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Biosensors
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Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Biomedical Applications
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Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Biomedical Applications

A special issue of Biosensors (ISSN 2079-6374). This special issue belongs to the section "Biosensor and Bioelectronic Devices".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 March 2024) | Viewed by 15570

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Alexey Ivanov

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Guest Editor
Analytical Chemistry Department, Kazan Federal University, Kremleyevskaya, 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
Interests: electrochemical sensors; biosensors; DNA sensors; electropolymerization; chemical modification of electrodes; SPR sensors; statistical methods in analytical chemistry; data analysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Guzel Ziyatdinova

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Guest Editor
Analytical Chemistry Department, Kazan Federal University, Kremleyevskaya, 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
Interests: electroanalytical chemistry; electrochemical sensors; chemically modified electrodes; polymer-based electrodes; coulometric organic analysis; antioxidants, plant polyphenols; colorants and dyes; food analysis; phytochemical and pharmaceutical analysis; biomedical analysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Yury Kuzin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Analytical Chemistry Department, Kazan Federal University, Kremleyevskaya, 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
Interests: electropolymerized materials; electrochemical DNA sensors; quartz crystal microbalance; voltammetry; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Current trends in the development of biomedicine require cost-effective methods to test food and water contaminants, monitor biological processes in the human body, diagnose health conditions and provide patients with individualized treatment options. The use of sensors and biosensors is one of the main components of success to meet these needs. Sensors are small devices that can be used to directly measure a specific analyte or group of analytes in a sample medium, or to measure changes in the physical parameters of the medium. The use of biological components in biosensors, which often play the role of recognizing elements, can significantly increase the selectivity and sensitivity of sensors. The definition of electrochemical sensors is general and includes voltammetric, potentiometric, impedimetric, conductometric and coulometric devices using an electrode as a transducer. The emergence of new functional nanomaterials for electrodes and analytical technologies can advance electrochemical sensor and biosensor platforms and expand the area of their application for biological, biomedical, biotechnological, clinical and medical diagnostics, as well as health monitoring. The design of sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor and biosensor platforms is principally achieved through new surface modifications, micromachining techniques and a variety of nanomaterials with unique properties for in vivo and in vitro biomedical analysis through intelligently designed interfaces between electrodes and solutions.

Therefore, this Special Issue aims to collect the latest advances in the development of electrochemical sensors and biosensors for biomedical applications, in order to demonstrate new approaches or technologies and identify new scientific frontiers in this field.

Dr. Alexey Ivanov
Dr. Guzel Ziyatdinova
Dr. Yury Kuzin
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biosensors is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • electrochemical analysis
  • electrochemical sensors
  • electrochemical biosensors
  • voltammetric
  • potentiometric
  • impedimetric
  • conductometric
  • coulometric
  • electrode modifications
  • electrode materials
  • biomedical
  • biomedicine
  • biomolecules
  • biomarkers

