Biology

20 pages, 4666 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Virus Mimetic Poly (I:C)-Primed Airway Exosome-like Particles Enter Brain and Induce Inflammatory Cytokines and Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species in Microglia

by Deimantė Kulakauskienė, Deimantė Narauskaitė, Dovydas Gečys, Otilija Juknaitė, Lina Jankauskaitė, Aistė Masaitytė, Jurgita Šventoraitienė, Hermanas Inokaitis, Zoja Miknienė, Ilona Sadauskienė, Giedrius Steponaitis, Zbigniev Balion, Ramunė Morkūnienė, Neringa Paužienė, Dainius Haroldas Pauža and Aistė Jekabsone

Biology 2021, 10(12), 1359; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121359 - 20 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5453

Abstract

Viral infections induce extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing viral material and inflammatory factors. Exosomes can easily cross the blood-brain barrier during respiratory tract infection and transmit the inflammatory signal to the brain; however, such a hypothesis has no experimental evidence. The study investigated whether [...] Read more.

Viral infections induce extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing viral material and inflammatory factors. Exosomes can easily cross the blood-brain barrier during respiratory tract infection and transmit the inflammatory signal to the brain; however, such a hypothesis has no experimental evidence. The study investigated whether exosome-like vesicles (ELVs) from virus mimetic poly (I:C)-primed airway cells enter the brain and interact with brain immune cells microglia. Airway cells were isolated from Wistar rats and BALB/c mice; microglial cell cultures—from Wistar rats. ELVs from poly (I:C)-stimulated airway cell culture medium were isolated by precipitation, visualised by transmission electron microscopy, and evaluated by nanoparticle analyser; exosomal markers CD81 and CD9 were determined by ELISA. For in vitro and in vivo tracking, particles were loaded with Alexa Fluor 555-labelled RNA. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated by DCFDA fluorescence and mitochondrial superoxide—by MitoSOX. ELVs from poly (I:C)-primed airway cells entered the brain within an hour after intranasal introduction, were internalised by microglia and induced intracellular and intramitochondrial ROS production. There was no ROS increase in microglial cells was after treatment with ELVs from airway cells untreated with poly (I:C). In addition, poly (I:C)-primed airway cells induced inflammatory cytokine expression in the brain. The data indicate that ELVs secreted by virus-primed airway cells might enter the brain, cause the activation of microglial cells and neuroinflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extracellular Vesicles in Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Edition 2.0)

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13 pages, 801 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Physical Literacy and Self-Perceived Fitness Level in Children and Adolescents

by Raquel Pastor-Cisneros, Jorge Carlos-Vivas, Laura Muñoz-Bermejo, Jose Carmelo Adsuar-Sala, Eugenio Merellano-Navarro and María Mendoza-Muñoz

Biology 2021, 10(12), 1358; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121358 - 20 Dec 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4829

Abstract

Background: Physical fitness is considered a predictor of mortality and comorbidities resulting from physical inactivity in children and adolescents. Physical literacy provides a robust and comprehensive assessment of physical fitness. Thus, it is considered a crucial element for understanding children and adolescents’ health [...] Read more.

Background: Physical fitness is considered a predictor of mortality and comorbidities resulting from physical inactivity in children and adolescents. Physical literacy provides a robust and comprehensive assessment of physical fitness. Thus, it is considered a crucial element for understanding children and adolescents’ health status and their physical activity-related behaviours. Moreover, the self-perceived fitness should also be considered. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the relationship between physical literacy and self-perceived physical fitness in children and adolescents aged 8–12 years. Methods: A single-measure cross-sectional study was conducted with 135 children and adolescents. Anthropometric measurements and the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy Development (CAPL-2) were applied. Descriptive statistics and correlations were calculated. The Fitness Perception Scale for Adolescents (FP VAS A) scale was also administered to assess participants’ self-perceived fitness. Results: Moderate significant correlations were found between “physical competence”, “motivation and confidence”, and the total CAPL-2 score with FP VAS A. Conclusions: The influence of motivation on self-perceived fitness has been demonstrated. Moreover, cardiorespiratory fitness could be considered one of the most relevant and influential factors in the total CAPL-2 score. It means that higher levels of self-perceived fitness would be associated with greater levels of physical literacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Response and Adaptation during Human Exercise: From Physiology, Metabolism and Musculoskeletal Modelling to Understand Functional Disorders)

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19 pages, 3094 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mapping the Energetic Costs of Free-Swimming Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata), a Key Species in European Marine Aquaculture

by Sébastien Alfonso, Walter Zupa, Maria Teresa Spedicato, Giuseppe Lembo and Pierluigi Carbonara

Biology 2021, 10(12), 1357; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121357 - 20 Dec 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4573

Abstract

Measurement of metabolic rates provides a valuable proxy for the energetic costs of different living activities. However, such measurements are not easy to perform in free-swimming fish. Therefore, mapping acceleration from accelerometer tags with oxygen consumption rates (MO₂) is a promising [...] Read more.

Measurement of metabolic rates provides a valuable proxy for the energetic costs of different living activities. However, such measurements are not easy to perform in free-swimming fish. Therefore, mapping acceleration from accelerometer tags with oxygen consumption rates (MO₂) is a promising method to counter these limitations and could represent a tool for remotely estimating MO₂ in aquaculture environments. In this study, we monitored the swimming performance and MO₂ of 79 gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata; weight range, 219–971 g) during a critical swimming test. Among all the fish challenged, 27 were implanted with electromyography (EMG) electrodes, and 27 were implanted with accelerometer tags to monitor the activation pattern of the red/white muscles during swimming. Additionally, we correlated the acceleration recorded by the tag with the MO₂. Overall, we found no significant differences in swimming performance, metabolic traits, and swimming efficiency between the tagged and untagged fish. The acceleration recorded by the tag was successfully correlated with MO₂. Additionally, through EMG analyses, we determined the activities of the red and white muscles, which are indicative of the contributions of aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms until reaching critical swimming speed. By obtaining insights into both aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms, sensor mapping with physiological data may be useful for the purposes of aquaculture health/welfare remote monitoring of the gilthead sea bream, a key species in European marine aquaculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conservation of Marine Ecosystems: Selected Papers from MetroSea 2021)

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14 pages, 2321 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sheep β-Defensin 2 Regulates Escherichia coli F17 Resistance via NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways in Ovine Intestinal Epithelial Cells

by Ling Ge, Shuangxia Zou, Zehu Yuan, Weihao Chen, Shanhe Wang, Xiukai Cao, Xiaoyang Lv, Tesfaye Getachew, Joram M. Mwacharo, Aynalem Haile and Wei Sun

Biology 2021, 10(12), 1356; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121356 - 20 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3496

Abstract

Escherichia coli (E. coli) F17 is a member of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, which can cause massive diarrhea and high mortality in newborn lambs. β-defensin is mainly produced by the epithelial tissue of the gastrointestinal tract in response to microbial infection. [...] Read more.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) F17 is a member of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, which can cause massive diarrhea and high mortality in newborn lambs. β-defensin is mainly produced by the epithelial tissue of the gastrointestinal tract in response to microbial infection. However, the molecular mechanism of sheep β-defensin 2 (SBD-2) against E. coli F17 remains unclear. This study aims to reveal the antibacterial ability of SBD-2 against E. coli F17 infection in sheep. Firstly, we established the culture system of ovine intestinal epithelial cells (OIECs) in vitro, treated with different concentrations of E. coli F17 for an indicated time. Secondly, we performed RNA interference and overexpression to investigate the effect of SBD-2 expression on E. coli F17 adhesion to OIECs. Finally, inhibitors of NF-κB and MAPK pathways were pre-treated to explore the possible relationship involving in E. coli F17 infection regulating SBD-2 expression. The results showed that E. coli F17 markedly (p < 0.01) upregulated the expression levels of SBD-2 mRNA and protein in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Overexpression of SBD-2 contributed to enhancing E. coli F17 resistance in OIECs, while silencing SBD-2 dramatically improved the adhesion of E. coli F17 to OIECs (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Furthermore, E. coli F17 stimulated SBD-2 expression was obviously decreased by pre-treatment with NF-κB inhibitor PDTC, p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190 and ERK1/2 MAPK inhibitor PD98095 (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Interestingly, adhesion of E. coli F17 to OIECs were highly enhanced by pre-treated with PDTC, SB202190 and PD98095. Our data suggested that SBD-2 could inhibit E. coli F17 infection in OIECs, possibly through NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Our results provide useful theoretical basis on developing anti-infective drug and breeding for E. coli diarrhea disease-resistant sheep. Full article

