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  • Review
  • Open Access
138 Citations
9,236 Views
21 Pages

Organic Bioelectronics: Materials and Biocompatibility

  • Krishna Feron,
  • Rebecca Lim,
  • Connor Sherwood,
  • Angela Keynes,
  • Alan Brichta and
  • Paul C. Dastoor

Organic electronic materials have been considered for a wide-range of technological applications. More recently these organic (semi)conductors (encompassing both conducting and semi-conducting organic electronic materials) have received increasing at...

  • Review
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,955 Views
50 Pages

Organic Bioelectronics: Diversity of Electronics Along with Biosciences

  • Syed Abdul Moiz,
  • Mohammed Saleh Alshaikh and
  • Ahmed N. M. Alahmadi

7 September 2025

This review article provides an introductory overview of organic bioelectronics, focusing on the creation of electrical devices that use specialized carbon-based semiconducting materials to interact successfully with biological processes. These organ...

  • Review
  • Open Access
7 Citations
5,227 Views
48 Pages

Organic Bioelectronics Development in Italy: A Review

  • Matteo Parmeggiani,
  • Alberto Ballesio,
  • Silvia Battistoni,
  • Rocco Carcione,
  • Matteo Cocuzza,
  • Pasquale D’Angelo,
  • Victor V. Erokhin,
  • Simone Luigi Marasso,
  • Giorgia Rinaldi and
  • Candido Fabrizio Pirri
  • + 2 authors

16 February 2023

In recent years, studies concerning Organic Bioelectronics have had a constant growth due to the interest in disciplines such as medicine, biology and food safety in connecting the digital world with the biological one. Specific interests can be foun...

  • Review
  • Open Access
82 Citations
18,166 Views
38 Pages

Functionalization Strategies of PEDOT and PEDOT:PSS Films for Organic Bioelectronics Applications

  • Gonzalo E. Fenoy,
  • Omar Azzaroni,
  • Wolfgang Knoll and
  • Waldemar A. Marmisollé

Organic bioelectronics involves the connection of organic semiconductors with living organisms, organs, tissues, cells, membranes, proteins, and even small molecules. In recent years, this field has received great interest due to the development of a...

  • Review
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,722 Views
46 Pages

16 April 2025

The growing burden of degenerative, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and cancerous diseases necessitates innovative approaches to improve our pathophysiological understanding and ability to modulate biological processes. Organic bioelectronics has...

  • Review
  • Open Access
48 Citations
14,326 Views
30 Pages

Organic Bioelectronic Tools for Biomedical Applications

  • Susanne Löffler,
  • Ben Libberton and
  • Agneta Richter-Dahlfors

5 November 2015

Organic bioelectronics forms the basis of conductive polymer tools with great potential for application in biomedical science and medicine. It is a rapidly growing field of both academic and industrial interest since conductive polymers bridge the ga...

  • Review
  • Open Access
62 Citations
17,153 Views
25 Pages

13 November 2020

Organic electronics have emerged as a fascinating area of research and technology in the past two decades and are anticipated to replace classic inorganic semiconductors in many applications. Research on organic light-emitting diodes, organic photovo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
39 Citations
5,407 Views
16 Pages

The metabolic activity in plants or fruits is associated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can help identify the different diseases. P-ethylphenol has been demonstrated as one of the most important VOCs released by the Phytophthora cactor...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
4,390 Views
13 Pages

Evaluation of the In Vitro Biocompatibility of PEDOT:Nafion Coatings

  • Sonia Guzzo,
  • Stefano Carli,
  • Barbara Pavan,
  • Alice Lunghi,
  • Mauro Murgia and
  • Michele Bianchi

8 August 2021

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-Nafion (PEDOT:Nafion) is emerging as a promising alternative to PEDOT-polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) in organic bioelectronics. However, the biocompatibility of PEDOT:Nafion has not been investigated to date, limit...

  • Article
  • Open Access
42 Citations
11,768 Views
14 Pages

Sensing of EGTA Mediated Barrier Tissue Disruption with an Organic Transistor

  • Scherrine Tria,
  • Leslie H. Jimison,
  • Adel Hama,
  • Manuelle Bongo and
  • Róisín M. Owens

8 January 2013

Barrier tissue protects the body against external factors by restricting the passage of molecules. The gastrointestinal epithelium is an example of barrier tissue with the primary purpose of allowing the passage of ions and nutrients, while restricti...

