Antioxidants

40 pages, 2214 KB

Open AccessReview

Roles of Autophagy and Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Disease

by Hyeong Rok Yun, Manish Kumar Singh, Sunhee Han, Jyotsna S. Ranbhise, Joohun Ha, Sung Soo Kim and Insug Kang

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1263; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101263 - 20 Oct 2025

Abstract

Autophagy and oxidative stress influence cardiovascular pathology. Autophagy mediates lysosome-dependent clearance of damaged proteins and organelles and maintains mitochondrial quality control, proteostasis, and metabolic flexibility. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) originate from mitochondrial respiration and enzymatic reactions during stress. At physiological levels, ROS function [...] Read more.

Autophagy and oxidative stress influence cardiovascular pathology. Autophagy mediates lysosome-dependent clearance of damaged proteins and organelles and maintains mitochondrial quality control, proteostasis, and metabolic flexibility. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) originate from mitochondrial respiration and enzymatic reactions during stress. At physiological levels, ROS function as redox signals that activate degradation and recycling, whereas excess oxidants damage lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids and promote cell loss. This review integrates evidence across cardiovascular disease, including atherosclerosis, ischemia reperfusion injury, pressure overload remodeling, heart failure, diabetic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, aging, and inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases and Vascular Pathophysiology)

26 pages, 877 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Randomized Controlled Trial on the Safety and Cognitive Benefits of a Novel Functional Drink from a Purple Waxy Corn Byproduct in Peri- And Postmenopausal Women

by Jintanaporn Wattanathorn, Woranan Kirisattayakul and Woraluk Somboonporn

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1262; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101262 - 20 Oct 2025

Abstract

Fulfilling the demand for functional food with cost safety and environmental sustainability, our novel anthocyanin-enriched functional drink containing the purple waxy corn cob-derived functional ingredient “MP1” showed cognitive enhancing effects with safety in bilaterally ovariectomized rats, a validated model of menopause. Since no [...] Read more.

Fulfilling the demand for functional food with cost safety and environmental sustainability, our novel anthocyanin-enriched functional drink containing the purple waxy corn cob-derived functional ingredient “MP1” showed cognitive enhancing effects with safety in bilaterally ovariectomized rats, a validated model of menopause. Since no clinical evidence that confirms the mentioned effect was available until now, we conducted a two-arm, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study to confirm the benefits mentioned above. A total of 32 menopausal participants were divided into placebo and MP1 (400 mg) groups, and were subject to a 2-month study period. Safety parameters, working memory and brain components, especially N100 and P300, the negative and positive potentials derived from the event-related potential (ERP) which indicated attention and cognitive processing, together with oxidative stress markers acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO), were assessed at baseline and every month. No serious side effects or toxicity signs were observed. Subjects who consumed MP1 also had decreased N100 and P300 latency, improved working memory and decreased oxidative stress status. Therefore, a byproduct of purple corn can successfully serve as a novel functional ingredient for developing a cognitive enhancer drink with the qualities of safety, cost reduction, and environmental sustainability promotion. Full article

43 pages, 749 KB

Open AccessReview

Antioxidant Food Supplementation in Cancer: Lessons from Clinical Trials and Insights from Preclinical Studies

by Alessandra Pulliero, Barbara Marengo, Oriana Ferrante, Zumama Khalid, Stefania Vernazza, Nicolò Ruzzarin, Cinzia Domenicotti and Alberto Izzotti

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1261; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101261 - 20 Oct 2025

Abstract

Food antioxidant supplementation has been widely proposed for cancer prevention and adjuvant therapy due to the pleiotropic role of antioxidants. Herein, particular attention is given to recent clinical trials based on the use of dietary supplements in cancer patients, both as monotherapy and [...] Read more.

Food antioxidant supplementation has been widely proposed for cancer prevention and adjuvant therapy due to the pleiotropic role of antioxidants. Herein, particular attention is given to recent clinical trials based on the use of dietary supplements in cancer patients, both as monotherapy and in combination with standard treatments, exploring both their potential benefits and risks. This review focuses on the efficacy of the most important food antioxidants, highlighting how their action may change depending on different factors such as cancer type, dose, timing of administration and antioxidant status of the patient. The results of clinical trials are often contradictory, and the clinical benefit of dietary antioxidants appears more consistent in patients with a baseline antioxidant deficiency. Furthermore, by analyzing the mechanisms underlying the contradictory clinical evidence and critically addressing the issues related to the methodologies used in preclinical models, this review could be helpful in guiding the personalized use of antioxidant supplementation in cancer patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress)

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16 pages, 1135 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Basis of the Antioxidant and Serum Enzyme Activities of the Large Yellow Croaker Larimichthys crocea Under Stress in an Experimental Simulation of Natural Winter Water Cooling

by Xinan Wang, Xiaolong Yin, Aijun Ma, Weiye Li and Xiaolin Zhang

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1260; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101260 - 20 Oct 2025

Abstract

Antioxidant and serum enzyme activities of the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) were analyzed to investigate the influences of genotype and water temperature. The activities of four antioxidant factors (peroxidase, catalase, total antioxidant capacity, and superoxide dismutase [SOD]) in the muscle and liver, [...] Read more.

