Antioxidants

Editorial

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5 pages, 174 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Applications of Antioxidant Nanoparticles

by Rita Cortesi and Maddalena Sguizzato

Antioxidants 2024, 13(9), 1096; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091096 - 10 Sep 2024

Viewed by 577

Abstract

The regulation of numerous physiological processes is strictly dependent on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Antioxidant Nanoparticles)

Research

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20 pages, 9278 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bilosomes and Biloparticles for the Delivery of Lipophilic Drugs: A Preliminary Study

by Maddalena Sguizzato, Francesca Ferrara, Nada Baraldo, Agnese Bondi, Annunziata Guarino, Markus Drechsler, Giuseppe Valacchi and Rita Cortesi

Antioxidants 2023, 12(12), 2025; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12122025 - 21 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1412

Abstract

In this study, bile acid-based vesicles and nanoparticles (i.e., bilosomes and biloparticles) are studied to improve the water solubility of lipophilic drugs. Ursodeoxycholic acid, sodium cholate, sodium taurocholate and budesonide were used as bile acids and model drugs, respectively. Bilosomes and biloparticles were [...] Read more.

In this study, bile acid-based vesicles and nanoparticles (i.e., bilosomes and biloparticles) are studied to improve the water solubility of lipophilic drugs. Ursodeoxycholic acid, sodium cholate, sodium taurocholate and budesonide were used as bile acids and model drugs, respectively. Bilosomes and biloparticles were prepared following standard protocols with minor changes, after a preformulation study. The obtained systems showed good encapsulation efficiency and dimensional stability. Particularly, for biloparticles, the increase in encapsulation efficiency followed the order ursodeoxycholic acid < sodium cholate < sodium taurocholate. The in vitro release of budesonide from both bilosytems was performed by means of dialysis using either a nylon membrane or a portion of Wistar rat small intestine and two receiving solutions (i.e., simulated gastric and intestinal fluids). Both in gastric and intestinal fluid, budesonide was released from bilosystems more slowly than the reference solution, while biloparticles showed a significant improvement in the passage of budesonide into aqueous solution. Immunofluorescence experiments indicated that ursodeoxycholic acid bilosomes containing budesonide are effective in reducing the inflammatory response induced by glucose oxidase stimuli and counteract ox-inflammatory damage within intestinal cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Antioxidant Nanoparticles)

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16 pages, 2626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles with Curcumin or Açai in the Tissue Repair of Palatal Wounds

by Anand Thirupathi, Morgana Francisco Machado Guzzatti, Maria Eduarda Anastácio Borges Corrêa, Ligia Milanez Venturini, Laura de Roch Casagrande, Igor Ramos Lima, Camila Da Costa, Ellen De Pieri, Lariani Tamires Witt Tietbohl, Paulo Emilio Feuser, Ricardo Andrez Machado-de-Ávila, Yaodong Gu and Paulo Cesar Lock Silveira

Antioxidants 2023, 12(8), 1574; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12081574 - 7 Aug 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1958

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of treatment with gold nanoparticles (GNPs) reduced with Curcumin (Curcuma longa L.) or Açai (Euterpe oleracea) to a standard commercial treatment of the pharmacological type (Omcilon^®) and an electrophysical [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of treatment with gold nanoparticles (GNPs) reduced with Curcumin (Curcuma longa L.) or Açai (Euterpe oleracea) to a standard commercial treatment of the pharmacological type (Omcilon^®) and an electrophysical agent (photobiomodulation) in the palatal wounds of rats. As for the in vitro assay, a cell viability test was performed to assess the toxicity of the synthesized nanoparticles. In vivo assay: 60 Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n = 12): I. Palatal Wound (PW); II. PW + Photobiomodulation (PBM); III. PW + Omcilon^®; IV. PW + GNPs-Cur (0.025 mg/mL); V. PW + GNPs-Açai (0.025 mg/mL). Animals were first anesthetized, and circular lesions in the palatine mucosa were induced using a 4 mm-diameter punch. The first treatment session started 24 h after the injury and occurred daily for 5 days. The animals were euthanized, and the palatal mucosa tissue was removed for histological, biochemical, and molecular analysis. GNPs-Açai were able to significantly reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase anti-inflammatory ones, reduce oxidant markers, and reduce inflammatory infiltrate while increasing the collagen area and contraction rate of the wound, along with an improved visual qualification. The present study demonstrated that the proposed therapies of GNPs synthesized greenly, thus associating their effects with those of plants, favor the tissue repair process in palatal wounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Antioxidant Nanoparticles)