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

15 pages, 3656 KiB  
Article
An Innovative Approach for Tailoring Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Biosensors—Application to Cancer Antigen 15-3
by Daniela dos Santos Oliveira, Andreia Sofia Rodrigues Oliveira, Patrícia Vitorino Mendonça, Jorge Fernando Jordão Coelho, Felismina Teixeira Coelho Moreira and Maria Goreti Ferreira Sales
Biosensors 2024, 14(5), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14050222 - 30 Apr 2024
Viewed by 490
Abstract
This work presents a novel approach for tailoring molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) with a preliminary stage of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), for a more precise definition of the imprinted cavity. A well-defined copolymer of acrylamide and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (PAAm-co-PMBAm) was [...] Read more.
This work presents a novel approach for tailoring molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) with a preliminary stage of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), for a more precise definition of the imprinted cavity. A well-defined copolymer of acrylamide and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (PAAm-co-PMBAm) was synthesized by ATRP and applied to gold electrodes with the template, followed by a crosslinking reaction. The template was removed from the polymer matrix by enzymatic/chemical action. The surface modifications were monitored via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), having the MIP polymer as a non-conducting film designed with affinity sites for CA15-3. The resulting biosensor exhibited a linear response to CA15-3 log concentrations from 0.001 to 100 U/mL in PBS or in diluted fetal bovine serum (1000×) in PBS. Compared to the polyacrylamide (PAAm) MIP from conventional free-radical polymerization, the ATRP-based MIP extended the biosensor’s dynamic linear range 10-fold, improving low concentration detection, and enhanced the signal reproducibility across units. The biosensor demonstrated good sensitivity and selectivity. Overall, the work described confirmed that the process of radical polymerization to build an MIP material influences the detection capacity for the target substance and the reproducibility among different biosensor units. Extending this approach to other cancer biomarkers, the methodology presented could open doors to a new generation of MIP-based biosensors for point-of-care disease diagnosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Biomedical Applications)
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14 pages, 2483 KiB  
Article
Flow-Through Amperometric Biosensor System Based on Functionalized Aryl Derivative of Phenothiazine and PAMAM-Calix-Dendrimers for the Determination of Uric Acid
by Dmitry Stoikov, Alexey Ivanov, Insiya Shafigullina, Milena Gavrikova, Pavel Padnya, Igor Shiabiev, Ivan Stoikov and Gennady Evtugyn
Biosensors 2024, 14(3), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14030120 - 23 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1110
Abstract
A flow-through biosensor system for the determination of uric acid was developed on the platform of flow-through electrochemical cell manufactured by 3D printing from poly(lactic acid) and equipped with a modified screen-printed graphite electrode (SPE). Uricase was immobilized to the inner surface of [...] Read more.
A flow-through biosensor system for the determination of uric acid was developed on the platform of flow-through electrochemical cell manufactured by 3D printing from poly(lactic acid) and equipped with a modified screen-printed graphite electrode (SPE). Uricase was immobilized to the inner surface of a replaceable reactor chamber. Its working volume was reduced to 10 μL against a previously reported similar cell. SPE was modified independently of the enzyme reactor with carbon black, pillar[5]arene, poly(amidoamine) dendrimers based on the p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene (PAMAM-calix-dendrimers) platform and electropolymerized 3,7-bis(4-aminophenylamino) phenothiazin-5-ium chloride. Introduction of the PAMAM-calix-dendrimers into the electrode coating led to a fivefold increase in the redox currents of the electroactive polymer. It was found that higher generations of the PAMAM-calix-dendrimers led to a greater increase in the currents measured. Coatings consisted of products of the electropolymerization of the phenothiazine with implemented pillar[5]arene and PAMAM-calix-dendrimers showing high efficiency in the electrochemical reduction of hydrogen peroxide that was formed in the enzymatic oxidation of uric acid. The presence of PAMAM-calix-dendrimer G2 in the coating increased the redox signal related to the uric acid assay by more than 1.5 times. The biosensor system was successfully applied for the enzymatic determination of uric acid in chronoamperometric mode. The following optimal parameters for the chronoamperometric determination of uric acid in flow-through conditions were established: pH 8.0, flow rate 0.2 mL·min−1, 5 U of uricase per reactor. Under these conditions, the biosensor system made it possible to determine from 10 nM to 20 μM of uric acid with the limit of detection (LOD) of 4 nM. Glucose (up to 1 mM), dopamine (up to 0.5 mM), and ascorbic acid (up to 50 μM) did not affect the signal of the biosensor toward uric acid. The biosensor was tested on spiked artificial urine samples, and showed 101% recovery for tenfold diluted samples. The ease of assembly of the flow cell and the low cost of the replacement parts make for a promising future application of the biosensor system in routine clinical analyses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Biomedical Applications)
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15 pages, 2247 KiB  
Article
A Path towards Timely VAP Diagnosis: Proof-of-Concept Study on Pyocyanin Sensing with Cu-Mg Doped Graphene Oxide
by Mohammad Noorizadeh, Mithra Geetha, Faycal Bensaali, Nader Meskin, Kishor K. Sadasivuni, Susu M. Zughaier, Mahmoud Elgamal and Ali Ait Hssain
Biosensors 2024, 14(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14010048 - 16 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1388
Abstract
In response to the urgent requirement for rapid, precise, and cost-effective detection in intensive care units (ICUs) for ventilated patients, as well as the need to overcome the limitations of traditional detection methods, researchers have turned their attention towards advancing novel technologies. Among [...] Read more.
