Sports

14 pages, 985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Asymmetric and Symmetric Sport Load on Upper and Lower Extremity Strength and Balance: A Comparison Between the Dominant and Non-Dominant Side in Adolescent Female Athletes

by Safoura Heshmati, Kourosh Ghahraman Tabrizi, Abdolhamid Daneshjoo, Elham Hosseini, Saeid Bahiraei, Mansour Sahebozamani, Andreas Konrad and David George Behm

Sports 2025, 13(3), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030089 - 14 Mar 2025

Viewed by 489

Abstract

The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of primarily asymmetrical (soccer and volleyball) and symmetrical sport load (sprint and swimming) in the upper and lower limbs on dynamic balance and muscle strength and to compare these values in the dominant [...] Read more.

The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of primarily asymmetrical (soccer and volleyball) and symmetrical sport load (sprint and swimming) in the upper and lower limbs on dynamic balance and muscle strength and to compare these values in the dominant and non-dominant limbs. This study employed a cross-sectional design, included 45 adolescent female athletes from four sports, divided into asymmetric (ASYM, n = 25) and symmetric (SYM, n = 20) groups. They were assessed for maximal voluntary isometric muscle contraction (MVIC) relative muscular strength using a handheld dynamometer (HHD) for shoulder external rotation (ER) and internal rotation (IR), as well as hamstring and quadricep strength. Upper and lower limb balance were also assessed using the Upper (YBT-UQ) and Lower Quarter Y Balance Test (YBT-LQ) tests. The results showed significantly greater balance in the upper extremities of swimmers and in the lower extremities of the sprinters in both the dominant (DS) and non-dominant (NDS) sides than in other groups (p < 0.0001). However, no significant difference in internal and external shoulder rotator muscles strength between the groups (p > 0.05). Although significant differences were found in hamstring strength on the dominant side and quadricep strength on both sides (p < 0.05), a notable finding was that sprint athletes consistently demonstrated stronger quadriceps muscles as compared to other groups in both the dominant and non-dominant sides. According to the current findings, there are significant differences in upper and lower body balance, hamstring, and quadricep muscle strength among sports. This suggests that athletes of asymmetrical sports may need to improve non-dominant side knee strength and balance symmetry to prevent the risk of injury. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strength and Conditioning: Enhancing Athletic Performance and Promoting Health)

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16 pages, 2469 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Affective Responses to Barbell-Based Resistance Training in a 16-Week Barbell-Based Strength Training Program for Recreationally Active Adults

by Vanessa M. Martinez Kercher, Janelle M. Goss, Janette M. Watkins, Liam A. Phillips, Brad A. Roy, James F. Dow, Lilian Golzarri-Arroyo and Kyle A. Kercher

Sports 2025, 13(3), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030088 - 14 Mar 2025

Viewed by 495

Abstract

Background: Despite the well-established physical benefits of resistance training (RT), only 31% of U.S. adults meet RT guidelines, with women participating at lower rates. While the physiological aspects of RT are well researched, less is known about the psychological factors, such as affective [...] Read more.

Background: Despite the well-established physical benefits of resistance training (RT), only 31% of U.S. adults meet RT guidelines, with women participating at lower rates. While the physiological aspects of RT are well researched, less is known about the psychological factors, such as affective responses (e.g., enjoyment, energy). This study explored the relationships between self-efficacy, self-determined motivation, affective responses, and adherence in a 16-week barbell-based RT program. Methods: A prospective longitudinal study was conducted with 43 adults (M age = 45.09 ± 10.7, 81.8% female) enrolled in a community-based RT program. Affective responses were measured pre- and post-training, within RT sessions, and over time. Repeated-measures ANOVA and correlational analyses were used to examine relationships between psychological variables, affective responses, and adherence to the program. Results: Participants reported significant improvements in positive affective responses post-training and across the program’s duration. Self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation were positively associated with higher affective responses and greater adherence. Strength exercises elicited more positive affects compared to power exercises, and lifting heavier relative loads was correlated with more favorable emotional outcomes. Conclusions: The study highlights the importance of psychological factors, such as self-efficacy and motivation, in the relationship of affective responses to RT. Full article

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17 pages, 1373 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Techniques for Heart Rate Prediction Employing Wearable Sensor Data

by Asieh Namazi, Ehsan Modiri, Suzana Blesić, Olivera M. Knežević and Dragan M. Mirkov

Sports 2025, 13(3), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030087 - 13 Mar 2025

Viewed by 610

Abstract

Monitoring heart rate (HR) is vital for health management and athletic performance, and wearable technology enables scientists to obtain real-time cardiovascular insights. This study compares Machine Learning (ML) techniques, including Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs), and 1D Convolutional Neural [...] Read more.

Monitoring heart rate (HR) is vital for health management and athletic performance, and wearable technology enables scientists to obtain real-time cardiovascular insights. This study compares Machine Learning (ML) techniques, including Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs), and 1D Convolutional Neural Networks (1D CNNs). Then, we develop a hybrid Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA)-Augmented ML technique to predict HR using wearable sensor data. Additionally, we investigate the impact of incorporating auxiliary physiological inputs, such as breathing rate (BR) and RR intervals, on predictive accuracy. The study utilizes the cardiorespiratory data acquired through wearable sensors while practising sports, including 126 recordings from 81 participants (53 males, 28 females) engaged in 10 different sports. Physiological signals were collected at 1 Hz using the BioHarness 3.0 (Zephyr Technology, Mangaluru, India). The dataset includes individuals with varied levels of sports experience (beginner, intermediate, and advanced), allowing for a more comprehensive evaluation of HR variability across different expertise levels. Our results demonstrate that the hybrid SSA-LSTM model reaches the lowest prediction error by effectively capturing HR dynamics. Furthermore, integrating HR, BR, and RR data significantly enhances accuracy over single or dual parameter inputs. These findings support adopting multivariate machine learning models for health monitoring, improving HR prediction accuracy for fitness and preventive healthcare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Physiology in Exercise, Health and Sports Performance)

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11 pages, 1854 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Hematological Adaptations to Altitude Training in Female Water Polo Players: A Case Report of a World Championships Medal-Winning Team

by Iñigo Mujika, Jocelyn Mara, Irina Zelenkova, Rodrigo Zacca and David B. Pyne

Sports 2025, 13(3), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030086 - 12 Mar 2025

Viewed by 1658

Abstract

Background: The effective monitoring of athletes’ adaptation is crucial to optimize the outcomes of altitude camps and minimize the risk of maladaptation to the hypoxic stress and intensive training. This case report assessed the hematological adaptations in 22 world-class female water polo players [...] Read more.

