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A special issue of Journal of Personalized Medicine (ISSN 2075-4426).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2019) | Viewed by 49653

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Ahmed El-Sohemy

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Guest Editor

Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Interests: nutrigenetics; nutrigenomics; biomarkers; food preferences; genetic testing; cardiometabolic disease; athletic performance
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. José M. Ordovás

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Guest Editor

Director Nutrition and Genomics, Professor Nutrition and Genetics, JM-USDA-HNRCA at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
Interests: nutrigenetics; biomarkers; eating behaviors, cardiovascular disease; lipid metabolism; genome-wide association studies; epigenetics; chronobiology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The integration of various ‘omics’ technologies into studies linking nutrition to human health and performance has greatly enhanced our understanding of the effects of specific nutrients, food bioactives and dietary patterns. These discoveries have helped us understand individual nutritional requirements, identify the presence of food preferences and intolerances, and establish specific dietary patterns that improve health and performance. This Special Issue of the Journal of Personalized Medicine aims to highlight the current state of the science and showcase some of the latest findings in the field of nutritional genomics. Studies include those that explore gene-diet interactions using basic science, clinical and population-based approaches. The scientific advances in the field of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics will continue to pave the path towards personalized nutrition for optimal health and wellness.

Prof. Ahmed El-Sohemy
Prof. José M. Ordovás
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Personalized Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Nutrigenomics
Nutrigenetics
Personalized Nutrition
Biomarkers
Epigenetics
Metabolomics
Proteomics
Genomics
Genetic testing

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 755 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Association between Plasma Omega-6/Omega-3 Ratio and Anthropometric Traits Differs by Racial/Ethnic Groups and NFKB1 Genotypes in Healthy Young Adults

by Jeremy Bauman-Fortin, David W.L. Ma, David M. Mutch, Salma A. Abdelmagid, Alaa Badawi, Ahmed El-Sohemy and Bénédicte Fontaine-Bisson

J. Pers. Med. 2019, 9(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm9010013 - 16 Feb 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6397

Abstract

Evidence for a relationship between omega-6/omega-3 (n-6/n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio and obesity in humans is inconsistent, perhaps due to differences in dietary intake or metabolism of PUFAs between different subsets of the population. Since chronic inflammation is central to obesity and inflammatory pathways are regulated by PUFAs, the objective of this study was to examine whether variants in the NFKB1 gene, an upstream regulator of the inflammatory response, modify the association between the n-6/n-3 ratio (from diet and plasma) and anthropometric traits in a multiethnic/multiracial population of young adults. Participants’ (n = 898) dietary PUFA intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and plasma PUFA concentrations by gas chromatography. Nine tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in NFKB1 were genotyped. Significant interactions were found between racial/ethnic groups and plasma n-6/n-3 ratio for body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.02) and waist circumference (WC) (p = 0.007). Significant interactions were also observed between racial/ethnic groups and three NFKB1 genotypes (rs11722146, rs1609798, and rs230511) for BMI and WC (all p ≤ 0.04). Significant interactions were found between two NFKB1 genotypes and plasma n-6/n-3 ratio for BMI and WC (rs4648090 p = 0.02 and 0.03; rs4648022 p = 0.06 and 0.04, respectively). Our findings suggest that anthropometric traits may be influenced by a unique combination of n-6/n-3 ratio, racial/ethnic background, and NFKB1 genotypes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrigenomics)

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16 pages, 506 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Interaction between Genetic Polymorphisms in FTO and TCF7L2 Genes and Dietary Intake with Regard to Body Mass and Composition: An Exploratory Study

by Lara Nasreddine, Reem Akika, Aurelie Mailhac, Hani Tamim and Nathalie Khoueiry Zgheib

J. Pers. Med. 2019, 9(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm9010011 - 05 Feb 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 7228

