Behavioral Sciences

13 pages, 250 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study of Differences in Enjoyment, Exercise Commitment, and Intention to Continue Participation Among Age Groups of Adult Amateur Golfers

by Hye Jin Yang, Ji-Hye Yang, Chulhwan Choi and Chul-Ho Bum

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030398 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 374

Abstract

Golf is one of the leisure sports that offers various benefits and has become a popular public sport with participation from people of various age groups. A total of 262 questionnaires were distributed online, with 240 valid responses collected after excluding 22 with [...] Read more.

Golf is one of the leisure sports that offers various benefits and has become a popular public sport with participation from people of various age groups. A total of 262 questionnaires were distributed online, with 240 valid responses collected after excluding 22 with non-responses or partial answers. The results showed statistically significant differences in enjoyment by age group, except for recognition from others. Regarding physical health, those in their 60s and above had higher mean scores than other age groups, and those in their 50s scored higher than those in their 30s. Stress relief was greater among those in their 50s than among those in their 20s and 30s, while socialization was higher among those in their 50s than in their 20s. However, for skill improvement, participants in their 20s scored higher than those in their 50s and 60s and above. Exercise commitment and intention to continue participation also varied significantly by age group, with older participants generally scoring higher. In conclusion, the results of this study revealed significant differences in psychological factors among the age groups. Specifically, amateur golfers aged 50 and above showed higher mean scores in all variables compared to younger groups. Full article

12 pages, 1263 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Emotional Design on Multimedia Learning Outcomes: The Moderating Role of Task Difficulty

by Zhihong Liu and Zhenhong Wang

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030397 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 355

Abstract

Previous studies have demonstrated that emotional design can enhance multimedia learning outcomes. However, it is unknown whether task difficulty moderates the effect of emotional design on multimedia learning outcomes. This study aimed to explore this issue with the emotional design of multimedia learning [...] Read more.

Previous studies have demonstrated that emotional design can enhance multimedia learning outcomes. However, it is unknown whether task difficulty moderates the effect of emotional design on multimedia learning outcomes. This study aimed to explore this issue with the emotional design of multimedia learning materials in middle school mathematics probability knowledge learning. A 2 (emotional design vs. neutral design) × 3 (low, medium, and high task difficulty) between-subjects design was used to examine how emotional design affects multimedia learning outcomes in 180 middle school students under different levels of task difficulty. The results showed that the emotional design significantly elicited positive emotions among learners. Emotional design significantly only enhanced multimedia learning outcomes under medium-task-difficulty conditions (p < 0.001, η_p² = 0.09), but not under low- and high-task-difficulty conditions. These findings suggest that task difficulty is a crucial moderator of the effect of emotional design on multimedia learning outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Educational Psychology)

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38 pages, 10305 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Listening Beyond the Source: Exploring the Descriptive Language of Musical Sounds

by Isabel Pires

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030396 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 875

Abstract

The spontaneous use of verbal expressions to articulate and describe abstract auditory phenomena in everyday interactions is an inherent aspect of human nature. This occurs without the structured conditions typically required in controlled laboratory environments, relying instead on intuitive and spontaneous modes of [...] Read more.

The spontaneous use of verbal expressions to articulate and describe abstract auditory phenomena in everyday interactions is an inherent aspect of human nature. This occurs without the structured conditions typically required in controlled laboratory environments, relying instead on intuitive and spontaneous modes of expression. This study explores the relationship between auditory perception and descriptive language for abstract sounds. These sounds, synthesized without identifiable sources or musical structures, allow listeners to engage with sound perception free from external references. The investigation of correlations between subjective descriptors (e.g., “rough”, “bright”) and physical sound attributes (e.g., spectral and dynamic properties) reveals significant cross-modal linguistic associations in auditory perception. An international survey with a diverse group of participants revealed that listeners often draw on other sensory domains to describe sounds, suggesting a robust cross-modal basis for auditory descriptors. Moreover, the findings indicate a correlation between subjective descriptors and objective sound wave properties, demonstrating the effectiveness of abstract sounds in guiding listeners’ attention to intrinsic qualities. These results could support the development of new paradigms in sound analysis and manipulation, with applications in artistic, educational, and analytical contexts. This multidisciplinary approach may provide the foundation for a perceptual framework for sound analysis, to be tested and refined through theoretical modelling and experimental validation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Music Listening as Exploratory Behavior)

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24 pages, 1782 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sensory Processing Measure and Sensory Integration Theory: A Scientometric and Narrative Synthesis

by Hind M. Alotaibi, Ahmed Alduais, Fawaz Qasem and Muhammad Alasmari

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030395 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 798

Abstract

Sensory integration theory (SIT), which posits that the neurological process of integrating sensory information from the environment and one’s body influences learning and behaviour, and the sensory processing measure (SPM), a psychometric tool with versions for individuals aged 4 months to 87 years, [...] Read more.

Sensory integration theory (SIT), which posits that the neurological process of integrating sensory information from the environment and one’s body influences learning and behaviour, and the sensory processing measure (SPM), a psychometric tool with versions for individuals aged 4 months to 87 years, are fundamental to understanding and assessing sensory processing. This study examined the existing evidence on the SPM and SIT using scientometric and narrative methods. A search of Scopus and Web of Science Core Collection from 1983 to 2024 yielded 238 unique records after deduplication. Scientometric analysis, conducted with CiteSpace (Version 6.4.R1) and VOSviewer (Version 1.6.19) explored publication trends, keyword co-occurrences, and citation bursts. A narrative method, based on a purposive sample of studies selected by title relevance from the 238 records, provided qualitative insights into key themes and concepts. Scientometric analysis revealed 11 key clusters, including ‘sensory processing behaviour’, ‘classroom context’, and ‘using electroencephalogram (EEG) technology’, reflecting diverse research areas and a growing publication trend, particularly after 2011. A narrative analysis, guided by these clusters, explored sensory processing differences in children with developmental disorders like autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared to typically developing children, the relationship between sensory processing and other functional areas, the impact of classroom contexts on sensory processing, the use of EEG in sensory processing disorder (SPD) diagnosis, and the effectiveness of interventions like sound-based therapy and sensory integration therapy. The combined approach highlighted the wide application of the SPM and SIT, informing future research directions, such as longitudinal studies, comparative effectiveness research, and cultural adaptations of assessments and interventions. Full article