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20 pages, 2576 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In-Situ Thermoresponsive Hydrogel Containing Resveratrol-Loaded Nanoparticles as a Localized Drug Delivery Platform for Dry Eye Disease

by Ilenia De Luca, Francesca Di Cristo, Raffaele Conte, Gianfranco Peluso, Pierfrancesco Cerruti and Anna Calarco

Antioxidants 2023, 12(5), 993; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12050993 - 25 Apr 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2447

Abstract

Dry eye disease (DED) is a dynamic and complex disease that can cause significant damage to the ocular surface and discomfort, compromising the patient’s quality of life. Phytochemicals such as resveratrol have received increasing attention due to their ability to interfere with multiple [...] Read more.

Dry eye disease (DED) is a dynamic and complex disease that can cause significant damage to the ocular surface and discomfort, compromising the patient’s quality of life. Phytochemicals such as resveratrol have received increasing attention due to their ability to interfere with multiple pathways related to these diseases. However, the low bioavailability and the poor therapeutic response of resveratrol hinder its clinical applications. Cationic polymeric nanoparticles, in combination with in situ gelling polymers, could represent a promising strategy to prolong drug corneal residence time reducing the frequency of administration and increasing the therapeutic response. Eyedrop formulations, based on acetylated polyethyleneimine-modified polylactic-co-glicolyc acid- (PLGA-PEI) nanoparticles loaded with resveratrol (RSV-NPs) were dispersed into poloxamer 407 hydrogel and characterized in terms of pH, gelation time, rheological properties, in vitro drugs release, and biocompatibility. Moreover, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of RSV were assessed in vitro by mimicking a DED condition through the exposition of epithelial corneal cells to a hyperosmotic state. This formulation exhibited sustained release of RSV for up to 3 days, exerting potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on corneal epithelial cells. In addition, RSV reversed the mitochondrial dysfunction mediated by high osmotic pressure, leading to upregulated sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) expression, an essential regulator of mitochondrial function. These results suggest the potential of eyedrop formulation as a platform to overcome the rapid clearance of current solutions for treating various inflammation- and oxidative stress-related diseases such as DED. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Antioxidant Nanoparticles)

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15 pages, 2267 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Promising Bioactivity of Vitamin B₁-Au Nanocluster: Structure, Enhanced Antioxidant Behavior, and Serum Protein Interaction

by Ditta Ungor, Gyöngyi Gombár, Ádám Juhász, Gergely F. Samu and Edit Csapó

Antioxidants 2023, 12(4), 874; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12040874 - 3 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1998

Abstract

In the current work, we first present a simple synthesis method for the preparation of novel Vitamin-B₁-stabilized few-atomic gold nanoclusters with few atomic layers. The formed nanostructure contains ca. eight Au atoms and shows intensive blue emissions at 450 nm. The [...] Read more.

In the current work, we first present a simple synthesis method for the preparation of novel Vitamin-B₁-stabilized few-atomic gold nanoclusters with few atomic layers. The formed nanostructure contains ca. eight Au atoms and shows intensive blue emissions at 450 nm. The absolute quantum yield is 3%. The average lifetime is in the nanosecond range and three main components are separated and assigned to the metal–metal and ligand–metal charge transfers. Based on the structural characterization, the formed clusters contain Au in zero oxidation state, and Vitamin B₁ stabilizes the metal cores via the coordination of pyrimidine-N. The antioxidant property of the Au nanoclusters is more prominent than that of the pure Vitamin B₁, which is confirmed by two different colorimetric assays. For the investigation into their potential bioactivity, interactions with bovine serum albumin were carried out and quantified. The determined stoichiometry indicates a self-catalyzed binding, which is almost the same value based on the fluorometric and calorimetric measurements. The calculated thermodynamic parameters verify the spontaneous bond of the clusters along the protein chain by hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Antioxidant Nanoparticles)

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20 pages, 8662 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nanoemulsion Composed of α-Tocopherol Succinate and Dequalinium Shows Mitochondria-Targeting and Anticancer Effects

by Le Thi Thuy, Seulgi Lee, Viet Dongquoc and Joon Sig Choi

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020437 - 10 Feb 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2316

Abstract

Targeted drugs have been used to treat mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases, including metabolic disorders and cancer; however, targeting and penetrating intracellular organelles remains a challenge. Dominant targeting approaches for therapeutic delivery are detailed in many nanoemulsion studies and show the tremendous potential of targeted [...] Read more.