Antioxidant and serum enzyme activities of the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) were analyzed to investigate the influences of genotype and water temperature. The activities of four antioxidant factors (peroxidase, catalase, total antioxidant capacity, and superoxide dismutase [SOD]) in the muscle and liver, as well as six serum enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, lipase, aspartate aminotransferase [AST], adenosine deaminase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and alanine aminotransferase), were measured at natural water temperatures (20, 16, 12, 10, and 8 °C). Analysis of the antioxidant enzyme activities showed that genotype, temperature, and genotype × temperature interactions had different influences on the two tissues. In muscles, the impacts of these three effects on antioxidant enzyme activity were extremely significant, while in the liver, only the genetic effects were extremely significant and the temperature effect was insignificant. SOD exhibited the highest and the most stable activity and the best performance in terms of both activity and stability in both tissue types. Temperature, genotype, and genotype × temperature interactions all had a prominent impact on serum enzyme activity. The indicators that were the top performers in terms of activity, stability, and the optimal balance of both were AST, GGT, and AST, respectively. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for breeding with low-temperature tolerance based on antioxidant factors, reliable tolerance indicators, and the evaluation and early detection of low-temperature stress using serum-based enzyme biomarkers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Antioxidant Enzyme Systems)

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20 pages, 1294 KB

Open AccessReview

Stress Pathways in Chronic Kidney Disease: Linking Cortisol, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation

by Maria Motrenikova, Krasimir Boyanov, Neli Bojinova and Anelia Bivolarska

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1259; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101259 - 20 Oct 2025

Abstract

This review aims to synthesize current evidence on the role of chronic stress and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The focus is on the interplay between cortisol, oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic risk factors within the [...] Read more.

This review aims to synthesize current evidence on the role of chronic stress and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The focus is on the interplay between cortisol, oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic risk factors within the psycho-neuro-endocrine-immune (PNEI) system. CKD is a multifactorial disease characterized by oxidative stress, chronic low-grade inflammation, and neuroendocrine imbalance. These processes interact to accelerate renal injury and systemic complications. Pro-inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), together with oxidative stress markers including malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), are strongly associated with disease progression. Altered cortisol dynamics—assessed in serum, saliva, and hair—further reflect chronic HPA activation and contribute to immune dysfunction, metabolic disturbances, and cardiovascular risk. By integrating experimental and clinical findings, this review highlights how stress-induced dysregulation of the PNEI system amplifies CKD progression. Understanding these interconnected mechanisms underscores the potential of combining oxidative, inflammatory, and neuroendocrine biomarkers for improved risk stratification and targeted therapeutic interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Kidney Diseases)

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13 pages, 271 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Strawberries Improve Serum Antioxidant Profiles in Adults with Prediabetes: A 28-Week Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial

by Shauna Groven, Pamela Devillez, Robert Hal Scofield, Amber Champion, Kenneth Izuora and Arpita Basu

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1258; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101258 - 20 Oct 2025

Abstract

Prediabetes increases oxidative stress and the risk of type 2 diabetes and related cardiovascular diseases. Previous trials have shown antioxidant-rich strawberries improve this risk, but effects on antioxidant markers are inconclusive. This 28-week randomized controlled crossover trial evaluated the effects of freeze-dried strawberries [...] Read more.

