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Oxidation-Induced Mixed Disulfide and Cataract Formation: A Review
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Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Mushroom-Based Food Additives and Food Fortified with Them—Current Status and Future Perspectives
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Is Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) Promising as a New Target Against Pulmonary Hypertension?
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Regenerative Organic Agriculture and Human Health: The Interconnection Between Soil, Food Quality, and Nutrition
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The Dark Triad of Particulate Matter, Oxidative Stress and Coronary Artery Disease: What About the Antioxidant Therapeutic Potential
Journal Description
Antioxidants
Antioxidants
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal, published monthly online by MDPI. The International Coenzyme Q10 Association (ICQ10A), Israel Society for Oxygen and Free Radical Research (ISOFRR) and European Academy for Molecular Hydrogen Research (EAMHR) are affiliated with Antioxidants and their members receive discounts on the article processing charge.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, FSTA, PubAg, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Chemistry, Medicinal) / CiteScore - Q1 (Food Science)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 17.4 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.4 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2025).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Antioxidants.
- Companion journal: Oxygen.
Impact Factor:
6.6 (2024);
5-Year Impact Factor:
7.3 (2024)
Latest Articles
Influence of an Antioxidant Nanomaterial on Oral Tablet Formulation: Flow Properties and Critical Quality Attributes
Antioxidants 2025, 14(7), 829; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070829 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025
Abstract
Antioxidant nanomaterials, particularly mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) functionalized with polyphenols, offer innovative solutions for protecting oxidation-sensitive components and enhancing bioavailability in pharmaceuticals or extending the shelf life of nutraceutical and food products. This study investigates the influence of MSNs functionalized with caffeic acid
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Antioxidant nanomaterials, particularly mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) functionalized with polyphenols, offer innovative solutions for protecting oxidation-sensitive components and enhancing bioavailability in pharmaceuticals or extending the shelf life of nutraceutical and food products. This study investigates the influence of MSNs functionalized with caffeic acid (MSN-CAF) on powder flow properties and their tableting performance. Aminated MSNs were synthesized via co-condensation and conjugated with caffeic acid using EDC/NHS chemistry. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated using DPPH●, ABTS●+, ORAC, and FRAP assays. Powder blends with varying MSN-CAF concentrations (10–70%) were characterized for flow properties (angle of repose, Hausner ratio, Carr’s index), tablets were produced via direct compression, and critical quality attributes (weight uniformity, hardness, friability, disintegration, nanoparticle release) were assessed. MSN-CAF exhibited reduced antioxidant capacity compared with free caffeic acid due to pore entrapment but retained significant activity. Formulation F1 (10% MSN-CAF) showed excellent flowability (angle of repose: 12°, Hausner ratio: 1.16, Carr’s index: 14%), enabling robust tablet production with rapid disintegration, low friability, and complete nanoparticle release in 10 min. Additionally, the antioxidant nanomaterial demonstrated biocompatibility with the HepG2 cell line. MSN-CAF is a versatile nanoexcipient for direct compression tablets, offering potential as an active packaging agent and delivery system in the nutraceutical and food industries.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Antioxidants from Plant-Based By-Products: Mechanisms and Applications in Food Systems)
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The MiBlend Randomized Trial: Investigating Genetic Polymorphisms in Personalized Responses to Fruit and Vegetable Interventions for Chronic Disease Prevention
by
Julia N. DeBenedictis, Na Xu, Theo M. de Kok and Simone G. van Breda
Antioxidants 2025, 14(7), 828; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070828 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025
Abstract
Background: The MiBlend Study investigated the effect of consuming different combinations of fruits and vegetables (F&Vs) blends on markers of chronic disease risk and gene expression changes in healthy human subjects. Overall, the increase in F&Vs led to reduced susceptibility to the induction
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Background: The MiBlend Study investigated the effect of consuming different combinations of fruits and vegetables (F&Vs) blends on markers of chronic disease risk and gene expression changes in healthy human subjects. Overall, the increase in F&Vs led to reduced susceptibility to the induction of DNA damage ex vivo, higher antioxidant capacity of plasma, and improved microvasculature as reflected by retinal analysis. As with most dietary intervention studies, inter-individual variability was observed in the responses, which might be the consequence of genetic differences. Therefore, this study aims to identify if genetic variants in relevant genes affect outcomes and responses to the dietary interventions. Methods: The literature review identified 15 polymorphic genes related to phytochemical metabolism, oxidative stress, and detoxification, which were tested in 146 participant samples using TaqMan and PCR analysis. The effect of genotypes on study outcomes was determined via analysis of variance. Results: XRCC1 wildtype carriers were more protected from ex vivo-induced DNA damage after consuming flavanol-rich F&Vs than other variants. XRCC1 is involved in DNA repair, particularly oxidative damage, and its wildtype allele enhances repair efficiency. GSTP1 wildtype carriers had a larger improvement in microvasculature after all F&V blends, especially those rich in polyphenols. GSTP1 polymorphisms likely affect microvascular responses to polyphenol-rich F&V intake by modulating detoxification and fiber-derived butyrate that can influence arterial dilation and endothelial function. Conclusions: Stratifying participants by relevant genetic polymorphisms can reveal predisposed responses to nutrients and guide efforts to personalize disease prevention strategies.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Potential Health Benefits of Dietary Antioxidants)