Abstract

In contrast to the large number of genetic studies on obesity, there has been significantly less nutrigenetics investigation of the interaction between diet and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in obesity, especially within Eastern Mediterranean populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential interactions between three candidate SNPs, namely, rs1558902 and rs9939609 in the fat mass and obesity (FTO) gene and the rs7903146 variant of the Transcription factor 7 like 2 (TCF7L2) gene, and macronutrient intake with regard to obesity, body fat, and muscle composition. Three hundred and eight healthy Lebanese adults were included in this study. Data collection included a questionnaire for demographics and lifestyle in addition to a detailed dietary assessment using a culture-specific 80-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. This was coupled with anthropometric measurements and peripheral blood withdrawal for DNA and genotyping using Taqman allele discrimination assays. The two FTO candidate SNPs were not associated with risk of obesity in this population sample, yet there was a trend, though not a significant one, towards lower muscle mass among carriers of the risk allele of either FTO SNPs. To our knowledge, these results have not been previously reported. As for the TCF7L2 rs7903146 variant, results were congruent with the literature, given that individuals who were homozygous for the risk allele had significantly higher body mass index (BMI) and body fat despite lower intakes of saturated fat. Similar interactions, though not significant, were shown with muscle mass, whereby individuals who were homozygous for the risk allele had lower muscle mass with higher intakes of saturated fat, a result that, to our knowledge, has not been previously reported. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrigenomics)

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9 pages, 255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Variations in Sweet Taste Receptor Gene Are Related to Chocolate Powder and Dietary Fiber Intake in Obese Children and Adolescents

by Marina B. Pioltine, Maria Edna De Melo, Aritânia S. Santos, Alisson D. Machado, Ariana E. Fernandes, Clarissa T. Fujiwara, Cintia Cercato and Marcio C. Mancini

J. Pers. Med. 2018, 8(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm8010007 - 29 Jan 2018

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 8589

Abstract

Childhood obesity is a major public health problem. It has a direct impact on the quality of life of children and adolescents, as well as on their future risk of developing chronic diseases. Dietary patterns rich in fats and sugars and lacking dietary fibers, vitamins, and minerals, as well as lack of physical exercise have been associated with the rise of obesity prevalence. However, factors that contribute to the preference for foods rich in these nutrients are not well established. Taste is recognized as an important predictor of food choices, and polymorphisms in taste-related genes may explain the variability of taste preference and food intake. The aim of this research is to evaluate the influence of polymorphisms of the sweet taste receptor gene TAS1R2 on diet and metabolic profile in obese children and adolescents. A cross-sectional study with 513 obese children and adolescents and 135 normal-weight children was carried out. A molecular study was performed for the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs9701796 and rs35874116 of TAS1R2, and dietary intake, anthropometric parameters (weight, height, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR)), and metabolic profile (including fasting glucose, insulin, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)–cholesterol, and leptin levels) were analyzed. The variant rs9701796 was associated with increased waist-height ratio, as well as with a higher chocolate powder intake in obese children. The variant rs35874116 was associated with a lower dietary fiber intake. In conclusion, there was no relationship between genotypes and risk of obesity. Obese adolescents carrying the serine allele of SNP rs9701796 in TAS1R2 showed higher waist-to-height ratio and chocolate powder intake, whereas those carrying the valine allele of SNP rs35874116 in TAS1R2 were characterized by lower dietary fiber intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrigenomics)

3999 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tailoring Nutritional Advice for Mexicans Based on Prevalence Profiles of Diet-Related Adaptive Gene Polymorphisms

by Claudia Ojeda-Granados, Arturo Panduro, Karina Gonzalez-Aldaco, Maricruz Sepulveda-Villegas, Ingrid Rivera-Iñiguez and Sonia Roman