In response to the urgent requirement for rapid, precise, and cost-effective detection in intensive care units (ICUs) for ventilated patients, as well as the need to overcome the limitations of traditional detection methods, researchers have turned their attention towards advancing novel technologies. Among these, biosensors have emerged as a reliable platform for achieving accurate and early diagnoses. In this study, we explore the possibility of using Pyocyanin analysis for early detection of pathogens in ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and lower respiratory tract infections in ventilated patients. To achieve this, we developed an electrochemical sensor utilizing a graphene oxide–copper oxide-doped MgO (GO − Cu − Mgo) (GCM) catalyst for Pyocyanin detection. Pyocyanin is a virulence factor in the phenazine group that is produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, leading to infections such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and cystic fibrosis. We additionally investigated the use of DNA aptamers for detecting Pyocyanin as a biomarker of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common causative agent of VAP. The results of this study indicated that electrochemical detection of Pyocyanin using a GCM catalyst shows promising potential for various applications, including clinical diagnostics and drug discovery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Biomedical Applications)
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13 pages, 3263 KiB  
Article
Voltammetric Sensing of Nifedipine Using a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Carbon Nanofibers and Gold Nanoparticles
by Anderson M. Santos, Ademar Wong, Maria H. A. Feitosa, Andy A. Cardenas-Riojas, Sandy L. Calderon-Zavaleta, Angélica M. Baena-Moncada, Maria D. P. T. Sotomayor and Fernando C. Moraes
Biosensors 2023, 13(8), 829; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13080829 - 19 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 994
Abstract
Nifedipine, a widely utilized medication, plays a crucial role in managing blood pressure in humans. Due to its global prevalence and extensive usage, close monitoring is necessary to address this widespread concern effectively. Therefore, the development of an electrochemical sensor based on a [...] Read more.
Nifedipine, a widely utilized medication, plays a crucial role in managing blood pressure in humans. Due to its global prevalence and extensive usage, close monitoring is necessary to address this widespread concern effectively. Therefore, the development of an electrochemical sensor based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with carbon nanofibers and gold nanoparticles in a Nafion® film was performed, resulting in an active electrode surface for oxidation of the nifedipine molecule. This was applied, together with a voltammetric methodology, for the analysis of nifedipine in biological and environmental samples, presenting a linear concentration range from 0.020 to 2.5 × 10−6 µmol L−1 with a limit of detection 2.8 nmol L−1. In addition, it presented a good recovery analysis in the complexity of the samples, a low deviation in the presence of interfering potentials, and good repeatability between measurements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Biomedical Applications)
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14 pages, 1947 KiB  
Communication
An Efficient Electrochemical Sensor Based on NiCo2O4 Nanoplates and Ionic Liquid for Determination of Favipiravir in the Presence of Acetaminophen
by Somayeh Tajik, Fatemeh Sharifi, Behnaz Aflatoonian and Sayed Zia Mohammadi
Biosensors 2023, 13(8), 814; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13080814 - 14 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1537
Abstract
Based on the modification of carbon paste electrode with NiCo2O4 nanoplates and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, a new electrochemical sensing platform for the sensing of favipiravir (a drug with potential therapeutic efficacy in treating COVID-19 patients) in the presence of acetaminophen was [...] Read more.
Based on the modification of carbon paste electrode with NiCo2O4 nanoplates and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, a new electrochemical sensing platform for the sensing of favipiravir (a drug with potential therapeutic efficacy in treating COVID-19 patients) in the presence of acetaminophen was prepared. For determining the electrochemical behavior of favipiravir, cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and chronoamperometry have been utilized. When compared to the unmodified carbon paste electrode, the results of the cyclic voltammetry showed that the proposed NiCo2O4 nanoplates/1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate/carbon paste electrode had excellent catalytic activity for the oxidation of the favipiravir in phosphate buffer solution (pH = 7.0). This was due to the synergistic influence of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (ionic liquid) and NiCo2O4 nanoplates. In the optimized conditions of favipiravir measurement, NiCo2O4 nanoplates/1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate/carbon paste electrode had several benefits, such as a wide dynamic linear between 0.004 and 115.0 µM, a high sensitivity of 0.1672 µA/µM, and a small limit of detection of 1.0 nM. Furthermore, the NiCo2O4 nanoplates/1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate/carbon paste electrode sensor presented a good capability to investigate the favipiravir and acetaminophen levels in real samples with satisfactory recoveries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Biomedical Applications)
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19 pages, 9255 KiB  
Article
Layer-by-Layer Combination of MWCNTs and Poly(ferulic acid) as Electrochemical Platform for Hesperidin Quantification
by Elvira Yakupova, Aisylu Mukharlyamova, Igor Fitsev and Guzel Ziyatdinova
Biosensors 2023, 13(5), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13050500 - 25 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1394
Abstract
The electrochemical polymerization of suitable monomers is a powerful way to create voltammetric sensors with improved responses to a target analyte. Nonconductive polymers based on phenolic acids were successfully combined with carbon nanomaterials to obtain sufficient conductivity and high surface area of the [...] Read more.