Open AccessArticle
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)-Donating Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 (FPR2) Agonists: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation in Primary Mouse Microglia Culture
by
Leonardo Brunetti, Fabio Francavilla, Mauro Niso, Jakub Kosma Frydrych, Ewa Trojan, Igor A. Schepetkin, Liliya N. Kirpotina, Beata Grygier, Krzysztof Łukowicz, Mark T. Quinn, Agnieszka Basta-Kaim, Enza Lacivita and Marcello Leopoldo
Antioxidants 2025, 14(7), 827; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070827 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation and oxidative stress play an important role in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, which can ultimately lead to neuronal damage and loss. The mechanisms of sustained neuroinflammation and the coordinated chain of events that initiate, modulate,
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Chronic neuroinflammation and oxidative stress play an important role in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, which can ultimately lead to neuronal damage and loss. The mechanisms of sustained neuroinflammation and the coordinated chain of events that initiate, modulate, and then lead to the resolution of inflammation are increasingly being elucidated, offering alternative approaches for treating pathologies with underlying chronic neuroinflammation. Here, we propose a new multitarget approach to address chronic neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative disorders by activating the formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) combined with the potentiation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) release. FPR2 is a key player in the resolution of inflammation because it mediates the effects of several endogenous pro-resolving mediators. At the same time, H2S is an endogenous gaseous transmitter with anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties, and it can protect against oxidative stress. Starting from potent FPR2 agonists identified in our laboratories, we prepared hybrid compounds by embedding an H2S-donating moiety within the molecular scaffold of these FPR2 agonists. Following this approach, we identified several compounds that combined potent FPR2 agonism with the ability to release H2S. The release of H2S was assessed in buffer and intracellularly. Compounds 7b and 8b combined potent FPR2 agonist activity, selectivity over FPR1, and the ability to release H2S. Compounds 7b and 8b were next studied in murine primary microglial cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a widely accepted in vitro model of neuroinflammation. Both compounds were able to counterbalance LPS-induced cytotoxicity and the release of pro-inflammatory (IL-18, IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines induced by LPS stimulation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inhibition of Oxidative Stress and Related Signaling Pathways in Neuroprotection—2nd Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
Production of Lambic-like Fruit Sour Beer with Lachancea thermotolerans
by
Rubén Bartolomé, Elena Alonso, Antonio Morata and Carmen López
Antioxidants 2025, 14(7), 826; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070826 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025
Abstract
Consumer demand for low-alcohol acidic beers is driving the use of non-conventional yeasts in the brewing process. In this study, the addition of mixed berries and fermentation with L. thermotolerans L31 are performed in crafting a low-alcohol acidic beer. Four different beers were
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Consumer demand for low-alcohol acidic beers is driving the use of non-conventional yeasts in the brewing process. In this study, the addition of mixed berries and fermentation with L. thermotolerans L31 are performed in crafting a low-alcohol acidic beer. Four different beers were brewed in the primary stage with either Saccharomyces cerevisiae or L. thermotolerans and with or without added berry mixture. Beer was fermented for 8 days at 20 °C, stored, and bottled. pH, density, alcoholic content, bitterness, and color of final beer were analyzed for all samples using analytical methods. Volatile compounds, anthocyanin content, and antioxidant activity were also evaluated. Sensory analysis was performed and correlated (PCA) with the analytical results. The obtained data indicated that beers brewed with L. thermotolerans were significantly more acidic and less bitter than S. cerevisiae beers. No difference in alcoholic content was found. Fruity aroma-associated compounds were present in L. thermotolerans beers, which correlated with the sensory analysis. Fruit beers were also redder and showed higher anthocyanin content and stronger antioxidant activity due to the presence of anthocyanins such as cyanidin, delphinidin, and malvidin from fruit, and other antioxidant compounds.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Capacity of Anthocyanins and Other Vegetal Pigments: Properties, Intake and Health Benefits)
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Reactive Nitrogen Species and Fibrinogen: Exploring the Effects of Nitration on Blood Clots
by
Francesca Nencini, Serena Borghi, Elvira Giurranna, Ilenia Barbaro, Niccolò Taddei, Claudia Fiorillo and Matteo Becatti
Antioxidants 2025, 14(7), 825; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070825 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS), particularly peroxynitrite (ONOO−), play a central role in post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, including fibrinogen, a key component of the coagulation cascade. This review explores the structural and functional consequences of fibrinogen nitration, with a focus on