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19 pages, 2569 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of PDE4 Inhibitor-Induced Hypothermia as a Correlate of Nausea in Mice

by Abigail Boyd, Ileana V. Aragon, Justin Rich, Will McDonough, Marianna Oditt, Daniel Irelan, Edward Fiedler, Lina Abou Saleh and Wito Richter

Biology 2021, 10(12), 1355; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121355 - 20 Dec 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4072

Abstract

Treatment with PAN-PDE4 inhibitors has been shown to produce hypothermia in multiple species. Given the growing body of evidence that links nausea and emesis to disturbances in thermoregulation in mammals, we explored PDE4 inhibitor-induced hypothermia as a novel correlate of nausea in mice. [...] Read more.

Treatment with PAN-PDE4 inhibitors has been shown to produce hypothermia in multiple species. Given the growing body of evidence that links nausea and emesis to disturbances in thermoregulation in mammals, we explored PDE4 inhibitor-induced hypothermia as a novel correlate of nausea in mice. Using knockout mice for each of the four PDE4 subtypes, we show that selective inactivation of individual PDE4 subtypes per se does not produce hypothermia, which must instead require the concurrent inactivation of multiple (at least two) PDE4 subtypes. These findings contrast with the role of PDE4s in shortening the duration of α₂-adrenoceptor-dependent anesthesia, a behavioral surrogate previously used to assess the emetic potential of PDE4 inhibitors, which is exclusively affected by inactivation of PDE4D. These different outcomes are rooted in the distinct molecular mechanisms that drive these two paradigms; acting as a physiologic α₂-adrenoceptor antagonist produces the effect of PDE4/PDE4D inactivation on the duration of α₂-adrenoceptor-dependent anesthesia, but does not mediate the effect of PDE4 inhibitors on body temperature in mice. Taken together, our findings suggest that selective inhibition of any individual PDE4 subtype, including inhibition of PDE4D, may be free of nausea and emesis. Full article

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27 pages, 1653 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Multifactorial Approach for Sarcopenia Assessment: A Literature Review

by Rashmi Supriya, Kumar Purnendu Singh, Yang Gao, Feifei Li, Frédéric Dutheil and Julien S. Baker

Biology 2021, 10(12), 1354; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121354 - 20 Dec 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 7830

Abstract

Sarcopenia refers to a progressive and generalized weakness of skeletal muscle as individuals age. Sarcopenia usually occurs after the age of 60 years and is associated with a persistent decline in muscle strength, function, and quality. A comparison of the risk factors associated [...] Read more.

Sarcopenia refers to a progressive and generalized weakness of skeletal muscle as individuals age. Sarcopenia usually occurs after the age of 60 years and is associated with a persistent decline in muscle strength, function, and quality. A comparison of the risk factors associated with sarcopenia based on the European Working Group on Sarcopenia (1 and 2) in Older People, the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (1 and 2), the International Working Group on Sarcopenia, and the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health revealed no consistent patterns. Accordingly, the identification of a single risk factor for sarcopenia is unpredictable due to its “multifactorial” pathogenesis, with the involvement of a multitude of factors. Therefore, the first aim of this review was to outline and propose that the multiple factors associated with sarcopenia need to be considered in combination in the design of new experimentation in this area. A secondary aim was to highlight the biochemical risk factors that are already identified in subjects with sarcopenia to assist scientists in understanding the biology of the pathophysiological mechanisms affecting the old people with sarcopenia. We also briefly discuss primary outcomes (physical) and secondary outcomes (social and financial) of sarcopenia. For future investigative purposes, this comprehensive review may be useful in considering important risk factors in the utilization of a panel of biomarkers emanating from all pathways involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. This may help to establish a uniform consensus for screening and defining this disease. Considering the COVID-19 pandemic, its impact may be exacerbated in older populations, which requires immediate attention. Here, we briefly suggest strategies for advancing the development of smart technologies to deliver exercise in the COVID-19 era in an attempt regress the onset of sarcopenia. These strategies may also have an impact on sarcopenia’s primary and secondary outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Response and Adaptation during Human Exercise: From Physiology, Metabolism and Musculoskeletal Modelling to Understand Functional Disorders)

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12 pages, 3016 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fluorescent Soybean Hairy Root Construction and Its Application in the Soybean—Nematode Interaction: An Investigation

by Ruowei Yang, Shuang Li, Xiaowen Yang, Xiaofeng Zhu, Haiyan Fan, Yuanhu Xuan, Lijie Chen, Xiaoyu Liu, Yuanyuan Wang and Yuxi Duan

Biology 2021, 10(12), 1353; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121353 - 20 Dec 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3994

Abstract

Background: The yield of soybean is limited by the soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines). Soybean transformation plays a key role in gene function research but the stable genetic transformation of soybean usually takes half a year. Methods: Here, we constructed a [...] Read more.

Background: The yield of soybean is limited by the soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines). Soybean transformation plays a key role in gene function research but the stable genetic transformation of soybean usually takes half a year. Methods: Here, we constructed a vector, pNI-GmUbi, in an Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated soybean hypocotyl transformation to induce fluorescent hairy roots (FHRs). Results: We describe the operation of FHR-SCN, a fast, efficient and visual operation pathosystem to study the gene functions in the soybean-SCN interaction. With this method, FHRs were detected after 25 days in 4 cultivars (Williams 82, Zhonghuang 13, Huipizhiheidou and Peking) and at least 66.67% of the composite plants could be used to inoculate SCNs. The demographics of the SCN could be started 12 days post-SCN inoculation. Further, GmHS1^pro-1 was overexpressed in the FHRs and GmHS1^pro-1 provided an additional resistance in Williams 82. In addition, we found that jasmonic acid and JA-Ile increased in the transgenic soybean, implying that the resistance was mainly caused by affecting the content of JA and JA-Ile. Conclusions: In this study, we established a pathosystem, FHR-SCN, to verify the functional genes in soybeans and the SCN interaction. We also verified that GmHS1^pro-1 provides additional resistance in both FHRs and transgenic soybeans, and the resistance may be caused by an increase in JA and JA-Ile contents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry and Molecular Biology)

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19 pages, 2498 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Culture-Independent Survey of Thermophilic Microbial Communities of the North Caucasus

by Stepan V. Toshchakov, Anna O. Izotova, Elizaveta N. Vinogradova, Gennady S. Kachmazov, Albina Y. Tuaeva, Vladimir T. Abaev, Martha A. Evteeva, Natalia M. Gunitseva, Aleksei A. Korzhenkov, Alexander G. Elcheninov, Maxim V. Patrushev and Ilya V. Kublanov

Biology 2021, 10(12), 1352; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121352 - 20 Dec 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4459

Abstract

The Greater Caucasus is a part of seismically active Alpine–Himalayan orogenic belt and has been a center of significant volcanic activity during the Quaternary period. That led to the formation of the number of hydrothermal habitats, including subterranean thermal aquifers and surface hot [...] Read more.

