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Reactions, Volume 6, Issue 2 (June 2025) – 2 articles

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28 pages, 6457 KiB  
Article
Photocatalytic and Photo-Fenton-like Degradation of Cationic Dyes Using SnFe2O4/g-C3N4 Under LED Irradiation: Optimization by RSM-BBD and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
by Yassine Elkahoui, Fatima-Zahra Abahdou, Majda Ben Ali, Said Alahiane, Mohamed Elhabacha, Youssef Boutarba and Souad El Hajjaji
Reactions 2025, 6(2), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/reactions6020023 - 28 Mar 2025
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Abstract
The development of heterostructures incorporating photocatalysts optimized for visible-light activity represents a major breakthrough in the field of environmental remediation research, offering innovative and sustainable solutions for environmental purification. This study explores the photocatalytic capabilities of a SnFe2O4/g-C3 [...] Read more.
The development of heterostructures incorporating photocatalysts optimized for visible-light activity represents a major breakthrough in the field of environmental remediation research, offering innovative and sustainable solutions for environmental purification. This study explores the photocatalytic capabilities of a SnFe2O4/g-C3N4 heterojunction nanocomposite, successfully synthesized from graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and tin ferrate (SnFe2O4) and applied to the degradation of the cationic dye brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) in an aqueous solution. These two components are particularly attractive due to their low cost and ease of fabrication. Various characterization techniques, including XRD, FTIR, SEM, and TEM, were used to confirm the successful integration of SnFe2O4 and g-C3N4 phases in the synthesized catalysts. The photocatalytic and photo-Fenton-like activity of the heterojunction composites was evaluated by the degradation of brilliant cresyl blue under visible LED illumination. Compared to the pure components SnFe2O4 and g-C3N4, the SnFe2O4/g-C3N4 nanocomposite demonstrated a superior photocatalytic performance. Furthermore, the photo-Fenton-like performance of the composites is much higher than the photocatalytic performances. The significant improvement in photo-Fenton activity is attributed to the synergistic effect between SnFe2O4 and g-C3N4, as well as the efficient separation of photoexcited electron/hole pairs. The recyclability of the SnFe2O4/g-C3N4 composite toward BCB photo-Fenton like degradation was also shown. This study aimed to assess the modeling and optimization of photo-Fenton-like removal BCB using the SnFe2O4/g-C3N4 nanomaterial. The main parameters (photocatalyst dose, initial dye concentration, H2O2 volume, and reaction time) affecting this system were modeled by two approaches: a response surface methodology (RSM) based on a Box–Behnken design and artificial neural network (ANN). A comparison was made between the predictive accuracy of RSM for brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) removal and that of the artificial neural network (ANN) approach. Both methodologies provided satisfactory and comparable predictions, achieving R2 values of 0.97 for RSM and 0.99 for ANN. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Reactions in 2025)
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19 pages, 6227 KiB  
Article
Comparative Study of Greener Alkene Epoxidation Using a Polymer-Supported Mo(VI) Complex: Performance Evaluation and Optimisation via Response Surface Methodology
by Md Masud Rana Bhuiyan and Basudeb Saha
Reactions 2025, 6(2), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/reactions6020022 - 24 Mar 2025
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Abstract
A heterogeneous polybenzimidazole-supported Mo(VI) catalyst and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as an oxidising reagent have been utilised to establish a more environmentally friendly and greener alkene epoxidation process. A polybenzimidazole-supported Mo(VI) complex (PBI.Mo) has been prepared, characterised and evaluated successfully. The stability and [...] Read more.
A heterogeneous polybenzimidazole-supported Mo(VI) catalyst and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as an oxidising reagent have been utilised to establish a more environmentally friendly and greener alkene epoxidation process. A polybenzimidazole-supported Mo(VI) complex (PBI.Mo) has been prepared, characterised and evaluated successfully. The stability and catalytic activity of the produced catalyst have been evaluated for the epoxidation of 1,7-octadiene and 1,5-hexadiene in a jacketed stirred batch reactor to assess its performance towards these alkenes. The suitability and efficiency of the catalyst have been compared by studying the effect of reaction temperature, feed mole ratio of alkene to TBHP, catalyst loading, and reaction time on the yield of 1,2-epoxy-5-hexene and 1,2-epoxy-7-octene. Response surface methodology (RSM) using Box–Behnken Design (BBD) has been employed to design experimental runs and study the catalytic performance of the PBI.Mo catalyst for all batch experimental results. A quadratic regression model has been developed representing an empirical relationship between reaction variables and response, which is the yield of epoxides. The numerical optimisation technique concluded that the maximum yield that can be reached is 66.22% for 1,7-octadiene and 64.2% for 1,5-hexadiene. The reactivity of alkenes was observed to follow the sequence 1,5-hexadiene > 1,7-octadiene. The findings of this study confirm that the optimal reaction conditions vary between the two reactions, indicating differences in catalytic performance for each alkene. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Reactions in 2025)
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