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Reactive nitrogen species (RNS), particularly peroxynitrite (ONOO−), play a central role in post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, including fibrinogen, a key component of the coagulation cascade. This review explores the structural and functional consequences of fibrinogen nitration, with a focus on its impact on clot formation, morphology, mechanical stability, and fibrinolysis. Nitration, primarily targeting tyrosine residues within functional domains of the Aα, Bβ, and γ chains, induces conformational changes, dityrosine crosslinking, and aggregation into high molecular weight species. These modifications result in altered fibrin polymerization, the formation of porous and disorganized clot networks, reduced mechanical resilience, and variable susceptibility to fibrinolysis. Moreover, nitrated fibrinogen may affect interactions with platelets and endothelial cells, although current evidence remains limited. Emerging clinical studies support its role as both a prothrombotic mediator and a potential biomarker of oxidative stress in cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. Finally, we explore both pharmacological interventions, such as NOX inhibitors, and natural antioxidant strategies at counteracting fibrinogen nitration. Overall, fibrinogen nitration emerges as a critical molecular event linking oxidative stress to thrombotic risk.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Cardiovascular Medicine: Emerging Trends and Future Perspectives)
Open AccessArticle
Screening of a Plant Extract Library from the Greek Flora for Biological Activities Related to Anti-Aging Applications
by
Harris Pratsinis, Despoina D. Gianniou, Gabriela Belén Lemus Ringele, Adamantia Agalou, Asimina Fotopoulou, Xanthippi P. Louka, Christos Nastos, Eleftherios Kalpoutzakis, Aikaterini Argyropoulou, Dimitris Michailidis, Antonia Theodoridi, Ioanna Eleftheriadou, Adamantia Papadopoulou, Sentiljana Gumeni, Stavros Beteinakis, Konstantina Karamanou, Eleni Mavrogonatou, Georgios Stavropoulos, Dimitris Beis, Maria Halabalaki, Ioannis P. Trougakos and Dimitris Kletsasadd
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Antioxidants 2025, 14(7), 824; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070824 - 4 Jul 2025
Abstract
Characteristic manifestations of skin aging, due to either intrinsic or extrinsic factors, such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation and oxidative stress, include cell senescence, alterations in collagen and elastin networks, and melanogenesis disorders. Natural products are considered a rich source of anti-aging molecules. Accordingly,
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Characteristic manifestations of skin aging, due to either intrinsic or extrinsic factors, such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation and oxidative stress, include cell senescence, alterations in collagen and elastin networks, and melanogenesis disorders. Natural products are considered a rich source of anti-aging molecules. Accordingly, the screening of a plant extract library from the Greek flora for a panel of biological activities related to skin aging is presented herein. In particular, 52 plant materials extracted using Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) and Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) were assessed for their effects on (1) human skin cell viability, (2) antioxidant activity—using both cell-free and cell-based methods—(3) photoprotective capacity, and (4) interference with collagenase, elastase, and tyrosinase, as well as with proteasomal and lysosomal activities of human skin cells. In vivo phenotypic screens on Danio rerio (zebrafish) embryos were also used for assessing melanogenesis. Many active extracts were identified, some of them for the first time, and others in agreement with previous reports. In general, ASE extracts exhibited higher activities than SFE ones. Seven extracts showed multiple activities, being highly effective in at least four different assays. These data support the potential use of these extracts against skin aging in medicinal and cosmetic applications.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products: Biological, Antioxidant Properties and Health Effects—4th Edition)
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Explorative Analysis of Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Intestinal Barrier Protective Effects of In Vitro Digested Chickpea- and Dark Chocolate-Based Snack: Insights from Caco-2 and THP-1 Cell Models
by
Gaia de Simone, Laura Bonfili, Anna Maria Eleuteri, Laura Bordoni and Rosita Gabbianelli
Antioxidants 2025, 14(7), 823; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070823 - 4 Jul 2025
Abstract
Chickpeas are used as alternative protein sources in healthy snacks due to their bioactive compounds beneficial for gut health. Combining chickpeas with dark chocolate improves palatability and may enhance biological functionality, although mechanistic evidence is still limited. In this explorative research, we evaluate
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Chickpeas are used as alternative protein sources in healthy snacks due to their bioactive compounds beneficial for gut health. Combining chickpeas with dark chocolate improves palatability and may enhance biological functionality, although mechanistic evidence is still limited. In this explorative research, we evaluate the nutrigenomic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of a chickpea and chocolate snack using in vitro Caco-2 (colon adenocarcinoma cells) and THP-1 (monocyte-derived macrophages) models. The total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity were measured after in vitro digestion (30.30 mg/mL to 1.9 mg/mL). Caco-2 epithelia and THP-1 were pre-treated for 4 days (2 h/day) with high (15.1 mg/mL) or low (3.8 mg/mL) concentrations of digests. Inflammation was induced for 3 h by LPS (Lipopolysaccharides) and IL-1β (Interleukin-1β). Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured to assess barrier integrity. Gene expression related to tight junctions and inflammation was analysed using qPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction). Chocolate and snack digests showed the highest total polyphenol content and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl activity. Barrier integrity improved with all treatments. Chickpea upregulated tight junction gene expression. Chickpea and chocolate reduced IL-1β expression in both cell types. In THP-1, the chocolate and the snack upregulated CD206 (mannose receptor C-type 1) expression. IL-10 increased with all treatments. These results pave the way for future research that may support the potential use of this snack as a functional food with antioxidant, gut-protective and anti-inflammatory effects.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Nutritional Intervention and Diet on Oxidative Stress and Human Diseases)