Background: The effective monitoring of athletes’ adaptation is crucial to optimize the outcomes of altitude camps and minimize the risk of maladaptation to the hypoxic stress and intensive training. This case report assessed the hematological adaptations in 22 world-class female water polo players during a 16-day ‘live high-train high’ (LHTH) altitude camp (2320 m) and evaluated the differences between selected (n = 13) and non-selected (n = 9) players and between playing positions. Methods: Hematological parameters, including total hemoglobin mass (tHB_mass) and blood volume, were measured before and after the camp. Resting heart rate, peripheral oxygen saturation, body mass, fatigue, and sleep were monitored daily. Results: Relative tHb_mass increased PRE to POST (5.4 ± 5.1%, range −3.9–20.2), but blood volume did not change (p = 0.797). Erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red cell distribution width increased PRE–POST (p < 0.001, ES = 1.21–2.69), while mean corpuscular volume and hemoglobin decreased (p < 0.001, ES = 0.51 and 0.72, respectively). No substantial differences were observed in the hematological parameters between selected and non-selected players. There was a large difference in the change in relative blood volume between centers (n = 4, PRE 74.1 ± 5.4, POST 69.7 ± 5.9 mL/kg; mean ± SD) and field players (n = 15, PRE 80.8 ± 10.6, POST 82.8 ± 6.8 mL/kg; adj p = 0.046, ES = 1.15) and between centers and goalkeepers (n = 3, PRE 89.7 ± 9.6, POST 82.0 ± 7.1 mL/kg; adj p = 0.046, ES = 1.62). Conclusions: A 16-day LHTH camp can induce favorable hematological adaptations in world-class women’s water polo players, without substantial differences between selected and non-selected players, and larger increases in field players. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Science and Medicine in Swimming)

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10 pages, 201 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Use of Generalizability Theory to Optimize Countermovement Jump Data Collection

by Alan Huebner, Jonathon R. Lever, Thomas W. Clark, Timothy J. Suchomel, Casey J. Metoyer, Jonathan D. Hauenstein and John P. Wagle

Sports 2025, 13(3), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030085 - 12 Mar 2025

Viewed by 646

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the reliability of countermovement jump (CMJ) performance metrics across five NCAA Division I varsity sports using Generalizability Theory (G-Theory). Three hundred male athletes from football, hockey, baseball, soccer, and lacrosse performed three or more CMJs on dual-force platforms. [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the reliability of countermovement jump (CMJ) performance metrics across five NCAA Division I varsity sports using Generalizability Theory (G-Theory). Three hundred male athletes from football, hockey, baseball, soccer, and lacrosse performed three or more CMJs on dual-force platforms. G-Theory was applied to identify variance components and determine reliability coefficients (Φ) for 14 key metrics. Metrics requiring more than three jumps to achieve Φ 0.80 were deemed unreliable. Metric reliability varied by sport and phase of movement. Metrics associated with the eccentric phase (e.g., Eccentric Duration, Deceleration Rate of Force Development Asymmetry) demonstrated lower reliability, often requiring >3 jumps. Reliable metrics across sports included Phase 1 Concentric Impulse and Scaled Power, requiring three trials or fewer. CMJ reliability is sport- and metric-specific. Practitioners should prioritize reliable metrics and adjust protocols to balance data quality and practicality, particularly when monitoring eccentric characteristics. Full article

16 pages, 1411 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Social Dynamics Established Through Sport: Implications for the Sports Training of Young Brazilian Basketball Athletes

by Larissa Fernanda Porto Maciel, Sergio José Ibáñez, Mariana Klauck Beirith and Alexandra Folle

Sports 2025, 13(3), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030084 - 10 Mar 2025

Viewed by 455

Abstract

This article aims to identify the influence of the social dynamics experienced by basketball players, specifically the type of support and help they received during their formative years in the sport. To this end, we conducted a mixed-method study with a sequential explanatory [...] Read more.

This article aims to identify the influence of the social dynamics experienced by basketball players, specifically the type of support and help they received during their formative years in the sport. To this end, we conducted a mixed-method study with a sequential explanatory design. Quantitative data were collected from Brazilian athletes aged 18 and 19 (n = 141), followed by in-depth interviews with 24 athletes. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to determine the differences between the age groups, and the association between the qualitative variables was analyzed using the Chi² test, which was aided by the SPSS statistical program. Thematic analysis guided the coding and analysis of the qualitative data. The results showed that the family provided support at all formative stages, with the type and amount of the support supplied changing over time. Three types of support provided by family members were identified, with emotional and tangible support being more prevalent up to age 17. In contrast, informational support was more prominent in the final phase of sports training. Peers mainly provided emotional and informational support, especially from the age of 15. The results showed that the club, school, and coaches supported the athletes to keep playing basketball, usually through transportation, scholarships, food, and athlete grants. These findings provide valuable information on the dynamic nature of social relationships in the athlete development process. They also show that the support offered influences the wider environment to optimize or hinder athletic development in basketball. There is still a long way to go in understanding the social dynamics within the complex development processes in sports. Longitudinal studies with ecological, conceptual, and methodological approaches that provide a more integrative, complementary, holistic, and contextualized view of the influence of social dynamics on athlete training and sports participation could be an avenue to explore in future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity, and Adolescent Health: Challenges and Opportunities)

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11 pages, 221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploration of Factors Predicting Sport Coaches’ Perceived Performance

by Kathrine Lervold, Jan Arvid Haugan, Maja Gunhild Olsen Østerås and Frode Moen

Sports 2025, 13(3), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030083 - 10 Mar 2025

Viewed by 691

Abstract

This study explores the predictive factors influencing sport coaches’ perceived performance levels following an 18-month mentor-based education program. The study employed a quasi-experimental, pre-test/post-test control group design to assess changes in perceived coach performance over time. The experimental group participated in six group [...] Read more.