The Greater Caucasus is a part of seismically active Alpine–Himalayan orogenic belt and has been a center of significant volcanic activity during the Quaternary period. That led to the formation of the number of hydrothermal habitats, including subterranean thermal aquifers and surface hot springs. However, there are only a limited number of scientific works reporting on the microbial communities of these habitats. Moreover, all these reports concern only studies of specific microbial taxa, carried out using classical cultivation approaches. In this work, we present first culture-independent study of hydrotherms in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, located in the southern part of the North Caucasus. Using 16S metabarcoding, we analyzed the composition of the microbial communities of two subterranean thermal aquifers and terrestrial hot springs of the Karmadon valley. Analysis of correlations between the chemical composition of water and the representation of key taxa allowed us to identify the key factors determining the formation of microbial communities. In addition, we were able to identify a significant number of highly abundant deep phylogenetic lineages. Our study represents a first glance on the thermophilic microbial communities of the North Caucasus and may serve as a basis for further microbiological studies of the extreme habitats of this region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Ecology and Evolution in Extreme Environments)

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20 pages, 2573 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nutritional and Bioactive Characterization of Sicana odorifera Naudim Vell. Seeds By-Products and Its Potential Hepatoprotective Properties in Swiss Albino Mice

by Silvia Caballero, Laura Mereles, Alberto Burgos-Edwards, Nelson Alvarenga, Eva Coronel, Rocío Villalba and Olga Heinichen

Biology 2021, 10(12), 1351; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121351 - 19 Dec 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4580

Abstract

The “Kurugua” (Sicana odorifera) is a native fruit that demonstrates attractive nutritional, coloring, flavoring, and antioxidant properties. The main by-products from the processing and consumption of kurugua fruit are epicarp and seeds. In this work, the properties of the seeds of [...] Read more.

The “Kurugua” (Sicana odorifera) is a native fruit that demonstrates attractive nutritional, coloring, flavoring, and antioxidant properties. The main by-products from the processing and consumption of kurugua fruit are epicarp and seeds. In this work, the properties of the seeds of S. odorifera were evaluated. The nutritional composition of the fruit seeds was determined through AOAC official methods and UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS profiling. The antioxidant activities were determined using in vitro methods, and the acute toxicity and hepatoprotective properties were investigated in Swiss albino mice. Quercetin derivatives and cucurbitacins were the main phytochemicals in the seeds’ methanolic extract and demonstrated some biological activities. GC-MS analysis revealed the essential fatty acids linolenic and linoleic as the main compounds present in seeds oil. The methanolic extract significantly reduced the serum levels of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) in mice with induced hepatotoxicity (GPT p < 0.05; GOT p < 0.001) at the minor concentration tested (100 mg/kg EMSo). The results suggest that the S. odorifera seeds as by-products show potential use as a source of phytochemicals and in the production of oils with application in food supplements and nutraceuticals. Their integral use could contribute to waste reduction from kurugua fruits processing within the food safety and environmental sustainability framework. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food By-Products as Sustainable Sources of Health-Promoting and Anti-microbial Bioactive Molecules)

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23 pages, 1554 KiB

Open AccessReview

Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of miRNAs after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Review

by Ewelina Błażejowska, Tomasz Urbanowicz, Aleksandra Gąsecka, Anna Olasińska-Wiśniewska, Miłosz J. Jaguszewski, Radosław Targoński, Łukasz Szarpak, Krzysztof J. Filipiak, Bartłomiej Perek and Marek Jemielity

Biology 2021, 10(12), 1350; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121350 - 19 Dec 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5740

Abstract

MiRNAs are noncoding, 21–24 nucleotide-long RNA particles that control over 60% of genes. MiRNAs affect gene expression through binding to the 3’-untranslated region of messenger RNA (mRNA), thus inhibiting mRNA translation or inducing mRNA degradation. MiRNAs have been associated with various cardiovascular diseases, [...] Read more.

MiRNAs are noncoding, 21–24 nucleotide-long RNA particles that control over 60% of genes. MiRNAs affect gene expression through binding to the 3’-untranslated region of messenger RNA (mRNA), thus inhibiting mRNA translation or inducing mRNA degradation. MiRNAs have been associated with various cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure, hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, or ischemic heart disease. In addition, miRNA expression alters during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery, which could be used to predict perioperative outcomes. CABG is an operation in which complex coronary arteries stenosis is treated by bypassing atherosclerotic lesions with venous or arterial grafts. Despite a very low perioperative mortality rate and excellent long-term survival, CABG is associated with postoperative complications, including reperfusion injury, graft failure, atrial fibrillation and perioperative myocardial infarction. So far, no reliable diagnostic and prognostic tools to predict prognosis after CABG have been developed. Changes in the perioperative miRNA expression levels could improve the diagnosis of post-CABG myocardial infarction and atrial fibrillation and could be used to stratify risk after CABG. Herein, we describe the expression changes of different subtypes of miRNAs during CABG and review the diagnostic and prognostic utility of miRNAs in patients undergoing CABG. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Etiology of Atherosclerosis/Coronary Artery Disease)

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10 pages, 972 KiB

Open AccessArticle

COVID-19 in Solid Organ Transplant Recipient: Exploring Cumulative Incidence, Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Disease Severity

by Rossana Caldara, Paola Maffi, Sabrina Costa, Elena Bazzigaluppi, Cristina Brigatti, Vito Lampasona, Paola Magistretti, Fabio Manenti, Ilaria Marzinotto, Silvia Pellegrini, Marina Scavini, Antonio Secchi and Lorenzo Piemonti

Biology 2021, 10(12), 1349; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121349 - 18 Dec 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3484

Abstract

Background: Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients may be at increased risk for severe disease and mortality from COVID-19 because of immunosuppression and prolonged end-stage organ disease. As a transplant center serving a diverse patient population, we report the cumulative incidence and outcomes of [...] Read more.

Background: Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients may be at increased risk for severe disease and mortality from COVID-19 because of immunosuppression and prolonged end-stage organ disease. As a transplant center serving a diverse patient population, we report the cumulative incidence and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in our cohort of SOT recipients. Methods: We prospectively included in this observational study SOT recipients with a functioning kidney (n = 201), pancreas ± kidney (n = 66) or islet transplant (n = 24), attending outpatient regular follow-up at the San Raffaele Hospital from February 2020 to April 2021. Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were tested in all patients by a luciferase immunoprecipitation system assay. Results: Of the 291 SOT recipients, 30 (10.3%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during the study period and prevalence was not different among different transplants. The SARS-CoV-2 antibody frequency was around 2.6-fold higher than the incidence of cases who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR. As for the WHO COVID-19 severity classification, 19 (63.3%) SOT recipients were mild, nine (30%) were moderate, and two were critical and died yielding a crude mortality rate in our patient population of 6.7%. Kidney transplant (OR 12.9 (1.1–150) p = 0.041) was associated with an increased risk for moderate/critical disease, while statin therapy (OR 0.116 (0.015–0.926) p = 0.042) and pancreas/islet transplant (OR 0.077 (0.007–0.906) p = 0.041) were protective. Conclusions: The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in SOT recipients may be higher than previously described. Due to the relative high crude mortality, symptomatic SOT recipients must be considered at high risk in case of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Global Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Serology)

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11 pages, 845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of Collagen Membrane in the Treatment of Periodontal Defects Distal to Mandibular Second Molars Following Surgical Removal of Impacted Mandibular Third Molars: A Comparative Clinical Study

by C. Burnice Nalina Kumari, Thiagarajan Ramakrishnan, Pradeep Devadoss, Rajaram Vijayalakshmi, Khalid J. Alzahrani, Mazen A. Almasri, Manea Musa. Al-Ahmari, Hajar Saeed Al Dira, Malath Suhluli, Ashok Kumar Bhati, Zeeshan Heera Ahmad, A. Thirumal Raj, Shilpa Bhandi and Shankargouda Patil

Biology 2021, 10(12), 1348; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121348 - 18 Dec 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4229

Abstract

The study aims to assess the efficacy of using collagen membrane in the treatment of distal periodontal defects of mandibular second molars following the removal of mesioangularly or horizontally impacted mandibular third molars surgically. Forty sites in twenty patients with bilaterally impacted mandibular [...] Read more.