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Galangin Regulates Oxidative Stress Levels in Porcine Embryos Through Interaction with the Neh1 Domain of Nrf2
by
Zhi-Chao Chi, Shu-Ming Shi, Li-Ying Liu, Lin-Yi Qu, Jing-Hang Li, Guan-Lin Jia, Yu-Yan He, Lin-Xuan Li, Yong-Xun Jin, Ming-Jun Zhang and Xian-Feng Yu
Antioxidants 2025, 14(7), 822; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070822 - 4 Jul 2025
Abstract
Oxidative stress poses a challenge to in vitro embryo culture. As a flavonoid, galangin (GAL) has been shown to have antioxidant effects, but the effect and antioxidant capacity of GAL in the in vitro development of porcine parthenogenetic embryos are still unknown. In
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Oxidative stress poses a challenge to in vitro embryo culture. As a flavonoid, galangin (GAL) has been shown to have antioxidant effects, but the effect and antioxidant capacity of GAL in the in vitro development of porcine parthenogenetic embryos are still unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that 1 µM GAL significantly increased the blastocyst rate, decreased the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased the glutathione (GSH) level, and enhanced mitochondrial function in early porcine embryos. Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was identified as the target gene of GAL via network pharmacology, and the transcript levels of related antioxidant enzymes (HO-1, NQO1, SOD2, and CAT) were found to be increased. Since Nrf2 has seven domains, we constructed Nrf2 mutants lacking different domains in vitro. We found that GAL specifically binds to the Neh1 domain of Nrf2. Subsequent embryonic experiments demonstrated that the antioxidant effect of GAL was abolished after Nrf2 deletion. These results suggest that GAL can directly bind to Nrf2 to regulate the level of oxidative stress and improve mitochondrial function in embryos.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Regulation in Animal Reproduction)
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Dual Upcycling of Olive Leaves for the Biocatalytic Synthesis of Antioxidant Cortisone Derivatives
by
Filippo Marchetti, Irene Gugel, Stefania Costa, Ilenia Gugel, Anna Baldisserotto, Erika Baldini, Stefano Manfredini and Silvia Vertuani
Antioxidants 2025, 14(7), 821; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070821 - 3 Jul 2025
Abstract
Bioconversion of cortisone leads to the synthesis of the steroid derivatives 1,9β,17,21-tetrahydroxy-4-methyl-19-nor-9β-pregna-1,3,5(10)-trien-11,20-dione (SCA) and 1,9β,17,20β,21-pentahydroxy-4-methyl-19-nor-9β-pregna-1,3,5(10)-trien-11-one (SCB), which have been identified as biologically active molecules in affections associated with oxidative stress and inflammation, particularly in the skin and eye. To date, the synthesis of
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Bioconversion of cortisone leads to the synthesis of the steroid derivatives 1,9β,17,21-tetrahydroxy-4-methyl-19-nor-9β-pregna-1,3,5(10)-trien-11,20-dione (SCA) and 1,9β,17,20β,21-pentahydroxy-4-methyl-19-nor-9β-pregna-1,3,5(10)-trien-11-one (SCB), which have been identified as biologically active molecules in affections associated with oxidative stress and inflammation, particularly in the skin and eye. To date, the synthesis of SCA and SCB can only be achieved through a biocatalytic approach, following a biotransformation process catalyzed by Rhodococcus rhodnii DSM 43960, a synthetic pathway that adheres to the principles of green chemistry. To further enhance the sustainability of this process, this study demonstrated that SCA and SCB can be synthesized by bioconversion in a complex medium derived from a dual upcycling process involving olive leaves (UOLM). By formulating a medium based on olive leaves, a by-product derived from the previously reported biotechnological production of lactic acid, and using a concentration of 10% v/v UOLM and 1 g/L cortisone at pH 7.5, bioconversion yields of 90 ± 4.5% were achieved, with a predominance of SCB. Investigations into the addition of supplements, such as tryptone, peptone, and corn steep liquor (CSL), to assess potential improvements in yield were conducted, but no significant positive variations were observed. For the first time, bioactive steroids were synthesized from a medium obtained through a dual upcycling process of olive leaves, introducing an innovative method that opens new possibilities for the investigation of a second generation of biosteroids synthesized from lignocellulosic feedstocks.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Valorization of Waste Through Antioxidant Extraction and Utilization)
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Investigation of the Effects of 2.45 GHz Near-Field EMF on Yeast
by
Boyana Angelova, Momchil Paunov, Meglena Kitanova, Gabriela Atanasova and Nikolay Atanasov
Antioxidants 2025, 14(7), 820; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070820 - 3 Jul 2025
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The study of the effects of 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields on the health and safety of people and organisms as a whole is essential due to their widespread use in everyday life. It is known that they can cause thermal and non-thermal effects—at
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The study of the effects of 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields on the health and safety of people and organisms as a whole is essential due to their widespread use in everyday life. It is known that they can cause thermal and non-thermal effects—at the molecular, cellular and organismal level. Yeast suspensions were treated with 2.45 GHz microwave radiation in the near-field of antenna at two distances (2 and 4 cm) and two time periods (20 and 60 min)—setups resembling the use of mobile devices. The release of UV-absorbing substances from the cells was studied as an indicator of membrane permeabilization, total intracellular antioxidant activity and reduced glutathione were determined, and a comet assay for damage to the DNA was performed. A correlation between reduced antioxidants and increased membrane permeability during EMF treatment was observed at a distance of 2 cm for 20 min, suggesting the presence of oxidative stress, while a similar effect was not observed with conventional heating. Slightly increased membrane permeability was observed after irradiation for 60 min at a distance of 4 cm, but this was not related to the antioxidant status of the cells. A trend towards increased DNA damage was observed under both conditions.