Targeted drugs have been used to treat mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases, including metabolic disorders and cancer; however, targeting and penetrating intracellular organelles remains a challenge. Dominant targeting approaches for therapeutic delivery are detailed in many nanoemulsion studies and show the tremendous potential of targeted delivery to inhibit cancer cell growth. Dequalinium (DQA) and α-tocopherol succinate (α-TOS) are good agents for targeting mitochondria. In this study, we aimed to develop a mitochondria-targeting emulsion, using DQA and α-TOS (DTOS), for cancer treatment. DTOS emulsions of 150–170 nm in diameter were formulated using homogenization. DQA and α-TOS were used as bifunctional agents (surfactants) to stabilize the nanoemulsion and anticancer drugs. Various molar ratios of DQA and α-TOS were tested to determine the optimal condition, and DTOS 5-5 was selected for further study. The DTOS emulsion showed improved stability, as evidenced by its ability to remain stable for three years at room temperature. This stability, combined with its effective targeting of mitochondria, led to inhibition of 71.5% of HeLa cells after 24 h. The DTOS emulsion effectively inhibited spheroid growth in the 3D model, as well as prevented the growth of HeLa cells grafted onto zebrafish larvae. These results highlight the DTOS emulsion’s promising potential for mitochondria-targeting and cancer treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Antioxidant Nanoparticles)

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16 pages, 1460 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bio-Based Nano-Enabled Cosmetic Formulations for the Treatment of Cutibacterium acnes-Associated Skin Infections

by Kristina Ivanova, Eva Ramon, Aleksandra Ivanova, Susana Sanchez-Gomez and Tzanko Tzanov

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020432 - 9 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3479

Abstract

Acne is a common chronic skin condition with serious physical and psychosocial consequences. In some cases, the appearance of pimples, whiteheads, or blackheads on the face, neck, and back may lead to scarring, disfiguring, depression, frustration, and anxiety in patients. Current treatments rely [...] Read more.

Acne is a common chronic skin condition with serious physical and psychosocial consequences. In some cases, the appearance of pimples, whiteheads, or blackheads on the face, neck, and back may lead to scarring, disfiguring, depression, frustration, and anxiety in patients. Current treatments rely on antibiotics to eradicate Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes), the bacterium responsible for this skin condition. However, these approaches do not scavenge the reactive oxidative species (ROS) generated during disease development and raise concerns about the increase in antimicrobial resistance. In this study, an environmentally friendly and cost-effective self-assembly nanoencapsulation technology based on zein, a bio-based hydrophobic protein, was employed to produce multifunctional essential oil (EO)-loaded nanocapsules (NCs) with superior antioxidant and bactericidal activity toward C. acnes. The NCs displayed “smart” release of the active cargo only under the conditions that were conducive to acne proliferation on skin. Once incorporated into creams, the EO-loaded NCs led to a complete inhibition of C. acnes and demonstrated the capacity to scavenge ROS, thus preventing damage to human skin cells. The in vitro permeation studies revealed that the nanoformulated EO was able to penetrate through the epidermis, indicating its potential for the treatment of skin diseases, such as acne. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Antioxidant Nanoparticles)

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12 pages, 2056 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Facile Fabrication of α-Bisabolol Nanoparticles with Improved Antioxidant and Antibacterial Effects

by Sangwoo Kim, Sohyeon Yu, Jisu Kim, Nisar Ul Khaliq, Won Il Choi, Hyungjun Kim and Daekyung Sung

Antioxidants 2023, 12(1), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12010207 - 16 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3112

Abstract

Bioactive compounds are widely used in the bio-industry because of their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Because of excessive oxidative stress, which causes various diseases in humans, and because preservatives used in bioproducts cause allergies and contact dermatitis, it is important to use natural [...] Read more.