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21 pages, 8670 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Outcome Expectations on Physical Activity: The Roles of Body Appreciation and Health Status

by Nanbo Wang, Qingli Guan, Zihan Yin, Song Zhou and Wenbo Zhou

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 394; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030394 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 305

Abstract

Although the research has demonstrated that outcome expectations influence physical activity, the precise underlying mechanisms remain ambiguous. Therefore, this study employed a cross-sectional research design to investigate the effect of outcome expectations on physical activity and to examine the roles of body appreciation [...] Read more.

Although the research has demonstrated that outcome expectations influence physical activity, the precise underlying mechanisms remain ambiguous. Therefore, this study employed a cross-sectional research design to investigate the effect of outcome expectations on physical activity and to examine the roles of body appreciation and health status. A total of 1349 participants (M_age = 19.42, SD = 1.51; 410 males, 939 females) were recruited for this study and the data were analyzed using a combination of path analysis and network analysis. The results reveal that outcome expectations positively predict physical activity. Body appreciation mediated the relationship between outcome expectation and physical activity. Furthermore, health status moderated the relationship between body appreciation and physical activity. Specifically, body appreciation did not influence physical activity for individuals with a low health status. Network analysis further revealed that there were more edges between body appreciation and physical activity in the high health status group compared to the low health status group. For individuals with a high health status, BA1 and PA1 exhibited the strongest connection among all the edges between body appreciation and physical activity. Outcome expectations play a significant role in physical activity, with body appreciation acting as a mediator. Health status moderates the effect of body appreciation on physical activity, suggesting that interventions targeting body appreciation may be more effective for individuals with a better health status. These findings offer insights for tailored physical activity interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Psychology)

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12 pages, 838 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Curiosity and Mind Wandering During Music Listening Are Negatively Correlated

by Juan Felipe Pérez Ariza and Diana Omigie

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030393 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 358

Abstract

Curiosity, a crucial trigger of exploration and learning, has been described as the antithesis of mind wandering, a state of non-engagement with the external environment or a given task. Findings have confirmed that music’s structure influences levels of curiosity in listeners as they [...] Read more.

Curiosity, a crucial trigger of exploration and learning, has been described as the antithesis of mind wandering, a state of non-engagement with the external environment or a given task. Findings have confirmed that music’s structure influences levels of curiosity in listeners as they listen and, as such, suggests that this context could be useful in examining the relationship between curiosity and mind wandering. Here, participants were exposed to extended melodies twice, during which they carried out two counterbalanced tasks: one requiring them, whenever probed, to indicate whether they had been mind wandering at that moment and the other requiring them to indicate, when probed, how curious they were feeling about the music at that moment. Critically, participants were probed at the exact same moments in the music when completing the two tasks, allowing the relationship between curiosity and mind wandering to be examined. Results confirmed our prediction of a negative relationship between curiosity and mind wandering, while exploratory analysis further suggested an influence of expertise and the music’s information dynamics on patterns of mind wandering. We discuss the implications of our study for understanding music as an exploration-affording sound environment and outline directions for future work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Music Listening as Exploratory Behavior)

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16 pages, 541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Mediating Role of Satisfaction with Life and Social Interaction Anxiety in the Relationship Between Loneliness and Regulatory Emotional Self-Efficacy

by Juncheng Guo, Mansor Abu Talib, Bolin Guo, Jiaxin Ren and Jia Liu

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030392 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 520

Abstract

Regulatory emotional self-efficacy represents individuals’ belief in their capacity to manage emotions effectively and plays a vital role in supporting emotional well-being and adaptive functioning, particularly in university students. This study explores the influence of loneliness on regulatory emotional self-efficacy and its underlying [...] Read more.

Regulatory emotional self-efficacy represents individuals’ belief in their capacity to manage emotions effectively and plays a vital role in supporting emotional well-being and adaptive functioning, particularly in university students. This study explores the influence of loneliness on regulatory emotional self-efficacy and its underlying mechanisms by incorporating two mediating variables—satisfaction with life and social interaction anxiety—within a chain mediation model. A total of 547 undergraduate students from a university located in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, participated in the survey. The findings reveal that loneliness directly impacts regulatory emotional self-efficacy; satisfaction with life mediates the effect of loneliness on regulatory emotional self-efficacy; social interaction anxiety also mediates the effect of loneliness on regulatory emotional self-efficacy; and satisfaction with life and social interaction anxiety jointly serve as chain mediators in the relationship between loneliness and regulatory emotional self-efficacy. This study sheds light on the connection between loneliness and regulatory emotional self-efficacy, offering a theoretical basis and practical guidance for improving students’ emotional regulation and overall well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Deep Links: Emotional Regulation, Psychological Symptomatology, and Addictions)

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19 pages, 904 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predictors of Expectations for the Future Among Young Korean Adults

by Jae-Sun An and Kyung-Hyun Suh

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030391 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 196

Abstract

This study explored psychosocial factors related to young adults’ expectations for the future and verified a model that can predict these expectations using psychosocial factors and demographic profiles to provide useful information for further studies and interventions. The participants were 371 Korean adults [...] Read more.