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Open AccessReview
Melatonin—A Powerful Oxidant in Neurodegenerative Diseases
by
Renata Kołodziejska, Alina Woźniak, Rafał Bilski, Roland Wesołowski, Daria Kupczyk, Marta Porzych, Weronika Wróblewska and Hanna Pawluk
Antioxidants 2025, 14(7), 819; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070819 - 3 Jul 2025
Abstract
Melatonin (MEL)is an endogenous hormone with antioxidant potential that plays an important role in maintaining redox homeostasis. MEL and its derivatives directly scavenge free oxygen and nitrogen radicals. Melatonin inhibits lipid peroxidation, stimulates antioxidant enzymes, and reduces metal toxicity. It stabilizes mitochondrial activity
[...] Read more.
Melatonin (MEL)is an endogenous hormone with antioxidant potential that plays an important role in maintaining redox homeostasis. MEL and its derivatives directly scavenge free oxygen and nitrogen radicals. Melatonin inhibits lipid peroxidation, stimulates antioxidant enzymes, and reduces metal toxicity. It stabilizes mitochondrial activity and suppresses inflammatory signaling. It takes part in neurogenesis, neuroprotection, and modulation of the cardiovascular system. It prevents many diseases of free radical etiology, i.e., neurodegenerative and circulatory system diseases and ischemic stroke. Supplementation with this antioxidant can slow down the aging process and provide protection against diseases of the central nervous system and support the body’s natural antioxidant system. This study uses current reports from the literature and meta-analyses of the antioxidant mechanisms of melatonin and its importance in neurodegenerative diseases.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Actions of Melatonin)
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Glucosinolate Metabolites and Brain Health: An Updated Review on Their Potential Benefits in Neurodegenerative, Neurodevelopmental, and Psychiatric Disorders
by
Claudia Muscarà, Agnese Gugliandolo, Emanuela Mazzon and Gabriella Calì
Antioxidants 2025, 14(7), 818; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070818 - 2 Jul 2025
Abstract
Neurodegenerative, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric disorders, as well as epilepsy, affect millions of people. Due to their impact on patients’ quality of life, they represent a major health issue. Natural compounds are arising as new treatments for these diseases. Particularly, glucosinolates (GLS) are secondary
[...] Read more.
Neurodegenerative, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric disorders, as well as epilepsy, affect millions of people. Due to their impact on patients’ quality of life, they represent a major health issue. Natural compounds are arising as new treatments for these diseases. Particularly, glucosinolates (GLS) are secondary metabolites found in Cruciferae family plants. Their basic structure consists of a glucose unit linked to a thiohydroximate-O-sulfonate group and an aliphatic, aralkyl, or indolyl side chain, depending on their precursor amino acid. Specifically, aliphatic GLS derive from methionine, aromatic ones from phenylalanine, and indolic ones from tryptophan. Myrosinase (thioglucoside glucohydrolase) is the crucial enzyme for GLS degradation, leading to the production of isothiocyanates (ITCs). ITCs attracted considerable scientific interest for their protective effects against various diseases, thanks to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. Here, we collected the latest evidence regarding ITC effects in neurodegenerative, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric disorders, including preclinical and clinical studies published in the last decade. These studies evidenced ITCs’ neuroprotective effects, exerted mainly through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Thus, ITCs’ integration, also through the diet, may represent a safe and efficacious strategy to improve health and limit the risk of neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, new large-scale trials are needed to determine their therapeutic potential, particularly for diseases with no clinical evidence.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Natural Antioxidants on Neuroprotection)
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Identification of Peroxiredoxin (PRX) Genes from Pepper Fruits: Involvement in Ripening and Modulation by Nitric Oxide (NO)
by
Fátima Ramírez-Mellado, Salvador González-Gordo, José M. Palma and Francisco J. Corpas
Antioxidants 2025, 14(7), 817; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070817 - 2 Jul 2025
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs; EC 1.11.1.15) are a group of thiol peroxidases that catalyze the detoxification of H2O2 and other organic hydroperoxides. The ripening of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruit involves significant phenotypic, physiological, and biochemical changes. Based on the available
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Peroxiredoxins (Prxs; EC 1.11.1.15) are a group of thiol peroxidases that catalyze the detoxification of H2O2 and other organic hydroperoxides. The ripening of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruit involves significant phenotypic, physiological, and biochemical changes. Based on the available pepper plant genome, eight PRX genes were identified and named CaPRX1, CaPRX1-Cys, CaPRX2B, CaPRX2E, CaPRX2F, CaPRX2-CysBAS1, CaPRX2-CysBAS2, and CaPRX Q. Among these, only CaPRX1-Cys was not detected in the transcriptome (RNA-Seq) of sweet pepper fruits reported previously. This study analyzes the modulation of these seven CaPRX genes during ripening and after treating fruits with nitric oxide (NO) gas. A time-course expression analysis of sweet pepper fruit during ripening revealed that two genes were upregulated (CaPRX1 and CaPRX2E), two were downregulated (CaPRX2B and PRX Q), and three were unaffected (CaPRX2F, CaPRX2-CysBAS1, and CaPRX2-CysBAS2). Gene expression was also studied in three hot pepper varieties with