Advanced Composite Materials

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Applied Sciences applsci	2.5	6.1	2011	16 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
Buildings buildings	3.1	5.6	2011	15.1 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Clean Technologies cleantechnol	4.7	9.4	2019	20 Days	CHF 1800	Submit
Construction Materials constrmater	-	3.1	2021	20.9 Days	CHF 1200	Submit
Fibers fibers	3.9	7.3	2013	23.1 Days	CHF 2000	Submit
Materials materials	3.2	7.0	2008	15.5 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Sustainability sustainability	3.3	8.9	2009	17.9 Days	CHF 2400	Submit

18 pages, 5579 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Absorption Properties of Fe₇₀Ni₃₀ Alloy/SiO₂ Coated Continuous Glass Fiber Composites by Magnetron Sputtering

by Zhuohui Zhou, Mengyu Zhou, Zhiyong Wang and Yan Zhao

Materials 2026, 19(12), 2552; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19122552 (registering DOI) - 12 Jun 2026

Viewed by 158

Abstract

In this study, Fe₇₀Ni₃₀ metal was deposited onto continuous glass fiber composites via magnetron sputtering, followed by surface coating with SiO₂. The effects of key process parameters-including Fe₇₀Ni₃₀ sputtering duration (2, 5, 10, 20, and [...] Read more.

In this study, Fe₇₀Ni₃₀ metal was deposited onto continuous glass fiber composites via magnetron sputtering, followed by surface coating with SiO₂. The effects of key process parameters-including Fe₇₀Ni₃₀ sputtering duration (2, 5, 10, 20, and 30 min) and SiO₂ surface coating-on the electromagnetic properties and microwave absorption performance of the materials were systematically investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterization revealed that as sputtering time increased, the metal coating evolved from discrete small particles into a continuous film. Cross-sectional SEM analysis further demonstrated the formation of a bilayer structure after SiO₂ introduction. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed the presence of diffraction peaks corresponding to the Fe₇₀Ni₃₀ alloy solid solution. Electromagnetic parameter measurements indicated that the influence of sputtering time on electromagnetic properties was primarily pronounced during the metal layer growth stage; once a continuous film was formed, the variation in electromagnetic parameters diminished. Concurrently, the SiO₂ coating exhibited a significant regulatory effect on dielectric parameters. Reflection coefficient calculations showed that the optimal absorption thickness for the single-layer material ranged from 2.5 to 3.0 mm, with the absorption peak shifting toward lower frequencies as thickness increased. However, the effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) was only 3–5 GHz, failing to meet wideband requirements. In contrast, the three-layer composite structure (total thickness: 3.8 mm) optimized via genetic algorithm achieved impedance gradient and loss synergy, expanding the EBW (R < −10 dB) from 4.8 GHz (single layer) to 10 GHz (8–18.0 GHz)-a substantial improvement over the single-layer configuration. This work provides experimental evidence and technical support for the structural design and process optimization of lightweight, high-efficiency, wideband microwave-absorbing materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composite Materials)

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39 pages, 5383 KB

Open AccessReview

Advancements in Design and Manufacture of High-Performance Modified Carbon/Carbon Composites for Extreme Aerospace Environments: A Comprehensive Review

by Johnson I. Humphrey, Stephen Dobreh, Md Mostafizur Rahman, Ayomide Sijuade and Okenwa I. Okoli

Fibers 2026, 14(5), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib14050055 - 8 May 2026

Viewed by 1486

Abstract

The demand for materials that can operate reliably in extreme environments, including rocket nozzles, re-entry heat shields, sharp leading edges, high-velocity impact, and high-temperature energy systems, continue to drive advances in thermal–structural materials. Carbon/Carbon composites remain a leading baseline because of their low [...] Read more.

The demand for materials that can operate reliably in extreme environments, including rocket nozzles, re-entry heat shields, sharp leading edges, high-velocity impact, and high-temperature energy systems, continue to drive advances in thermal–structural materials. Carbon/Carbon composites remain a leading baseline because of their low density, high-temperature mechanical retention in inert atmospheres, and excellent thermal-shock tolerance. However, long-term durability is constrained by rapid oxidation in air at elevated temperatures, limited fracture toughness and elastic modulus in many architectures, and high manufacturing cost driven by multi-cycle densification and stringent quality assurance. Consequently, contemporary strategies increasingly rely on modifying Carbon/Carbon composites with ultra-high-temperature ceramics and adopting accelerated or simplified manufacturing routes. This review synthesizes recent progress in the design, manufacture, and application of high-performance modified Carbon/Carbon composite systems for extreme aerospace environments, emphasizing composition/architecture selection, oxidation, and ablation protection, toughening concepts, and cost-aware densification. Because extreme environments performance is governed by coupled aerothermal loading, gas–surface chemistry, internal transport, recession, and thermomechanical response, the review also consolidates the multiscale modeling and software toolchains increasingly used to size thermal-protection systems, interpret experiments, and guide down-selection. Key challenges and future directions are further discussed for reusable materials and validated performances beyond ~2000 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composite Materials)

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23 pages, 17613 KB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Performance Test and Case Analysis of Typical Steel–Concrete Composite Members

by Suizi Jia, Wei Ding and Shilin Wei

Buildings 2026, 16(9), 1808; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16091808 - 1 May 2026

Viewed by 408

Abstract

Steel–concrete composite components exhibit significant advantages, including reliable mechanical performance, rapid construction, cost efficiency, and low environmental impact. Existing studies on their seismic behavior have mainly focused on developing novel connection forms and enhancing joint zone strength, while systematic investigations into the post-earthquake [...] Read more.

Steel–concrete composite components exhibit significant advantages, including reliable mechanical performance, rapid construction, cost efficiency, and low environmental impact. Existing studies on their seismic behavior have mainly focused on developing novel connection forms and enhancing joint zone strength, while systematic investigations into the post-earthquake axial compression behavior and failure mechanisms of composite joints remain limited. To address this gap, this study investigates the mechanical performance of steel–concrete composite components under strong seismic and post-earthquake conditions. Seismic damage characteristics are first analyzed based on representative case studies of conventional steel–concrete columns. Subsequently, low-cycle reversed loading tests followed by post-earthquake axial compression tests are conducted on seven beam–column joints with varying damage levels, and the damage evolution and seismic performance of joint zones under different structural configurations are systematically evaluated. In addition, the seismic performance of steel–concrete composite shear walls is further validated. The results provide a scientific basis for the seismic design, post-earthquake assessment, and repair of steel–concrete composite structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composite Materials)

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19 pages, 4292 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Characterization of HIR Multi-Layer Abrasion-Resistant Coating for Hydraulic Concrete

by Yu Chen, Quanhong Li, Dongdong Cui, Jihong Zhang, Wei Han and Xizheng Chang

Buildings 2026, 16(9), 1799; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16091799 - 1 May 2026

Viewed by 392

Abstract

Hydraulic concrete suffers severe damage from high-velocity sand-bearing water flow. Traditional single-layer coating materials struggle to simultaneously satisfy the requirements of strong adhesion, high abrasion resistance, and long-term durability. In this study, a functionally graded multilayer composite coating system, designated HIR (Hybrid Epoxy–Interfacial [...] Read more.