This study explored psychosocial factors related to young adults’ expectations for the future and verified a model that can predict these expectations using psychosocial factors and demographic profiles to provide useful information for further studies and interventions. The participants were 371 Korean adults aged 20–39 years. The predictive models were examined using stepwise regression and decision tree analyses. The results revealed that stress, depression, gratitude, hardiness, interpersonal competence, and social support were significantly correlated with expectations for the future among young adults. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that commitment, reflecting a sense of purpose, and engagement in life accounted for the greatest variance in expectations for the future. Commitment, gratitude, self-directedness, depression, and the presence of disease accounted for approximately 66.7% of the variance in expectations for the future in young adulthood. The decision tree analysis identified commitment as the most important predictor, followed by gratitude, stress, self-directedness, empathy, perceived health, and marital status, showing how these factors are associated with shaping future expectations. These findings suggest that psychological variables such as commitment and gratitude may play a more important role in young adults’ expectations of their future than health or marital status. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Psychology)

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17 pages, 2067 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Effect of Team-Based Learning Interventions on the Learning Competency of Korean Nursing Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Kawoun Seo and Seyeon Park

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030390 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 334

Abstract

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness of team-based learning (TBL) methods in Korean nursing education, focusing on their impact on students’ key learning competencies. Specifically, this study examined the effects of TBL on communication ability, self-efficacy, learning ability, [...] Read more.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness of team-based learning (TBL) methods in Korean nursing education, focusing on their impact on students’ key learning competencies. Specifically, this study examined the effects of TBL on communication ability, self-efficacy, learning ability, and problem-solving skills while also assessing the overall efficacy of TBL compared to other teaching methods. This was a systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental and quasi-experimental studies. The relevant literature was sourced from Medline/PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature Complete, Google Scholar, and the reference lists of the retrieved papers. The literature was selected based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool and the Risk of Bias for Nonrandomized Studies tool. Standardized mean differences and a random effects model were employed to determine effect sizes. A total of twelve studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. The overall standardized mean difference was 0.69 (confidence interval = 0.43–0.94, p < 0.001), indicating a moderate to strong effect of TBL on nursing students’ learning competencies. However, due to a substantial degree of heterogeneity (89%), subgroup analyses were conducted to assess the impact of TBL on specific learning competencies. The standardized mean difference for communication ability, self-efficacy, and learning ability was 0.74 (confidence interval = 0.22–1.26, p = 0.004), 0.32 (confidence interval = 0.13–0.51, p = 0.005), and 0.44 (confidence interval = 0.26–0.63, p < 0.001), respectively. Notably, TBL had the most significant impact on problem-solving ability, with a standardized mean difference of 1.10 (confidence interval = 0.37–1.83, p = 0.006), suggesting that TBL is particularly effective in fostering problem-solving skills among nursing students. All the findings were statistically significant. Team-based learning interventions have a substantial positive impact on key learning competencies in nursing education, particularly in enhancing problem-solving skills. However, while TBL demonstrates clear benefits, current evidence remains insufficient to definitively establish its superiority over alternative instructional methods. Further research is needed to compare TBL with other active learning strategies and to explore its long-term effectiveness in clinical and academic settings. Full article

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11 pages, 225 KiB

Open AccessProtocol

Application of the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in a Group Format for Adults: A Scoping Review Protocol

by Machiko Kajiwara, Noriko Kato, Motohiro Nishiuchi, Hiroko Fujisato, Kyousuke Kaneko, Hironori Kuga and Masaya Ito

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 389; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030389 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 275

Abstract

The group format of the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders (UP) shows promise as a efficient method for delivering established and effective psychological treatments for emotional disorders. The implementation of psychological treatment in a group format varies according to a [...] Read more.

The group format of the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders (UP) shows promise as a efficient method for delivering established and effective psychological treatments for emotional disorders. The implementation of psychological treatment in a group format varies according to a country’s local circumstances, policies, and culture. To date, there are no comprehensive reviews of aspects related to settings, participants, providers, and interventions for applying the UP in a group context. Therefore, we have prepared a scoping review protocol to clarify the fields, participant characteristics, intervention structures, and therapist training methods related to group-format UP, aiming to facilitate its implementation across diverse regions and contexts. Based on this protocol, the scoping review will follow the Joanna Institute guidelines and PRISMA statement extensions for scoping reviews. The review will include studies of the group format of UP that describe symptoms of emotional disorders in adults. The following databases will be searched: PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and ClinicalTrials.gov. The selected data will be organized according to four predefined research questions. This scoping review will provide suggestions to promote the application and implementation of the UP in a group format and contribute to disseminating evidence-based psychological treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cognition)

21 pages, 1121 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quality of Life Among Latino/a Adults: Examining the Serial Mediation of Network Acculturation, Psychological Acculturation, Social Capital, and Helping-Seeking

by Adrian J. Archuleta, Stephanie Grace Prost and Mona A. Dajani

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 388; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030388 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 186

Abstract

Latinos/as are the largest ethnic group in the U.S. and are a continuous source of population growth. Therefore, their health and quality of life are important public health concerns. Acculturation is an important determinant of health for Latinos/as. However, few studies examine models [...] Read more.

Latinos/as are the largest ethnic group in the U.S. and are a continuous source of population growth. Therefore, their health and quality of life are important public health concerns. Acculturation is an important determinant of health for Latinos/as. However, few studies examine models identifying determinants of acculturation along with its relationship to other social and health behaviors. The current study uses social network data from a sample of crowdsourced recruited Latinos/as (N = 300) to examine a structural model between network acculturation, psychological acculturation, social capital, help-seeking, and quality of life (QoL). The model posits several paths through which social networks (i.e., network acculturation) relate to acculturation and other model variables. Directly, network acculturation was found to be significantly related to Latino/a enculturation (−0.83, p = 0.002) and White American Acculturation (0.47, p = 0.003). Latino/a enculturation was related to help-seeking (0.21, p = 0.029) and social capital (0.36, p < 0.001), while White American acculturation was only related to social capital (0.35, p = 0.003). Social capital demonstrated a robust relationship with help-seeking (0.48, p = 0.004) and QoL (0.96, p = 0.003). The findings suggest that determinants of acculturation (i.e., network acculturation) are meaningful contributors to psychological acculturation and other variables relating to Latino/as’ QoL. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social and Psychological Determinants of Acculturation)

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20 pages, 713 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spendception: The Psychological Impact of Digital Payments on Consumer Purchase Behavior and Impulse Buying

by Naeem Faraz and Amna Anjum

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030387 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 1216

Abstract

This study introduces a novel construct, Spendception, which conceptualizes the psychological impact of digital payment systems on consumer behavior, marking a significant contribution to the field of consumer psychology and behavioral economics. Spendception reflects the reduced psychological resistance to spending when using digital [...] Read more.