varying capsaicin contents (Piquillo < Padrón < Alegría riojana), showing a differential expression pattern during ripening. Furthermore, NO treatment of sweet pepper fruits triggered the upregulation of CaPRX2B and CaPRXQ genes and the downregulation of CaPRX1 and CaPRX2-CysBAS1 genes, while the other three remained unaffected. Among the CaPrx proteins, four (CaPrx2B, CaPrx2-CysBAS1, CaPrx2-CysBAS2, and CaPrx2E) were identified as susceptible to S-nitrosation, as determined by immunoprecipitation assays with an antibody against S-nitrocysteine and further mass spectrometry analyses. These findings indicate the diversification of PRX genes in pepper fruits and how some of them are regulated by NO, either at the level of gene expression or through protein S-nitrosation, a NO-promoting post-translational modification (PTM). Given that Prxs play a crucial role in stress tolerance, these data suggest that Prxs are vital components of the antioxidant system during pepper fruit ripening, an event that is accompanied by physiological nitro-oxidative stress.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in Plants―2nd Edition)
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Oxidative Stress and Down Syndrome: A Systematic Review
by
Goran Slivšek, Sandra Mijač, Ivan Dolanc, Marija Fabijanec, Silvija Petković, Renato Mautner, Karmen Lončarek, Josip Kranjčić, Alenka Boban Blagaić, Marin Marinović, Ksenija Vitale, Donatella Verbanac, Miran Čoklo and Jadranka Vraneković
Antioxidants 2025, 14(7), 816; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070816 - 2 Jul 2025
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), the most common human aneuploidy, is associated with oxidative stress, which contributes to morphological abnormalities, immune dysfunction, cognitive impairment and accelerated ageing. This article aims to provide an overview of the studies on oxidative stress in DS, in particular the
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Down syndrome (DS), the most common human aneuploidy, is associated with oxidative stress, which contributes to morphological abnormalities, immune dysfunction, cognitive impairment and accelerated ageing. This article aims to provide an overview of the studies on oxidative stress in DS, in particular the investigation of endogenous and exogenous antioxidants, with a focus on endogenous systems. A literature search in MEDLINE and Scopus based on the PRISMA 2020 criteria revealed 41 relevant studies that mainly analysed blood samples (plasma or serum) and occasionally saliva or urine. The findings suggest that oxidative stress in DS is multifactorial and results from an imbalance of superoxide dismutase activity, overexpression of genes on chromosome 21, mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation. Despite extensive studies over the decades, new sources and mechanisms for oxidative stress in DS continue to emerge, further highlighting the complexity of DS. The recognition that oxidative stress is a hallmark of DS emphasises the need to develop more sensitive and specific methods to detect it and to investigate the associated metabolic pathways in DS in more detail. The expansion of in vivo studies could facilitate the development of targeted interventions aimed at mitigating oxidative damage and ultimately improving outcomes for individuals with DS.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: Antioxidants as Strategy for Prevention and Treatment)
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Open AccessReview
Antioxidant Defense and Redox Signaling in Elite Soccer Players: Insights into Muscle Function, Recovery, and Training Adaptations
by
Qing Meng and Chun-Hsien Su
Antioxidants 2025, 14(7), 815; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070815 - 2 Jul 2025
Abstract
Elite soccer places significant neuromuscular and metabolic stress on athletes, leading to elevated production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), particularly in skeletal muscle, where intense contractile activity and increased oxygen flux drive oxidative processes. These reactive species play a dual role
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Elite soccer places significant neuromuscular and metabolic stress on athletes, leading to elevated production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), particularly in skeletal muscle, where intense contractile activity and increased oxygen flux drive oxidative processes. These reactive species play a dual role in skeletal muscle, supporting adaptive signaling at controlled levels while causing oxidative damage when poorly regulated. This paper presents an integrated synthesis of current knowledge on redox biology in elite soccer players, focusing on the origins and regulation of RONS, the functions of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems, and how both RONS and antioxidant responses influence muscle performance, fatigue, recovery, and long-term physiological adaptation. Drawing on studies conducted between 2000 and 2025, the discussion underscores the seasonal fluctuations in oxidative stress, individual variability in redox responses, and the potential adverse effects of unsystematic antioxidant supplementation. The analysis also emphasizes the value of using biomarker-guided, periodized antioxidant interventions tailored to training demands. Future directions include longitudinal tracking and the use of AI-assisted monitoring to enable personalized strategies for maintaining redox balance and optimizing performance in elite sport.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Response in Skeletal Muscle)
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Open AccessArticle
Time Matters: Methane Inhalation Mitigates Mitochondrial and Organ Dysfunction in Advanced Experimental Sepsis
by
Levente Frigyes Gulácsi, Attila Rutai, László Juhász, Bálint László Czakó, Andrea Szabó, Mihály Boros, József Kaszaki, Marietta Zita Poles and Szabolcs Péter Tallósy