Bioactive compounds are widely used in the bio-industry because of their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Because of excessive oxidative stress, which causes various diseases in humans, and because preservatives used in bioproducts cause allergies and contact dermatitis, it is important to use natural bioactive compounds in bioproducts to minimize oxidative stress. α-bisabolol (ABS) is a natural compound with both antioxidant and antibacterial properties. However, its water-insolubility makes its utilization in bioproducts difficult. In this study, ABS-loaded polyglyceryl-4 caprate nanoparticles (ABS@NPs) with improved aqueous stability and ABS loading were fabricated using an encapsulation method. The long-term stability of the ABS@NPs was analyzed with dynamic light scattering and methylene blue-staining to determine the optimized ABS concentration in ABS@NPs (10 wt%). The ABS@NPs exhibited excellent antioxidant activity, according to the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay and in vitro reactive oxygen species generation in NIH-3T3 fibroblast cells, and an outstanding antibacterial effect, as determined using the Staphylococcus aureus colony-counting method. Furthermore, we evaluated the biocompatibility of the ABS@NPs in vitro. This study suggests that ABS@NPs with improved antioxidant and antibacterial properties can be used to treat diseases related to various oxidative stresses and can be applied in many fields, such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Antioxidant Nanoparticles)

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15 pages, 6023 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study of the Interface of Gold Nanoparticles Conjugated to Cowpea Fe-Superoxide Dismutase

by Edurne Tellechea, Aaron C. Asensio, Paula Ciaurriz, Javier Buezo, Pedro López-Gómez, Marina Urra and Jose F. Moran

Antioxidants 2022, 11(11), 2082; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112082 - 22 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1910

Abstract

The iron superoxide dismutase (FeSOD) is a first barrier to defend photosynthetic organisms from superoxide radicals. Although it is broadly present in plants and bacteria, FeSODs are absent in animals. They belong to the same phylogenic family as Mn-containing SODs, which are also [...] Read more.

The iron superoxide dismutase (FeSOD) is a first barrier to defend photosynthetic organisms from superoxide radicals. Although it is broadly present in plants and bacteria, FeSODs are absent in animals. They belong to the same phylogenic family as Mn-containing SODs, which are also highly efficient at detoxifying superoxide radicals. In addition, SODs can react with peroxynitrite, and FeSOD enzyme has already been used to evaluate the anti-nitrative capacity of plant antioxidants. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been shown to significantly improve the functionality and the efficiency of ligands, providing they are properly assembled. In this work, the characteristics of the recombinant cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) FeSOD (rVuFeSOD) immobilized onto AuNPs were investigated as a function of (1) NP surface chemistry and (2) biofunctionalization methods, either physical adsorption or covalent bonding. The NP surface chemistry was studied by varying the concentration of the ligand molecule 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) on the NP surface. The coverage and activity of the protein on AuNPs was determined and correlated to the surface chemistry and the two biofunctionalization methods. rVuFeSOD–AuNPs conjugate stability was monitored through absorption measurements, agarose gel electrophoresis and DLS, enzymatic activity by a colorimetric assay and by in-gel activity assay, and coverage was measured by colorimetric assay. When using physical adsorption, the NP is the most perturbing agent for the activity of the enzyme. In contrast, only the NP coverage was affected by MUA ligand concentration. However, during covalent attachment, both the NP and the concentration of MUA on the surface influenced the enzyme activity, while the coverage of the NP remained constant. The results evidence the importance of the biomolecule and AuNP interaction for the functionality of the hybrid. These strategies can be used to develop electrochemical biosensors for O₂^•− and for peroxynitrite in biomedical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Antioxidant Nanoparticles)

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21 pages, 16431 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) Suppress Fertility by Activating Autophagy, Apoptosis, and Oxidative Stress in the Developing Oocytes of Female Zebrafish

by Suzan Attia Mawed, Carlotta Marini, Mahmoud Alagawany, Mayada R. Farag, Rasha M. Reda, Mohamed T. El-Saadony, Walaa M. Elhady, Gian E. Magi, Alessandro Di Cerbo and Wafaa G. El-Nagar

Antioxidants 2022, 11(8), 1567; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11081567 - 13 Aug 2022

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 3200

Abstract

In vertebrates, the core mechanisms that control gametogenesis are largely multiple, complex, successive, and orchestrated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. However, age, health status, and hormonal activity are important factors for good fertility; other intangible intracellular molecular mechanisms that manage oocyte development are [...] Read more.