This study explores the predictive factors influencing sport coaches’ perceived performance levels following an 18-month mentor-based education program. The study employed a quasi-experimental, pre-test/post-test control group design to assess changes in perceived coach performance over time. The experimental group participated in six group gatherings and at least 15 individual mentoring sessions over 18 months, while the control group received no intervention. Participants were recruited from a non-formal coach education program run by the Norwegian Olympic Sports Center (NOSC), requiring recommendations from their respective sport federations. Of the 159 coaches who applied, 73 were selected for the program and invited to participate, along with 29 additional coaches from specialized high schools for elite sports, forming a total sample of 98 coaches (69 in the experimental group, 29 in the control group) at pre-test. The sample consisted of 61 males (62%) and 37 females (38%), aged 26 to 71 years (M = 38.3, SD = 8.3), representing over 20 sports, with handball (15.3%), cross-country skiing (10.2%), soccer (7.1%), and track and field (7.1%) being the most common. Data collection included an online questionnaire measuring perceived coach performance, coaching hours, age, and dimensions of the coach–athlete working alliance (task, bond, and goal development). After 18 months, 75 coaches completed the study, yielding a response rate of 73.5%. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that coaches’ ages, weekly coaching hours, baseline perceived performance, and task development within the coach–athlete working alliance positively predicted their performance perception post-test. Participation in the mentor-based program also had a significant positive effect. However, neither bond nor goal development in the working alliance predicted performance perception. These findings underscore the importance of mentoring, structured self-reflection, and task-focused coaching strategies in enhancing coaching effectiveness. The results have implications for coach education programs seeking to foster professional growth and performance development. Full article

5 pages, 152 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Breaking Barriers in Interdisciplinary Research: The Case for a Unified Approach in Sports Science and Public Health

by Andrew M. Lane and Richard B. Kreider

Sports 2025, 13(3), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030082 - 10 Mar 2025

Viewed by 1178

Abstract

There has been a long-standing call in the sports and exercise sciences for researchers to adopt an interdisciplinary approach [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Sports: Feature Papers in the Interdisciplinary Papers of Sport Sciences and Public Health)

14 pages, 3028 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Efficacy of Soleus Push-Up in Individuals with Prediabetes: A Pilot Study

by Dávid Elek, Miklós Tóth, Balázs Sonkodi, Pongrác Ács, Gábor L. Kovács, Péter Tardi and Csaba Melczer

Sports 2025, 13(3), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030081 - 10 Mar 2025

Viewed by 1255

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Hamilton and colleagues invented the soleus push-up exercise and showed that this exercise method was successful in reducing postprandial blood glucose levels in sedentary individuals. The objective of the current pilot study was to assess the efficacy of the soleus push-up in [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Hamilton and colleagues invented the soleus push-up exercise and showed that this exercise method was successful in reducing postprandial blood glucose levels in sedentary individuals. The objective of the current pilot study was to assess the efficacy of the soleus push-up in individuals with prediabetes and to evaluate the feasibility of incorporating this exercise method into their daily routine. Methods: Ten participants (mean age: 53.3 ± 2.7 years; four females, six males) with prediabetes were included in the study. Initially, participants underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) while being sedentary to establish baseline postprandial blood glucose measurements. During a subsequent OGTT, participants concurrently performed the soleus push-up (SPU) exercise either with or without electromyographic (EMG) feedback. Blood glucose levels were measured at 15 min intervals over the two-hour duration of both OGTTs. Results: We observed that performing the SPU in a sitting position during the oral glucose tolerance test resulted in approximately a 32% reduction in postprandial glucose excursion compared to the sedentary baseline results. This effect was also present in the absence of EMG feedback. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that this repetitive, prolonged contractile muscle activity can improve metabolic regulation in prediabetic individuals without the need for a laboratory setting. SPU may be a viable and effective exercise to support metabolic health in home or work environments. However, further validation is needed with a larger sample size. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Muscle Metabolism, Fatigue and Recovery During Exercise Training)

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11 pages, 992 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Beyond the Handicap: A Cross-Sectional Study of Mental Health Amongst Registered Golfers in Spain

by P. Martín-Escudero, M. Fuentes-Ferrer, F. Peinado Miguel and E. Jiménez-Herranz

Sports 2025, 13(3), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030080 - 7 Mar 2025

Viewed by 729

Abstract

The prevalence of impaired mental health (MH) has increased in recent decades. The aim of the study was to analyze the prevalence of impaired MH amongst registered Spanish golfers using the GHQ-28 questionnaire. A cross-sectional online survey was carried out in Spain between [...] Read more.

The prevalence of impaired mental health (MH) has increased in recent decades. The aim of the study was to analyze the prevalence of impaired MH amongst registered Spanish golfers using the GHQ-28 questionnaire. A cross-sectional online survey was carried out in Spain between March and August 2024 using a self-administered questionnaire on 298 adult participants. The participants were mainly men (75.1%) over 60 years of age (50.7%) who were married or with a partner (79.5%), and who were active in the job market (56%). Of the participants, 73.5% reported an improvement in MH levels attributed to the game, and 77.2% recommended golf as a way to improve MH. The prevalence of impaired MH was 6.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.1–10.2%). Differences in impaired MH were found according to age (<=45 years: 28.6%; 46–60 years: 5.0% and >60 years: 4.0%; p = 0.001), marital status (married or with a partner: 4.6% vs. other: 14.8%; p = 0.009) and time of play (morning: 3.3% vs. other: 10.3%; p = 0.015). The prevalence of impaired MH detected was low and these results indicated that such playing habits and characteristics may have a positive impact on the mental wellbeing of golf players. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Physical Exercise Impacts on Human Physical and Psychological Health)

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9 pages, 242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of a 24-Week Combined Circuit Training and Mobility Program on the Physical Fitness and Body Composition of an Adult Academic Community

by Lorenzo Pugliese, Chiara Tuccella, Gabriele Maisto, Emanuele D’Angelo, Simona Delle Monache, Maria Scatigna, Maria Helena Rodrigues Moreira, Valerio Bonavolontà and Maria Giulia Vinciguerra

Sports 2025, 13(3), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030079 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 596

Abstract

Workplace physical activity programs (WPAPs) are increasingly being recognized for improving employee health, though the results remain inconsistent. Universities provide favorable settings for WPAPs. This study examined the effects of a 24-week circuit training and mobility program on the physical fitness (PF) and [...] Read more.