J. Pers. Med. 2017, 7(4), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm7040016 - 10 Nov 2017

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 10816

Abstract

Diet-related adaptive gene (DRAG) polymorphisms identified in specific populations are associated with chronic disorders in carriers of the adaptive alleles due to changes in dietary and lifestyle patterns in recent times. Mexico’s population is comprised of Amerindians (AM) and Mestizos who have variable AM, European (EUR) and African genetic ancestry and an increased risk of nutrition-related chronic diseases. Nutritional advice based on the Mexican genome and the traditional food culture is needed to develop preventive and therapeutic strategies. Therefore, we aimed to provide a prevalence profile of several DRAG polymorphisms in the Mexican population, including Central West (CW) Mexico subpopulations. Geographic heat maps were built using ArcGIS10 (Esri, Redlands, CA, USA) software, based on the published data of the MTHFR C677T (rs1801133), ABCA1 Arg230Cys (rs9282541), APOE T388C (rs429358)/C526T (rs7412), LCT C-13910T (rs4988235) polymorphisms and AMY1 copy number variation (CNV). Also, new data obtained by allelic discrimination-real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays for the MTHFR, ABCA1, and APOE polymorphisms as well as the AMY1 CNV in the CW Mexico subpopulations with different proportions of AM and EUR ancestry were included. In the CW region, the highest frequency of the MTHFR 677T, ABCA1 230C and APOE ε4 adaptive alleles was observed in the AM groups, followed by Mestizos with intermediate AM ancestry. The LCT-13910T allele frequency was highest in Mestizos-EUR but extremely low in AM, while the AMY1 diploid copy number was 6.82 ± 3.3 copies. Overall, the heat maps showed a heterogeneous distribution of the DRAG polymorphisms, in which the AM groups revealed the highest frequencies of the adaptive alleles followed by Mestizos. Given these genetic differences, genome-based nutritional advice should be tailored in a regionalized and individualized manner according to the available foods and Mexican traditional food culture that may lead to a healthier dietary pattern. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrigenomics)

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1018 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polymorphisms in FFAR4 (GPR120) Gene Modulate Insulin Levels and Sensitivity after Fish Oil Supplementation

by Bastien Vallée Marcotte, Hubert Cormier, Iwona Rudkowska, Simone Lemieux, Patrick Couture and Marie-Claude Vohl

J. Pers. Med. 2017, 7(4), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm7040015 - 06 Nov 2017

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 7400

Abstract

The objective was to test whether FFAR4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with glycemic control-related traits in humans following fish oil supplementation. A total of 210 participants were given 3 g/day of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (FA) (1.9–2.2 g of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 1.1 g of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) during six weeks. Biochemical parameters were taken before and after the supplementation. Using the HapMap database and the tagger procedure in Haploview, 12 tagging SNPs in FFAR4 were selected and then genotyped using TaqMan technology. Transcript expression levels were measured for 30 participants in peripheral mononuclear blood cells. DNA methylation levels were measured for 35 participants in leukocytes. In silico analyses were also performed. Four gene–diet interactions on fasting insulin levels and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index values were found. rs17108973 explained a significant proportion of the variance of insulin levels (3.0%) and HOMA-IR (2.03%) index values. Splice site prediction was different depending on the allele for rs11187527. rs17108973 and rs17484310 had different affinity for transcription factors depending on the allele. n-3 FAs effectively improve insulin-related traits for major allele homozygotes of four FFAR4 SNPs as opposed to carriers of the minor alleles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrigenomics)

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960 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dairy Product Consumption Interacts with Glucokinase (GCK) Gene Polymorphisms Associated with Insulin Resistance

by Marine S. Da Silva, Dominic Chartrand, Marie-Claude Vohl, Olivier Barbier and Iwona Rudkowska

J. Pers. Med. 2017, 7(3), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm7030008 - 30 Aug 2017

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 8065

Abstract

Dairy product intake and a person’s genetic background have been reported to be associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The objective of this study was to examine the interaction between dairy products and genes related to T2D on glucose-insulin homeostasis parameters. A validated food frequency questionnaire, fasting blood samples, and glucokinase (GCK) genotypes were analyzed in 210 healthy participants. An interaction between rs1799884 in GCK and dairy intake on the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance was identified. Secondly, human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) were grown in a high-glucose medium and incubated with either 1-dairy proteins: whey, caseins, and a mixture of whey and casein; and 2-four amino acids (AA) or mixtures of AA. The expression of GCK-related genes insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) was increased with whey protein isolate or hydrolysate. Individually, leucine increased IRS-1 expression, whereas isoleucine and valine decreased FASN expression. A branched-chain AA mixture decreased IRS-1 and FASN expression. In conclusion, carriers of the A allele for rs1799884 in the GCK gene may benefit from a higher intake of dairy products to maintain optimal insulin sensitivity. Moreover, the results show that whey proteins affect the expression of genes related to glucose metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrigenomics)

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