Hydraulic concrete suffers severe damage from high-velocity sand-bearing water flow. Traditional single-layer coating materials struggle to simultaneously satisfy the requirements of strong adhesion, high abrasion resistance, and long-term durability. In this study, a functionally graded multilayer composite coating system, designated HIR (Hybrid Epoxy–Interfacial Primer–Rubber), was developed. The HIR system comprises a hybrid acrylic–epoxy resin (HEP) top layer, a modified epoxy-based interfacial primer (EIP), and a sprayed liquid rubber (SLR) middle layer, realizing synergistic enhancement of interfacial bonding, deformation adaptability, and abrasion resistance. The results showed that the HIR achieved an adhesion strength exceeding 2.0 MPa to concrete. The HEP exhibited an elongation at break exceeding 30%, while the SLR showed an elongation at break higher than 1000%. The anti-abrasion strength of the HIR-coated concrete reached 254.35 h/(kg/m²), which is 15 times that of uncoated concrete. Moreover, the coated concrete maintained a relative dynamic elastic modulus above 95% after 300 freeze–thaw cycles. DMA revealed multiple glass transition temperatures in both SLR (24 °C, 101 °C, 137 °C) and HEP (62 °C), enabling effective energy dissipation over a wide temperature range. Through interlayer property matching and synergistic enhancement, the HIR significantly enhances both abrasion resistance and freeze–thaw durability of hydraulic concrete. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composite Materials)

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31 pages, 5476 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Expanded Perlite as a Sustainable Building Material: A Systematic Review of Properties and Performance

by Abderraouf Hzami and Azzam Abu-Rayash

Buildings 2026, 16(9), 1724; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16091724 - 27 Apr 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 971

Abstract

The construction sector contributes approximately 40% of global energy-related CO₂ emissions, necessitating the development of low-carbon and high-performance sustainable building materials. The lightweight volcanic glass known as expanded perlite is an excellent candidate due to its pozzolanic reactivity, thermal insulation, and self-compacting [...] Read more.

The construction sector contributes approximately 40% of global energy-related CO₂ emissions, necessitating the development of low-carbon and high-performance sustainable building materials. The lightweight volcanic glass known as expanded perlite is an excellent candidate due to its pozzolanic reactivity, thermal insulation, and self-compacting properties. The literature review presented here is based on 100 articles (1985–2024) and examines the mechanical, thermal, durability, and sustainability aspects of this material. According to the literature, the incorporation of expanded perlite significantly reduces thermal conductivity, from 1.81 W/m·K in conventional concrete to 0.69 W/m·K and further to 0.034–0.06 W/m·K in insulation-oriented mixes. In addition, ground perlite exhibits enhanced pozzolanic reactivity, yielding up to 50% higher compressive strength at a 35% replacement rate. When added to self-consolidating concrete, perlite at 220–260 kg/m³ makes mixes more durable by reducing permeability, carbonation, and chloride-ion migration. However, higher perlite replacement levels adversely affect mechanical performance, with early-age compressive strength decreasing by more than 60% when cement replacement exceeds 30%. The appropriate percentage of perlite depends on the desired outcome. A content of 20% is ideal for balancing strength and durability, while higher levels up to 50% improve insulation and reduce density (25–400 kg/m³). Overall, expanded perlite demonstrates strong potential to enhance durability, reduce permeability, and improve sulfate resistance, positioning it as a viable material for low-carbon construction systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composite Materials)

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20 pages, 12631 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Evaluation of Wedge-Type Anchorage Systems for Smooth-Surfaced NiTi SMA Bars

by Moustafa Basha, Anas Issa and Ahmed Bediwy

Buildings 2026, 16(9), 1708; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16091708 - 26 Apr 2026

Viewed by 279

Abstract

SMA bars, particularly those based on NiTi, exhibit superelastic and self-centering properties, providing damage-resistant, self-centering structural systems. However, their natural smoothness and low machinability pose a significant challenge to adequate mechanical anchorage. This paper experimentally measures the efficiency of two feasible wedge-type anchorage [...] Read more.

SMA bars, particularly those based on NiTi, exhibit superelastic and self-centering properties, providing damage-resistant, self-centering structural systems. However, their natural smoothness and low machinability pose a significant challenge to adequate mechanical anchorage. This paper experimentally measures the efficiency of two feasible wedge-type anchorage systems, wedge-and-barrel (WB) and spring anchor (SA), which are typically used in post-tensioning systems, and assesses their applicability for anchoring smooth-surfaced NiTi SMA bars. A total of 24 testing configurations were examined in this study. A complete monotonic tensile test regime was performed at steady loads with desired strain levels. The findings validate that both wedge-type anchorage systems were able to effectively anchor the SMA bars, although some performance differences were observed. The WB anchorage system showed increased stress capacity, improved load transfer efficiency, and less scatter across repeated tests, which can be attributed to its greater mechanical confinement and frictional interlock, exhibiting an increase of approximately 27% in stress capacity compared to the SA anchorage system. On the other hand, the SA system exhibited good anchorage performance. It showed a slightly lower stress response and greater variation at higher levels of deformation due to the spring’s compression mechanism. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using wedge-type anchorage systems to anchor SMA rebars for seismic applications and provide guidance for future anchorage design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composite Materials)

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31 pages, 25955 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced and Efficient Removal of U(VI) from Aqueous Solution by Magnetic Chicken Bone Biochar/Sodium Alginate Composite Gel Beads: Performance and Mechanism

by Cheng Chen, Pengcheng Xian, Xiong Zhang, Liang Huang, Fengyao Fan, Chunhai Lu and Yanjing Yang

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(9), 4093; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16094093 - 22 Apr 2026

Viewed by 531

Abstract

In this study, chicken bone biochar (CBC) was prepared from waste chicken bones via oxygen-limited pyrolysis. A magnetic component (Fe₃O₄) was introduced, and the composite was embedded in a sodium alginate (SA) gel network, successfully constructing magnetic chicken bone [...] Read more.