Workplace physical activity programs (WPAPs) are increasingly being recognized for improving employee health, though the results remain inconsistent. Universities provide favorable settings for WPAPs. This study examined the effects of a 24-week circuit training and mobility program on the physical fitness (PF) and body composition of university employees. Thirty-eight university employees (9 males and 29 females; 51.5 ± 12.6 years) followed a 24-week training program consisting of two circuit training sessions and one mobility session per week. PF (including cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), grip strength, shoulder mobility, core endurance, lower limb strength, and balance) body composition, anthropometric variables, and physical activity (PA) levels were assessed at baseline (T0), 12 weeks (T1), and 24 weeks (T2). CRF, strength, mobility, and core endurance significantly improved. A body composition analysis indicated a decrease in fat mass and an increase in lean mass at T2. Minor changes were observed in anthropometric variables. Furthermore, PA levels increased throughout the intervention. The 24-week WPAP improved the PF and body composition of university employees. Full article

14 pages, 651 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Recombinant Human Erythropoietin Effects on Well-Trained Athletes’ Endurance Performance: A Systematic Review

by Aitor Alberdi-Garciandia and Jordan Santos-Concejero

Sports 2025, 13(3), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030078 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 1155

Abstract

The use of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) has been found to improve different cardiopulmonary-related variables that ultimately enhance endurance performance. The main goal of this systematic review was to analyze the hematological, physiological, and performance effects (both maximal and submaximal) of rHuEPO in [...] Read more.

The use of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) has been found to improve different cardiopulmonary-related variables that ultimately enhance endurance performance. The main goal of this systematic review was to analyze the hematological, physiological, and performance effects (both maximal and submaximal) of rHuEPO in well-trained endurance athletes. A literature search was conducted in three different databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) on 20 January 2025; including studies published from 1 January 2010 to the search date. After analyzing 985 resultant articles and 5 records identified outside of the databases through citation tracking, 10 studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in the systematic review. We found that, regardless of the total dose of rHuEPO used, this substance improves the main hematological (total hemoglobin mass, hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit) and physiological (maximal oxygen uptake and peak oxygen uptake) parameters, while the maximal performance-related parameters (mainly, maximal power output, and peak power output) also tend to increase. However, further research is needed to determine if rHuEPO can also improve submaximal parameters, which are also major determinants of performance in endurance sports. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological Effects of Sports on the Cardiopulmonary System)

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17 pages, 847 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Context Matters: Extra-Personal Factors Underlying Concussion Reporting in University Athletes

by William Archambault and Dave Ellemberg

Sports 2025, 13(3), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030077 - 5 Mar 2025

Viewed by 417

Abstract

Gaps remain in our understanding of which factors contribute to concussion disclosure and how they contribute to this process, thereby limiting our ability to improve disclosure. This study aimed to characterize the most relevant extra-personal determinants of SC disclosure and to describe their [...] Read more.

Gaps remain in our understanding of which factors contribute to concussion disclosure and how they contribute to this process, thereby limiting our ability to improve disclosure. This study aimed to characterize the most relevant extra-personal determinants of SC disclosure and to describe their influence on the disclosure process. To that aim, the first author conducted substantive qualitative interviews with nine university student–athletes and analyzed their content via constant comparative analysis (guided by Straussian grounded theory). Eleven (11) extra-personal concepts influencing concussion reporting were identified and described across two categories: Contextual Incentives and Socio-Cultural Pressures. These findings suggest that each identified concept can individually shape the context around the injury, creating either higher-stakes conditions that deter disclosure or lower-stakes conditions that encourage it. Further, the results posit that these concepts interact and collectively influence athletes’ decision-making process by modulating the perceived stakes of disclosing a concussion. If these findings hold true in more diverse populations and contexts, they suggest that adapting concussion prevention efforts to consider these contextual variables could improve SC disclosure. This study also highlights the benefits of using qualitative methods in the investigation of concussion reporting. Full article

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16 pages, 1943 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a 30 K Military Loaded Carriage on the Neuromuscular System in Spanish Army Marines

by Beltrán Cáceres-Diego, Cristian Marín-Pagán, Pablo Martínez de Baños and Pedro E. Alcaraz

Sports 2025, 13(3), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030076 - 5 Mar 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 467

Abstract

Infantry soldiers must cover long distances carrying heavy and bulky combat equipment. Since the beginning of their training, Spanish Marines have undergone this characteristic and demanding test. However, little is known about its effects on neuromuscular function and recovery in the days following [...] Read more.

Infantry soldiers must cover long distances carrying heavy and bulky combat equipment. Since the beginning of their training, Spanish Marines have undergone this characteristic and demanding test. However, little is known about its effects on neuromuscular function and recovery in the days following the test. Twenty-six Spanish Marines completed the test, three of whom suffered injuries and had to withdraw from the study, resulting in a final sample of twenty-three Marines. These participants underwent evaluations before (pre), immediately after (post), and 24 and 48 h post-exercise, following a 30 km endurance march carrying their 34 kg combat equipment. A repeated-measures ANOVA, paired-samples t-test, and effect size (ES) analysis were conducted; the results are presented as mean ± SD. The significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05. The variables and p-values of changes over time are presented. Isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) (p = 0.004), countermovement jump (CMJ) (p ≤ 0.001), rating of fatigue scale (ROF) (p ≤ 0.001), maximum pull-ups in two minutes (PUmax) (p ≤ 0.001), body mass (BM) (p ≤ 0.001), hand grip strength (HGS): dominant (p = 0.180) and non-dominant (p = 0.616), and incident reports (IRPE) showed a significant increase over time and between the first 10 km and last 5 km in fatigue, muscle pain, joint pain, shortness of breath, excessive sweating (p ≤ 0.001), and muscle tremors (p = 0.028), except for palpitations (p = 0.189). In conclusion, the results indicate that the test had a significant impact on neuromuscular function, with no recovery observed in overall strength and lower limb power after 48 h, even though their perceived fatigue decreased substantially. The resilient spirit of operational military units and their philosophy of always being ready for combat could increase the injury rate. Full article

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21 pages, 2371 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Topics of Study in Under-18 Padel Categories: A Scoping Review

by Iván Martín-Miguel, Diego Muñoz, Rafael Conde-Ripoll, Álvaro Bustamante-Sánchez, Bernardino J. Sánchez-Alcaraz and Adrián Escudero-Tena

Sports 2025, 13(3), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030075 - 4 Mar 2025

Viewed by 501

Abstract

The aim of this scoping review was to examine the existing literature on padel among young players (under 18) and classify its main research areas. A systematic search in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science identified 16 studies on teaching methodologies, psychological characteristics, [...] Read more.