Prediabetes increases oxidative stress and the risk of type 2 diabetes and related cardiovascular diseases. Previous trials have shown antioxidant-rich strawberries improve this risk, but effects on antioxidant markers are inconclusive. This 28-week randomized controlled crossover trial evaluated the effects of freeze-dried strawberries (FDS) on fasting glucose, serum antioxidant status, and vascular inflammation in adults with prediabetes not on glucose-lowering medications. Participants were assigned to FDS (32 g/day ~ 2.5 servings of whole strawberries) or control (usual diet, no strawberries) for 12 weeks each, separated by a 4-week washout (n = 25/treatment period). Biomarkers were measured at baseline, 12, 16 (baseline 2), and 28 weeks. A mixed-model analysis of variance detected differences between groups, adjusting for covariates. Compared to control, FDS significantly improved serum superoxide dismutase (0.08 ± 0.04 U/mL), glutathione [(GSH): 1.8 ± 0.96 µmol/L], antioxidant capacity [(AC): 5.9 ± 3.2 µmol/L], β-carotene (113.9 ± 15.8 nmol/L), fasting glucose (97 ± 12 mg/dL), intercellular adhesion molecule [(ICAM): 56.0 ± 21.8 ng/mL], and vascular cell adhesion molecule [(VCAM): 440 ± 163 ng/mL] (all p < 0.05). ICAM was inversely correlated with GSH (r = −0.21), AC (r = −0.15), and β-carotene (r = −0.13) (all p < 0.05). VCAM was inversely correlated with AC (r = −0.12) (p < 0.05). Catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, α-carotene, P-selectin, and E-selectin were unaffected. Our findings support strawberry intake as a dietary intervention for improving blood glucose control and antioxidant status in adults with prediabetes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Natural Antioxidants in Fruits and Vegetables in Human Health)

21 pages, 3828 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spray-Dried Multiple Emulsions as Co-Delivery Systems for Chlorogenic Acid and Curcumin

by Javier Paredes-Toledo, Javier Herrera, Estefanía González, Paz Robert and Begoña Giménez

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1257; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101257 - 20 Oct 2025

Abstract

The low stability and bioaccessibility of polyphenols limit their application in functional foods. To address this, chlorogenic acid (CGA) and curcumin (CU) were selected as model compounds and co-encapsulated in spray-dried linseed oil (LO) multiple emulsions (MEs), using octenyl succinic anhydride-modified waxy maize [...] Read more.

The low stability and bioaccessibility of polyphenols limit their application in functional foods. To address this, chlorogenic acid (CGA) and curcumin (CU) were selected as model compounds and co-encapsulated in spray-dried linseed oil (LO) multiple emulsions (MEs), using octenyl succinic anhydride-modified waxy maize starch as encapsulating agent. Water-in-oil-in-water MEs were prepared by two-step high-pressure homogenization and spray-dried under optimized conditions determined by response surface methodology to minimize surface oil. The resulting microparticles were characterized for encapsulation efficiency (EE), morphology, oxidative stability, and performance under simulated gastrointestinal digestion (INFOGEST protocol). Both CGA and CU exhibited high EE in microparticles (~88–90%), with spray drying significantly improving CGA retention compared to liquid emulsions. Microparticles also showed improved oxidative stability due to the presence of antioxidants. During digestion, CU bioaccessibility decreased (62.7%) relative to liquid MEs (83.6%), consistent with reduced lipid digestion. Conversely, CGA bioaccessibility was higher in microparticles (47.6%) than in MEs (29.2%), indicating a protective effect of the encapsulating agent under intestinal conditions. Overall, spray drying stabilized linseed oil-based MEs and enabled effective co-encapsulation of hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds, supporting their potential as multifunctional delivery systems for functional foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Drug Delivery Systems for Antioxidant-Based Therapeutic Agents)

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43 pages, 10702 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lacticaseibacillus paracasei JY062 Postbiotic Alleviated 3% DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice via Integrated Antioxidant, Barrier Repair, Immunomodulatory and Microbiota Modulation

by Jinfeng Guo, Yilin Sun, Kaiqi Gao, Haijie Zhao, Yue Su, Ying Zhao, Yu Zhang and Yujun Jiang

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1256; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101256 - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

Ulcerative colitis (UC) with multifactorial etiology remains clinically challenging. While current pharmacotherapies alleviate symptoms, their long-term application is constrained by significant side effects. Lacticaseibacillus paracasei JY062 postbiotic (Pa JY062) exerts multi-target therapeutic effects via integrated antioxidant, barrier repair, immunomodulatory and microbiota modulation for [...] Read more.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) with multifactorial etiology remains clinically challenging. While current pharmacotherapies alleviate symptoms, their long-term application is constrained by significant side effects. Lacticaseibacillus paracasei JY062 postbiotic (Pa JY062) exerts multi-target therapeutic effects via integrated antioxidant, barrier repair, immunomodulatory and microbiota modulation for UC. Pa JY062 exhibited potent antioxidant capacity and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Caco-2 cells. In DSS-colitis mice, high-dose Pa JY062 (HP, 800 mg/kg) restored intestinal barrier integrity (Evans blue permeability: 0.0547 vs. 0.107, p < 0.01), enhanced antioxidant defenses (SOD: 9.43 vs. 5.5; GSH-Px: 62.74 vs. 40.94 U/mg protein, p < 0.01), and rebalanced Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg responses. LigiLactobacillus murinus (L. murinus) was enriched, while Bacteroides acidifaciens (B. acidifaciens) was diminished, SCFAs increased (acetate 2772.70 ± 21.08, propionate 669.84 ± 6.79, butyrate 324.14 ± 0.42 μg/g). Spearman correlations linked L. murinus to barrier proteins (ZO-1/Occludin/E-cadherin), contrasting B. acidifaciens–inflammation associations. These findings revealed that Pa JY062 exerted multi-target therapeutic effects on UC, and offered a wider array of options for intestinal health. Pa JY062 represents a promising natural antioxidant-based strategy for UC management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals in Health and Disease)