In vertebrates, the core mechanisms that control gametogenesis are largely multiple, complex, successive, and orchestrated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. However, age, health status, and hormonal activity are important factors for good fertility; other intangible intracellular molecular mechanisms that manage oocyte development are still unclear. The present study was designed to elucidate the ultrastructure changes in the ovary in response to its exposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and to explore the role of autophagy and apoptosis during egg maturation and ovulation on the fertility of female zebrafish. In our study, ZnO-NPs could induce cytotoxicity in the maturing oocyte by activating autophagy and apoptosis in a caspase-dependent manner and could induce oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) that elevated the mutated ovarian tP53 protein. Simultaneously, necroptosis developed, mimicking the features of apoptosis and necrosis. Collectively, ZnO-NPs created a suitable necrotic environment that led to follicular developmental retardation that altered oocyte ovulation and reduced fecundity of female zebrafish. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Antioxidant Nanoparticles)

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14 pages, 2409 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Food-Grade Quercetin-Loaded Nanoemulsion Ameliorates Effects Associated with Parkinson’s Disease and Cancer: Studies Employing a Transgenic C. elegans Model and Human Cancer Cell Lines

by Sabya Sachi Das, Arunabh Sarkar, Siva Chander Chabattula, Priya Ranjan Prasad Verma, Aamir Nazir, Piyush Kumar Gupta, Janne Ruokolainen, Kavindra Kumar Kesari and Sandeep Kumar Singh

Antioxidants 2022, 11(7), 1378; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11071378 - 15 Jul 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3057

Abstract

A nanosized food-grade quercetin-loaded nanoemulsion (QNE) system comprising capmul MCM NF (oil) and cremophor RH 40 (surfactant) was developed using a high-speed homogenization technique. The developed QNE was studied for its significant neuroprotective (anti-Parkinsonism) and cytotoxicity (anticancer) effects against Caenorhabditis elegans (C. [...] Read more.

A nanosized food-grade quercetin-loaded nanoemulsion (QNE) system comprising capmul MCM NF (oil) and cremophor RH 40 (surfactant) was developed using a high-speed homogenization technique. The developed QNE was studied for its significant neuroprotective (anti-Parkinsonism) and cytotoxicity (anticancer) effects against Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) strains and human cancer cells, respectively. HR-TEM studies revealed that the QNE was spherical with a mean globule size of ~50 nm. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) studies results demonstrated that QNE was amorphous. In vivo results show that QNE potentially reduced the α-Syn aggregation, increased mitochondrial and fat content, and improved the lifespan in transgenic C. elegans strain NL5901. QNE significantly downregulated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in wild-type C. elegans strain N2. In vitro results of the MTT assay show that QNE significantly exhibited chemotherapeutic effects in all treated human cancer cells in an order of cytotoxicity: HeLa cells > A549 cells > MIA PaCa-2 cells, based on the IC₅₀ values at 24 h. Conclusively, the QNE showed improved solubility, targetability, and neuroprotective effects against the PD-induced C. elegans model, and also cytotoxicity against human cancer cells and could be potentially used as an anti-Parkinson’s or anticancer agent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Antioxidant Nanoparticles)

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17 pages, 3306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Copper-Zinc-Manganese Ternary Metal Oxide Nanocomposite as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Glucose Sensor and Antibacterial Activity

by Mir Waqas Alam, Hassan S. Al Qahtani, Basma Souayeh, Waqar Ahmed, Hind Albalawi, Mohd Farhan, Alaaedeen Abuzir and Sumaira Naeem

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1064; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061064 - 27 May 2022

Cited by 51 | Viewed by 4039

Abstract

A novel copper-zinc-manganese trimetal oxide nanocomposite was synthesized by the simple co-precipitation method for sensing glucose and methylene blue degradation. The absorption maximum was found by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) analysis, and the bandgap was 4.32 eV. The formation of a bond between metal [...] Read more.

