materials with controlled thicknesses, from micrometres to millimetres. For this reason, thermal spraying can optimize performance for diverse applications across industries, ensuring strong adhesion and the durability of coated surfaces. [...] Read more.
Thermal spray techniques allow coatings to be deposited from a wide range of materials with controlled thicknesses, from micrometres to millimetres. For this reason, thermal spraying can optimize performance for diverse applications across industries, ensuring strong adhesion and the durability of coated surfaces. In this work, composite ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene/ceramic (ECTFE/Al2O3) coatings with different ceramic ratios were deposited by plasma spraying. Four coatings were produced by spraying blended powders consisting of pure ECTFE and ECTFE with 5%, 10%, and 15 wt.% Al2O3. The effect of varying the ceramic ratio on the coatings’ microstructure and properties was investigated. Morphology and particle size distributions were determined for the raw powders. The microstructural examination of the coatings showed proportional increases in Al2O3 content. An improvement in adhesion was achieved with ceramic in the coatings from 5 wt.% Al2O3. Enhanced friction coefficients were obtained with ceramic, except for 15 wt.% Al2O3. Taber abrasion tests showed a minimal influence on ceramic content. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Manufacturing in the Era of Industry 4.0)
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19 pages, 5101 KB  
Article
Promoting Sustainability in the Recycling of End-of-Life Photovoltaic Panels and Li-Ion Batteries Through LIBS-Assisted Waste Sorting
by Agnieszka Królicka, Anna Maj and Grzegorz Łój
Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 838; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17030838 - 21 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1805
Abstract
To promote sustainability and reduce the ecological footprint of recycling processes, this study develops an analytical tool for fast and accurate identification of components in photovoltaic panels (PVs) and Li-Ion battery waste, optimizing material recovery and minimizing resource wastage. The laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy [...] Read more.
To promote sustainability and reduce the ecological footprint of recycling processes, this study develops an analytical tool for fast and accurate identification of components in photovoltaic panels (PVs) and Li-Ion battery waste, optimizing material recovery and minimizing resource wastage. The laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique was selected and employed to identify fluoropolymers in photovoltaic back sheets and to determine the thickness of layers containing fluorine. LIBS was also used for Li-Ion batteries to reveal the elemental composition of anode, cathode, and separator materials. The analysis not only revealed all the elements contained in the electrodes but also, in the case of cathode materials, allowed distinguishing a single-component cathode (cathode A containing LiCoO2) from multi-component materials (cathode B containing a mixture of LiMn2O4 and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4). The results of LIBS analysis were verified using SEM-EDS analysis and XRD examination. Additionally, an indirect method for identifying fluoropolymers (polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)) employed to prepare dispersions of cathode materials was proposed according to the differences in wettability of both polymers. By enabling efficient material identification and separation, this study advances sustainable recycling practices, supporting circular economy goals in the renewable energy sector. Full article
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19 pages, 10892 KB  
Article
Simulation of Reactive Fluoropolymer-Based Material Penetrator
by Peiyu Li, Zhenyang Liu, Jiahao Zhang, Mengmeng Guo and Qingbo Yu
Materials 2024, 17(23), 5822; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235822 - 27 Nov 2024
Viewed by 965
Abstract
It is very important to solve the numerical simulation of fluoropolymer-based reactive materials in the process of engineering design. Although custom development techniques are rapidly being applied to numerical simulation problems of reactive materials, they are inconvenient for engineering designers to implement. This [...] Read more.
It is very important to solve the numerical simulation of fluoropolymer-based reactive materials in the process of engineering design. Although custom development techniques are rapidly being applied to numerical simulation problems of reactive materials, they are inconvenient for engineering designers to implement. This paper presents several simulation methods for fluoropolymer-based reactive materials that can be implemented on commercial software platforms. Comparative analyses were conducted on the intrusion–explosion simulation based on a segmented simulation, a simulation based on the Lee–Tarver EOS, and a simulation of impact response models based on the MPM-SICR algorithm. Additionally, the similarities between these methods and experiments were compared. The results show that the impact response model simulation method based on the MPM-SICR algorithm has certain advantages in describing the impact detonation characteristics of reactive materials. The research findings can provide design assistance and a reference for the application design and damage assessment of fluoropolymer-based reactive material penetrators. Full article
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