In this study, chicken bone biochar (CBC) was prepared from waste chicken bones via oxygen-limited pyrolysis. A magnetic component (Fe₃O₄) was introduced, and the composite was embedded in a sodium alginate (SA) gel network, successfully constructing magnetic chicken bone biochar/sodium alginate composite gel beads (M-CBC/SA). The experimental results showed that under the conditions of pH = 4.5, 25 °C, and an adsorbent dosage of 0.5 g/L, the removal efficiency of M-CBC/SA toward 50 mg/L U(VI) reached 91.67%, corresponding to an adsorption capacity of 91.67 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model, with a theoretical maximum adsorption capacity of 322.58 mg/g, indicating that the adsorption was dominated by monolayer chemisorption. The material exhibited excellent magnetic separability and good anti-interference ability against coexisting ions such as K⁺, Na⁺, Cl⁻, and SO₄²⁻, and its adsorption behavior was only weakly affected by ionic strength. Characterization by XRD, FTIR, XPS, SEM-EDS and other techniques revealed that the immobilization mechanism of U(VI) involved the synergistic effects of dissolution–precipitation (the formation of a new autunite phase), surface complexation (involving hydroxyl and phosphate groups), ion exchange (exchange with Ca²⁺), and electrostatic attraction. Using waste chicken bones as the raw material, this composite achieves both efficient uranium immobilization and convenient magnetic separation, fully embodying the environmental concept of “treating waste with waste”, and shows promising application prospects in the treatment of uranium-containing wastewater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composite Materials)

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24 pages, 4621 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pultruded GFRP Translaminar Fracture Toughness Evaluation Using a Hybrid Approach of Size-Effect and Machine Learning

by Zenghui Zhao, Shihao Lu, Zhihua Xiong and Xiaoyu Liu

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(8), 3712; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16083712 - 10 Apr 2026

Viewed by 392

Abstract

The translaminar fracture toughness of pultruded Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers (GFRP) is influenced by several factors, including the type of matrix, fiber, the fiber volume ratio, the proportion of plies at each angle and the size of the test specimens. Conventional test approaches [...] Read more.

The translaminar fracture toughness of pultruded Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers (GFRP) is influenced by several factors, including the type of matrix, fiber, the fiber volume ratio, the proportion of plies at each angle and the size of the test specimens. Conventional test approaches tend to overestimate the fracture toughness of GFRP composites due to imperfect specimen fabrication. This paper introduces an anisotropic two-dimensional adaptation of phase field theory to evaluate the translaminar fracture toughness of pultruded GFRP in conjunction with the size effect. It is found that the fracture toughness is linearly correlated with the fiber volume ratio when the proportion of 0° plies ranges from 30% to 60%. Additionally, it was found that at the same fiber volume ratio, the fracture toughness increases with the increase of 0° plies by 5%. Five machine learning algorithms, i.e., BP, RF, SVR, GA-BP, and PSO-BP, are employed to predict the fracture toughness of pultruded GFRP laminates. It has been found that the PSO-BP algorithm is robust in predicting the fracture toughness of pultruded GFRP laminates, with the correlation coefficient R² being 0.987 and 0.994 in the test and training set, respectively and the prediction error in fracture toughness being less than 4 kJ/m². The trained machine learning method can accurately predict GFRP fracture toughness. When the proportion of 0° plies is larger than 50%, the increase in the fracture toughness is approximately twice that of those taking up a proportion of 30–50%. Fracture toughness predictions are provided using the developed machine learning model for pultruded GFRP profiles, which are commonly used in infrastructure construction with fiber volume ratios range of 60–70% and 0° layup percentages of 60–75%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composite Materials)

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15 pages, 4726 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Level In Situ Surface Modification of Electrospun Tetragonal BaTiO₃ Nanofibers for High-Performance Flexible Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters

by Zijin Meng, Quanyao Zhu, Qingqing Zhang and Huajun Sun

Materials 2026, 19(8), 1515; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19081515 - 9 Apr 2026

Viewed by 539

Abstract

The practical application of inorganic ferroelectric fillers in flexible piezoelectric composites is critically constrained by low polarization efficiency and severe interfacial incompatibility with polymer matrices. Herein, we report a multi-level in situ surface modification strategy that simultaneously addresses both limitations. High-purity one-dimensional tetragonal [...] Read more.

The practical application of inorganic ferroelectric fillers in flexible piezoelectric composites is critically constrained by low polarization efficiency and severe interfacial incompatibility with polymer matrices. Herein, we report a multi-level in situ surface modification strategy that simultaneously addresses both limitations. High-purity one-dimensional tetragonal barium titanate nanofibers (BTO NFs) are first synthesized via sol–gel electrospinning combined with a two-step gradient annealing process, which precisely controls phase evolution and preserves structural continuity. To overcome the detrimental acid-induced degradation of BTO NFs during functionalization, a polydopamine (PDA) buffer layer is first conformally coated, followed by the liquid-phase deposition of a conductive polypyrrole (PPy) shell, forming a robust core–shell PPy@PBT NFs architecture. Incorporating only 4 wt% of these multifunctional fillers into a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) matrix yields a dramatic enhancement in electromechanical performance. The resulting flexible piezoelectric energy harvesters achieve a piezoelectric coefficient (d₃₃) of 28.7 pC/N, an output voltage of 13 V, and an output current of 0.7 μA, representing substantial improvements over unmodified filler systems. This synergistic enhancement originates from the PDA-mediated interfacial stress transfer and the PPy-induced Maxwell–Wagner polarization intensification, establishing a robust and generalizable paradigm for high-performance flexible piezoelectric composites in self-powered wearable electronics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composite Materials)

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19 pages, 4097 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Aging Time on the Hardening of Adhesives for Retard-Bonded Prestressed Tendon

by Qian-Feng Wei, Xian-Hua Li, Fang-Xin Jiang, Pei-Xun Li, Huan-Lin Guo, Shang-Zhi Chen, Liang Wu and Hai-Yu Cui

Buildings 2026, 16(7), 1438; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16071438 - 5 Apr 2026

Viewed by 370

Abstract

This study investigates the hardening behavior of adhesives used in retard-bonded prestressed tendons, with a focus on establishing a quantitative relationship between aging time and Shore hardness to enable rapid on-site assessment of curing degree. Accelerated curing tests were conducted at a constant [...] Read more.

This study investigates the hardening behavior of adhesives used in retard-bonded prestressed tendons, with a focus on establishing a quantitative relationship between aging time and Shore hardness to enable rapid on-site assessment of curing degree. Accelerated curing tests were conducted at a constant temperature of 45 °C on three adhesive series with different standard curing periods. Cone penetration, Shore hardness, and tensile shear strength were measured at regular intervals throughout the curing process. Microstructural evolution was characterized using SEM-EDX. The results show that cone penetration decreases stepwise with aging time, while Shore hardness and tensile shear strength increase monotonically. A significant linear correlation (R² > 0.995) between Shore hardness and tensile shear strength was observed across all specimens. A novel logarithmic model is proposed to describe the evolution of relative Shore hardness as a function of relative aging time, achieving an R² of 0.911. This model enables prediction of vadhesive hardness at any given time under 45 °C conditions, providing a practical tool for construction quality control. The findings offer a new pathway for non-destructive evaluation of adhesive curing in retard-bonded prestressed systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composite Materials)

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21 pages, 3544 KB

Open AccessArticle

Stress–Strain State and Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Beams with Basalt, Steel, and Polypropylene Fibers

by Abdurasul Martazaev and Sobirjon Razzakov

Constr. Mater. 2026, 6(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater6020019 - 25 Mar 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 740

Abstract

Fiber-reinforced concrete has proved to be viable in improving the mechanical characteristics of structural elements to the flexural and shear stresses. The concrete cubes, prisms, and cylinders were standardized, cast and cured after 28 days to assess the baseline mechanical characteristics. Beam specimens [...] Read more.