A novel copper-zinc-manganese trimetal oxide nanocomposite was synthesized by the simple co-precipitation method for sensing glucose and methylene blue degradation. The absorption maximum was found by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) analysis, and the bandgap was 4.32 eV. The formation of a bond between metal and oxygen was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. The average crystallite size was calculated as 17.31 nm by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis. The morphology was observed as spherical by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) analysis. The elemental composition was determined by Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) analysis. The oxidation state of the metals present in the nanocomposites was confirmed by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential of the nanocomposite were 218 nm and −46.8 eV, respectively. The thermal stability of the nanocomposite was analyzed by thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) analysis. The synthesized nanocomposite was evaluated for the electrochemical glucose sensor. The nanocomposite shows 87.47% of degradation ability against methylene blue dye at a 50 µM concentration. The trimetal oxide nanocomposite shows potent activity against Escherichia coli. In addition to that, the prepared nanocomposite shows strong antioxidant application where scavenging activity was observed to be 76.58 ± 0.30, 76.89 ± 0.44, 81.41 ± 30, 82.58 ± 0.32, and 84.36 ± 0.09 % at 31, 62, 125, 250, and 500 µg/mL, respectively. The results confirm the antioxidant potency of nanoparticles (NPs) was concentration dependent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Antioxidant Nanoparticles)

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18 pages, 6673 KiB

Open AccessArticle

β-Sitosterol Glucoside-Loaded Nanosystem Ameliorates Insulin Resistance and Oxidative Stress in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

by Sherif M. Afifi, Naglaa M. Ammar, Rabab Kamel, Tuba Esatbeyoglu and Heba A. Hassan

Antioxidants 2022, 11(5), 1023; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11051023 - 22 May 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3415

Abstract

β-Sitosterol glucoside (SG), isolated from Senecio petasitis (Family Asteraceae), was loaded in self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) in a trial to enhance its solubility and biological effect. Various co-surfactants were tested to prepare a successful SEDDS. The selected SG-loaded SEDDS had a [...] Read more.

β-Sitosterol glucoside (SG), isolated from Senecio petasitis (Family Asteraceae), was loaded in self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) in a trial to enhance its solubility and biological effect. Various co-surfactants were tested to prepare a successful SEDDS. The selected SG-loaded SEDDS had a droplet size of 134 ± 15.2 nm with a homogenous distribution (polydispersity index 0.296 ± 0.02). It also demonstrated a significant augmentation of SG in vitro release by 4-fold compared to the free drug suspension. The in vivo insulin sensitivity and antidiabetic effect of the prepared SG-loaded SEDDS were further assessed in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats. The hypoglycemic effect of SG-loaded nanosystem was evidenced by decreased serum glucose and insulin by 63.22% and 53.11%, respectively. Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index demonstrated a significant reduction by 5.4-fold in the diabetic group treated by SG-loaded nanosystem and exhibited reduced glucagon level by 40.85%. In addition, treatment with SG-loaded nanosystem significantly decreased serum MDA (malondialdehyde) and increased catalase levels by 38.31% and 64.45%, respectively. Histopathological investigations also supported the protective effect of SG-loaded nanosystem on the pancreas. The promising ability of SG-loaded nanosystem to ameliorate insulin resistance, protect against oxidative stress, and restore pancreatic β-cell secretory function warrants its inclusion in further studies during diabetes progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Antioxidant Nanoparticles)

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17 pages, 2278 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nanoparticles Based on Cross-Linked Poly(Lipoic Acid) Protect Macrophages and Cardiomyocytes from Oxidative Stress and Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

by Chiara Bellini, Salvatore Antonucci, Lucía Morillas-Becerril, Sara Scarpa, Regina Tavano, Fabrizio Mancin, Fabio Di Lisa and Emanuele Papini

Antioxidants 2022, 11(5), 907; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11050907 - 5 May 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2715

Abstract

The control of radical damage and oxidative stress, phenomena involved in a large number of human pathologies, is a major pharmaceutical and medical goal. We here show that two biocompatible formulations of Pluronic-stabilized, poly (lipoic acid)-based nanoparticles (NP) effectively antagonized the formation of [...] Read more.