The study aims to assess the efficacy of using collagen membrane in the treatment of distal periodontal defects of mandibular second molars following the removal of mesioangularly or horizontally impacted mandibular third molars surgically. Forty sites in twenty patients with bilaterally impacted mandibular third molars (mesioangular or horizontal) were considered for the study. In 20 test sites (Group A), after surgical removal of the mandibular third molar, a resorbable collagen membrane barrier was placed on the distal aspect of the mandibular second molar to cover the post-surgical bone defect. In the other control 20 sites (Group B), the same surgical procedure was repeated without placing any membrane barrier. The clinical parameters recorded were Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHI-S), Probing pocket depth (PPD), Clinical attachment level (CAL), and radiographic assessment of alveolar bone level (ABL). OHI-S score of most of the patients was observed to be satisfactory. Group A was observed to achieve a statistically significant reduction in PPD, CAL, and ABL gain compared to Group B. The improvements indicated that the use of collagen membrane facilitates early wound stabilization and promotes primary closure of the defect. This recovery is achieved through its unique property to assist fibrinogenesis over osteoconduction. Further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the present findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Precision Medicine, Dentistry and Oral Health)

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44 pages, 10276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

BreastNet18: A High Accuracy Fine-Tuned VGG16 Model Evaluated Using Ablation Study for Diagnosing Breast Cancer from Enhanced Mammography Images

by Sidratul Montaha, Sami Azam, Abul Kalam Muhammad Rakibul Haque Rafid, Pronab Ghosh, Md. Zahid Hasan, Mirjam Jonkman and Friso De Boer

Biology 2021, 10(12), 1347; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121347 - 17 Dec 2021

Cited by 58 | Viewed by 8997

Abstract

Background: Identification and treatment of breast cancer at an early stage can reduce mortality. Currently, mammography is the most widely used effective imaging technique in breast cancer detection. However, an erroneous mammogram based interpretation may result in false diagnosis rate, as distinguishing cancerous [...] Read more.

Background: Identification and treatment of breast cancer at an early stage can reduce mortality. Currently, mammography is the most widely used effective imaging technique in breast cancer detection. However, an erroneous mammogram based interpretation may result in false diagnosis rate, as distinguishing cancerous masses from adjacent tissue is often complex and error-prone. Methods: Six pre-trained and fine-tuned deep CNN architectures: VGG16, VGG19, MobileNetV2, ResNet50, DenseNet201, and InceptionV3 are evaluated to determine which model yields the best performance. We propose a BreastNet18 model using VGG16 as foundational base, since VGG16 performs with the highest accuracy. An ablation study is performed on BreastNet18, to evaluate its robustness and achieve the highest possible accuracy. Various image processing techniques with suitable parameter values are employed to remove artefacts and increase the image quality. A total dataset of 1442 preprocessed mammograms was augmented using seven augmentation techniques, resulting in a dataset of 11,536 images. To investigate possible overfitting issues, a k-fold cross validation is carried out. The model was then tested on noisy mammograms to evaluate its robustness. Results were compared with previous studies. Results: Proposed BreastNet18 model performed best with a training accuracy of 96.72%, a validating accuracy of 97.91%, and a test accuracy of 98.02%. In contrast to this, VGGNet19 yielded test accuracy of 96.24%, MobileNetV2 77.84%, ResNet50 79.98%, DenseNet201 86.92%, and InceptionV3 76.87%. Conclusions: Our proposed approach based on image processing, transfer learning, fine-tuning, and ablation study has demonstrated a high correct breast cancer classification while dealing with a limited number of complex medical images. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioinformatics)

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16 pages, 3501 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heterologous Expression and Rational Design of l-asparaginase from Rhizomucor miehei to Improve Thermostability

by Xian Zhang, Zhi Wang, Yimai Wang, Xu Li, Manchi Zhu, Hengwei Zhang, Meijuan Xu, Taowei Yang and Zhiming Rao

Biology 2021, 10(12), 1346; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121346 - 17 Dec 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3687

Abstract

l-asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1) hydrolyzes l-asparagine to produce l-aspartate and ammonia and is widely found in microorganisms, plants, and some rodent sera. l-asparaginase used for industrial production should have good thermostability. We heterologously expressed l-asparaginase from Rhizomucor miehei, [...] Read more.

l-asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1) hydrolyzes l-asparagine to produce l-aspartate and ammonia and is widely found in microorganisms, plants, and some rodent sera. l-asparaginase used for industrial production should have good thermostability. We heterologously expressed l-asparaginase from Rhizomucor miehei, selected nine loci for site-directed mutagenesis by rational design, and obtained two mutants with significantly improved thermostability. The optimal temperature of mutants S302I and S302M was 50 °C. After incubating the mutant and wild-type enzymes at 45 °C for 35 h, the residual activity of the wild-type enzyme (WT) was only about 10%. In contrast, the residual activity of S302I and S302M was more than 50%. After combination mutagenesis, Bacillus subtilis 168-pMA5-A344E/S302I was constructed using the food-safe host strain B. subtilis 168. Additionally, a 5′ untranslated region (UTR) modification strategy was adopted to enhance the expression level of R. miehei-derived l-asparaginase in B. subtilis. In a 5-L fermenter scale-up experiment, the enzyme activity of recombinant B. subtilis 168-pMA5-UTR-A344E/S302I reached 521.9 U·mL⁻¹ by fed-batch fermentation. Full article

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17 pages, 4098 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Agrobacterium fabrum atu0526-Encoding Protein Is the Only Chemoreceptor That Regulates Chemoattraction toward the Broad Antibacterial Agent Formic Acid

by Hao Wang, Mengqi Zhang, Yujuan Xu, Renjie Zong, Nan Xu and Minliang Guo

Biology 2021, 10(12), 1345; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121345 - 17 Dec 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3228

Abstract

Soil-born plant pathogens, especially Agrobacterium, generally navigate their way to hosts through recognition of the root exudates by chemoreceptors. However, there is still a lack of appropriate identification of chemoreceptors and their ligands in Agrobacterium. Here, Atu0526, a sCache-type chemoreceptor from [...] Read more.