Fiber-reinforced concrete has proved to be viable in improving the mechanical characteristics of structural elements to the flexural and shear stresses. The concrete cubes, prisms, and cylinders were standardized, cast and cured after 28 days to assess the baseline mechanical characteristics. Beam specimens were made of different types of fibers, lengths, and different volumetric contents and then subjected to controlled shear tests in which the crack initiation, propagation, and deformation were accurately measured. The experimental data proved that the addition of fibers was highly beneficial in terms of the mechanical performance of concrete. Basalt fibers enhanced compressive strength by up to 20.8 percent and tensile strength by 30.8 percent, whereas steel fibers had the best flexural strength with a maximum compressive and bending strength of 47.2 MPa and 6.56 MPa, respectively, at optimum dosage. Polypropylene fibers also improved performance, but in a lesser manner. The fiber addition served well to reduce the width of cracks and retard crack propagation, thus enhancing load-bearing capacity. These results show that dispersed fiber reinforcement that uses steel and basalt fibers is a practical solution to improving the dispersion of concrete in terms of durability and load-bearing capacity. The research will help guide the selection of fiber and the content in the reinforced concrete work to offer more robust and sustainable solutions to building. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composite Materials)

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15 pages, 2734 KB

Open AccessArticle

PDMS–Epoxy Micro-Nano Composite Structures Constructed via Open-Loop Addition Reactions and Their Optical and Antifouling Performance Modulation

by Chao Xu, Xiaofan Chen, Shimin Zhai, Dan Wang and Ruofei Zhu

Materials 2026, 19(6), 1244; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19061244 - 21 Mar 2026

Viewed by 694

Abstract

Epoxy resin (E-51) exhibits excellent adhesion and is widely used in the preparation of functional composite coatings. However, its smooth surface lacking micro/nano composite structures limits its self-cleaning capability and optical properties. Direct incorporation of organic silicone or inorganic fillers often faces severe [...] Read more.

Epoxy resin (E-51) exhibits excellent adhesion and is widely used in the preparation of functional composite coatings. However, its smooth surface lacking micro/nano composite structures limits its self-cleaning capability and optical properties. Direct incorporation of organic silicone or inorganic fillers often faces severe phase separation and filler agglomeration issues, resulting in defects in coating durability and weather resistance. To address these challenges, this study developed a synergistic modification strategy integrating surface energy modulation with the architectural design of micro/nano-structures. Amino-terminated PDMS undergoes ring-opening addition reactions with epoxy groups in the epoxy resin, while functionalized barium sulfate nanoparticles modified with dual silane coupling agents are incorporated to enhance optical properties. This synergistic approach not only resolved interfacial compatibility but also endowed the PDMS@EP-BaSO₄ coating with outstanding comprehensive properties; the water contact angle increased to 123.5°, demonstrating an easy-to-clean benefit. Visible light reflectance reached 95%, and emissivity rose to 90%. Furthermore, when applied to metal surfaces, the coating exhibited excellent stability against acid–alkali–salt corrosion, extreme temperatures, and ultrasonic agitation. This work provided a novel approach for developing protective coatings that integrated high reflectance, high emissivity, and long-term anti-soiling properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composite Materials)

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16 pages, 2989 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Properties of Heparin-Loaded PTFE Fiber Film-Coated Airway Stent

by Jinming Zhang, Yiyang Xu, Dongfang Wang and Qian Li

Fibers 2026, 14(3), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib14030037 - 18 Mar 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 515

Abstract

After implantation in vivo, airway stents are prone to negative biological effects, such as platelet adhesion, aggregation, and blood coagulation, which may lead to vascular occlusion and thrombosis. Therefore, when studying the antithrombotic properties of vascular grafts, it is crucial to construct a [...] Read more.

After implantation in vivo, airway stents are prone to negative biological effects, such as platelet adhesion, aggregation, and blood coagulation, which may lead to vascular occlusion and thrombosis. Therefore, when studying the antithrombotic properties of vascular grafts, it is crucial to construct a fiber film-coated airway stent with antithrombotic properties. In this paper, PTFE/TPU fiber film was prepared by emulsion electrospinning, and heparin aldehyde group was modified to covalently graft with the fiber film to obtain heparin-loaded fiber film (Hep-PT fiber film), and a heparin-loaded PTFE fiber film-coated airway stent (Hep-PT fiber film-coated airway stent) was prepared. Covalent grafting improves the stability of heparin and promotes the long-term stable release of heparin. The loading of heparin increases the fiber nodes between the fiber films, increases the friction between the fibers, and improves the mechanical properties and ability of the fiber film to resist external forces. At the same time, the Hep-PT fiber film-coated airway stent exhibits excellent cytocompatibility, making it an ideal candidate system for airway stent materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composite Materials)

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34 pages, 6017 KB

Open AccessReview

Exploring Thermally Conductive and Form-Stable Phase Change Composites: A Review of Recent Advances and Thermal Energy Applications

by Hong Guo, Boyang Hu, Huiting Shan and Xiao Yang

Materials 2026, 19(6), 1156; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19061156 - 16 Mar 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1041

Abstract

The global population explosion and accelerated industrialization have led to an increasing shortage of fossil fuels and environmental contamination, underscoring the urgent need to develop innovative energy storage technologies to improve energy utilization efficiency. As pivotal components in thermal energy storage (TES) systems, [...] Read more.

The global population explosion and accelerated industrialization have led to an increasing shortage of fossil fuels and environmental contamination, underscoring the urgent need to develop innovative energy storage technologies to improve energy utilization efficiency. As pivotal components in thermal energy storage (TES) systems, phase change materials (PCMs) enable spatiotemporal matching between thermal energy supply and demand through latent heat absorption and release during phase transitions. Organic PCMs are considered ideal candidates for thermal energy storage due to their high energy storage density, stable phase transition temperature, low supercooling, and negligible phase separation. However, inherent drawbacks such as low thermal conductivity, liquid leakage, limited light absorption, and lack of functionality have hindered their widespread application in advanced thermal management systems. Herein, we systematically summarize cutting-edge functionalization strategies for PCMs, progressing from conventional methods like thermal conductive particle blending and microencapsulation to the emerging design of 3D porous thermally conductive skeletons, including metal foams, boron nitride aerogels, carbon-based aerogels, and MXene aerogels. These frameworks not only enhance thermal transport via continuous conductive pathways and impart shape stability through capillary encapsulation but also, when integrated with photo-thermal, electro-thermal, and magneto-thermal conversion properties, enable broad applications in solar photo-thermal/photo-thermo-electric conversion, thermal management of electronics and batteries, building efficiency, and wearable thermal regulation. The review further addresses current challenges and future directions, highlighting scalable 3D framework fabrication, the shift to active thermal management, and innovative applications beyond conventional domains. By establishing a microstructure–property–application correlation, this work provides valuable insights for developing next-generation high-performance multifunctional phase change composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composite Materials)

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22 pages, 5116 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a New Granite–Cement Composite for Solidification of Radioactive Wastes: Stability Under Immersion in Water Ecologies

by Magda E. Tawfik, Samir B. Eskander and Talat A. Bayoumi

Sustainability 2026, 18(6), 2812; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18062812 - 13 Mar 2026

Viewed by 346

Abstract

This study investigates the long-term resistance of an environmentally friendly composite made from a blend of local Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and ground granite waste powder (G). The composite was subjected to complete static immersion for up to twenty-four weeks in three types [...] Read more.