The aim of this scoping review was to examine the existing literature on padel among young players (under 18) and classify its main research areas. A systematic search in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science identified 16 studies on teaching methodologies, psychological characteristics, physiological demands, physical attributes, and gameplay parameters. This review provides the first comprehensive synthesis of research on youth padel. The findings suggest that a search-based teaching methodology enhances skill acquisition more effectively than traditional methods. Modifying the court dimensions (20 × 10 m to 10 × 6 m) and ball pressure optimizes learning in early training (~8–10 years). At advanced levels, training with professional players increases motivation and performance. The psychological analysis shows higher self-confidence and lower cognitive and somatic anxiety, with boys exhibiting greater somatic anxiety than girls, highlighting the need for sex-specific psychological strategies. The physiological findings establish reference values, with a higher VO2max in boys and younger players. In physical performance, boys outperform girls in terms of jump height and strength, while girls excel in agility. The gameplay analysis reveals that the rally duration increases with the skill level (7–9 s in beginners, 9–12 s in national players), the stroke frequency varies by level (from 4 at initiation level to 6–9 at regional and national levels), and there are differences in specific technical actions (forehand and backhand for initiation level, volleys for advanced level, and bandeja to finish points). From a practical standpoint, these insights can help coaches to tailor training strategies by considering a player’s age, sex, and competitive level, optimizing youth padel performance. Full article

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20 pages, 1100 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sprinters’ and Marathon Runners’ Performances Are Better Explained by Muscle Fibers’ Percentage Cross-Sectional Area than Any Other Parameter of Muscle Fiber Composition

by Spyridon Methenitis, Angeliki-Nikoletta Stasinaki, Thomas Mpampoulis, Constantinos Papadopoulos, Giorgos Papadimas, Nikolaos Zaras and Gerasimos Terzis

Sports 2025, 13(3), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030074 - 4 Mar 2025

Viewed by 1917

Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between muscle fiber type variables and sprinting, jumping, strength, power and endurance performances in sprinters and marathon runners. Furthermore, the study explored which muscle fiber type variable influences athletes’ performance the most and which variable [...] Read more.

The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between muscle fiber type variables and sprinting, jumping, strength, power and endurance performances in sprinters and marathon runners. Furthermore, the study explored which muscle fiber type variable influences athletes’ performance the most and which variable discriminates sprinters from marathon runners. Body composition, vastus lateralis muscle fiber composition, sprinting, jumping, strength, maximum isometric force, rate of force development and endurance performance were assessed in well-trained sprinters (n = 15; age: 24.7 ± 4.1 years; body mass: 82.7 ± 8.8 kg; body fat: 11.3 ± 4.2%) and marathon runners (n = 15; age: 26.1 ± 3.2 years; body mass: 69.7 ± 4.3 kg; body fat: 9.5 ± 3.3%). Significant correlations were observed between muscle fiber composition variables and performances (r = −0.848 to 0.902; p < 0.05), with percentage cross-sectional areas (%CSAs) showing the strongest associations. Regression analyses confirmed %CSAs as the strongest predictors of performance (R²: 0.796–0.978; p < 0.001; B coefficients: −0.293–0.985), while discriminant analysis accurately differentiated sprinters from marathon runners (100%, p < 0.001) by only using athletes’ muscle fibers’ %CSAs. In conclusion, muscle fibers’ %CSAs may be the most critical variables for explaining and distinguishing sprinters’ and marathon runners’ performances. Full article

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5 pages, 148 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Biomechanics and Sports Performances

by Valerio Giustino and Antonino Patti

Sports 2025, 13(3), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030073 - 4 Mar 2025

Viewed by 831

Abstract

Biomechanics is the application of the principles of mechanics to humans; that is, the study of the motion of bodies and the causes that determine it [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics and Sports Performances)

12 pages, 671 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptations of the Autonomic Nervous System and Body Composition After 8 Weeks of Specific Training and Nutritional Re-Education in Amateur Muay Thai Fighters: A Clinical Trial

by Antonio Beira de Andrade Junior, Elena Marie Peixoto Ruthes de Andrade, Guilherme Rodrigues de Souza and Agnaldo José Lopes

Sports 2025, 13(3), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030072 - 3 Mar 2025

Viewed by 683

Abstract

Background: Considering that the nervous system regulates cardiac autonomic modulation (CAM) and that low CAM is associated with poorer performance, it is essential to evaluate the effects of training to increase parasympathetic modulation in Muay Thai (MT) fighters. Therefore, the aim of this [...] Read more.

Background: Considering that the nervous system regulates cardiac autonomic modulation (CAM) and that low CAM is associated with poorer performance, it is essential to evaluate the effects of training to increase parasympathetic modulation in Muay Thai (MT) fighters. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an 8-week intervention based on strength training and nutritional counseling on performance, CAM, and nutritional status in amateur MT fighters. Methods: This is a longitudinal and interventional study in which 22 MT fighters underwent a strength training program and nutritional protocol. Before and after the intervention, they underwent the ten-second frequency speed of kick test (FSKT-10s), multiple frequency speed of kick test (FSKT-mult), bioimpedance analysis (BIA), and assessment of heart rate variability. Results: After the intervention, there was an increase in the number of kicks in both FSKT-10s and FSKT-mult (p = 0.0008 and p = 0.032, respectively). In BIA, there was a significant increase in both fat-free mass and basal metabolic rate (p = 0.031 and p = 0.020, respectively). After the intervention, significant increases were observed during the physical test in the following variables that denote improvement in parasympathetic modulation: square root of the mean squared differences of successive RR intervals (p = 0.005); percentage of adjacent RR intervals with a difference in duration greater than 50 ms (p = 0.002); high frequency range (p < 0.0001); and standard deviation measuring the dispersion of points in the plot perpendicular to the line of identity (p = 0.004). Conclusions: In amateur MT fighters, an intervention with strength training and nutritional guidance is able to improve CAM through greater parasympathetic activation. Furthermore, there is an improvement in performance and body composition after the intervention. Full article

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12 pages, 2366 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Reliability of a Novel Eye Tracking Test to Measure Fatigue in Athletes

by Anthea Clarke, Clare MacMahon, Todd Pickering and Matthew Driller

Sports 2025, 13(3), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030071 - 3 Mar 2025