The electrochemical polymerization of suitable monomers is a powerful way to create voltammetric sensors with improved responses to a target analyte. Nonconductive polymers based on phenolic acids were successfully combined with carbon nanomaterials to obtain sufficient conductivity and high surface area of the electrode. Glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and electropolymerized ferulic acid (FA) were developed for the sensitive quantification of hesperidin. The optimized conditions of FA electropolymerization in basic medium (15 cycles from −0.2 to 1.0 V at 100 mV s−1 in 250 µmol L−1 monomer solution in 0.1 mol L−1 NaOH) were found using the voltammetric response of hesperidin. The polymer-modified electrode exhibited a high electroactive surface area (1.14 ± 0.05 cm2 vs. 0.75 ± 0.03 and 0.089 ± 0.003 cm2 for MWCNTs/GCE and bare GCE, respectively) and decreased in the charge transfer resistance (21.4 ± 0.9 kΩ vs. 72 ± 3 kΩ for bare GCE). Under optimized conditions, hesperidin linear dynamic ranges of 0.025–1.0 and 1.0–10 µmol L−1 with a detection limit of 7.0 nmol L−1 were achieved, which were the best ones among those reported to date. The developed electrode was tested on orange juice and compared with chromatography. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Biomedical Applications)
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10 pages, 1908 KiB  
Communication
Electrochemistry Test Strip as Platform for In Situ Detection of Blood Levels of Antipsychotic Clozapine in Finger-Pricked Sample Volume
by Mehmet Senel
Biosensors 2023, 13(3), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13030346 - 4 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1503
Abstract
With the increasing number of patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease, the importance of measuring drug levels in patient body fluids has increased exponentially, particularly for the drug clozapine. There is a growing demand for real-time analysis of biofluids on a single low-cost platform [...] Read more.
With the increasing number of patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease, the importance of measuring drug levels in patient body fluids has increased exponentially, particularly for the drug clozapine. There is a growing demand for real-time analysis of biofluids on a single low-cost platform in ultra-low fluid volumes with robustness. This study aims to measure the level of clozapine (Clz) with a portable potentiostat using a practical approach. For this purpose, we developed an inexpensive, portable platform via electrochemistry on a commercial glucose test strip (CTS). CTSs were first modified by removing the enzyme mixture from the surface of the sensing zone, which was followed by modification with Multi walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and Nafion. The electrochemical characteristics of CTS electrodes were investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential voltammetry (DPV) techniques. The designed sensor displayed decent linear range, detection limit, reproducibility, and reusability results. A linear dynamic range of 0.1–5 μM clozapine was observed under optimized conditions with a good sensitivity (1.295 μA/μM) and detection limit (83 nM). Furthermore, the designed sensing electrode was used to measure the amount of Clz in real samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Biomedical Applications)
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11 pages, 2100 KiB  
Article
One-Step Photochemical Immobilization of Aptamer on Graphene for Label-Free Detection of NT-proBNP
by Nikita Nekrasov, Anastasiia Kudriavtseva, Alexey V. Orlov, Ivana Gadjanski, Petr I. Nikitin, Ivan Bobrinetskiy and Nikola Ž. Knežević
Biosensors 2022, 12(12), 1071; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12121071 - 23 Nov 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2609
Abstract
A novel photochemical technological route for one-step functionalization of a graphene surface with an azide-modified DNA aptamer for biomarkers is developed. The methodology is demonstrated for the functionalization of a DNA aptamer for an N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) heart failure biomarker on [...] Read more.
A novel photochemical technological route for one-step functionalization of a graphene surface with an azide-modified DNA aptamer for biomarkers is developed. The methodology is demonstrated for the functionalization of a DNA aptamer for an N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) heart failure biomarker on the surface of a graphene channel within a system based on a liquid-gated graphene field effect transistor (GFET). The limit of detection (LOD) of the aptamer-functionalized sensor is 0.01 pg/mL with short response time (75 s) for clinically relevant concentrations of the cardiac biomarker, which could be of relevance for point-of-care (POC) applications. The novel methodology could be applicable for the development of different graphene-based biosensors for fast, stable, real-time, and highly sensitive detection of disease markers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Biomedical Applications)
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10 pages, 1990 KiB  
Article
An Electrochemical Immunosensor for the Determination of Procalcitonin Using the Gold-Graphene Interdigitated Electrode
by Mahmoud Amouzadeh Tabrizi and Pablo Acedo
Biosensors 2022, 12(10), 771; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12100771 - 20 Sep 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2285
Abstract
Procalcitonin (PCT) is considered a sepsis and infection biomarker. Herein, an interdigitated electrochemical immunosensor for the determination of PCT has been developed. The interdigitated electrode was made of the laser-engraved graphene electrode decorated with gold (LEGE/Aunano). The scanning electron microscopy indicated [...] Read more.
Procalcitonin (PCT) is considered a sepsis and infection biomarker. Herein, an interdigitated electrochemical immunosensor for the determination of PCT has been developed. The interdigitated electrode was made of the laser-engraved graphene electrode decorated with gold (LEGE/Aunano). The scanning electron microscopy indicated the LEGE/Aunano has been fabricated successfully. After that, the anti-PTC antibodies were immobilized on the surface of the electrode by using 3-mercaptopropionic acid. The electrochemical performance of the fabricated immunosensor was studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The EIS method was used for the determination of PCT in the concentration range of 2.5–800 pg/mL with a limit of detection of 0.36 pg/mL. The effect of several interfering agents such as the C reactive protein (CRP), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and human serum albumin (HSA) was also studied. The fabricated immunosensor had a good selectivity to the PCT. The stability of the immunosensor was also studied for 1 month. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was obtained to be 5.2%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Biomedical Applications)
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Review