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22 pages, 3174 KB

Open AccessArticle

α-Asarone Maintains Protein Homeostasis Through SKN-1-Mediated Proteasome and Autophagy Pathways to Mitigate Aβ-Associated Toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans

by Congmin Wei, Xinyan Chen, Menglu Sun, Jinjin Cao, Dechun Liao, Zhou Cheng and Hongbing Wang

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1255; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101255 - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Acorus tatarinowii Schott (A. tatarinowii), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used in the treatment of dementia, particularly AD. α-Asarone is the main active component of A. tatarinowii oil, and its neuroprotective effects and underlying molecular mechanism in AD remain [...] Read more.

Acorus tatarinowii Schott (A. tatarinowii), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used in the treatment of dementia, particularly AD. α-Asarone is the main active component of A. tatarinowii oil, and its neuroprotective effects and underlying molecular mechanism in AD remain unclear. In this study, we utilized different transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) AD models to investigate the neuroprotective mechanism of α-asarone in vivo. Our findings revealed that α-asarone significantly ameliorated Aβ- and tau-induced phenotypic abnormalities, including deficits in chemotaxis-related learning, hyposensitivity to exogenous serotonin, and impaired neuronal integrity. Furthermore, the α-asarone treatment effectively reduced Aβ-induced oxidative stress. Mechanistically, α-asarone reduced Aβ accumulation and maintained protein homeostasis by stimulating proteasome degradation and autophagy in an SKN-1/Nrf2-dependent manner. Our study highlights the potential of α-asarone as an SKN-1/Nrf2 activator and its capability to facilitate proteostasis, supporting its therapeutic potential for AD treatment. Full article

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26 pages, 4680 KB

Open AccessArticle

Quantifying the Antioxidant Capacity of Inorganic Nanoparticles: Challenges and Analytical Solutions

by Yue Hu, Qingbo Zhang, Zhen Xiao, Xiaoting Guo, Vivian Ling, Yidan Bi and Vicki L. Colvin

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1254; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101254 - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Antioxidant properties of inorganic nanoparticles in aqueous media are attracting growing interest due to their high surface reactivity. Materials such as cerium oxide, iron oxide, silver, and gold exhibit distinct radical-scavenging behaviors at the nanoscale, but reliable quantification remains challenging. Conventional assays developed [...] Read more.

Antioxidant properties of inorganic nanoparticles in aqueous media are attracting growing interest due to their high surface reactivity. Materials such as cerium oxide, iron oxide, silver, and gold exhibit distinct radical-scavenging behaviors at the nanoscale, but reliable quantification remains challenging. Conventional assays developed for molecular antioxidants cannot be directly applied because probes such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) require methanol–water mixtures and are unstable in aqueous nanoparticle suspensions, while other assays are affected by nanoparticle-induced absorption or fluorescence changes. Here we demonstrate strategies to correct these interferences by independently measuring nanoparticle optical properties after oxidation and customizing assay conditions to account for the dilute, per-particle concentrations of nanomaterials. Using a high-throughput 96-well format, four adapted assays revealed that silver, ceria, and iron oxide nanoparticles possess substantially higher antioxidant capacities than Trolox, while gold showed negligible activity. This optimized approach enables reproducible comparison of nanoparticle antioxidants and provides a platform for tailoring nanostructures with enhanced radical-scavenging properties. Full article

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21 pages, 5067 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rectal Microbiomes and Serum Metabolomics Reveal Changes in Serum Antioxidant Status and Immune Responses of Dezhou Donkeys in Late Gestation to Parturition

by Fang Hui, Yanli Zhao, Zaccheaus Pazamilala Akonyani, Yongmei Guo, Xiaoyu Guo, Qingyue Zhang, Fanzhu Meng, Li Li, Binlin Shi and Sumei Yan

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1253; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101253 - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Parturition is a critical event in the reproductive cycle of dairy animals, accompanied by multiple physiological changes in sex hormones, metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and immune function. However, the changes in the rectal microbiota and metabolic products of Jennies from late gestation to parturition [...] Read more.