This study investigates the long-term resistance of an environmentally friendly composite made from a blend of local Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and ground granite waste powder (G). The composite was subjected to complete static immersion for up to twenty-four weeks in three types of water: potable water, groundwater, and seawater. The experimental work evaluated the effects of exposure to these three water types on various characteristics of the granite–cement composite (GCC), including compressive strength, mass gain, portlandite [CH] content, bulk density (D), total porosity (p), compactness, water absorption (A), and pH of the immersing media. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermal analysis (TGA and DTA) were used to investigate how exposure to the three water environments altered the internal microstructure of the hydration phases of the composite over the twenty-four-week period. This systematic approach provides valuable insights into the variations that may occur in solid hydration outcomes and their sustainability in flooding scenarios. The data obtained from these analyses revealed that the granite–cement composite exhibits acceptable thermal resistance and endurance to deterioration in aquatic environments. The cement formulation contains 20% by mass of ground granite waste powder, with a water-to-cement ratio of 35%. After 24 weeks of complete static immersion, the composite achieved compressive strength values close to 24 MPa. Solidifying radioactive waste in cement–granite is a newly developed method that improves sustainability by formulating a more stable, durable, cost-effective, and less hazardous waste form. Therefore, the granite–ordinary cement composite being studied is recommended as an inert matrix for solidifying and stabilizing certain categories of radioactive waste. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composite Materials)

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10 pages, 3427 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Prediction of Bending Mechanical Behaviors of SiC_f/SiC 2.5D Woven Composites with Random Pore Defects

by Xiaomeng Wang, Tiantian Yang, Ling Wang, Weijie Xie, Kun Qian, Mingwei Chen, Haipeng Qiu and Diantang Zhang

Materials 2026, 19(5), 934; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19050934 - 28 Feb 2026

Viewed by 536

Abstract

The inevitable pore defects generated in the preparation process have a great impact on the mechanical properties of the ceramic matrix composites. However, the pore defects on the composites were ignored to a large extent in models established in the previous research. In [...] Read more.

The inevitable pore defects generated in the preparation process have a great impact on the mechanical properties of the ceramic matrix composites. However, the pore defects on the composites were ignored to a large extent in models established in the previous research. In this study, in order to investigate the bending damage behaviors of SiC_f/SiC (SiC fiber-reinforced SiC matrix) angle-interlock (2.5D) woven composites prepared by the precursor immersion pyrolysis (PIP) method, a more precise full-scale model of composites was established by finite element (FE) method with taking into account of random pore defects generated by Monte Carlo algorithm. Micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) was employed to acquire the statistical data of the yarns and pores of SiC_f/SiC 2.5D woven composites. A bending test was conducted to study the damage behaviors of the composite and compared with the prediction of the FE model. The result shows that the proposed model with random pores can predict the mechanical damage behavior of SiC_f/SiC 2.5D woven composites effectively under three-point bending. The simulated bending strength shows a good agreement with the experimental data, with a relative error of approximately 4.6%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composite Materials)

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33 pages, 1333 KB

Open AccessReview

From Biomass to Biofabrication: Advances in Substrate Treatment Technologies for Fungal Mycelium Composites

by Musiliu A. Liadi, Tawakalt O. Ayodele, Abodunrin Tijani, Ibrahim A. Bello, Niloy Chandra Sarker, C. Igathinathane and Hammed M. Ademola

Clean Technol. 2026, 8(2), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol8020030 - 28 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1655

Abstract

Mycelium-based composites (MBCs) have emerged as promising biofabricated materials that align with circular economy and clean technology goals by utilizing fungal networks to transform lignocellulosic residues into functional, biodegradable composites. Despite the MBC’s potentials, the intrinsic nature of the fungal strain, substrate physico-chemical [...] Read more.

Mycelium-based composites (MBCs) have emerged as promising biofabricated materials that align with circular economy and clean technology goals by utilizing fungal networks to transform lignocellulosic residues into functional, biodegradable composites. Despite the MBC’s potentials, the intrinsic nature of the fungal strain, substrate physico-chemical composition and engineering property variability remain significant hurdles that should be critically surmounted. Substrate treatment is central to determining growth kinetics, microstructural uniformity, and mechanical performance in MBC production. This review highlights recent advancements in physical, chemical, biological, and hybrid pretreatment methods, including comminution, pasteurization, alkali hydrolysis, enzymatic conditioning, microwave-assisted hydrolysis, ultrasound pretreatment, steam explosion, plasma activation, and irradiation. These technologies collectively enhance substrate digestibility, aeration, and permeability while reducing contamination. Optimization parameters—temperature, pH, C:N ratio, moisture content, particle size, porosity, and aeration—are examined as critical process levers influencing hyphal density, bonding efficiency, and composite uniformity. Evidence suggests that properly engineered substrate treatments accelerate colonization, strengthen hyphal networks, and significantly improve compressive, tensile, and flexural material properties. The review discusses emerging process control tools such as AI-assisted modeling, micro-CT porosity analysis, and sensor-integrated bioreactors that enable reproducible and energy-efficient fabrication. Collectively, the findings position substrate engineering as a foundational technology for scaling high-performance mycelium composites and advancing sustainable material innovation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composite Materials)

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20 pages, 1848 KB

Open AccessArticle

Principal Component and Multiple Linear Regression Analysis for Predicting Strength in Fiber-Reinforced Cement Mortars

by Enea Mustafaraj, Erion Luga, Christina El Sawda, Elio Ziade and Khaled Younes

Constr. Mater. 2026, 6(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater6010011 - 5 Feb 2026

Viewed by 774

Abstract

Accurate prediction of the mechanical performance of fiber-reinforced cement mortars (FRCM) is challenging because fiber geometry and properties vary widely and interact with the cement matrix in a non-trivial way. In this study, we propose an interpretable, computationally light framework that combines principal [...] Read more.