Viewed by 477

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The study had two objectives: first, to assess the intra- and inter-day reliability of a novel eye tracking device (EyeGuide Focus) in healthy adults; and second, to explore its applicability in measuring fatigue associated with physical strain, pre- and post-rugby match. These [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The study had two objectives: first, to assess the intra- and inter-day reliability of a novel eye tracking device (EyeGuide Focus) in healthy adults; and second, to explore its applicability in measuring fatigue associated with physical strain, pre- and post-rugby match. These objectives were investigated in a two-part study. Methods: For Part A, 20 healthy participants (M_age ± SD = 30 ± 7 years) completed morning and afternoon testing with the EyeGuide Focus over two consecutive days (Day 1 and Day 2) and one day a week later (Day 8). For Part B, 12 female participants (M_age ± SD = 25 ± 5 years) completed EyeGuide Focus measurements pre- and post-rugby union match. Results: The results indicate moderate-to-high intra-day and inter-day reliability (ICCs 0.58–0.79). Fatigue induced by a rugby union match did not significantly alter EyeGuide Focus scores (p > 0.05), suggesting stability in measurements despite physical exertion. Conclusions: The sensitivity of the EyeGuide Focus to minor variations in fatigue warrants further investigation as a tool to aid monitoring and performance. Full article

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13 pages, 1519 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intensity vs. Volume in Professional Soccer: Comparing Congested and Non-Congested Periods in Competitive and Training Contexts Using Worst-Case Scenarios

by Tom Douchet, Antoine Michel, Julien Verdier, Nicolas Babault, Marius Gosset and Benoit Delaval

Sports 2025, 13(3), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030070 - 27 Feb 2025

Viewed by 919

Abstract

Background: Understanding the balance between intensity and volume during training and competition is crucial for optimizing players’ performance and recovery in professional soccer. While worst-case scenarios (WCSs) are commonly used to assess peak match demands, little is known about how the time spent [...] Read more.

Background: Understanding the balance between intensity and volume during training and competition is crucial for optimizing players’ performance and recovery in professional soccer. While worst-case scenarios (WCSs) are commonly used to assess peak match demands, little is known about how the time spent within WCS thresholds varies across congested and non-congested periods, especially when considering differences in playing time. This study examines the time spent at different percentages of WCSs during congested and non-congested periods for players with lower and higher playing times throughout training sessions and matches. Methods: Data were collected from a professional soccer team across a congested and non-congested match period. Twenty players were divided into two groups based on playing time: the top 10 playing times (PT 1–10) and the bottom 10 playing times (PT 11–20). WCS thresholds for total distance (TD) and the distance covered above 20 km·h⁻¹ (D20) were quantified in 10% increments, starting from 50% and increasing up to >100%. The time spent at each threshold was compared between periods and groups for the integrated soccer exercises performed during all training sessions. Repeated measures of ANOVA were used to analyze differences between playing time groups and periods. Results: During training, players spent significantly more time within the 50–90% WCS TD and WCS D20 thresholds during non-congested periods compared to congested periods (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in the time spent for >90% of the WCSs between periods (p > 0.05). Both PT 1–10 and PT 11–20 groups exhibited similar patterns of WCS achievement, with small effect sizes observed for a few indicators. Conclusion: Coaches should design training sessions that replicate or exceed match demands, particularly during non-congested periods. Future strategies should integrate larger-sided games with longer durations and dissociated contents to better individualize and optimize training loads, especially for non-starters. Full article

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13 pages, 2139 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Epidemiology of Injuries and Illnesses During SailGP Season 4: A Prospective Cohort Study

by Thomas Fallon, Hélène Rousselon and Neil Heron

Sports 2025, 13(3), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030069 - 27 Feb 2025

Viewed by 507

Abstract

Introduction: Sailing is a high-intensity sport that demands a combination of physical strength, endurance, and technical skill. Sail Grand Prix (SailGP), inaugurated in 2019, epitomises a transformative approach to professional sailing. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of injury and illness [...] Read more.

Introduction: Sailing is a high-intensity sport that demands a combination of physical strength, endurance, and technical skill. Sail Grand Prix (SailGP), inaugurated in 2019, epitomises a transformative approach to professional sailing. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of injury and illness epidemiology among SailGP elite sailors, comparing injury and illness types and locations across different sailing activities. Methods: This prospective cohort study analysed injury and illness data from professional sailors throughout season 4 (2023/2024) of the professional sailing league. Data were collected on the number of hours spent in training, racing, and foiling, alongside injury reports, categorising injury types and locations. Incidence rates were calculated per 1000 h of sailing and 365 athlete days. Injuries were stratified by sex, position on the boat, and specific sailing activities to provide a detailed comparison. Results: A total of 100 sailors participated in the Sail GP 2024 season, accumulating 4919.84 h of recorded sailing activity: 2186.03 h in racing and 2733.80 h in training. The overall injury incidence rate was 9.96 per 1000 h of activity (95% CI: 7.17–12.75) and 7.43 per 365 athlete days (95% CI: 4.99–9.86). The injury rate was notably higher for foiling at 26.52 per 1000 h (95% CI: 19.09–33.94) compared to general sailing at 14.51 per 1000 h (95% CI: 10.44–18.57). Racing posed a greater injury risk than training, with an injury rate of 11.89 per 1000 h (95% CI: 7.77–16.46) compared to 8.41 per 1000 h for training (95% CI: 5.12–12.07). Grinders had the greatest rate of injuries at 3.86 (2.24, 5.69) injuries per 1000 h of sailing. The illness incidence rate was 5.14 per 1000 h (95% CI: 3.21–7.28), with respiratory illnesses being the most frequently reported. Conclusion: This study highlights the injury and illness risks amongst elite sailors in Sail GP. Males were at higher risk of injury, with the position of grinders being the most commonly injured. Ankle and knee injuries were the most prevalent. Future research should focus on developing sport-specific injury prevention programmes and examining long-term outcomes in sailors. Full article

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16 pages, 1303 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Activity Intensity and Learning Strategies in Students Aged 10 to 16: A Pilot Study

by Jose Luis Solas-Martínez, Alba Rusillo-Magdaleno, Alberto Ruiz-Ariza and Emilio J. Martínez-López

Sports 2025, 13(3), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030068 - 25 Feb 2025

Viewed by 480

Abstract

This study analyzed the relationship between time spent on daily physical activity at different intensities (light, moderate, and vigorous) and learning strategies in adolescents. The sample included 147 Spanish adolescents (62% girls, 13.61 ± 1.95 years). Learning strategies were assessed using the Motivated [...] Read more.