Parturition is a critical event in the reproductive cycle of dairy animals, accompanied by multiple physiological changes in sex hormones, metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and immune function. However, the changes in the rectal microbiota and metabolic products of Jennies from late gestation to parturition affect serum antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory responses, but it is still unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the serum antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory responses of Dezhou donkeys from late gestation to parturition by analyzing rectal microbiomes and serum metabolomics. Nine pregnant multiparous Dezhou Jennies, aged 6.0 ± 0.1 years, with a body weight of 292 ± 33 kg, an average parity number of 2.7 ± 0.1, and similar expected dates of confinement (35 ± 4 days), were selected for this study. The study investigates the changes in antioxidant capacity and inflammatory responses, as well as the alterations in rectal microbiota structure and serum metabolites, in Jennies at 35 days prepartum (B1), 7 days prepartum (B2), and at 0 h postpartum (B3). The results showed that from groups B1 to B2, serum activity of GSH-Px, IL-10, and GLU concentrations were decreased significantly. In contrast, the concentrations of MDA, IgG, LF, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and ROS increased significantly. From groups B2 to B3, serum activities of GSH-Px, CAT, SOD, and T-AOC, as well as the concentrations of MDA, IgG, IL-2, AST, ALP, and BHBA, were significantly increased, whereas the concentrations of IL-4, IL-10, and CRE decreased considerably. Therefore, from 35 days prepartum to parturition, Jennies experienced a gradually intensifying oxidative stress and inflammatory states, with the inflammatory response being the most severe at parturition, and with enhanced antioxidant capacity corresponding to increased oxidative damage. Microbiome analysis revealed that the group B1 significantly increased the relative abundance of Prevotella and Fibrobacteres. Group B2 significantly increased the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, Streptococcus, and Acetitomaculum. Group B3 showed a significant upregulation of the relative abundance of Norank_f__F082, Lachnospiraceae_UCG-009, and Prevotellaceae_UCG-004. At the same time, metabolomics analysis revealed that, compared with group B1, group B3 may alleviate inflammation and enhance the body’s antioxidant function by upregulating the tryptophan and arginine metabolic pathways and enriching the differential metabolites (L-tryptophan, L-kynurenine, 3-Indoleacetonitrile, N-acetylglutamic acid). Concurrently, the elevation of these differential metabolites may be associated with the relative abundance of the beneficial bacterium Lachnospiraceae_UCG-009. However, the increase in LysoPC, a fatty acid oxidation product in glycerophospholipid metabolism, as well as the correlation between the sucrose content in the galactose metabolic pathway and the abundance of Paracoccus, indicates the reason why the Jennies are in a state of oxidative stress. Furthermore, group B1 may enhance the serum anti-inflammatory response in Jennies during late gestation by increasing the levels of estrogen in the steroid hormone biosynthesis metabolic pathway. These results could provide useful information for improving the health levels at the specific physiological stages and processes in Dezhou donkeys. Full article

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29 pages, 3296 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rose Oil Distillation Wastewater: By-Products of Essential Oil Extraction as Circular Biostimulants for Tomato Growth

by Nemanja Živanović, Ivana Danilov, Marija Lesjak, Tatjana Dujković, Nataša Simin, Vanja Vlajkov, Mirjana Ljubojević and Jovana Grahovac

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1252; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101252 - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Rose processing into essentials oil is one of the major sectors providing inputs for cosmetics and health/food supplements industry, generating significant amount of wastewater if applying the steam distillation approach. Rose distillation wastewater (RDW), the major by-product of rose processing, still contains a [...] Read more.