Antioxidants 2025, 14(7), 814; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070814 - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the time-dependent effects of methane (CH4) inhalation, initiated at defined intervals following sepsis onset, on organ function, systemic oxygen utilization, and mitochondrial respiration in a rodent model. Adult rats were subjected to abdominal sepsis or sham
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This study aimed to characterize the time-dependent effects of methane (CH4) inhalation, initiated at defined intervals following sepsis onset, on organ function, systemic oxygen utilization, and mitochondrial respiration in a rodent model. Adult rats were subjected to abdominal sepsis or sham operation. Septic animals were assigned to groups receiving 2.2% CH4 in normoxic air at specific post-insult phases (early: 3–6 h; intermediate: 16–19 h; late: 19–22 h), while a control group remained untreated. At 24 h, organ function was evaluated using a Rat-Specific Organ Failure Assessment (ROFA) score, along with measurements of plasma myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, Complex I–II-linked oxidative phosphorylation in renal and cerebellar tissues, systemic oxygen extraction, and global tissue perfusion (pCO2-gap). Sepsis induced significant organ dysfunction, impaired hemodynamics, reduced oxygen utilization, and decreased mitochondrial respiration. CH4 inhalation improved survival when administered early, restored cerebellar mitochondrial respiration during the intermediate phase, and in the late phase reduced ROFA scores and MPO levels, while attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction in renal and cerebellar tissues. All CH4-treated groups demonstrated improved renal function and enhanced tissue oxygenation. Targeted CH4 inhalation during sepsis confers protective effects by preserving mitochondrial function, reducing inflammation, and improving oxygen dynamics, suggesting promising therapeutic potential.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cellular ROS and Antioxidants: Physiological and Pathological Role—2nd Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
The Naturally Bioactive Vicine Extracted from Faba Beans Is Responsible for the Transformation of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) into Crisp Grass Carp
by
Xinyu Zheng, Minyi Luo, Bing Fu, Gen Kaneko, Jingjing Tian, Jun Xie, Jilun Hou and Ermeng Yu
Antioxidants 2025, 14(7), 813; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070813 - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
While faba bean feeding improves grass carp muscle texture via reactive oxygen species (ROS), the main bioactive compound was unclear. In this study, vicine—a pro-oxidant glycoside—was isolated from faba beans using cation-exchange column chromatography and supplemented into the feed of grass carp at
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While faba bean feeding improves grass carp muscle texture via reactive oxygen species (ROS), the main bioactive compound was unclear. In this study, vicine—a pro-oxidant glycoside—was isolated from faba beans using cation-exchange column chromatography and supplemented into the feed of grass carp at 0.6%. To assess the impact of vicine on muscle texture, the grass carp were fed for 150 days with three treatments: control group, faba bean group, and vicine group. The results showed that vicine improved muscle texture similarly to faba beans but caused fewer adverse effects on muscle, liver, and intestinal health. Vicine improved grass carp muscle texture in the following ways: (1) induced ROS overproduction, activating the Caspase apoptosis pathway and downregulating Pax-7 to promote satellite cell-mediated myofiber regeneration; (2) vicine-mediated intestinal microbiota alterations increased lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels, indirectly elevating muscle ROS via the gut–muscle axis to further affect muscle structure. This study demonstrated that vicine improved muscle texture by activating ROS-dependent myofiber regeneration but also induced oxidative stress and gut microbiota perturbation. While vicine mitigated the severe toxicity of faba beans, its application requires careful evaluation of its toxicological properties to balance benefits and risks. This study offers new insights for enhancing the quality of aquatic animals.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Oxidative Stress in Aquaculture)
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Alzheimer’s Disease Pathogenic Mechanisms: Linking Redox Homeostasis and Mitochondria-Associated Metabolic Pathways Through Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2)
by
Agueda Rostagno and Jorge Ghiso
Antioxidants 2025, 14(7), 812; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070812 - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia, with a prevalence expected to escalate with the aging of the world population as life expectancy increases. In spite of significant progress made in the investigation of the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease,
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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia, with a prevalence expected to escalate with the aging of the world population as life expectancy increases. In spite of significant progress made in the investigation of the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease, many mechanistic aspects that could support the implementation of novel therapeutic avenues remain unresolved. Research during the last decade has revealed a crucial role for mitochondria-mediated pathways dysregulation as significant contributors to the disease, highlighting the relevance of changes in brain metabolism and bioenergetics as well as the induction of oxidative stress conditions for neurodegeneration. This review summarizes mitochondrial functional changes associated with AD with emphasis in the dysregulation of redox homeostasis and the role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), not only as a central regulator of the antioxidant response but also as a more recently described modulator of cellular metabolic pathways. Potential therapeutic strategies targeting oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are also discussed, with particular emphasis on the use of small molecules Nrf2 activators. Exploiting the multifactorial properties of the transcription factor in either novel or combination-based pharmacological approaches targeting multiple genes and pathways may contribute to providing more definitive and precise therapeutic perspectives.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Nrf2 in Neurodegenerative Diseases)