This study analyzed the relationship between time spent on daily physical activity at different intensities (light, moderate, and vigorous) and learning strategies in adolescents. The sample included 147 Spanish adolescents (62% girls, 13.61 ± 1.95 years). Learning strategies were assessed using the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ), while physical activity intensity was recorded via the Xiaomi Mi Band 4 smartband, which measured heart rate (HR). HR was categorized into light (rest–50% max HR), moderate (50–70% max HR), and vigorous (70–85% max HR). Adolescents who engaged in moderate-intensity activities for 46–62 min daily showed the highest scores in elaboration, critical thinking, and metacognitive self-regulation, with girls also excelling in effort regulation (all p < 0.05). Among boys, 3–6 min of vigorous activity per day was linked to higher scores in elaboration, organization, critical thinking, peer learning, and rehearsal. Conversely, girls engaging in less than 3 min of vigorous activity obtained the highest scores in critical thinking and peer learning (all p < 0.05). It is recommended that students engage in 60 min of daily moderate-intensity physical activity. Additionally, short 5-min vigorous-intensity sessions should be encouraged in both boys and girls to enhance learning benefits and reduce social barriers to high-intensity exercise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Education, Exercise, and Sports Interventions on Children and Adolescent Cognition and Academic Achievement)

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11 pages, 507 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Comparative Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training and Traditional Resistance Training on Hormonal Responses in Young Women: A 10-Week Intervention Study

by Wael Ramadan, Chrysovalantou E. Xirouchaki and Abdel-Hady El-Gilany

Sports 2025, 13(3), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030067 - 25 Feb 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1526

Abstract

Background: Hormonal levels in women are influenced by exercise intensity and modality. Methods: This 10-week study compared high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and traditional resistance training (TRT) in 72 young women. Hormonal levels (estrogen, testosterone, FSH, prolactin, and LH) were measured pre- and post-intervention. [...] Read more.

Background: Hormonal levels in women are influenced by exercise intensity and modality. Methods: This 10-week study compared high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and traditional resistance training (TRT) in 72 young women. Hormonal levels (estrogen, testosterone, FSH, prolactin, and LH) were measured pre- and post-intervention. Results: Both groups showed significant increases in estrogen (HIIT: 150%; TRT: 72.3%) and decreases in testosterone (HIIT: 58%; TRT: 49%), FSH (HIIT: 6%; TRT: 7.7%), and PL (HIIT: 5%; TRT: 2.1%). There are no significant changes in LH. Conclusions: HIIT and TRT effectively modulate hormonal profiles, potentially benefiting reproductive and metabolic health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Benefits of Physical Activity and Exercise to Human Health)

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11 pages, 251 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Maximising Triathlon Health and Performance: The State of the Art

by Veronica Vleck and Maria Francesca Piacentini

Sports 2025, 13(3), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030066 - 21 Feb 2025

Viewed by 529

Abstract

It is with great pleasure that Professor Piacentini and I present this closing Editorial for the Special Issue of Sports on “Maximising Triathlon Health and Performance: The State of the Art” [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maximising Triathlon Health and Performance: the State of the Art)

18 pages, 1317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of Home-Based Stretching and Strengthening Training for Improving Flexibility, Strength, and Physical Function in Older Adults with Leg Tightness and/or Suspected Sarcopenia

by Pornpimol Muanjai, Sirawee Chaovalit, Nongnuch Luangpon, Wirasinee Srijunto, Pongrung Chancharoen, Juntip Namsawang, Piyapong Prasertsri, Sigitas Kamandulis, Tomas Venckunas and Orachorn Boonla

Sports 2025, 13(3), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030065 - 21 Feb 2025

Viewed by 898

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The aim of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of flexibility or strengthening exercises to improve flexibility, strength, muscle architecture, and functional performance in older adults with leg tightness and/or suspected sarcopenia. Methods: Ninety adults with leg tightness and/or suspected [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The aim of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of flexibility or strengthening exercises to improve flexibility, strength, muscle architecture, and functional performance in older adults with leg tightness and/or suspected sarcopenia. Methods: Ninety adults with leg tightness and/or suspected sarcopenia (age: 66.8 ± 4.9 years) were randomly allocated to two subtypes of intervention at home: resistance-band exercise (RE) or eccentric exercise (ECC) for those with weakness; static or dynamic stretching for those with tightness; and static stretching plus ECC or no exercise for those with both muscle tightness and weakness. The program consisted of 3–6 weekly sessions over eight weeks. Blinded outcome assessments before and after the eight-week program and at the three-month follow-up included mobility performance via Timed Up-and-Go (TUG), and flexibility and strength tests, as well as measurement of stiffness. Results: All groups had increased peak torque after eight weeks and improved TUG at the three-month follow-up (p < 0.05). Improved plantar flexor strength persisted at the three-month follow-up (p = 0.009). In addition, the RE and ECC groups had increased muscle thickness by 4.0 and 8.7% after eight weeks (p < 0.05). Hamstring flexibility increased in all exercise groups, except the RE group. Moreover, all six groups showed improved calf flexibility, whereas no changes in stiffness were noted. Conclusions: Increases in mobility performance, strength, and flexibility appeared due to learning effects and increased physical activity, rather than the specific training impact. However, strength-based programs may be recommended for older adults with suspected sarcopenia, as they provide additional benefits, such as short-lasting muscle hypertrophy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Benefits of Physical Activity and Exercise to Human Health)

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13 pages, 3202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Adding Facial Immersion to Chest-Level Water Immersion on Vagally-Mediated Heart Rate Variability

by Tina L. Baus, Stefan P. Ackermann and Sylvain Laborde

Sports 2025, 13(3), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030064 - 21 Feb 2025

Viewed by 717

Abstract

Recent studies have shown that both facial immersion and head-out water immersion up to the chest (HOIC) positively influence cardiac vagal activity, as indexed non-invasively through vagally mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV). While facial immersion activates the diving reflex, HOIC induces effects via [...] Read more.