Rose processing into essentials oil is one of the major sectors providing inputs for cosmetics and health/food supplements industry, generating significant amount of wastewater if applying the steam distillation approach. Rose distillation wastewater (RDW), the major by-product of rose processing, still contains a significant load of polyphenolic compounds. This organic burden poses a significant environmental threat for RDW disposal, while, on the other hand, it still contains valuable compounds that could be valorized in the circular economy framework. This study has investigated the possibility of utilizing RDW in various concentrations (10%, 25%, 100% v/v) as a circular tomato growth biostimulant, addressing the existing research gap in the field of circular RDW valorization and its effects on plant growth modulation. LC-MS/MS and antioxidant assays have confirmed a rich antioxidant profile of RDW samples, with gallic acid, quinic acid, quercetin, kaempferol and their glycosides as the most abundant compounds. Tomato germination assays have resulted in significantly improved germination and initial seedling growth parameters when 10% RDW samples PA (‘Pure Aroma’), MA (‘Magic Aroma’) and NA (‘Natural Aroma) had been applied as seed treatment (10 seeds per treatment with each RDW), indicating varying plant growth-promoting potential depending on the RDW chemical composition. The increase in tomato growth parameters compared to the control varied in range 34% (MA)—60% (PA) for root length, 70% (MA)—109% (PA) for shoot length and 43% (MA)—72% (PA) for total seedling length, as well as 43% (MA)—72% (PA) for SVI-I and 40% (NA)—49% (MA) for SVI-II (seedling vigor indices I and II, respectively). Contrarily, the increase in RDW concentration of up to 25% and 100% (v/v) has resulted in inhibition of tomato germination and growth compared to the control (e.g., in range 10–50% (RDW 25%) and 45–87% (RDW 100%) for root length), suggesting the necessity for further optimization of RDW dosage in biostimulant applications. The results of this study open the field of possibilities for further development of circular plant biostimulants based on rose processing by-products, as value-added enrichment of the bio-based solutions portfolio for sustainable agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plants and Plant-Based By-Products as Valuable Sources of Antioxidants: Current Tendencies and Achievements in Their Exploitation)

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28 pages, 2013 KB

Open AccessReview

Title Oxidative Stress in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: From Molecular Mechanisms to Emerging Therapeutic Targets

by Tatsuya Mimura and Hidetaka Noma

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1251; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101251 - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible visual impairment in the elderly, and oxidative stress, primarily mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), is widely recognized as a central driver of its onset and progression. The retina is highly susceptible to [...] Read more.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible visual impairment in the elderly, and oxidative stress, primarily mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), is widely recognized as a central driver of its onset and progression. The retina is highly susceptible to oxidative damage due to its elevated oxygen consumption, abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids, and continuous exposure to light. Recent studies have elucidated molecular mechanisms in which mitochondrial dysfunction, disruption of redox homeostasis, inflammation, and complement activation interact to promote degeneration of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptor cells. In addition to age-related oxidative stress, environmental factors such as motor vehicle exhaust and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can accelerate the accumulation of lipofuscin and drusen, thereby fostering a chronic pro-inflammatory milieu. From a therapeutic perspective, beyond conventional antioxidant supplementation, emerging strategies targeting oxidative stress-related pathways have gained attention, including mitochondrial protectants, activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, anti-inflammatory agents, and gene therapy. Importantly, several innovative approaches are under investigation, such as saffron supplementation with neuroprotective properties, drug repositioning of levodopa, and nanotechnology-based delivery systems to enhance retinal bioavailability of antioxidants and gene therapies. This review summarizes the pathophysiological role of oxidative stress in AMD from a molecular mechanistic perspective and discusses recent advances in research and novel therapeutic targets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Oxidative Stress in Eye Diseases)

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17 pages, 2254 KB

Open AccessArticle

Roasted Astragalus membranaceus Inhibits Cognitive Decline in 5xFAD Mice by Activating the BDNF/CREB Pathway

by Ji Hye Yoon, Jinyoung Maeng, Yujin Kim, Gidong Koo, Jeong Seok Shim, Sangeun Im, Subin Jung, Jihwan Shin, Sung-Su Kim and Sungho Maeng

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1250; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101250 - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex pathological process that incurs significant societal costs, yet effective treatments have not yet been developed. Novel compounds targeting β-amyloid, based on the amyloid cascade hypothesis, have failed to demonstrate clinical efficacy. Among natural products with diverse mechanisms, [...] Read more.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex pathological process that incurs significant societal costs, yet effective treatments have not yet been developed. Novel compounds targeting β-amyloid, based on the amyloid cascade hypothesis, have failed to demonstrate clinical efficacy. Among natural products with diverse mechanisms, components contained in Astragali radix have shown anti-dementia effects in various preclinical studies, including improved cognitive function, reduced β-amyloid levels, and decreased insulin resistance. This study administered a water-extracted roasted Astragali radix (RA) to 3-month-old female 5xFAD mice for 3 months, observing changes in cognitive behavior, blood glucose, and neural signaling. RA lowered glucose levels, improved working memory, fear avoidance memory, and spatial memory, and reduced anxiety behavior in 5xFAD mice. In the hippocampus, the protein expression of BDNF and p-CREB/CREB was increased, while p-JNK/JNK was decreased. The effects of RA were similar to unroasted Astragali radix in 5xFAD mice, with some components being more abundant. Therefore, RA enhances its taste and aroma, making it suitable for long-term consumption in the form of tea, which could be effective in preventing neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Antioxidants from Plant-Based By-Products: Mechanisms and Applications in Food Systems)