  • Review
  • Open Access
21 Citations
4,649 Views
16 Pages

Recent Progress in Gas Sensors Based on P3HT Polymer Field-Effect Transistors

  • Si Cheng,
  • Yifan Wang,
  • Ruishi Zhang,
  • Hongjiao Wang,
  • Chenfang Sun and
  • Tie Wang

8 October 2023

In recent decades, the rapid development of the global economy has led to a substantial increase in energy consumption, subsequently resulting in the emission of a significant quantity of toxic gases into the environment. So far, gas sensors based on...

  • Article
  • Open Access
621 Views
21 Pages

Simultaneous Multiparameter Detection with Organic Electrochemical Transistors-Based Biosensors

  • Marjorie Montero-Jimenez,
  • Jael R. Neyra Recky,
  • Omar Azzaroni,
  • Juliana Scotto and
  • Waldemar A. Marmisollé

We present a methodology that enhances the analytical performance of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) by continuously cycling the devices through gate potential sweeps during sensing experiments. This continuous cycling methodology (CCM) e...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
3,868 Views
13 Pages

Application of the OECT-Based In Vivo Biosensor Bioristor in Fruit Tree Monitoring to Improve Agricultural Sustainability

  • Filippo Vurro,
  • Edoardo Marchetti,
  • Manuele Bettelli,
  • Luigi Manfrini,
  • Adele Finco,
  • Carlo Sportolaro,
  • Nicola Coppedè,
  • Nadia Palermo,
  • Maria Grazia Tommasini and
  • Michela Janni
  • + 1 author

Water scarcity is a major concern in agriculture worldwide. Fruit trees are severely affected by water deprivation in terms of growth, fruit yield, and quality. Plant monitoring combined with efficient irrigation is pivotal to achieve good quality st...

  • Review
  • Open Access
50 Citations
11,327 Views
22 Pages

17 March 2020

The olfactory receptor neurons of insects and vertebrates are gated by odorant receptor (OR) proteins of which several members have been shown to exhibit remarkable sensitivity and selectivity towards volatile organic compounds of significant importa...

  • Review
  • Open Access
15 Citations
5,500 Views
18 Pages

Bioelectronic devices have been researched widely because of their potential applications, such as information storage devices, biosensors, diagnosis systems, organism-mimicking processing system cell chips, and neural-mimicking systems. Introducing...

  • Review
  • Open Access
52 Citations
10,304 Views
36 Pages

Flexible and Stretchable Bioelectronics

  • Chandani Chitrakar,
  • Eric Hedrick,
  • Lauren Adegoke and
  • Melanie Ecker

23 February 2022

Medical science technology has improved tremendously over the decades with the invention of robotic surgery, gene editing, immune therapy, etc. However, scientists are now recognizing the significance of ‘biological circuits’ i.e., bodily...

  • Review
  • Open Access
84 Citations
16,423 Views
23 Pages

Applications and Advances in Bioelectronic Noses for Odour Sensing

  • Tran Thi Dung,
  • Yunkwang Oh,
  • Seon-Jin Choi,
  • Il-Doo Kim,
  • Min-Kyu Oh and
  • Moonil Kim

1 January 2018

A bioelectronic nose, an intelligent chemical sensor array system coupled with bio-receptors to identify gases and vapours, resembles mammalian olfaction by which many vertebrates can sniff out volatile organic compounds (VOCs) sensitively and specif...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,962 Views
12 Pages

14 March 2025

Gel electrolyte-gated organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are promising bioelectronic devices known for their high transconductance, low operating voltage, and integration with biological systems. Despite extensive research on the performance...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,938 Views
13 Pages

Soft Bio-Integrated Multifunctional Devices Using an Intrinsically Stretchable Conducting Nanomembrane

  • Sangkyu Lee,
  • Kyumin Kang,
  • Heewon Choi,
  • Jiyong Yoon,
  • Yewon Kim,
  • Soojung An,
  • Hyunjin Jung,
  • Duhwan Seong,
  • Kyuha Park and
  • Donghee Son
  • + 1 author

16 July 2021

Soft bioelectronic systems with a unique mechanical property, namely modulus matching between human skin (or tissue) and the device, have gained widespread attention. This is because of their closed-loop strain-insensitive electrical performance rang...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
56 Citations
9,656 Views
24 Pages