Soil-born plant pathogens, especially Agrobacterium, generally navigate their way to hosts through recognition of the root exudates by chemoreceptors. However, there is still a lack of appropriate identification of chemoreceptors and their ligands in Agrobacterium. Here, Atu0526, a sCache-type chemoreceptor from Agrobacterium fabrum C58, was confirmed as the receptor of a broad antibacterial agent, formic acid. The binding of formic acid to Atu0526 was screened using a thermo shift assay and verified using isothermal titration calorimetry. Inconsistent with the previously reported antimicrobial properties, formic acid was confirmed to be a chemoattractant to A. fabrum and could promote its growth. The chemotaxis of A. fabrum C58 toward formic acid was completely lost with the knock-out of atu0526, and regained with the complementation of the gene, indicating that Atu0526 is the only chemoreceptor for formic acid in A. fabrum C58. The affinity of formic acid to Atu0526^LBD significantly increased after the arginine at position 115 was replaced by alanine. However, in vivo experiments showed that the R115A mutation fully abolished the chemotaxis of A. fabrum toward formic acid. Molecular docking based on a predicted 3D structure of Atu0526 suggested that the arginine may provide “an anchorage” for formic acid to pull the minor loop, thereby forming a conformational change that generates the ligand-binding signal. Collectively, our findings will promote an understanding of sCache-type chemoreceptors and their signal transduction mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry and Molecular Biology)

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21 pages, 5119 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Medicinal-Cosmetic Potential of the Local Endemic Plants of Crete (Greece), Northern Morocco and Tunisia: Priorities for Conservation and Sustainable Exploitation of Neglected and Underutilized Phytogenetic Resources

by Soumaya Bourgou, Imtinen Ben Haj Jilani, Olfa Karous, Wided Megdiche-Ksouri, Zeineb Ghrabi-Gammar, Mohamed Libiad, Abdelmajid Khabbach, Mohamed El Haissoufi, Fatima Lamchouri, Vasileios Greveniotis, Manolis Avramakis, Stefanos Hatzilazarou, Ioannis Anestis, Georgios Tsoktouridis and Nikos Krigas

Biology 2021, 10(12), 1344; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121344 - 16 Dec 2021

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 5452

Abstract

Medicinal-aromatic plants (MAPs) are important sources for the development of new valuable products of interest to human and animal health, and are also used as ornamentals for the horticulture industry. However, the increased global demand and the uncontrolled exploitation of these plants constitute [...] Read more.

Medicinal-aromatic plants (MAPs) are important sources for the development of new valuable products of interest to human and animal health, and are also used as ornamentals for the horticulture industry. However, the increased global demand and the uncontrolled exploitation of these plants constitute a threat to their sustainability. To date, few scientific investigations have focused on MAPs valorization and their domestication. The purpose of this study was to evaluate for the first time the medicinal-cosmetic potential of 399 local endemic Mediterranean plants confined to Crete (223 taxa), the Mediterranean coast-Rif of Morocco (94), and Tunisia (82). The new methodological scheme was developed by experts through three multidisciplinary co-creative workshops and was adjusted by end-users to point-scoring of nine attributes evaluating the potential of the targeted neglected and underutilized plants (NUPs) in the medicinal-cosmetic sector. The results were demonstrated as percentage of the maximum possible score. These assessments were further linked and discussed with respect to feasibility and readiness timescale evaluations for sustainable exploitation of the focal NUPs. A great diversity of local endemic NUPs (30 taxa, 11 families) were associated with interesting medicinal-cosmetic properties (>35% up to 94.44%). Among them, 8 taxa showed the highest medicinal-cosmetic potential (>55% of maximum possible score), half of which are threatened with extinction. Although ex-situ conservation efforts and applied research work are needed to safeguard and unlock the full potential of the local endemic NUPs evaluated herein, the proposed multifaceted evaluation scheme revealed that some local endemic NUPs of the studied regions can be sustainably exploited in short- or medium-term, following successful examples of Cretan NUPs e.g., Origanum dictramnus. The sustainable exploitation of high scored taxa of the studied regions can be fastened through targeted species-specific research bridging extant research gaps and facilitating conservation and stakeholder attraction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Linking Biodiversity and Cultural Diversity: New Approaches for Fostering the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources)

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12 pages, 2221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Production of d-Tagatose by Whole-Cell Conversion of Recombinant Bacillus subtilis in the Absence of Antibiotics

by Xian Zhang, Ruiqi Lu, Qiang Wang, Mengkai Hu, Zhiyue Li, Meijuan Xu, Taowei Yang, Rongzhen Zhang and Zhiming Rao

Biology 2021, 10(12), 1343; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121343 - 16 Dec 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3900

Abstract

d-tagatose is a popular functional monosaccharide produced from lactose by β-galactosidase and arabinose isomerase. In this study, two d-alanine-deficient heterologous gene expression systems were constructed, B. subtilis 168 D1 and B. subtilis 168 D2, using overlapping extension PCR and the CRE/ [...] Read more.

d-tagatose is a popular functional monosaccharide produced from lactose by β-galactosidase and arabinose isomerase. In this study, two d-alanine-deficient heterologous gene expression systems were constructed, B. subtilis 168 D1 and B. subtilis 168 D2, using overlapping extension PCR and the CRE/loxP system. The lacZ gene for β-galactosidase was integrated into a specific locus of the chassis B. subtilis 168 D2. A mutually complementary plasmid pMA5 with the alanine racemase gene alrA attached to it was constructed and used to assemble recombinant plasmids overexpressing β-galactosidase and arabinose isomerase. Afterward, an integrated recombinant was constructed by the plasmid expressing the arabinose isomerase gene araA of E. coli transform-competent B. subtilis 168 D2 cells. The co-expressing plasmids were introduced into alanine racemase knockout B. subtilis 168 D1. Whole-cell bioconversion was performed using the integrated recombinant with a maximum yield of 96.8 g/L d-tagatose from 500 g/L lactose, and the highest molar conversions were 57.2%. B. subtilis 168 D1/pMA5-alrA-araA-lacZ is capable of single-cell one-step production of d-tagatose. This study provides a new approach to the production of functional sugars. Full article

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20 pages, 5728 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Replication of Integrative Data Analysis for Adipose Tissue Dysfunction, Low-Grade Inflammation, Postprandial Responses and OMICs Signatures in Symptom-Free Adults

by Esther C. Gallegos-Cabriales, Ernesto Rodriguez-Ayala, Hugo A. Laviada-Molina, Edna J. Nava-Gonzalez, Rocío A. Salinas-Osornio, Lorena Orozco, Irene Leal-Berumen, Juan Carlos Castillo-Pineda, Laura Gonzalez-Lopez, Claudia Escudero-Lourdes, Judith Cornejo-Barrera, Fabiola Escalante-Araiza, Eira E. Huerta-Avila, Fatima A. Buenfil-Rello, Vanessa-Giselle Peschard, Eliud Silva, Rosa A. Veloz-Garza, Angelica Martinez-Hernandez, Francisco M. Barajas-Olmos, Fernanda Molina-Segui, Lucia Gonzalez-Ramirez, Ruy D. Arjona-Villicaña, Victor M. Hernandez-Escalante, Janeth F. Gaytan-Saucedo, Zoila Vaquera, Monica Acebo-Martinez, Areli Murillo-Ramirez, Sara P. Diaz-Tena, Benigno Figueroa-Nuñez, Melesio E. Valencia-Rendon, Rafael Garzon-Zamora, Juan Manuel Viveros-Paredes, Salvador B. Valdovinos-Chavez, Anthony G Comuzzie, Karin Haack, Ashley A. Thorsell, Xianlin Han, Shelley A. Cole and Raul A. Bastarrachea Show full author list Hide full author list

Biology 2021, 10(12), 1342; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121342 - 16 Dec 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5767

Abstract

We previously reported preliminary characterization of adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction through the adiponectin/leptin ratio (ALR) and fasting/postprandial (F/P) gene expression in subcutaneous (SQ) adipose tissue (AT) biopsies obtained from participants in the GEMM study, a precision medicine research project. Here we present integrative [...] Read more.