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25 pages, 2227 KB

Open AccessArticle

Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage Biomarkers in Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Francesca Milani, Annamaria Porreca, Giuseppe Rosano, Laura Vitiello, Maurizio Volterrani, Patrizia Russo and Stefano Bonassi

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1249; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101249 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Oxidative stress is a key driver of heart failure (HF) pathophysiology, promoting myocardial injury, inflammation, and remodeling. Although numerous biomarkers of oxidative stress and DNA damage have been investigated in HF, their clinical relevance remains uncertain. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed [...] Read more.

Background: Oxidative stress is a key driver of heart failure (HF) pathophysiology, promoting myocardial injury, inflammation, and remodeling. Although numerous biomarkers of oxidative stress and DNA damage have been investigated in HF, their clinical relevance remains uncertain. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate alterations in these biomarkers in HF patients compared to healthy controls. Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Studies reporting oxidative stress or DNA damage biomarkers in HF patients versus controls were included. Random-effects models were used to calculate ratios of means (ROM) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed using the I² statistic and Begg’s test. Results: Data from 3015 HF patients and 2704 controls were analyzed. HF patients had significantly higher levels of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) (ROM = 2.24, 95% CI: 1.75–2.88), malondialdehyde (MDA) (ROM = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.49–2.36) and isoprostanes (ROM = 2.83, 95% CI: 1.97–4.05). Telomere length was significantly shorter (ROM = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.53–0.81), indicating accelerated cellular aging. Considerable heterogeneity was observed across studies. Conclusion: This meta-analysis supports a robust association between oxidative stress, DNA damage, and HF, highlighting the potential role of these biomarkers in disease monitoring and prognosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases and Vascular Pathophysiology)

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26 pages, 2335 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploratory Analysis of Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant Capacity in Selected Romanian Monofloral Honeys: Influence of Botanical Origin and Acquisition Source

by Elena Daniela Bratosin, Delia Mirela Tit, Anamaria Lavinia Purza, Manuela Bianca Pasca, Gabriela S. Bungau, Ruxandra Cristina Marin, Andrei Flavius Radu and Daniela Gitea

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1248; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101248 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

This exploratory study assessed the influence of botanical origin and acquisition source on the phenolic profile and antioxidant properties of selected Romanian monofloral honeys. Eight samples were analyzed, representing five floral types: acacia, linden, rapeseed, lavender, and thyme. For acacia, linden, and rapeseed, [...] Read more.

This exploratory study assessed the influence of botanical origin and acquisition source on the phenolic profile and antioxidant properties of selected Romanian monofloral honeys. Eight samples were analyzed, representing five floral types: acacia, linden, rapeseed, lavender, and thyme. For acacia, linden, and rapeseed, both commercial and locally sourced honeys were included. Analytical techniques included total phenolic content (TPC, Folin–Ciocalteu), antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP), color intensity (ABS₄₅₀), and phenolic compound profiling via HPLC-DAD-ESI⁺. TPC ranged from 179.26 ± 23.57 to 586.67 ± 18.33 mg GAE/100 g, with thyme and linden honeys presenting the highest values. Seventeen phenolic compounds were tentatively identified; gallic acid was predominant in thyme honey (127 mg/100 g), and linden honey contained high levels of rutin (70 mg/100 g) and galangin-glucoside. Antioxidant capacity varied notably by floral origin, with thyme and linden outperforming acacia samples. Significant correlations were found between total phenolics and ABTS (r = 0.86), and between ABS₄₅₀ and FRAP (r = 0.86). DPPH kinetics followed zero-order behavior (R² > 0.98). Principal component analysis (PC1 + PC2 = 88%) enabled preliminary separation by botanical origin. While based on a limited sample set, findings support the relevance of combining chromatographic, kinetic, and multivariate tools for exploratory honey characterization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phenolic Antioxidants—2nd Edition)

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35 pages, 3823 KB

Open AccessReview

The Protective Effect of Phenolic Acids on Liver Disease: A Review of Possible Mechanisms

by Xinyi Ma, Suhui Xiong, Feng Xiang, Yamei Li, Yan Lin, Yuexin Liu, Limei Lin and Jingchen Xie

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1247; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101247 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: This article reviews the biological characteristics of phenolic acid compounds, focusing on their mechanisms of action in various liver diseases. (2) Methods: The review adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We utilized PubMed and [...] Read more.