Advances in Materials for Recent Low-Profile Implantable Bioelectronics

  • Yanfei Chen,
  • Yun-Soung Kim,
  • Bryan W. Tillman,
  • Woon-Hong Yeo and
  • Youngjae Chun

29 March 2018

The rapid development of micro/nanofabrication technologies to engineer a variety of materials has enabled new types of bioelectronics for health monitoring and disease diagnostics. In this review, we summarize widely used electronic materials in rec...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
5,085 Views
13 Pages

26 May 2017

By using an easy and effective method of depositing conjugated polymers (PEDOT:PSS) on flexible substrates, a new design for organic bioelectronic devices has been developed. The purpose was to build up a system that mimics the motion of neurotransmi...

  • Review
  • Open Access
16 Citations
6,919 Views
47 Pages

25 September 2024

Interfaces between implantable bioelectrodes and tissues provide critical insights into the biological and pathological conditions of targeted organs, aiding diagnosis and treatment. While conventional bioelectronics, made from rigid materials like m...

  • Review
  • Open Access
14 Citations
4,063 Views
32 Pages

Toward Intelligent Materials with the Promise of Self-Healing Hydrogels in Flexible Devices

  • Han-Seop Song,
  • Md. Mahamudul Hasan Rumon,
  • Mohammad Mizanur Rahman Khan and
  • Jae-Ho Jeong

19 February 2025

Flexible sensors are revolutionizing wearable and implantable devices, with conductive hydrogels emerging as key materials due to their biomimetic structure, biocompatibility, tunable transparency, and stimuli-responsive electrical properties. Howeve...

  • Review
  • Open Access
65 Citations
8,298 Views
24 Pages

8 July 2018

Scientific and engineering progress associated with increased interest in healthcare monitoring, therapy, and human-machine interfaces has rapidly accelerated the development of bio-integrated multifunctional devices. Recently, compensation for the c...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,123 Views
11 Pages

13 August 2024

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have attracted considerable interest in the context of wearable and implantable biosensors due to their remarkable signal amplification combined with seamless integration into biological systems. These prop...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
48 Citations
17,624 Views
27 Pages

12 December 2017

Neural interfaces are a fundamental tool to interact with neurons and to study neural networks by transducing cellular signals into electronics signals and vice versa. State-of-the-art technologies allow both in vivo and in vitro recording of neural...

  • Review
  • Open Access
7 Citations
6,567 Views
23 Pages

19 September 2024

Advancements in electronic device technology have led to an exponential growth in demand for more efficient and versatile transistors. In this context, organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have emerged as a promising alternative due to their uniq...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,962 Views
11 Pages

24 March 2023

The conjugation of small-molecule semiconductors with self-assembling peptides is a powerful tool for the fabrication of supramolecular soft materials for organic electronics and bioelectronics. Herein, we introduced the benchmark organic semiconduct...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
2,669 Views
14 Pages

Quantitative Detection of the Influenza a Virus by an EGOFET-Based Portable Device

  • Elena Y. Poimanova,
  • Elena G. Zavyalova,
  • Elena A. Kretova,
  • Anton A. Abramov,
  • Askold A. Trul,
  • Oleg V. Borshchev,
  • Anna K. Keshek,
  • Sergey A. Ponomarenko and
  • Elena V. Agina

Elaboration of biosensors on the base of organic transistors with embedded biomolecules which can operate in an aqueous environment is of paramount importance. Electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors demonstrate high sensitivity in detecti...

  • Review
  • Open Access
597 Views
56 Pages

Biobased Polymers in Printed Electronics: From Renewable Resources to Functional Devices

  • Dimitra Karavasili,
  • Kyriaki Lazaridou,
  • Maria Angeliki Ntrivala,
  • Andreas Chrysovalantis Pitsavas,
  • Zafeiria Baziakou,
  • Maria Papadimitriou,
  • Nikolaos D. Bikiaris,
  • Evangelia Balla and
  • Ζoi Terzopoulou

22 January 2026

Printed electronics (PE) have emerged as a rapidly growing technology owing to their potential for low-cost fabrication, flexibility, and scalable device manufacturing. The dependence on fossil-based components raises environmental concerns, leading...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
4,509 Views
13 Pages

Polysaccharide κ-Carrageenan as Doping Agent in Conductive Coatings for Electrochemical Controlled Release of Dexamethasone at Therapeutic Doses

  • Karla Ramírez Sánchez,
  • Aura Ledezma-Espinoza,
  • Andrés Sánchez-Kopper,
  • Esteban Avendaño-Soto,
  • Mónica Prado and
  • Ricardo Starbird Perez

Smart conductive materials are developed in regenerative medicine to promote a controlled release profile of charged bioactive agents in the vicinity of implants. The incorporation and the active electrochemical release of the charged compounds into...