This study introduces a novel construct, Spendception, which conceptualizes the psychological impact of digital payment systems on consumer behavior, marking a significant contribution to the field of consumer psychology and behavioral economics. Spendception reflects the reduced psychological resistance to spending when using digital payment methods, as compared to cash, due to the diminished visibility of transactions and the perceived ease of payments. This research aims to explore the role of Spendception in increasing consumer purchase behavior, whereas the role of impulse buying has been observed as a mediator. To test the proposed model, an extensive survey was performed by collecting 1162 respondents from all walks of life to get the real picture. We employed exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to validate the measurement of key constructs. To test the hypothetical relations among all the variables, we employed structural equation modeling (SEM). Furthermore, a machine learning technique was used to test the robustness of the model. Results showed that Spendception greatly boosted the consumer purchase behavior, with impulse buying partially mediating the relation. Gender was found to moderate the relationship, with female consumers being more susceptible to impulse buying caused by Spendception. The study showed that digital payment systems made buying feel less noticeable, which led to people spending more without realizing the financial impact. This study introduces Spendception, a novel construct that extends existing consumer behavior theories by explaining how digital payment systems reduce psychological barriers to spending. It bridges the gap between Spendception and the pain of paying, demonstrating that the lack of immediate visibility and physicality in digital payments alters consumers’ perceptions of spending, leading to impulse buying and higher purchase behavior. The findings also offer actionable insights for marketers in designing targeted campaigns that leverage the psychological effects of Spendception. The findings provide actionable insights for marketers to design targeted campaigns and for policymakers to promote financial literacy, ensuring ethical use of digital payment systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Psychology)

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14 pages, 590 KiB

Open AccessArticle

AI, How Much Shall I Tell You? Exchange and Communal Consumer–AI Relationships and the Willingness to Disclose Personal Information

by Corina Pelau, Maria Barbul, Irina Bojescu and Miruna Niculescu

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030386 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 283

Abstract

Personal information is an important resource for the optimal functioning of AI and technology. Starting from the different theories that define human relationships and the way information is exchanged within them, we investigate the way in which communal and exchange relationships are formed [...] Read more.

Personal information is an important resource for the optimal functioning of AI and technology. Starting from the different theories that define human relationships and the way information is exchanged within them, we investigate the way in which communal and exchange relationships are formed between consumers and AI and the way they influence consumers’ willingness to disclose personal information to AI. With the help of structural equation modeling, we prove empirically that attachment to AI rather develops communal relationships compared to exchange relationships between consumers and AI. Communal relationships have a stronger influence on both enjoyment and self-disclosing behavior, while exchange relationships do not trigger a self-disclosing behavior unless there is enjoyment. Furthermore, attachment to AI alone does not influence self-disclosing behavior unless a communal relationship is developed. Our structural equation model emphasized the complex nature of relationships between consumers and AI and has important implications for the way AI will be optimally integrated in business processes and society. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Employee Behavior on Digital-AI Transformation)

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16 pages, 843 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Is It Time to Address Burnout in the Military? Initial Psychometric Validation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory Among Tunisian Military Personnel (A-MBI-MP)

by Ghada Boussayala, Amayra Tannoubi, John Elvis Hagan, Mustapha Amoadu, Medina Srem-Sai, Tore Bonsaksen, Hamdi Henchiri, Mohamed Karim Chtioui, Lotfi Bouguerra and Fairouz Azaiez

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030385 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 411

Abstract

The military’s high-pressure environment can lead to burnout syndrome, characterized by emotional fatigue, depersonalization, and decreased personal accomplishment. Validating a culturally appropriate tool for assessing burnout among military personnel is crucial for early detection and intervention. This study assessed the psychometric properties of [...] Read more.

The military’s high-pressure environment can lead to burnout syndrome, characterized by emotional fatigue, depersonalization, and decreased personal accomplishment. Validating a culturally appropriate tool for assessing burnout among military personnel is crucial for early detection and intervention. This study assessed the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and its validity among Tunisian military personnel. A validation study was conducted among 520 Tunisian military personnel (mean age = 36 ± 9.3 years; male (n = 486) and female (n = 34)), including commandos, pilots, and divers. The Arabic version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory MBI-HSS was administered, including participants’ sociodemographic characteristics. The exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analyses were performed to identify the factor structure, with assessments of the internal consistency of the model. The factor analysis confirmed the three-factor model of burnout: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment consistent with the original MBI. The A-MBI-MP demonstrated strong internal consistency, with Cronbach’s alpha values exceeding 0.8 for all subscales. The test–retest reliability was also excellent, confirming the stability of the instrument. The CFA validated the three-factor structure of the A-MBI-MP. The fit indices demonstrated an acceptable model fit: Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0.949, Tucker–Lewis Index (TLI) = 0.943, and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.0742 (95% CI: 0.068–0.0797). These results validate the reliability of the A-MBI-MP in assessing burnout in the military context. The Arabic version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (A-MBI-MP) is a valid and reliable tool for assessing burnout among Tunisian military personnel. The validated instrument can be used to offer early treatments and to promote the mental health of military personnel in high-stress situations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Psychiatric, Emotional and Behavioral Disorders)

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9 pages, 225 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Validation of Telephone Cognitive Testing for Community-Dwelling Older Adults (TCTCOA) in China

by Jiming Guo, Xiaodan Xue, Asad Ur Rehman Awan, Ying Wang and Tianyong Chen

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030384 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 288

Abstract

With the global acceleration of population ageing, cognitive health remains critical to the well-being of older adults. This study aimed to develop and validate Telephone Cognitive Testing for Community-dwelling Older Adults (TCTCOA), a culturally and contextually tailored cognitive assessment tool designed for healthy, [...] Read more.