The control of radical damage and oxidative stress, phenomena involved in a large number of human pathologies, is a major pharmaceutical and medical goal. We here show that two biocompatible formulations of Pluronic-stabilized, poly (lipoic acid)-based nanoparticles (NP) effectively antagonized the formation of radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). These NPs, not only intrinsically scavenged radicals in a-cellular DPPH/ABTS assays, but also inhibited the overproduction of ROS induced by tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) in tumor cells (HeLa), human macrophages and neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs). NPs were captured by macrophages and cardiomyocytes much more effectively as compared to HeLa cells and non-phagocytic leukocytes, eventually undergoing intracellular disassembly. Notably, NPs decreased the mitochondrial ROS generation induced by simulated Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury (IRI) in isolated cardiomyocytes. NPs also prevented IRI-triggered cardiomyocyte necrosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and alterations of contraction-related intracellular Ca²⁺ waves. Hence, NPs appear to be an effective and cardiomyocyte-selective drug to protect against damages induced by post-ischemic reperfusion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Antioxidant Nanoparticles)

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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

28 pages, 2110 KiB

Open AccessReview

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Review of the Current Research on Encapsulation and Delivery Systems for Active and Antioxidant Compounds

by Edy Subroto, Robi Andoyo and Rossi Indiarto

Antioxidants 2023, 12(3), 633; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12030633 - 3 Mar 2023

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5091

Abstract

Various active compounds are easily damaged, so they need protection and must be easily absorbed and targeted. This problem can be overcome by encapsulating in the form of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). Initially, SLNs were widely used to encapsulate hydrophobic (non-polar) active compounds [...] Read more.

Various active compounds are easily damaged, so they need protection and must be easily absorbed and targeted. This problem can be overcome by encapsulating in the form of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). Initially, SLNs were widely used to encapsulate hydrophobic (non-polar) active compounds because of their matched affinity and interactions. Currently, SLNs are being widely used for the encapsulation of hydrophilic (polar) and semipolar active compounds, but there are challenges, including increasing their entrapment efficiency. This review provides information on current research on SLNs for encapsulation and delivery systems for active and antioxidant compounds, which includes various synthesis methods and applications of SLNs in various fields of utilization. SLNs can be developed starting from the selection of solid lipid matrices, emulsifiers/surfactants, types of active compounds or antioxidants, synthesis methods, and their applications or utilization. The type of lipid used determines crystal formation, control of active compound release, and encapsulation efficiency. Various methods can be used in the SLN fabrication of active compounds and hydrophilic/hydrophobic antioxidants, which have advantages and disadvantages. Fabrication design, which includes the selection of lipid matrices, surfactants, and fabrication methods, determines the characteristics of SLNs. High-shear homogenization combined with ultrasonication is the recommended method and has been widely used because of the ease of preparation and good results. Appropriate fabrication design can produce SLNs with stable active compounds and antioxidants that become suitable encapsulation systems for various applications or uses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Antioxidant Nanoparticles)

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17 pages, 2294 KiB

Open AccessReview

Applications of Antioxidants in Dental Procedures

by Fan Qi, Haofei Huang, Ming Wang, Weifeng Rong and Jing Wang

Antioxidants 2022, 11(12), 2492; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11122492 - 18 Dec 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3962

Abstract

As people are paying more and more attention to dental health, various dental treatment procedures have emerged, such as tooth bleaching, dental implants, and dental restorations. However, a large number of free radicals are typically produced during the dental procedures. When the imbalance [...] Read more.

As people are paying more and more attention to dental health, various dental treatment procedures have emerged, such as tooth bleaching, dental implants, and dental restorations. However, a large number of free radicals are typically produced during the dental procedures. When the imbalance in distribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is induced, oxidative stress coupled with oxidative damage occurs. Oral inflammations such as those in periodontitis and pulpitis are also unavoidable. Therefore, the applications of exogenous antioxidants in oral environment have been proposed. In this article, the origin of ROS during dental procedures, the types of antioxidants, and their working mechanisms are reviewed. Additionally, antioxidants delivery in the complicated dental procedures and their feasibility for clinical applications are also covered. Finally, the importance of safety assessment of these materials and future work to take the challenge in antioxidants development are proposed for perspective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Antioxidant Nanoparticles)

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