Accurate prediction of the mechanical performance of fiber-reinforced cement mortars (FRCM) is challenging because fiber geometry and properties vary widely and interact with the cement matrix in a non-trivial way. In this study, we propose an interpretable, computationally light framework that combines principal component analysis (PCA) with multiple linear regression (MLR) to predict compressive strength (Cs) and flexural strength (Fs) from mix proportions and fiber parameters. The literature-based dataset of 52 mortar mixes reinforced with polypropylene, steel, coconut, date palm, and hemp fibers was compiled and analyzed, covering Cs = 4.4–78.6 MPa and Fs = 0.75–16.7 MPa, with fiber volume fraction V_f = 0–15% and fiber length F_l = 4.48–60 mm. PCA performed on the full dataset showed that PC1–PC2 explain 53.4% of the total variance; a targeted variable-selection strategy increased the captured variance to 73.0% for the subset used for regression model development. MLR models built using PC1 and PC2 achieved good accuracy in the low-to-mid strength range, while prediction errors increased for higher-strength mixes (approximately Cs ≳ 60 MPa and Fs ≳ 10 MPa). On an independent validation dataset (n = 10), the refined model achieved mean absolute percentage errors of 11.3% for Fs and 18.5% for Cs. The proposed PCA-MLR approach provides a transparent alternative to more complex data-driven predictors, and it can support preliminary screening and optimization of fiber-reinforced mortar designs for durable structural and repair applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composite Materials)

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13 pages, 1893 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fracture Behavior Under Mode I Loading in Laminated Composite Materials Repaired with Structural Adhesives

by Paula Vigón, Antonio Argüelles, Miguel Lozano and Jaime Viña

Fibers 2026, 14(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib14020020 - 2 Feb 2026

Viewed by 804

Abstract

One of the most critical damage modes affecting the structural performance of traditional composite materials, and therefore their durability, is the occurrence of interlaminar cracks (delamination), which are prone to grow under different loading conditions. In this study, the feasibility of repairing carbon [...] Read more.

One of the most critical damage modes affecting the structural performance of traditional composite materials, and therefore their durability, is the occurrence of interlaminar cracks (delamination), which are prone to grow under different loading conditions. In this study, the feasibility of repairing carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates using structural adhesives was experimentally investigated by evaluating the Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness. Two unidirectional AS4 CFRP systems were analyzed, manufactured with epoxy 8552 and epoxy 3501-6 matrix resins. Mode I delamination behavior was characterized using Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) specimens. Three commercial structural adhesives were used in the repair process: two epoxy-based systems, (Loctite^® EA 9460™, manufactured by Henkel adhesives (Düsseldorf, Germany), and Araldite^® 2015 manufactured by Huntsman Advanced Materials (The Woodlands, TX, USA) and one low-odor acrylic adhesive, 3M Scotch-Weld^® DP8810NS manufactured by 3M Company (St. Paul, MN, USA). Adhesive joints were applied to previously fractured specimens, and the results were compared with those obtained from baseline composite specimens. The results indicate that repaired joints based on the 8552 matrix exhibited higher strain energy release rate (G_Ic) values, approaching those of the original material. The 3501-6 system showed increased fiber bridging, contributing to higher apparent fracture toughness. Among the adhesives evaluated, the acrylic-based adhesive provided the highest delamination resistance for both composite systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composite Materials)

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22 pages, 82483 KB

Open AccessArticle

Shear and Interface Properties for Unidirectional, Woven, and Hybrid M21 Particle-Toughened Composites

by Andrew Seamone, Anthony Waas and Vipul Ranatunga

Materials 2026, 19(3), 540; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19030540 - 29 Jan 2026

Viewed by 606

Abstract

The M21 epoxy matrix is a toughened material designed to enhance the fracture resistance of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs). This study presents an experimental characterization of the shear and interlaminar properties required for validating computational damage models of hybrid laminated composite panels manufactured [...] Read more.

The M21 epoxy matrix is a toughened material designed to enhance the fracture resistance of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs). This study presents an experimental characterization of the shear and interlaminar properties required for validating computational damage models of hybrid laminated composite panels manufactured with the M21 material system. In-plane shear behavior was evaluated using ±45 (PM45) tests, while interlaminar fracture properties were characterized through double cantilever beam (DCB) and end-notched flexure (ENF) tests. The results demonstrate that hybrid laminates exhibit high interfacial fracture toughness, with notably increased resistance observed in woven–woven and unidirectional–woven interface pairs. Parametric studies identified cohesive strength and fracture energy as the dominant parameters governing delamination behavior in numerical simulations. Corresponding values were extracted for each interface type, enabling accurate representation of damage initiation and propagation in finite element models. To the authors’ knowledge, this work provides the first experimental dataset for the listed M21-based hybrid unidirectional–woven and woven–woven interfaces, establishing a benchmark for future modeling and simulation of toughened composite structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composite Materials)

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14 pages, 4282 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Plant Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites for Biomedical Applications Using Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment

by Cho-Sin Nicole Chan, Wing-Yu Chan, Sun-Pui Ng, Chi-Wai Kan, Wang-Kin Chiu and Cheuk-Him Ng

Materials 2026, 19(3), 504; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19030504 - 27 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 849

Abstract

This research investigates the effects of corona plasma treatment on the mechanical properties of jute/epoxy-reinforced composites, particularly within biomedical application contexts. Plant Fibre Composites (PFCs) are attractive for medical devices and scaffolds due to their environmental friendliness, renewability, cost-effectiveness, low density, and high [...] Read more.

This research investigates the effects of corona plasma treatment on the mechanical properties of jute/epoxy-reinforced composites, particularly within biomedical application contexts. Plant Fibre Composites (PFCs) are attractive for medical devices and scaffolds due to their environmental friendliness, renewability, cost-effectiveness, low density, and high specific strength. However, their applications are often constrained by inferior mechanical performance arising from poor bonding between the plant fibre used as the reinforcement and the synthetic resin or polymer serving as the matrix. This study addresses the challenge of improving the weak interfacial bonding between plant fibre and synthetic resin in a 2/2 twill-weave-woven jute/epoxy composite material. The surface of the jute fibre is modified for better adhesion with the epoxy resin through plasma treatment, which exposes the jute fibre to controlled plasma energy and utilises dry air (plasma only), argon (Ar) (argon gas with plasma), and nitrogen (N₂) (nitrogen gas with plasma) at two different distances (25 mm and 35 mm) between the plasma nozzle and the fibre surface. In this context, “equilibrium” refers to the optimal combination of plasma power, treatment distance, and gas environment that collectively determines the degree of fibre surface modification. The results indicate that all plasma treatments improve the interlaminar shear strength in comparison to untreated samples, with treatments at 35 mm using N₂ gas showing a 35.4% increase in shear strength. Conversely, plasma treatment using dry air at 25 mm yields an 18.3% increase in tensile strength and a 35.7% increase in Young’s modulus. These findings highlight the importance of achieving an appropriate equilibrium among plasma intensity, treatment distance, and fibre–plasma interaction conditions to maximise the effectiveness of plasma treatment for jute/epoxy composites. This research advances sustainable innovation in biomedical materials, underscoring the potential for improved mechanical properties in environmentally friendly fibre-reinforced composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composite Materials)

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19 pages, 3682 KB

Open AccessArticle

Performance of Cementitious Composites with Nanofibrillated Cellulose and High-Volume Slag

by Tasnia Ahmed, Sanduni Wijesinghe, Mohammed El-Gendy, Ahmed Elshaer, Omar Awayssa and Ahmed Bediwy

Sustainability 2026, 18(3), 1259; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18031259 - 27 Jan 2026

Viewed by 423

Abstract

In this study, the effects of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) on the performance of cementitious composites have been explored. The composite mixtures contained cement that was replaced by 40% slag to prepare a high-performance composite, along with fine aggregate and NFC. The air content [...] Read more.