With the global acceleration of population ageing, cognitive health remains critical to the well-being of older adults. This study aimed to develop and validate Telephone Cognitive Testing for Community-dwelling Older Adults (TCTCOA), a culturally and contextually tailored cognitive assessment tool designed for healthy, community-dwelling older adults in China. TCTCOA included five cognitive domains—episodic memory, working memory, processing speed, executive function, and abstract reasoning and concept formation—assessed using culturally adapted tasks. A sample of 112 community-dwelling older adults aged 60 and above participated in the study. Sixty-eight participants completed TCTCOA via telephone and face-to-face modalities, alongside the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) for validation. Pearson’s correlations, structural validity, and convergent validity were analyzed to evaluate the tool. TCTCOA demonstrated strong correlations between telephone and face-to-face modes (r = 0.72) and moderate correlations with the MoCA. Subtests showed no ceiling or floor effects, and the composite scores followed a normal distribution. The tool’s structural validity was supported by factor analysis, identifying general cognitive ability and efficiency as core components. TCTCOA is a valid, reliable, and accessible telephone-based cognitive assessment tool. It is suitable for healthy older adults in community settings, offering a practical alternative to traditional face-to-face cognitive evaluations. Its design overcomes cultural, educational, and logistical barriers, making it an effective resource for cognitive health monitoring in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promoting Healthy Cognitive Aging: Psychological Approaches and Interventions)

28 pages, 3443 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Shaping Green Choices: How Sensory Cues Drive Behavior of Wood-Plastic Composites

by Bicheng Wang, Shun An and Kerun Li

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030383 - 18 Mar 2025

Viewed by 444

Abstract

By decoding the behavioral mechanisms underlying material perception, this study pioneers a sensory nudging strategy to accelerate the adoption of sustainable materials. This study, grounded in the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) model, investigates the factors influencing the purchase intention and loyalty of wood-plastic composites (WPCs), [...] Read more.

By decoding the behavioral mechanisms underlying material perception, this study pioneers a sensory nudging strategy to accelerate the adoption of sustainable materials. This study, grounded in the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) model, investigates the factors influencing the purchase intention and loyalty of wood-plastic composites (WPCs), specifically examining the impact of material stimuli, surface treatment processes, product carriers, and environmental stimuli on consumers’ perceptions of uniqueness and emotional responses. A total of 335 valid questionnaires were collected and analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), with the results indicating that material stimuli and product stimuli were the strongest predictors of perceived uniqueness and emotional responses. Moreover, emotional response had a significantly stronger effect on purchase intention compared to uniqueness perception. Additionally, material familiarity positively moderated the relationship between emotional response and purchase intention. This study provides theoretical support for the marketing of WPCs, emphasizes the significance of integrating material properties, surface treatments, and usage environments in product design, and suggests new avenues for future research, particularly regarding the relationship between multisensory experiences and consumer behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral Economics)

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21 pages, 1300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resurgence of Severe Challenging Behavior and Schedule Thinning with the Terminal Schedule Probe Method

by Craig W. Strohmeier, Elizabeth Thuman, John Michael Falligant, Mirela Cengher, Michelle D. Chin and Patricia F. Kurtz

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 382; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030382 - 18 Mar 2025

Viewed by 328

Abstract

Multiple schedules promote schedule thinning during treatment for challenging behavior. Some strategies for multiple-schedule-thinning progressions include dense-to-lean (DTL; gradually thinning schedules of reinforcement in small steps), fixed lean (FL; abruptly shifting to lean schedules), and terminal probe (TP; probing terminal schedule values to [...] Read more.

Multiple schedules promote schedule thinning during treatment for challenging behavior. Some strategies for multiple-schedule-thinning progressions include dense-to-lean (DTL; gradually thinning schedules of reinforcement in small steps), fixed lean (FL; abruptly shifting to lean schedules), and terminal probe (TP; probing terminal schedule values to inform subsequent thinning steps) thinning. Recent research indicates that TP thinning offers an empirically derived process for schedule thinning to terminal schedule values. In the current investigation, we replicated, re-analyzed, and extended recent research on the TP-thinning method. The schedule-thinning outcomes were consistent with the initial investigation, indicating that longer periods of reinforcer unavailability were facilitated by TP thinning in comparison with DTL thinning. We also examined resurgence, or the temporary increase in challenging behavior after alternative behavior is placed on extinction, across a wide range of downshifts in reinforcement. When resurgence occurred across ranges of downshifts programmed for both schedule-thinning methods, it occurred more often with DTL thinning. The resurgence analyses did not reveal an exponential increase in challenging behavior as a function of downshifts in reinforcement, which is an interesting departure from recent investigations. Points of discussion include clinical implications and areas for future research on the TP-thinning method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment and Treatment of Challenging Behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorder)

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16 pages, 1375 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identifying Common Patterns in the Time of Day of Mindfulness Meditation Associated with Long-Term Maintenance

by Rylan Fowers, Aurel Coza, Yunro Chung, Hassan Ghasemzadeh, Sara Cloonan, Jennifer Huberty, Vincent Berardi and Chad Stecher

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030381 - 18 Mar 2025

Viewed by 332

Abstract

Forming a habit of practicing mindfulness meditation around the same time of day is one strategy that may support long-term maintenance and in turn improve physical and mental health. The purpose of this study was to identify common patterns in the time of [...] Read more.