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Liposomal Delivery of a Biotechnological Lavandula angustifolia Miller Extract Rich in Rosmarinic Acid for Topical Herpes Simplex Therapy
by
Federica Fulgheri, Fabrizio Angius, Matteo Perra, Ilenia Delogu, Silvia Puxeddu, Milen I. Georgiev, Renáta Novotná, Jana Franková, Misia Lobina, Aldo Manzin, Maria Manconi and Maria Letizia Manca
Antioxidants 2025, 14(7), 811; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070811 - 30 Jun 2025
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a widespread pathogen responsible for recurrent infections, primarily affecting the skin and mucous membranes. With the aim of targeting both the viral infection and the associated inflammatory response, biotechnologically produced Lavandula angustifolia Miller (L. angustifolia
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Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a widespread pathogen responsible for recurrent infections, primarily affecting the skin and mucous membranes. With the aim of targeting both the viral infection and the associated inflammatory response, biotechnologically produced Lavandula angustifolia Miller (L. angustifolia) extract, rich in rosmarinic acid, was incorporated into liposomal formulations intended for topical application. Lavender is known for its strong anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, wound-healing, and antiviral properties. However, its low stability under certain conditions limits its therapeutic potential. Four different formulations were developed: conventional liposomes, glycerosomes, hyalurosomes, and glycerohyalurosomes. The vesicles were characterized for size, stability, and entrapment efficiency. Glycerosomes were the smallest (~58 nm), while the other formulations ranged around 77 nm, all maintaining a highly negative surface charge, ensuring stability and reduced aggregation. Glycerol-containing formulations demonstrated superior stability over 12 months, while liposomes and hyalurosomes increased their size after only two months. Entrapment efficiency reached up to 100% for most vesicles, except for glycerohyalurosomes (~54%). In vitro studies on Normal Human Dermal Fibroblasts (NHDFs) demonstrated that all formulations were biocompatible and enhanced cell viability under oxidative stress. Glycerosomes, hyalurosomes, and glycerohyalurosomes exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity by reducing MMP-1 and IL-6 levels in LPS-stimulated fibroblasts. Furthermore, these preliminary results highlighted promising antiviral activity against HSV-1 of the obtained formulations, particularly when applied during or post-infection. Overall, these phospholipid vesicles offer a dual therapeutic approach, combining antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral effects, positioning them as promising candidates for the treatment of HSV-induced skin lesions and related inflammatory conditions.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Nanoantioxidants—2nd Edition)
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Pharmaco-Toxicological Effects of Cachrys libanotis Extract: Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Cytotoxic Activities in Human Cell Lines and Embryonic Models
by
Mary Fucile, Ioana Gabriela Macasoi, Monica Negrea, Diana Obistioiu, Mariangela Marrelli, Ersilia Alexa, Cristina Dehelean, Giancarlo Statti, Filomena Conforti and Iulia Pinzaru
Antioxidants 2025, 14(7), 810; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070810 - 30 Jun 2025
Abstract
We conducted a study to explore the potential of an enriched coumarin extract from Cachrys libanotis for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. The extract was prepared using pressurized cyclic solid–liquid extraction, and its safety profile was thoroughly evaluated using both cellular
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We conducted a study to explore the potential of an enriched coumarin extract from Cachrys libanotis for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. The extract was prepared using pressurized cyclic solid–liquid extraction, and its safety profile was thoroughly evaluated using both cellular and embryonic models. Our main goal was to uncover a mixture of bioactive compounds that could offer therapeutic benefits. The following parameters were assessed: (i) extract composition; (ii) antioxidant activity; (iii) effects on cell viability and morphology; (iv) irritant potential (in ovo); and (v) antimicrobial activity against nine microbial strains. Chromatographic and spectrometric analyses confirmed that the main specialized metabolites in C. libanotis extract were furanocoumarins, with xanthotoxin, bergapten, and isopimpinellin identified as the three predominant constituents. Treatment with the C. libanotis extract did not induce significant alterations in the adherent human keratinocytes, with confluence and epithelial morphology comparable to control cells. Conversely, viable cells declined in the breast carcinoma cell line (MDA-MB-231). Moreover, the C. libanotis extract exhibited a promising antimicrobial activity against two Gram-negative pathogens, Shigella flexneri and Salmonella typhimurium.
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(This article belongs to the Section Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants)
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