We previously reported preliminary characterization of adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction through the adiponectin/leptin ratio (ALR) and fasting/postprandial (F/P) gene expression in subcutaneous (SQ) adipose tissue (AT) biopsies obtained from participants in the GEMM study, a precision medicine research project. Here we present integrative data replication of previous findings from an increased number of GEMM symptom-free (SF) adults (N = 124) to improve characterization of early biomarkers for cardiovascular (CV)/immunometabolic risk in SF adults with AT dysfunction. We achieved this goal by taking advantage of the rich set of GEMM F/P 5 h time course data and three tissue samples collected at the same time and frequency on each adult participant (F/P blood, biopsies of SQAT and skeletal muscle (SKM)). We classified them with the presence/absence of AT dysfunction: low (<1) or high (>1) ALR. We also examined the presence of metabolically healthy (MH)/unhealthy (MUH) individuals through low-grade chronic subclinical inflammation (high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP)), whole body insulin sensitivity (Matsuda Index) and Metabolic Syndrome criteria in people with/without AT dysfunction. Molecular data directly measured from three tissues in a subset of participants allowed fine-scale multi-OMIC profiling of individual postprandial responses (RNA-seq in SKM and SQAT, miRNA from plasma exosomes and shotgun lipidomics in blood). Dynamic postprandial immunometabolic molecular endophenotypes were obtained to move towards a personalized, patient-defined medicine. This study offers an example of integrative translational research, which applies bench-to-bedside research to clinical medicine. Our F/P study design has the potential to characterize CV/immunometabolic early risk detection in support of precision medicine and discovery in SF individuals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunometabolic Crosstalk in Inflammation and Metabolic Syndrome: New Biomarkers and Therapeutic Tools)

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21 pages, 5102 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Model for Simulating Drug Delivery during Balloon-Occluded Transarterial Chemoembolization

by Jorge Aramburu, Raúl Antón, Junichi Fukamizu, Daiki Nozawa, Makoto Takahashi, Kouji Ozaki, Juan Carlos Ramos, Bruno Sangro, José Ignacio Bilbao, Kosuke Tomita, Tomohiro Matsumoto and Terumitsu Hasebe

Biology 2021, 10(12), 1341; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121341 - 16 Dec 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4424

Abstract

Background: Balloon-occluded transarterial chemoembolization (B-TACE) has emerged as a safe and effective procedure for patients with liver cancer, which is one of the deadliest types of cancer worldwide. B-TACE consist of the transcatheter intraarterial infusion of chemotherapeutic agents, followed by embolizing particles, and [...] Read more.

Background: Balloon-occluded transarterial chemoembolization (B-TACE) has emerged as a safe and effective procedure for patients with liver cancer, which is one of the deadliest types of cancer worldwide. B-TACE consist of the transcatheter intraarterial infusion of chemotherapeutic agents, followed by embolizing particles, and it is performed with a microballoon catheter that temporarily occludes a hepatic artery. B-TACE relies on the blood flow redistribution promoted by the balloon-occlusion. However, flow redistribution phenomenon is not yet well understood. Methods: This study aims to present a simple in vitro model (IVM) where B-TACE can be simulated. Results: By visually analyzing the results of various clinically-realistic experiments, the IVM allows for the understanding of balloon-occlusion-related hemodynamic changes and the importance of the occlusion site. Conclusion: The IVM can be used as an educational tool to help clinicians better understand B-TACE treatments. This IVM could also serve as a base for a more sophisticated IVM to be used as a research tool. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Human Anatomy and Pathophysiology)

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14 pages, 10118 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Biomarker Studies in Stress Biology: From the Gene to Population, from the Organism to the Application

by Marco F. L. Lemos

Biology 2021, 10(12), 1340; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121340 - 16 Dec 2021

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4568

Abstract

Endpoints assessed at the population or community level are most often the result of the sum of effects on individuals, arising from the effects at the cellular and molecular levels. Within this framework, these lower biological level endpoints are more responsive at an [...] Read more.

Endpoints assessed at the population or community level are most often the result of the sum of effects on individuals, arising from the effects at the cellular and molecular levels. Within this framework, these lower biological level endpoints are more responsive at an early stage of exposure, making them potential toolboxes to be used as early-warning markers to address stress. Given this, by linking responses and understanding organisms’ metabolism and physiology, the possibilities for the use of biomarkers in stress biology are vast. Here, biomarker comprehensive examples are given to enlighten the need to link levels of biological organization, and their usefulness for a myriad of fields and applications is presented and discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers in Stress Ecology—From the Gene to Population)

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18 pages, 2346 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Climate Mitigation through Biological Conservation: Extensive and Valuable Blue Carbon Natural Capital in Tristan da Cunha’s Giant Marine Protected Zone

by David K. A. Barnes, James B. Bell, Amelia E. Bridges, Louise Ireland, Kerry L. Howell, Stephanie M. Martin, Chester J. Sands, Alejandra Mora Soto, Terri Souster, Gareth Flint and Simon A. Morley

Biology 2021, 10(12), 1339; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121339 - 16 Dec 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 9105

Abstract

Carbon-rich habitats can provide powerful climate mitigation if meaningful protection is put in place. We attempted to quantify this around the Tristan da Cunha archipelago Marine Protected Area. Its shallows (<1000 m depth) are varied and productive. The 5.4 km² of kelp [...] Read more.

Carbon-rich habitats can provide powerful climate mitigation if meaningful protection is put in place. We attempted to quantify this around the Tristan da Cunha archipelago Marine Protected Area. Its shallows (<1000 m depth) are varied and productive. The 5.4 km² of kelp stores ~60 tonnes of carbon (tC) and may export ~240 tC into surrounding depths. In deep-waters we analysed seabed data collected from three research cruises, including seabed mapping, camera imagery, seabed oceanography and benthic samples from mini-Agassiz trawl. Rich biological assemblages on seamounts significantly differed to the islands and carbon storage had complex drivers. We estimate ~2.3 million tC are stored in benthic biodiversity of waters <1000 m, which includes >0.22 million tC that can be sequestered (the proportion of the carbon captured that is expected to become buried in sediment or locked away in skeletal tissue for at least 100 years). Much of this carbon is captured by cold-water coral reefs as a mixture of inorganic (largely calcium carbonate) and organic compounds. As part of its 2020 Marine Protection Strategy, these deep-water reef systems are now protected by a full bottom-trawling ban throughout Tristan da Cunha and representative no take areas on its seamounts. This small United Kingdom Overseas Territory’s reef systems represent approximately 0.8 Mt CO₂ equivalent sequestered carbon; valued at >£24 Million GBP (at the UN shadow price of carbon). Annual productivity of this protected standing stock generates an estimated £3 million worth of sequestered carbon a year, making it an unrecognized and potentially major component of the economy of small island nations like Tristan da Cunha. Conservation of near intact habitats are expected to provide strong climate and biodiversity returns, which are exemplified by this MPA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecology)

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15 pages, 2981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Redox Stress on Crosstalk between Fibroblasts and Keratinocytes

by Pradeep Bhartiya, Kai Masur, Debarati Shome, Neha Kaushik, Linh N. Nguyen, Nagendra Kumar Kaushik and Eun Ha Choi

Biology 2021, 10(12), 1338; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121338 - 16 Dec 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4174

Abstract

Although the skin is constantly subjected to endogenous and exogenous stress, it maintains a homeostatic state through wound repair and regeneration pathways. Treatment for skin diseases and injury requires a significant understanding of the various mechanisms and interactions that occur within skin cells. [...] Read more.