Forming a habit of practicing mindfulness meditation around the same time of day is one strategy that may support long-term maintenance and in turn improve physical and mental health. The purpose of this study was to identify common patterns in the time of day of meditation associated with long-term meditation app use to assess the importance of temporal consistency for maintaining meditation over time. App usage data were collected from a random sample of 15,000 users who had paid for an annual membership to a commercial meditation app in 2017. We constructed three measures of temporal consistency in the time of day of meditation sessions in order to categorize users into one of three behavioral phenotypes: Consistent, Inconsistent, or Indeterminate. Panel data models were used to compare temporal consistency across the three phenotypes. Of the 4205 users (28.0%) in the final analytic sample, 1659 (39.5%) users were Consistent, 2326 (55.3%) were Inconsistent, and 220 users (5.23%) were Indeterminate. Panel models confirmed that temporal consistency had contrasting relationships with meditation maintenance among these three phenotypes (p < 0.01). These findings revealed that temporal consistency was associated with meditation maintenance for less than half of app users, which suggests that other behavioral mechanisms in addition to temporally consistent habits can support meditation app use over time. This has important implications for researchers and policymakers trying to promote the maintenance of meditation and other complex health behaviors, such as increased physical activity and healthier diets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Behavioural Science in Improving Public Health)

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18 pages, 587 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Promoting Employee Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) in Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises: A Cognitive and Affective Perspective on Ethical Leadership

by Wei Su and Juhee Hahn

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030380 - 18 Mar 2025

Viewed by 441

Abstract

Compared to the formal rules and regulations of large companies, leadership behavior has a greater influence on employee behaviors in small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Unlike large enterprises, many SMEs have a weaker market position, and their survival and development depend on employees’ [...] Read more.

Compared to the formal rules and regulations of large companies, leadership behavior has a greater influence on employee behaviors in small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Unlike large enterprises, many SMEs have a weaker market position, and their survival and development depend on employees’ willingness to make additional efforts beyond their formal job duties. Thus, this study focuses on SME employees to explore the effect of ethical leadership on subordinates’ organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). This study proposes a multilevel mediating model, where ethical climate and ethical role modeling represent cognitive social learning perspectives at the team and individual levels, respectively, while affective well-being serves as an individual-level affective perspective. A total of 426 valid questionnaires from 71 teams were collected, and MPLUS was used to verify the study hypotheses. The results indicate that (1) ethical leadership has a significant positive impact on employee OCB; (2) ethical leadership also significantly affects team ethical climate, ethical role modeling, and affective well-being; and (3) the partial mediating effects of team ethical climate, ethical role modeling, and affective well-being are confirmed. This research provides empirical evidence for the mechanism between ethical leadership and employee OCB in SMEs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promoting Flourishing at Work: Innovations in Positive Work and Organizational Psychology)

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15 pages, 303 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Prevention of Suicide in Older Military Veterans

by Joshua Levine and Leo Sher

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030379 - 17 Mar 2025

Viewed by 382

Abstract

Suicidal behavior among older military veterans is an important medical and social problem. The goal of this literature review is to discuss this underappreciated issue and identify suicide preventive interventions that can be utilized with the older military veteran population. Older veterans experience [...] Read more.

Suicidal behavior among older military veterans is an important medical and social problem. The goal of this literature review is to discuss this underappreciated issue and identify suicide preventive interventions that can be utilized with the older military veteran population. Older veterans experience psychiatric, medical, and social problems associated with their age and/or military experience that can contribute to suicide risk. These problems include relationship losses through death or estrangement, depression, cognitive decline, loneliness, isolation, frailty, mobility issues, and chronic pain. Therefore, older veterans face a unique set of challenges. Suicide prevention in older veterans should take a multipronged approach which includes screening for suicidality, management of psychiatric and medical disorders, social assistance, safety planning, lethal means restriction, and involving family members in the veteran’s healthcare. Family members should be included in the safety planning process when possible. Gatekeeper training programs can be utilized to train individuals who are working with older veterans to reduce suicides amongst this age group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Suicidal Behaviors: Prevention, Intervention and Postvention)

17 pages, 963 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Master or Escape: Digitization-Oriented Job Demands and Crafting and Withdrawal of Chinese Public Sector Employees

by Huan Huang and Jiangyu Li

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 378; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030378 - 17 Mar 2025

Viewed by 306

Abstract

Public sector employees face the profound impact of digital work demands, especially with the advancement of China’s digital government construction. This study explores the dual-edged consequence of digital job demands on the work behaviors of public sector employees in China by constructing a [...] Read more.

Public sector employees face the profound impact of digital work demands, especially with the advancement of China’s digital government construction. This study explores the dual-edged consequence of digital job demands on the work behaviors of public sector employees in China by constructing a dual-path model. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to validate the data of 873 public sector employees. This study found that digital job demands increase civil servants’ thriving at work, facilitating their job-crafting behaviors and increasing their workplace anxiety, leading to their work withdrawal behavior. Furthermore, this study validates the moderating effects of promotion and preventive focus. This study provides managers in the public sector with valuable insights to develop digital job demands managing strategies and for civil servants to adapt their perceptions and behaviors in the digital context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Employee Behavior on Digital-AI Transformation)

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16 pages, 1436 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Teacher Intervention During Collaborative Problem Solving in Mathematics Classrooms in Mainland China

by Yixuan Liu and Yiming Cao

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030377 - 17 Mar 2025

Viewed by 356

Abstract

In the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015, students from four cities/provinces in mainland China performed worse in collaborative problem solving (CPS) than in other subjects. While student collaboration has been widely implemented in Chinese classrooms for over two decades, empirical research [...] Read more.