(1) Background: This article reviews the biological characteristics of phenolic acid compounds, focusing on their mechanisms of action in various liver diseases. (2) Methods: The review adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We utilized PubMed and Web of Science databases to search for relevant studies on the use of phenolic acids in liver diseases from 2015 to 2025. (3) Results: Phenolic acids can improve different types of liver diseases, including drug-induced liver injury (DILI), alcoholic liver disease (ALD), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, liver fibrosis, and liver cancer. Their beneficial effects are attributed to mechanisms such as anti-inflammatory properties, antioxidant activity, regulation of lipid metabolism, inhibition of cell apoptosis, and modulation of gut microbiota. (4) Conclusion: Phenolic acids exhibit a good protective effect against various liver diseases and are associated with multiple signaling pathways. However, the primary target cells and specific molecular targets of phenolic acids remain unclear, necessitating further research to elucidate their protective mechanisms in liver diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress)

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19 pages, 1524 KB

Open AccessArticle

Potential Rapid Quantification of Antioxidant Capacity of Olea europaea L. Leaves by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Using Different Assays

by Manuel Piqueras-García, Jorge F. Escobar-Talavera, María Esther Martínez-Navarro, Gonzalo L. Alonso and Rosario Sánchez-Gómez

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1246; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101246 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

The olive tree has exceptional agricultural and economic importance in Mediterranean regions due to its fruit, which is used to produce olive oil. However, the olive oil industry generates a significant amount of waste, including leaves from Olea europaea L. These leaves contain [...] Read more.

The olive tree has exceptional agricultural and economic importance in Mediterranean regions due to its fruit, which is used to produce olive oil. However, the olive oil industry generates a significant amount of waste, including leaves from Olea europaea L. These leaves contain a high concentration of bioactive compounds, predominantly phenolic ones, which are well known for their antioxidant properties and health benefits. Determining antioxidant capacity involves the use of different assays based on absorbance (DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; and ABTS, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) and fluorescence (ORAC, Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity), which require reagents and long waiting times. Therefore, having a non-destructive technique capable of providing this information would be useful. To explore this, 120 olive leaf samples were analyzed using the three antioxidant assays to quantify their total antioxidant capacity. Predictive models were successfully developed for each of the three methods, achieving coefficients of determination (R²) between 0.9 and 1 across calibration, validation, and prediction. Additionally, high residual predictive deviation (RPD) values were obtained, indicating that the models exhibit strong reliability and predictive performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Capacity of Anthocyanins and Other Vegetal Pigments: Properties, Intake and Health Benefits)

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18 pages, 14028 KB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolomics Analysis on the Effect of Cucumaria frondosa Tentacles Hydrolysates on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Premature Ovarian Insufficiency

by Shijia Huang, Wenkui Song, Qiuting Wang, Chuyi Liu, Shunmin Gong, Mingbo Li and Leilei Sun

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1245; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101245 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) poses a significant challenge for women. The effects of Cucumaria frondosa tentacles hydrolysates (CFTH) on POI remain to be fully elucidated. Purpose: This study aimed to determine whether CFTH exerts a beneficial effect on ovarian function using a [...] Read more.

Background: Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) poses a significant challenge for women. The effects of Cucumaria frondosa tentacles hydrolysates (CFTH) on POI remain to be fully elucidated. Purpose: This study aimed to determine whether CFTH exerts a beneficial effect on ovarian function using a POI mouse model and to investigate the underlying mechanisms of action. Methods: In this study, we characterized the amino acid composition and physicochemical properties of CFTH. The POI model was established by administering 100 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide (CP). We assessed the regulation of the estrous cycle, hormone levels, ovarian cell apoptosis, and oxidative stress markers in POI mice. Differences in ovarian and uterine morphology among the different groups were observed. Furthermore, metabolomics analysis was employed to explore potential mechanisms. Results: CFTH treatment reversed the dysregulation of the estrous cycle and hormone levels. TUNEL analysis revealed that CFTH treatment significantly reduced apoptosis in granulosa cells and altered the expression levels of apoptosis-related genes at the mRNA level. Additionally, CFTH significantly increased superoxide dismutase activity and decreased malondialdehyde levels, thereby mitigating oxidative stress. Metabolomics analysis suggested that CFTH may ameliorate ovarian dysfunction by regulating steroid biosynthesis and the cGMP-PKG signaling pathway. Conclusions: These findings suggest that CFTH may serve as an effective strategy for alleviating POI. Further research is warranted to verify the long-term safety and effectiveness of CFTH in humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Research on Extraction Technologies, Analysis Methods and Functional Evaluation of Food Active Components: 2nd Edition)

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