Recent studies have shown that both facial immersion and head-out water immersion up to the chest (HOIC) positively influence cardiac vagal activity, as indexed non-invasively through vagally mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV). While facial immersion activates the diving reflex, HOIC induces effects via hydrostatic pressure, each engaging distinct physiological mechanisms. This study aims to investigate whether combining facial immersion with HOIC results in an additional increase in vmHRV. In total, the vmHRV [log10RMSSD] of 37 participants (14 females, M_age = 23.8; SD_age = 4.4 years) was assessed under two conditions, with resting and recovery measurements taken before and after each condition. The first condition involved HOIC alone (M = 1.97, SD = 0.27), followed by HOIC combined with facial immersion (M = 1.87, SD = 0.29). HOIC alone significantly increased RMSSD compared to baseline (p < 0.001); however, no additional increase was observed when facial immersion was added (p = 0.436). This suggests that, while HOIC effectively increases vmHRV, the addition of facial immersion does not provide any further enhancement under the conditions tested. Potential methodological limitations, such as the absence of breath holding, variability in immersion depth, and the use of thermoneutral water temperatures, may have influenced the outcomes and warrant further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Physiology in Exercise, Health and Sports Performance)

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11 pages, 227 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rule Modification’s Effects on the Feedback Type Given by Coaches at Young Football Levels

by Lidia Martinez-Jiménez, Ricardo André Birrento-Aguiar, Verónica Marco-Cramer and Enrique Ortega-Toro

Sports 2025, 13(3), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030063 - 20 Feb 2025

Viewed by 357

Abstract

Background: An adapted competition should create a favourable environment to tailor the feedback provided to the needs of young athletes. The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of rule modification on the type of feedback given by coaches to young [...] Read more.

Background: An adapted competition should create a favourable environment to tailor the feedback provided to the needs of young athletes. The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of rule modification on the type of feedback given by coaches to young football players. Method: The study sample consisted of four under-10 male coaches from four Spanish teams. The analysis was conducted using a quasi-experimental A-B design, in which two tournaments were played: Tournament 1 with the official Spanish Football Federation (RFEF) rules and Tournament 2 with rule modifications. All the feedback provided by the group of coaches during the two tournaments was recorded, yielding a total of 4.386 for Tournament 1 and 3.728 for Tournament 2. Results: The results showed that in both tournaments, the predominant feedback from the coaches was individual, prescriptive, affective, and non-valuable. However, they indicated that the orientation of the feedback and its autonomy positively varied during the adapted competition. The data obtained align with the results of other studies on the type of feedback given by coaches, despite some differing from scientific recommendations. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the modified rule competition promoted changes in the type of feedback provided by the coaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting-Edge Research on Physical Fitness Profile in Soccer Players)

18 pages, 445 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Task-Oriented Basketball Training on Motor Skill-Related Fitness in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder

by Faiçal Farhat, Achraf Ammar, Nourhen Mezghani, Mohamed Moncef Kammoun, Khaled Trabelsi, Adnene Gharbi, Lassad Sallemi, Haithem Rebai, Wassim Moalla and Bouwien Smits-Engelsman

Sports 2025, 13(3), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030062 - 20 Feb 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 916

Abstract

Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood. DCD is classified as a motor learning deficit because it interferes with the ability to learn and automate movement skills. There is a lack of information on how these [...] Read more.

Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood. DCD is classified as a motor learning deficit because it interferes with the ability to learn and automate movement skills. There is a lack of information on how these children acquire complex motor skills relevant to their daily recreational or sports activities. Evidence to guide physical trainers, educators, and health professionals to select an effective type of training to improve physical fitness for children with poor motor coordination is scarce. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of an 8-week task-oriented basketball training program on motor coordination and motor skill-related fitness for DCD children in the school context. Motor performance and motor skill-related fitness were evaluated before and after the intervention using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2) and Performance and Fitness Test Battery (PERF-FIT). A total of 52 children with DCD aged 8 to 9 were invited to join the intervention. Parents of 18 children accepted for their child to participate in the training program. In the remaining children, 20 identified as the most similar based on the diagnostic criteria for DCD (DSM-5) and anthropometric features (age, BMI) and were asked to participate as the usual care group. The difference in improvement on the MABC-2 and the PERF-FIT between the two groups on the two test occasions was compared using Mann–Whitney U tests. Within-group pre-post comparison on these test items was performed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Significant differences in all performance scores were found in favor of the training group. Post-hoc analysis revealed that the DCD training group improved significantly on MABC-2 total and subscores (p < 0.001) and on all PERF-FIT items (p < 0.001). No significant changes were found on any of the test items in the DCD usual care group. Group-based training in a more natural environment (playing games with peers in school) might help children with DCD as an adjunct to or before individual therapy. Based on our findings, we believe it is possible to work in large groups (n = 18), led by trained physical education teachers and special educators, to lessen the impact of motor coordination and physical fitness problems in children with neurodevelopmental disorders so that they can participate more easily in active games. Results of the usual care group showed that extra instruction and practice are needed for children with DCD. Full article

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11 pages, 210 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neuropsychological Performance: How Mental Health Drives Attentional Function in University-Level Football Athletes

by Sacha Assadourian, Dima Daher, Catherine Leclerc, Antony Branco Lopes and Arnaud Saj

Sports 2025, 13(3), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030061 - 20 Feb 2025

Viewed by 459

Abstract

This preliminary study investigates the potential relationship between electrophysiological profiles measured by quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) and attentional performance in 34 university American football players. QEEG data revealed patterns associated with burnout, chronic pain, and insomnia among the athletes. Attentional performance was generally average, [...] Read more.

This preliminary study investigates the potential relationship between electrophysiological profiles measured by quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) and attentional performance in 34 university American football players. QEEG data revealed patterns associated with burnout, chronic pain, and insomnia among the athletes. Attentional performance was generally average, but players exhibited faster reaction times in the alertness task without warning, fewer errors in the sustained attention task, and lower scores in the divided attention task, favoring visual information over auditory information. Significant negative correlations emerged between QEEG profiles associated with burnout, ADHD, depression, and anxiety and specific attentional subcomponents. These findings suggest a link between mental health-related brain activity and attentional performance. In a clinical context, they emphasize the need for early detection and intervention in mental health problems. This might improve cognitive performance and well-being in athletes. However, due to the small sample size and the lack of a control group, these results are considered preliminary, and further research is required to confirm and expand on these associations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Interdisciplinary Approaches to Sports in the 21st Century)

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Sports, Volume 13, Issue 3 (March 2025) – 29 articles

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