In the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015, students from four cities/provinces in mainland China performed worse in collaborative problem solving (CPS) than in other subjects. While student collaboration has been widely implemented in Chinese classrooms for over two decades, empirical research on teachers’ roles and interventions remains quite scarce. Influenced by international educational reform in the 21st century, educators have developed and made widespread use of open-ended tasks, perceived as more suitable for CPS, during mathematics lessons. In this study, we investigate the effect of teacher intervention during pair and small group CPS using a quasi-experiment with four teachers from eight classes. We then selected typical cases and analysed their effect on task performance regarding intervention focus and means. The result showed that three of the four teachers’ interventions proved effective. The most and least effective teachers were selected for the case study. We discuss teacher intervention’s effect in emphasising social activities and diagnosing. Considering the difference in authority between teachers in Chinese/Western classrooms, we discuss intervention styles and offer suggestions for choosing and carefully implementing appropriate forms of collaborative activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Educational Psychology)

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15 pages, 259 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations of Home-Based Individual and Family Exercise with Personal and Family Well-Being Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Population-Based Survey in Hong Kong

by Jinzhou Yu, Katherine Yuk-Ping Sze, Agnes Yuen-Kwan Lai, Shirley Man-Man Sit, Wei-Jie Gong, Jia Guo, Tai-Hing Lam, Man-Ping Wang and Sai-Yin Ho

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 376; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030376 - 17 Mar 2025

Viewed by 370

Abstract

Exercise benefits individuals, but research about exercising with family members (EFM) and personal and family well-being is scarce. We investigated the associations of home-based individual exercise (IE) and EFM with personal and family well-being amid the COVID-19 pandemic. A population-based cross-sectional survey on [...] Read more.

Exercise benefits individuals, but research about exercising with family members (EFM) and personal and family well-being is scarce. We investigated the associations of home-based individual exercise (IE) and EFM with personal and family well-being amid the COVID-19 pandemic. A population-based cross-sectional survey on Hong Kong Chinese adults was conducted from February to March 2021, when COVID-19 was under control (N = 5825). Respondents reported the number of days IE and EFM occurred at home in the past 7 days (0, 1–2, 3–4, 5–6, 7), respectively. Family well-being, personal happiness, and personal/family adversity coping capability (ACC/FACC) were each measured with an 11-point scale (range 0–10). Psychological distress was measured using the four-item Patient Health Questionnaire (range 0–12). Associations were assessed using multiple linear regressions. Of 1911 respondents, 9.2% reported having ≥3 days of EFM. After adjusting for each other and sociodemographic characteristics, more frequent IE or EFM (≥3 vs. 0–2 days) was associated with greater family well-being, FACC, personal happiness, and lower psychological distress. Our findings suggest that home-based EFM or IE may promote personal/family well-being and highlight the potential for incorporating home-based exercise into public health strategies to enhance overall well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Mental Health: The Diverse Evidence and New Avenues)

1 pages, 131 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Chan (2025). AI as the Therapist: Student Insights on the Challenges of Using Generative AI for School Mental Health Frameworks. Behavioral Sciences, 15(3), 287

by Cecilia Ka Yuk Chan

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 375; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030375 - 17 Mar 2025

Viewed by 243

Abstract

In the original publication (Chan, 2025), “(Gaffney et al [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence and Educational Psychology)

21 pages, 742 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Students’ Learning Experiences Under the China–Korea Cooperative Teaching Model: A Positive Psychology Perspective

by Lei Song, Zhenzhen Huang, Luhao Cao and Shanshan Yang

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030374 - 16 Mar 2025

Viewed by 466

Abstract

Based on the theory of learning experiences and the Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment (PERMA) model, this research aims to interpret the learning experiences of students majoring in Animation under the China–Korea cooperative teaching model from a perspective of positive psychology. [...] Read more.

Based on the theory of learning experiences and the Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment (PERMA) model, this research aims to interpret the learning experiences of students majoring in Animation under the China–Korea cooperative teaching model from a perspective of positive psychology. Purposive sampling was conducted to carry out semi-structured interviews with 25 students and 3 teachers. In the thematic analysis, it was found that students’ learning experiences are accompanied by emotions, both positive and negative, and that emotions are correlated with engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement, which together constitute students’ learning experiences. In addition, this research confirms that students’ learning motivation and learning experiences mutually affect each other, with learning motivation affecting students’ learning experiences on the one hand, and positive elements of learning experiences enhancing students’ learning motivation and bringing positive learning outcomes on the other. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Educational Psychology)

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17 pages, 785 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Self-Sacrificial Leadership on Employee Creativity: A Moderated Mediation Model in the Post-Pandemic Chinese Service Sector

by Yong Liu, Woo-Sung Choi, Wenxian Wang and Seung-Wan Kang

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030373 - 16 Mar 2025

Viewed by 499

Abstract

Since the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, the economies and trade of many countries have recovered. Executives in various countries have demonstrated self-sacrificial leadership in response to the pandemic by reducing their salaries, emphasizing solidarity and social responsibility, and setting a good example [...] Read more.

Since the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, the economies and trade of many countries have recovered. Executives in various countries have demonstrated self-sacrificial leadership in response to the pandemic by reducing their salaries, emphasizing solidarity and social responsibility, and setting a good example of how companies can weather a storm. In this context, this study investigated the effects of self-sacrificial leadership on China’s service industry. Based on self-determination theory, a moderated mediation model was constructed to investigate the impact on the service industry in China. Surveys were conducted with 472 employees from three service companies located in Hebei Province, China, to construct a research model of self-sacrificial leadership, autonomy, competence, and creative behavior. We employed a two-wave approach with a one-month interval between waves for data collection. Statistical analysis and hypothesis testing were performed using STATA 18.0. Intriguingly, as competence intensifies, the mediating role of autonomy between self-sacrificial leadership and creative behavior intensifies. Our study underscores that increasing competence is imperative for organizations to harness self-sacrificial leadership and boost creative behavior via autonomy. Full article

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13 pages, 243 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Leisure Activity Participation on Leisure Attitude, Recreational Specialization, Leisure Satisfaction, and Intention to Re-Participate in South Korea

by Byoungwook Ahn

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030372 - 16 Mar 2025

Viewed by 451

Abstract

The importance of leisure in post-COVID-19 society has been underscored by the pandemic, illustrating the need to view leisure not merely as an option but as an essential component of a fulfilling life. This study investigates whether leisure attitudes, considered a novel perspective [...] Read more.