In this study, the effects of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) on the performance of cementitious composites have been explored. The composite mixtures contained cement that was replaced by 40% slag to prepare a high-performance composite, along with fine aggregate and NFC. The air content reduced drastically in the presence of NFC; hence, air entraining admixture (AEA) was added to maintain the criteria of CSA A23.1. In total, eight mixtures were tested with varying dosages of NFC of 0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75%, where four mixtures contained AEA. Different properties such as fresh (slump flow, air content), mechanical (compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength), and durability (rapid chloride penetration, rapid chloride migration, bulk resistivity, resistance against freeze–thaw) have been investigated to evaluate the effectiveness of NFC with high-volume slag after 7 and 28 days. The microstructure of the composites and the distribution of the nanofibers within the paste are also studied by using SEM images. The results revealed that NFC improved the specimen’s splitting strength, flexural strength, and durability. Splitting tensile strength increased by up to 50% at 0.75% NFC, while flexural strength improved by 162% at 0.5% dosage. A negative impact on the compressive, flexural, and durability properties was observed for the 0.75% dosage of NFC due to fiber agglomeration, whereas the 0.5% dosage exhibited the best overall performance. The optimum NFC dosage is found to be 0.25–0.5% which yields a high-strength and durable composite. This research will provide an understanding of the effect of air concentration and NFC on cementitious composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composite Materials)

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22 pages, 8616 KB

Open AccessReview

Research Frontiers in Numerical Simulation and Mechanical Modeling of Ceramic Matrix Composites: Bibliometric Analysis and Hotspot Trends from 2000 to 2025

by Shifu Wang, Changxing Zhang, Biao Xia, Meiqian Wang, Zhiyi Tang and Wei Xu

Materials 2026, 19(2), 414; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19020414 - 21 Jan 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1008

Abstract

Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) exhibit excellent high-temperature strength, oxidation resistance, and fracture toughness, making them superior to traditional metals and single-phase ceramics in extreme environments such as aerospace, nuclear energy equipment, and high-temperature protection systems. The mechanical properties of CMCs directly influence the [...] Read more.

Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) exhibit excellent high-temperature strength, oxidation resistance, and fracture toughness, making them superior to traditional metals and single-phase ceramics in extreme environments such as aerospace, nuclear energy equipment, and high-temperature protection systems. The mechanical properties of CMCs directly influence the reliability and service life of structures; thus, accurately predicting their mechanical response and service behavior has become a core issue in current research. However, the multi-phase heterogeneity of CMCs leads to highly complex stress distribution and deformation behavior in traditional mechanical property testing, resulting in significant uncertainty in the measurement of key mechanical parameters such as strength and modulus. Additionally, the high manufacturing cost and limited experimental data further constrain material design and performance evaluation based on experimental data. Therefore, the development of effective numerical simulation and mechanical modeling methods is crucial. This paper provides an overview of the research hotspots and future directions in the field of CMCs numerical simulation and mechanical modeling through bibliometric analysis using the CiteSpace software. The analysis reveals that China, the United States, and France are the leading research contributors in this field, with 422, 157, and 71 publications and 6170, 3796, and 2268 citations, respectively. At the institutional level, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (166 publications; 1700 citations), Northwestern Polytechnical University (72; 1282), and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) (49; 1657) lead in publication volume and/or citation influence. Current research hotspots focus on finite element modeling, continuum damage mechanics, multiscale modeling, and simulations of high-temperature service behavior. In recent years, emerging research frontiers such as interface debonding mechanism modeling, acoustic emission monitoring and damage correlation, multiphysics coupling simulations, and machine learning-driven predictive modeling reflect the shift in CMCs research, from traditional experimental mechanics and analytical methods to intelligent and predictive modeling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composite Materials)

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21 pages, 5074 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Waste Powders of Tuff Manufactured Sand on Characteristics of Highly Ductile Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber Engineered Cementitious Composite

by Tao Liu, Youjia Wang, Bentian Yu, Shikai Ji, Kai Wang and Fangling Wang

Materials 2026, 19(2), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19020296 - 12 Jan 2026

Viewed by 453

Abstract

In this paper, a highly ductile polyvinyl alcohol fiber engineered cementitious composite (PVA-ECC) was developed by replacing quartz sand (QS) with tuff stone powder (TP) at different replacement ratios of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. The resulting mechanical properties and drying shrinkage [...] Read more.

In this paper, a highly ductile polyvinyl alcohol fiber engineered cementitious composite (PVA-ECC) was developed by replacing quartz sand (QS) with tuff stone powder (TP) at different replacement ratios of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. The resulting mechanical properties and drying shrinkage were determined for the developed ECC. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of hydration products, pore structure, and micro-morphology of ECC were conducted by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, pore size and porosity, and scanning electron microscopic imaging. The influencing mechanism of tuff stone powder content on ECC performance was also studied at a micro level. It was found that with the increase in the replacement ratio of tuff stone powder, the ultimate tensile strain and tensile peak stress of ECC all exhibited an increasing trend, which declined afterward. The variation in compressive and flexural strengths also showed a similar pattern. When the replacement ratio of tuff stone powder was 40%, the ultimate tensile strain, peak tensile stress, flexural strength, and compressive strength were higher than the control group by 15.1%, 4.7%, 16.3%, and 10.7%, respectively. When the content of tuff stone powder did not exceed 80%, it could fill the internal pores of the ECC matrix, which reduced harmful pores. With the increase in tuff stone powder content, calcite content increases gradually while the Ca(OH)₂ amount decreases. It can be seen that tuff stone powder can improve ECC hydration products. However, incorporating tuff stone powder does not produce new hydration products. Incorporating tuff stone powder increased the drying shrinkage of ECC, and the value of drying shrinkage increased with the increase in the replacement ratio of tuff stone powder. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composite Materials)

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20 pages, 14945 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Transport Law and Corrosion Behavior of Sulfate Ions of a Solution Soaking FA-PMPC Paste

by Yuying Hou, Qiang Xu, Tao Li, Sha Sa, Yante Mao, Caiqiang Xiong, Xiamin Hu, Kan Xu and Jianming Yang

Materials 2026, 19(1), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19010202 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 509

Abstract

To study the sulfate corrosion behavior of potassium magnesium phosphate cement (PMPC) paste, the sulfate content, strength, and length of PMPC specimens were measured at different corrosion ages under 5% Na₂SO₄ solution soaking conditions, and the phase composition and microstructure [...] Read more.