  • Review
  • Open Access
12 Citations
5,588 Views
41 Pages

On the Interaction between 1D Materials and Living Cells

  • Giuseppe Arrabito,
  • Yana Aleeva,
  • Vittorio Ferrara,
  • Giuseppe Prestopino,
  • Clara Chiappara and
  • Bruno Pignataro

One-dimensional (1D) materials allow for cutting-edge applications in biology, such as single-cell bioelectronics investigations, stimulation of the cellular membrane or the cytosol, cellular capture, tissue regeneration, antibacterial action, tracti...

  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
7,485 Views
13 Pages

28 August 2019

Conductive polymers, owing to their tunable mechanical and electrochemical properties, are viable candidates to replace metallic components for the development of biosensors and bioelectronics. However, conducting fibers/wires fabricated from these i...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
4,407 Views
12 Pages

23 September 2020

The development of electronic devices with enhanced properties of transparency and conformability is of high interest for the development of novel applications in the field of bioelectronics and biomedical sensing. Here, a fabrication process for all...

  • Review
  • Open Access
31 Citations
6,585 Views
34 Pages

Preparation of Hybrid Sol-Gel Materials Based on Living Cells of Microorganisms and Their Application in Nanotechnology

  • Olga A. Kamanina,
  • Evgeniya A. Saverina,
  • Pavel V. Rybochkin,
  • Vyacheslav A. Arlyapov,
  • Anatoly N. Vereshchagin and
  • Valentine P. Ananikov

25 March 2022

Microorganism-cell-based biohybrid materials have attracted considerable attention over the last several decades. They are applied in a broad spectrum of areas, such as nanotechnologies, environmental biotechnology, biomedicine, synthetic chemistry,...

  • Review
  • Open Access
20 Citations
3,869 Views
25 Pages

Self-Assembled Monolayers of Push–Pull Chromophores as Active Layers and Their Applications

  • Junlong Wang,
  • Virginie Gadenne,
  • Lionel Patrone and
  • Jean-Manuel Raimundo

23 January 2024

In recent decades, considerable attention has been focused on the design and development of surfaces with defined or tunable properties for a wide range of applications and fields. To this end, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of organic compounds of...

  • Review
  • Open Access
13 Citations
5,964 Views
37 Pages

Aptamers and Nanobodies as New Bioprobes for SARS-CoV-2 Diagnostic and Therapeutic System Applications

  • Ki Sung Park,
  • Tae-In Park,
  • Jae Eon Lee,
  • Seo-Yeong Hwang,
  • Anna Choi and
  • Seung Pil Pack

15 March 2024

The global challenges posed by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic have underscored the critical importance of innovative and efficient control systems for addressing future pandemics. The most effective way to c...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
22 Citations
4,530 Views
9 Pages

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Fe3O4/PVA/Eggshell Hybrid Nanocomposite for Photodegradation and Antibacterial Activity

  • Piyush Kumar Gupta,
  • Senthilkumar Palanisamy,
  • Tamilarasi Gopal,
  • Ranjithkumar Rajamani,
  • Soumya Pandit,
  • Somya Sinha and
  • Vijay Kumar Thakur

12 October 2021

In the 21st century, hybrid nanocomposites were widely used in bioelectronic, biosensing, photocatalytic, and biomedical applications. In the present study, we fabricated a novel Fe3O4/PVA/Eggshell hybrid nanocomposite and physicochemically character...

  • Article
  • Open Access
29 Citations
8,670 Views
13 Pages

PEDOT:PSS Morphostructure and Ion-To-Electron Transduction and Amplification Mechanisms in Organic Electrochemical Transistors

  • Pasquale D’Angelo,
  • Giuseppe Tarabella,
  • Agostino Romeo,
  • Simone Luigi Marasso,
  • Alessio Verna,
  • Matteo Cocuzza,
  • Carlotta Peruzzi,
  • Davide Vurro and
  • Salvatore Iannotta

20 December 2018

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) represent a powerful and versatile type of organic-based device, widely used in biosensing and bioelectronics due to potential advantages in terms of cost, sensitivity, and system integration. The benchmark...