Although the skin is constantly subjected to endogenous and exogenous stress, it maintains a homeostatic state through wound repair and regeneration pathways. Treatment for skin diseases and injury requires a significant understanding of the various mechanisms and interactions that occur within skin cells. Keratinocytes and fibroblasts interact with each other and act as key players in the repair process. Although fibroblasts and keratinocytes are widely studied in wound healing and skin remodeling under different conditions, the influence of redox stress on keratinocyte-fibroblast crosstalk has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we used cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) to generate and deliver oxidative stress to keratinocytes and fibroblasts and to assess its impact on their interactions. To this end, we used a well-established in vitro 3D co-culture model imitating a realistic scenario. Our study shows that low CAP exposure is biocompatible and does not affect the viability or energetics of fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Exposure to low doses of CAP enhanced the proliferation rate of cells and stimulated the expression of key genes (KGF, MMP2, GMCSF, IL-6, and IL-8) in fibroblasts, indicating the activation and initiation of the skin repair process. Additionally, enhanced migration was observed under co-culture conditions under the given redox stress conditions, and expression of the upstream regulator and the effectors of the Hippo pathway (YAP and CYR61, respectively), which are associated with enhanced migration, were elevated. Overall, this study reinforces the application of CAP and redox stress in skin repair physiology. Full article

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15 pages, 5591 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Adaptor Protein Lurap1 Is Required for Cell Cohesion during Epiboly Movement in Zebrafish

by Ji-Tong Li, Xiao-Ning Cheng, Chong Zhang, De-Li Shi and Ming Shao

Biology 2021, 10(12), 1337; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121337 - 16 Dec 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4698

Abstract

Cell adhesion and polarized cellular behaviors play critical roles in a wide variety of morphogenetic events. In the zebrafish embryo, epiboly represents an important process of epithelial morphogenesis that involves differential cell adhesion and dynamic cell shape changes for coordinated movements of different [...] Read more.

Cell adhesion and polarized cellular behaviors play critical roles in a wide variety of morphogenetic events. In the zebrafish embryo, epiboly represents an important process of epithelial morphogenesis that involves differential cell adhesion and dynamic cell shape changes for coordinated movements of different cell populations, but the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. The adaptor protein Lurap1 functions to link myotonic dystrophy kinase-related Rac/Cdc42-binding kinase with MYO18A for actomyosin retrograde flow in cell migration. We previously reported that it interacts with Dishevelled in convergence and extension movements during gastrulation. Here, we show that it regulates blastoderm cell adhesion and radial cell intercalation during epiboly. In zebrafish mutant embryos with loss of both maternal and zygotic Lurap1 function, deep cell multilayer of the blastoderm exhibit delayed epiboly with respect to the superficial layer. Time-lapse imaging reveals that these deep cells undergo unstable intercalation, which impedes their expansion over the yolk cell. Cell sorting and adhesion assays indicate reduced cellular cohesion of the blastoderm. These defects are correlated with disrupted cytoskeletal organization in the cortex of blastoderm cells. Thus, the present results extend our previous works by demonstrating that Lurap1 is required for cell adhesion and cell behavior changes to coordinate cell movements during epithelial morphogenesis. They provide insights for a further understanding of the regulation of cytoskeletal organization during gastrulation cell movements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Developmental and Reproductive Biology)

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9 pages, 275 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Providing a Forensic Expert Opinion on the “Degree of Force”: Evidentiary Considerations

by Hans H. de Boer, Charles E. H. Berger and Soren Blau

Biology 2021, 10(12), 1336; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121336 - 16 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3691

Abstract

Forensic pathologists and anthropologists are often asked in court for an opinion about the degree of force required to cause a specific injury. This paper examines and discusses the concept of ‘degree of force’ and why it is considered a pertinent issue in [...] Read more.

Forensic pathologists and anthropologists are often asked in court for an opinion about the degree of force required to cause a specific injury. This paper examines and discusses the concept of ‘degree of force’ and why it is considered a pertinent issue in legal proceedings. This discussion identifies the implicit assumptions that often underpin questions about the ‘degree of force’. The current knowledge base for opinions on the degree of force is then provided by means of a literature review. A critical appraisal of this literature shows that much of the results from experimental research is of limited value in routine casework. An alternative approach to addressing the issue is provided through a discussion of the application of Bayes’ theorem, also called the likelihood ratio framework. It is argued that the use of this framework makes it possible for an expert to provide relevant and specific evidence, whilst maintaining the boundaries of their field of expertise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Forensic Anthropological Methods and Research)

17 pages, 1373 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Pharmacological Inhibition of CaMKII Regulates Sodium Chloride Cotransporter Activity in mDCT15 Cells

by Mohammed F. Gholam, Benjamin Ko, Zinah M. Ghazi, Robert S. Hoover and Abdel A. Alli

Biology 2021, 10(12), 1335; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121335 - 16 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3379

Abstract

The thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC) in the distal convoluted tubule is responsible for reabsorbing up to one-tenth of the total filtered load of sodium in the kidney. The actin cytoskeleton is thought to regulate various transport proteins in the kidney but the [...] Read more.

The thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC) in the distal convoluted tubule is responsible for reabsorbing up to one-tenth of the total filtered load of sodium in the kidney. The actin cytoskeleton is thought to regulate various transport proteins in the kidney but the regulation of the NCC by the actin cytoskeleton is largely unknown. Here, we identify a direct interaction between the NCC and the cytoskeletal protein filamin A in mouse distal convoluted tubule (mDCT15) cells and in the native kidney. We show that the disruption of the actin cytoskeleton by two different mechanisms downregulates NCC activity. As filamin A is a substrate of the Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), we investigate the physiological significance of CaMKII inhibition on NCC luminal membrane protein expression and NCC activity in mDCT15 cells. The pharmacological inhibition of CaMKII with the compound KN93 increases the active form of the NCC (phospho-NCC) at the luminal membrane and also increases NCC activity in mDCT15 cells. These data suggest that the interaction between the NCC and filamin A is dependent on CaMKII activity, which may serve as a feedback mechanism to maintain basal levels of NCC activity in the distal nephron. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology)

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34 pages, 2790 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

A Systematic Review of the Role of Oxytocin, Cortisol, and Testosterone in Facial Emotional Processing

by Ángel Romero-Martínez, Carolina Sarrate-Costa and Luis Moya-Albiol

Biology 2021, 10(12), 1334; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121334 - 15 Dec 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4748

Abstract

A topic of interest is the way decoding and interpreting facial emotional expressions can lead to mutual understanding. Facial emotional expression is a basic source of information that guarantees the functioning of other higher cognitive processes (e.g., empathy, cooperativity, prosociality, or decision-making, among [...] Read more.

A topic of interest is the way decoding and interpreting facial emotional expressions can lead to mutual understanding. Facial emotional expression is a basic source of information that guarantees the functioning of other higher cognitive processes (e.g., empathy, cooperativity, prosociality, or decision-making, among others). In this regard, hormones such as oxytocin, cortisol, and/or testosterone have been found to be important in modifying facial emotion processing. In fact, brain structures that participate in facial emotion processing have been shown to be rich in receptors for these hormones. Nonetheless, much of this research has been based on correlational designs. In recent years, a growing number of researchers have tried to carry out controlled laboratory manipulation of these hormones by administering synthetic forms of these hormones. The main objective of this study was to carry out a systematic review of studies that assess whether manipulation of these three hormones effectively promotes significant alterations in facial emotional processing. To carry out this review, PRISMA quality criteria for reviews were followed, using the following digital databases: PsycINFO, PubMed, Dialnet, Psicodoc, Web of Knowledge, and the Cochrane Library, and focusing on manuscripts with a robust research design (e.g., randomized, single- or double-blind, and/or placebo-controlled) to increase the value of this systematic review. An initial identification of 6340 abstracts and retrieval of 910 full texts led to the final inclusion of 101 papers that met all the inclusion criteria. Only about 18% of the manuscripts included reported a direct effect of hormone manipulation. In fact, emotional accuracy seemed to be enhanced after oxytocin increases, but it diminished when cortisol and/or testosterone increased. Nonetheless, when emotional valence and participants’ gender were included, hormonal manipulation reached significance (in around 53% of the articles). In fact, these studies offered a heterogeneous pattern in the way these hormones altered speed processing, attention, and memory. This study reinforces the idea that these hormones are important, but not the main modulators of facial emotion processing. As our comprehension of hormonal effects on emotional processing improves, the potential to design good treatments to improve this ability will be greater. Full article

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9 pages, 2044 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Zero-Fluoroscopy Cardiac Ablation: Technology Is Moving Forward in Complex Procedures—A Novel Workflow for Atrial Fibrillation

by Matteo Bertini, Graziella Pompei, Paolo Tolomeo, Michele Malagù, Alessio Fiorio, Cristina Balla, Francesco Vitali and Claudio Rapezzi

Biology 2021, 10(12), 1333; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121333 - 15 Dec 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4797

Abstract

Background and Rationale. A fluoroscopy-based approach to an electrophysiological procedure is widely validated and has been recognized as the gold standard for a long time. The use of fluoroscopy exposes both the healthcare staff and the patient to a non-negligible dose of radiation. [...] Read more.