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17 pages, 2497 KiB  
Review
A Review from a Clinical Perspective: Recent Advances in Biosensors for the Detection of L-Amino Acids
by Kristina Ratautė and Dalius Ratautas
Biosensors 2024, 14(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14010005 - 22 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1443
Abstract
The field of biosensors is filled with reports and designs of various sensors, with the vast majority focusing on glucose sensing. However, in addition to glucose, there are many other important analytes that are worth investigating as well. In particular, L-amino acids appear [...] Read more.
The field of biosensors is filled with reports and designs of various sensors, with the vast majority focusing on glucose sensing. However, in addition to glucose, there are many other important analytes that are worth investigating as well. In particular, L-amino acids appear as important diagnostic markers for a number of conditions. However, the progress in L-amino acid detection and the development of biosensors for L-amino acids are still somewhat insufficient. In recent years, the need to determine L-amino acids from clinical samples has risen. More clinical data appear to demonstrate that abnormal concentrations of L-amino acids are related to various clinical conditions such as inherited metabolic disorders, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, muscle damage, etc. However, to this day, the diagnostic potential of L-amino acids is not yet fully established. Most likely, this is because of the difficulties in measuring L-amino acids, especially in human blood. In this review article, we extensively investigate the ‘overlooked’ L-amino acids. We review typical levels of amino acids present in human blood and broadly survey the importance of L-amino acids in most common conditions which can be monitored or diagnosed from changes in L-amino acids present in human blood. We also provide an overview of recent biosensors for L-amino acid monitoring and their advantages and disadvantages, with some other alternative methods for L-amino acid quantification, and finally we outline future perspectives related to the development of biosensing devices for L-amino acid monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Biomedical Applications)
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