  • Review
  • Open Access
31 Citations
10,681 Views
36 Pages

22 October 2014

Molecular sensors and molecular electronics are a major component of a recent research area known as bionanotechnology, which merges biology with nanotechnology. This new class of biosensors and bioelectronics has been a subject of intense research o...

  • Review
  • Open Access
135 Citations
11,390 Views
35 Pages

Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials beyond Graphene for Biomedical Applications

  • Maryam Derakhshi,
  • Sahar Daemi,
  • Pegah Shahini,
  • Afagh Habibzadeh,
  • Ebrahim Mostafavi and
  • Ali Akbar Ashkarran

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials (e.g., graphene) have shown to have a high potential in future biomedical applications due to their unique physicochemical properties such as unusual electrical conductivity, high biocompatibility, large surface are...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,900 Views
12 Pages

3 August 2023

Dynamic glucose monitoring is important to reduce the risk of metabolic diseases such as diabetes. Wearable biosensors based on organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have been developed due to their excellent signal amplification capabilities a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
3,615 Views
15 Pages

We present the construction of an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) based on poly(3,4-ethylendioxythiophene, PEDOT) and polyallylamine (PAH) and its evaluation as a bioelectronic platform for urease integration and urea sensing. The OECT chan...

  • Article
  • Open Access
248 Views
13 Pages

Impact of Ethylene Oxide Sterilization on PEDOT:PSS Electrophysiology Electrodes

  • Ali Maziz,
  • Clement Cointe,
  • Benjamin Reig and
  • Christian Bergaud

29 January 2026

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)–polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is widely used to fabricate conductive organic coatings for electrodes in electrophysiology. As these devices move toward clinical translation, establishing sterilization method...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,648 Views
12 Pages

Long-Term Stability in Electronic Properties of Textile Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Integrated Applications

  • Riccardo Manfredi,
  • Filippo Vurro,
  • Michela Janni,
  • Manuele Bettelli,
  • Francesco Gentile,
  • Andrea Zappettini and
  • Nicola Coppedè

24 February 2023

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have demonstrated themselves to be an efficient interface between living environments and electronic devices in bioelectronic applications. The peculiar properties of conductive polymers allow new performan...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,398 Views
13 Pages

Stretchable Gold Nanomembrane Electrode with Ionic Hydrogel Skin-Adhesive Properties

  • Hyelim Lee,
  • Jaepyo Jang,
  • Jaebeom Lee,
  • Mikyung Shin,
  • Jung Seung Lee and
  • Donghee Son

21 September 2023

Skin has a dynamic surface and offers essential information through biological signals originating from internal organs, blood vessels, and muscles. Soft and stretchable bioelectronics can be used in wearable machines for long-term stability and to c...

  • Article
  • Open Access
26 Citations
5,799 Views
12 Pages

Thermal Analysis of Parylene Thin Films for Barrier Layer Applications

  • Sébastien Buchwalder,
  • Aurelio Borzì,
  • Juan J. Diaz Leon,
  • Florian Bourgeois,
  • Cléo Nicolier,
  • Sylvain Nicolay,
  • Antonia Neels,
  • Olaf Zywitzki,
  • Andreas Hogg and
  • Jürgen Burger

4 September 2022

Biocompatible polymer films demonstrating excellent thermal stability are highly desirable for high-temperature (>250 °C) applications, especially in the bioelectronic encapsulation domain. Parylene, as an organic thin film, is a well-established...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
4,268 Views
12 Pages

Engineering Bio-Adhesives Based on Protein–Polysaccharide Phase Separation

  • Zoobia Bashir,
  • Wenting Yu,
  • Zhengyu Xu,
  • Yiran Li,
  • Jiancheng Lai,
  • Ying Li,
  • Yi Cao and
  • Bin Xue

1 September 2022

Glue-type bio-adhesives are in high demand for many applications, including hemostasis, wound closure, and integration of bioelectronic devices, due to their injectable ability and in situ adhesion. However, most glue-type bio-adhesives cannot be use...

  • Review
  • Open Access
1,247 Views
30 Pages

11 November 2025

Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have emerged as a transformative platform for high-performance sensing technologies, yet their full potential can be realized only through coordinated performance optimization. This article provides a comprehe...

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