Background and Rationale. A fluoroscopy-based approach to an electrophysiological procedure is widely validated and has been recognized as the gold standard for a long time. The use of fluoroscopy exposes both the healthcare staff and the patient to a non-negligible dose of radiation. To minimize the risks associated with the use of fluoroscopy, it would be reasonable to perform ablation procedures with zero fluoroscopy. This approach is widely used in simple ablation procedures, but not in complex procedures. In atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation procedures, fluoroscopy remains the main technology used, in particular to guide the transseptal puncture. Main results and Implications. We present a workflow to perform a complete zero-fluoroscopy ablation for AF ablation procedures using a 3D electro-anatomical mapping system, intracardiac echocardiography and a novel steerable guiding sheath that can be visualized on the mapping system. We present two cases, one with paroxysmal AF and the other one with persistent AF during which we applied this novel workflow achieving a successful pulmonary vein isolation without complications and complete zero-fluoroscopy exposure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biophysics Arrhythmias and Pacing)

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17 pages, 11052 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Itch in Adult Population with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Clinical Profile, Pathogenesis and Disease-Related Burden in a Cross-Sectional Study

by Aleksandra A. Stefaniak, Piotr K. Krajewski, Dorota Bednarska-Chabowska, Marek Bolanowski, Grzegorz Mazur and Jacek C. Szepietowski

Biology 2021, 10(12), 1332; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121332 - 15 Dec 2021

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 5988

Abstract

Background: Despite growing interest in itch, data regarding itch in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) are still limited, and mostly based on outdated studies. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics of itch in the adult population with DM2 and explore potential [...] Read more.

Background: Despite growing interest in itch, data regarding itch in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) are still limited, and mostly based on outdated studies. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics of itch in the adult population with DM2 and explore potential underlying causes. Methods: The study group consisted of 109 adult patients with DM2. Standardized questionnaires were completed in order to assess the itch intensity [Numerical Rating Scale (three days, 24hours) (NRS)] and the Four-item Itch Questionnaire (4IIQ) and to assess the psychological impact of itch [ItchyQoL, Six-Item Stigmatization Scale (6-ISS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)]. Skin dryness was evaluated clinically and by non-invasive assessment of epidermis moisturizing. Neuropathy was assessed using the clinical Katzenwadel neuropathy scale. Results: Itch occurred in 35.8% of adult patients with DM2, with NRS_max three days 6.31 ± 2.16 and 8.1 ± 3.5 points in 4IIQ. Itchy patients have had significantly higher FPG levels compared with the non-itchy population (p = 0.01). Patients with itch had a significantly higher possibility of neuropathy compared with non-itchy subjects (p < 0.01). Skin xerosis was significantly more advanced in patients with itch compared to those without (p < 0.01). The mean ItchyQol score was assessed as 41.2 ± 13.4 points, indicating mild life quality impairment and correlated positively with itch intensity. Itchy subjects had significantly higher scores in both anxiety and depression dimensions of HADS (in each p < 0.01). Conclusions: We suggest that the primary cause of itch is prolonged poor diabetes control with altered glucose and insulin levels, subsequently causing skin dryness and neuropathy in long-lasting DM2. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Skin Biology)

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12 pages, 1287 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Effects of Exercise during Pregnancy on Postpartum Depression: A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses

by Priscila Marconcin, Miguel Peralta, Élvio R. Gouveia, Gerson Ferrari, Eliana Carraça, Andreas Ihle and Adilson Marques

Biology 2021, 10(12), 1331; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121331 - 15 Dec 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 8194

Abstract

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a public health issue. Exercise is a nonpharmacologic alternative to deal with PPD. This study conducted a systematic review of previous meta-analyses and an exploratory pooled analysis regarding the effects of exercise on depressive symptoms among women during the [...] Read more.

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a public health issue. Exercise is a nonpharmacologic alternative to deal with PPD. This study conducted a systematic review of previous meta-analyses and an exploratory pooled analysis regarding the effects of exercise on depressive symptoms among women during the postpartum period. We searched for previous meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials on PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus, date of inception to 31 May 2021. The methodological quality was assessed using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR2) instrument. We pooled the standardised mean differences from the selected studies. Of the 52 records screened, five were included. The results revealed a significant moderate effect of exercise on depressive symptoms among women during the postpartum period (SMD = −0.53; 95% CI: −0.80 to −0.27, p < 0.001). The pooled effect of the five meta-analyses established that exercise had a significant, small effect on depressive symptoms (SMD = −0.41; 95% CI: −0.50 to −0.32, p < 0.001). Our study indicates that exercise is effective in reducing PPD symptoms. Compared with traditional control approaches (psychosocial and psychological interventions), exercise seems have a superior effect on PPD symptoms. The implications of the present synthesis of past meta-analytical findings to guide health policies and research are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Mechanisms Underlying Physical Fitness and Sports Performance)

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19 pages, 1516 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidative Properties of Baltic Sea Keystone Macroalgae (Fucus vesiculosus, Phaeophyceae) under Ocean Warming and Acidification in a Seasonally Varying Environment

by Angelika Graiff and Ulf Karsten

Biology 2021, 10(12), 1330; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121330 - 15 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4018

Abstract

The keystone macroalga Fucus vesiculosus (Phaeophyceae), dominating shallow hard bottom zones, encounters a strongly and rapidly changing environment due to anthropogenic change over the last decades in the Baltic Sea. Thus, in four successive benthic mesocosm experiments, the single and joint effects of [...] Read more.

The keystone macroalga Fucus vesiculosus (Phaeophyceae), dominating shallow hard bottom zones, encounters a strongly and rapidly changing environment due to anthropogenic change over the last decades in the Baltic Sea. Thus, in four successive benthic mesocosm experiments, the single and joint effects of increased temperature (Δ + 5 °C) and pCO₂ (1100 ppm) under ambient irradiances were experimentally tested on the antioxidative properties of western Baltic F. vesiculosus in all seasons. The antioxidative properties (superoxide dismutase activity and lipid peroxidation) as well as the sensitivity of F. vesiculosus photosynthetic performance (i.e., effective quantum yield) to oxidative stress under these global change scenarios were seasonally examined. F. vesiculosus exhibited high and relatively constant photosynthetic performance under artificial hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) stress in all seasons. High activities of superoxide dismutase and a relatively low degree of the biomarker for lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde concentration) were found in F. vesiculosus. Thus, Baltic F. vesiculosus is equipped with a high antioxidative potential to tolerate strong oxidative stress for at least short periods. Antioxidative properties of F. vesiculosus were more strongly affected by warming than by acidification, resulting in significantly increased malondialdehyde concentrations under elevated temperature levels in all seasons. Oxidative stress was enhanced in F. vesiculosus under warming but seem to be modulated by seasonally varying environmental conditions (e.g., high and low irradiances) and pCO₂ levels. However, more frequent summer heatwaves reaching and surpassing lethal temperatures in shallow coastal waters may determine the F. vesiculosus population’s overall persistence in the Baltic Sea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Climate Change on the Marine Biota: From Molecules to Ecosystems)

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Biology, Volume 10, Issue 12 (December 2021) – 140 articles

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