To study the sulfate corrosion behavior of potassium magnesium phosphate cement (PMPC) paste, the sulfate content, strength, and length of PMPC specimens were measured at different corrosion ages under 5% Na₂SO₄ solution soaking conditions, and the phase composition and microstructure were analyzed. The conclusion is as follows: In PMPC specimens subjected to one-dimensional SO₄²⁻ corrosion, the relation between the diffusion depth of SO₄²⁻ (h) and the SO₄²⁻ concentration (c (h, t)) can be referred by a polynomial very well. The sulfate diffusion coefficient (D) of PMPC specimens was one order of magnitude lower than Portland cement concrete (on the order of 10⁻⁷ mm²/s). The surface SO₄²⁻ concentration c (0, t), the SO₄²⁻ computed corrosion depth h₀₀, and D of FM2 specimen containing 20% fly ash (FA) were all less than those of the FM0 specimen (reference). At 360-day immersion ages, the c (0, 360 d) and h₀₀ in FM2 were obviously smaller than those in FM0, and the D of FM2 was 64.2% of FM0. The strengths of FM2 specimens soaked for 2 days (the benchmark strength) were greater than those of FM0 specimens. At 360-day immersion ages, the residual flexural/compressive strength ratios (360-day strength/benchmark strength) of FM0 and FM2 specimens were all larger than 95%. The volume linear expansion rates (S_n) of PMPC specimens continued to increase with the immersion age, and S_n of FM2 specimen was only 49.5% of that of the FM0 specimen at 360-day immersion ages. The results provide an experimental basis for the application of PMPC-based materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composite Materials)

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16 pages, 4633 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Mn-Doped ZnFe₂O₄ Ferrites on Structural Changes and Magneto-Optical Behavior in Nematic Liquid Crystals

by Peter Bury, Marek Veveričík, František Černobila, Hima Patel, Ramesh V. Upadhyay, Kinnari Parekh, Veronika Lacková, Michal Rajnak, Ivo Šafařík, Koryun Oganesyan, Milan Timko and Peter Kopčanský

Materials 2025, 18(24), 5660; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18245660 - 17 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 730

Abstract

The effect of Mn-doped zinc ferrite nanoparticles at a low volume concentration (1 × 10⁻⁴) on structural changes in the nematic liquid crystals 6CHBT and 5CB, induced by weak magnetic fields, was investigated using surface acoustic wave (SAW) and light transmission [...] Read more.

The effect of Mn-doped zinc ferrite nanoparticles at a low volume concentration (1 × 10⁻⁴) on structural changes in the nematic liquid crystals 6CHBT and 5CB, induced by weak magnetic fields, was investigated using surface acoustic wave (SAW) and light transmission (LT) techniques. Structural changes caused by the applied magnetic field, in both increasing and decreasing modes, as well as after pulsed changes, were examined by measuring the responses of SAW attenuation and LT using a linearly polarized laser beam. The influence of nanoparticle shape (rods, needles, and clusters) and temperature on the structural changes was investigated. A shift in the threshold field and the transition temperature was observed. In addition, the magnetic properties of the individual samples in powder form were examined using M–H curves, M–T curves, and XRD patterns. The results obtained from all measurements are compared, and the effectiveness of each technique, considering the influence of nanoparticle shape and suspension stability, was evaluated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composite Materials)

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23 pages, 8989 KB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Novel Composite Materials with Radiation Shielding Properties for Electronic Encapsulation

by Carla Ortiz Sánchez, Juan José Medina Del Barrio, Gonzalo Fernández Romero, Ángel Yedra Martínez, Paula Ruiz Losada and Luis Alejandro Arriaga Arellano

Materials 2025, 18(24), 5564; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18245564 - 11 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1886

Abstract

It is well known that the space radiation environment, which has contributions from the trapped particles within the Van Allen belts, solar energetic particles (SEPs) and galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), directly influences space systems. These systems rely on complex and fragile electronic devices, [...] Read more.

It is well known that the space radiation environment, which has contributions from the trapped particles within the Van Allen belts, solar energetic particles (SEPs) and galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), directly influences space systems. These systems rely on complex and fragile electronic devices, whose performance can be degraded because of the action of the radiation and its related phenomena: single-event effects (SEEs), displacement damages (DDs) and total ionizing dose (TID). This could cause failures to arise through various mechanisms, ranging from parametric drift failures, such as leakage current and threshold voltage, among others, to destructive effects, like single-event burnout (SEB) or single-event latch-up (SEL). These failures in electronics affect the system’s reliability and its performance, which could compromise the mission’s success. Considering this, the main objective of the SRPROTEC project is to develop and validate new composite materials with better shielding performance against space radiation to increase the radiation tolerance of microelectronic devices encapsulated with these materials. For this purpose, three composites will be synthesized using a liquid epoxy resin filled with silica as a matrix mixed in different proportions, with a high-Z filler. The presence of low-Z elements from the high hydrogen content in the polymer and the presence of high-Z fillers are expected to produce a material with good radiation shielding properties. The developed materials will be exhaustively characterized, subjecting the three composites and control samples to rheological outgassing; gamma radiation shielding; and thermal, electrical, thermomechanical and moisture absorption, among other tests. Finally, the composite with the best performance will be selected and subjected to degradation tests (thermal cycling in vacuum, thermal cycling, thermal shock and relative humidity tests) to determine its suitability for space packaging applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composite Materials)

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14 pages, 8738 KB

Open AccessArticle

Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Properties of Cation-Substituted Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Zn_2−xMe_xFe₁₆O₂₇ (Me = Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn) W-Type Hexagonal Ferrites

by Jae-Hee Heo and Young-Min Kang

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(17), 9586; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179586 - 30 Aug 2025

Viewed by 1035

Abstract

W-type hexaferrites with compositions Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Zn_2-xMe_xFe₁₆O₂₇ (Me = Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn; x = 1) and Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Zn_2−xMn_xFe₁₆O₂₇ (x [...] Read more.

W-type hexaferrites with compositions Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Zn_2-xMe_xFe₁₆O₂₇ (Me = Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn; x = 1) and Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Zn_2−xMn_xFe₁₆O₂₇ (x = 0–2.0) were synthesized via solid-state reaction and optimized using a two-step calcination process to obtain single-phase or nearly single-phase structures. Their electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption properties were investigated by fabricating composites with 10 wt% epoxy and measuring the complex permittivity and permeability across two frequency bands: 0.1–18 GHz and 26.5–40 GHz. Reflection loss (RL) was calculated and visualized as two-dimensional (2D) maps with respect to frequency and sample thickness. In the 0.1–18 GHz range, only the Co-substituted sample exhibited strong ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) and broadband absorption, achieving a minimum RL of −41.5 dB at 4.84 GHz and a −10 dB bandwidth of 11.8 GHz. In contrast, the other Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Zn_2-xMe_xFe₁₆O₂₇ samples (Me = Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu) showed no significant absorption in this range due to the absence of FMR. However, all these samples clearly exhibited FMR characteristics and distinct absorption peaks in the 26.5–40 GHz range, particularly the Mn-substituted series, which demonstrated RL values below −10 dB over the 32.0–40 GHz range with absorber thicknesses below 1 mm. The FMR frequency varied depending on the substitution type and amount. In the Mn-substituted series, the FMR frequency was lowest at x = 1.0 and increased as x deviated from this composition. This study confirms the potential of Co-free W-type hexaferrites as efficient, cost-effective, and broadband EM wave absorbers in the 26.5–40 GHz range. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composite Materials)

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