The importance of leisure in post-COVID-19 society has been underscored by the pandemic, illustrating the need to view leisure not merely as an option but as an essential component of a fulfilling life. This study investigates whether leisure attitudes, considered a novel perspective or belief regarding leisure, along with leisure activities, recreational specialization (the process of becoming proficient in particular leisure activities), and satisfaction derived from these experiences, prompt continued participation. The study surveyed 259 adults, both men and women, residing in Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Chungcheong Province who had engaged in leisure activities for over a year. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 21 program for frequency, reliability, and correlation analyses, while confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were performed with the AMOS 18.0 program. The research yielded the following findings: Firstly, the leisure attitudes of participants significantly influenced their leisure satisfaction. Secondly, their leisure attitudes did not influence recreational specialization. Thirdly, their attitudes did not affect their intention to re-participate. Fourthly, recreational specialization significantly affected both leisure satisfaction and intention to re-participate. Lastly, leisure satisfaction significantly influenced the intention to re-participate. With the evolving perceptions of leisure post-pandemic, there is a need for policies and infrastructure that support the sustainable engagement of leisure activity participants. Full article

28 pages, 2029 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Empirical Categorization of Factors Affecting Online Consumer Behavior of Gen Z Regarding Newly Launched Technological Products and Moderating Impact of Perceived Risk

by Dimitrios Theocharis, Georgios Tsekouropoulos, Chryssoula Chatzigeorgiou and Georgios Kokkinis

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030371 - 15 Mar 2025

Viewed by 1021

Abstract

In previous years, studying consumer behavior was seen as important, but in today’s fast-changing market, with rapid technological advancements, understanding consumer behavior can be a key factor in a product’s success or failure. The aim of the current research was to investigate the [...] Read more.

In previous years, studying consumer behavior was seen as important, but in today’s fast-changing market, with rapid technological advancements, understanding consumer behavior can be a key factor in a product’s success or failure. The aim of the current research was to investigate the factors that can influence the online consumer behavior of Generation Z, regarding technological products that have just been launched and are available to the public. To achieve this goal, a cross-sectional research study was conducted with a sample of 302 Generation Z consumers selected using convenience sampling and elements of systematic sampling. This research used a structured questionnaire with established measurement scales to explore different aspects of online consumer behavior. The questionnaire was based on variables identified from various consumer behavior theories and models. The results led to the identification of six groups of influencing factors on online consumer behavior, highlighting the importance of these factors in shaping online consumer behavior and showing the influence of perceived risk as a moderating factor. These findings provide a thorough understanding of the factors that influence online consumer behavior while simultaneously laying the foundation for the creation of targeted and differentiated marketing strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral Economics)

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11 pages, 240 KiB

Open AccessArticle

We Are Not Alone: Examining the Impact of a Teen Diabetes Day Camp

by Heidi Blaylock, Eddie Hill, Carter Leuba, Christina Aguilar and Carla Cox

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030370 - 15 Mar 2025

Viewed by 475

Abstract

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic disease that influences all health aspects. The self-determination theory (SDT) suggests that three psychological needs of competence, autonomy, and relatedness are necessary for motivation to engage in healthy behaviors. Through medical specialty camps, these needs can [...] Read more.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic disease that influences all health aspects. The self-determination theory (SDT) suggests that three psychological needs of competence, autonomy, and relatedness are necessary for motivation to engage in healthy behaviors. Through medical specialty camps, these needs can be met by educating campers on how to manage T1D and realize they are not alone. The volunteer-based, five-day, inaugural tween–teen camp for youth with T1D was held on the campus of a university. The entire camp experience was engineered around the three basic needs described by the SDT. These needs were promoted by physical and educational activities and meeting friends. The Basic Psychological Needs and Frustration Scale was administered as a pre-, post-, and follow-up test. Two of the four measures were significant, the autonomy pretest (M = 3.93; SD = 0.75) to posttest (M = 4.49; SD = 0.56), with t(25) = −6.258; p ≤ 0.001) and relatedness pretest (M = 4.31; SD = 0.79) to posttest (M = 4.53; SD = 0.49), with t(25) = −2.168; p = 0.040; however, mean scores declined at the 3-month follow-up. Campers’ blood glucose levels were collected through an online platform that allowed staff to monitor blood glucose levels, with the week’s average being 150 mg/dL, and almost 71% remaining in the TIR. The results can be helpful for practitioners who want to use the SDT to structure and examine the effectiveness of medical specialty camps for youth with T1D. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Recreation and Outdoor Activities in Promoting Mental Health and Positive Behaviors in People of All Ages)

9 pages, 200 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Measurement-Unit Bias: People Walk or Drive Less to Save a Constant Money Amount When Answering in Meters Compared to Miles

by Nir Reich and Ofer H. Azar

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030369 - 14 Mar 2025

Viewed by 347

Abstract

Traditional economic theory suggests that when consumers decide whether to exert effort and travel to a remote store that is cheaper, the decision should compare the time and effort of travelling the relevant distance to the money that can be saved. Our research [...] Read more.

Traditional economic theory suggests that when consumers decide whether to exert effort and travel to a remote store that is cheaper, the decision should compare the time and effort of travelling the relevant distance to the money that can be saved. Our research examined whether the unit of distance measurement, meters or miles, affects the actual distance an individual is willing to travel to save a certain amount of money. We studied the cases of both walking and driving to the remote store. We found in both cases that participants were willing to travel a greater distance for the same amount saved when they answered in miles. This supports our hypothesis, grounded in the literature on heuristics and biases, that the nominal value (which is smaller in miles) affects decisions even though it should be irrelevant from a rational perspective. We denote this behavior as the Measurement-Unit Bias. These findings have important implications for consumer behavior and marketing strategies. Full article

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Behav. Sci., Volume 15, Issue 3 (March 2025) – 158 articles

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