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10 pages, 660 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Contextual Motivation in Sports on the Evolution of Situational Intrinsic Motivation

by Christophe Angot and Guillaume Martinent

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 4386; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15084386 - 16 Apr 2025

Viewed by 130

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the evolution of participants’ situational motivation in physical activity. From a sample of 194 individuals, the 20 most self-determined, the 20 moderately self-determined, and the 20 least self-determined in sports were selected to participate in [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to examine the evolution of participants’ situational motivation in physical activity. From a sample of 194 individuals, the 20 most self-determined, the 20 moderately self-determined, and the 20 least self-determined in sports were selected to participate in the research protocols. These 60 subjects performed a putting task with a golf club on a 1.50 m mat. Immediately afterward, they had to self-assess using the mouse paradigm software in order to measure their intrinsic situational motivation throughout the task. We used multilevel growth curve analyses (MGCAs) to explore the trajectories of students’ situational intrinsic motivation during the experimental task. The results revealed a significant positive linear and cubic effect of time and a significant negative quadratic effect of time on situational motivation for highly self-determined students. Our study shows that situational intrinsic motivation is dynamic, and the most self-determined subjects experience a positive evolution in their intrinsic motivation in a specific physical activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Performance in Sports and Training)

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15 pages, 1275 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a CrossFit Training Program on Body Composition and Physical Fitness in Novice and Advanced Practitioners: An Inter-Individual Analysis

by Pablo Aravena-Sagardia, Mauricio Barramuño-Medina, Bárbara Palma Vásquez, Sebastián Pichinao Pichinao, Paula Rodríguez Sepúlveda, Tomás Herrera-Valenzuela, Jordan Hernandez-Martinez, Álvaro Levín-Catrilao, Francisca Villagrán-Silva, Edgar Vásquez-Carrasco, Braulio Henrique Magnani Branco, Cristian Sandoval and Pablo Valdés-Badilla

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 3554; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073554 - 25 Mar 2025

Viewed by 423

Abstract

Background: CrossFit^® has become a popular and effective training methodology. This study aimed to compare the effects of a four-week CrossFit training program and analyze the inter-individual variability on body composition (fat mass and fat-free mass) and physical fitness (push-ups, military press, [...] Read more.

Background: CrossFit^® has become a popular and effective training methodology. This study aimed to compare the effects of a four-week CrossFit training program and analyze the inter-individual variability on body composition (fat mass and fat-free mass) and physical fitness (push-ups, military press, back squat, deadlift, countermovement jump (CMJ), sit-ups, and 30 m sprint speed) in novice and advanced practitioners. Methods: A quasi-experimental design was used, with single-blinded (evaluators) and 2 parallel groups: novices (n = 10; age = 22.30 ± 0.81) and advanced practitioners (n = 11; age = 22.80 ± 1.41). The intervention consisted of 3 weekly 75 min sessions (4 weeks), with pre- and post-assessments. A two-factor mixed ANOVA and inter-individual analyses to classify responders (Rs) and non-responders (NRs) were performed. Results: No significant interaction effects were found. However, the novice group significantly improved back squat performance (p = 0.031). Inter-individual analysis showed higher proportions of Rs in the novice group for back squat (40%), deadlift (20%), military press (10%), CMJ (10%), sit-ups (30%), push-ups (30%), and 30 m sprint speed (10%) compared to the advanced group. Conclusions: CrossFit program did not significantly affect body composition, but novices exhibited significant back squat improvements. Considering experience levels can enhance training outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Performance in Sports and Training)

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10 pages, 1039 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Sidestep Exercise with Elastic Bands on Multidirectional Speed Abilities and Navicular Drop in Young Male Football Players: A Randomized Cross-Over Trial

by Juan L. Núñez-González, Oliver Gonzalo-Skok, Manuel J. García, Fernando Hernández Abad and Francisco J. Núñez

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 2892; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15062892 - 7 Mar 2025

Viewed by 503

Abstract

The current study aimed to assess the effect of including the lateral-step or sidestep exercise with elastic bands on multidirectional speed abilities (linear, change of direction, and curve sprinting) and navicular drop and to know the impact of navicular drop changes on multidirectional [...] Read more.

The current study aimed to assess the effect of including the lateral-step or sidestep exercise with elastic bands on multidirectional speed abilities (linear, change of direction, and curve sprinting) and navicular drop and to know the impact of navicular drop changes on multidirectional sprinting changes in young male football players. Thirty-two young male football players (age: 14.7 ± 0.82) were randomly divided into group A (n = 16) or group B (n = 16). Using a crossover design trial (ABBA), a group performed three sets of six repetitions per side in the lateral-step exercise with elastic bands attached in a low vector, three days per week, plus their regular training sessions, while the other continued with their regular football training sessions during the first 3 weeks, changing the role during the next 3 weeks of the intervention. Pre-intervention and three and six weeks after the beginning of the intervention, a navicular drop test, a 10 m linear sprint test, a multiple change of direction test (V-cut), and a curvilinear sprinting test were assessed. The sidestep exercise with elastic bands significantly improved the ability to sprint multidirectionally in only three weeks of training (p < 0.05, n² = 0.56 to 0.74), and there was a trend in the impact of multidirectional sprinting performance through those changes reported in the navicular drop test (r = −0.23 to 0.45). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Performance in Sports and Training)

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14 pages, 1354 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relation of Dominant Leg Use with Functional Symmetries in Young Football Players of Different Age Groups

by Matjaž Železnik, Ivan Čuk and Karmen Šibanc

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 2588; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15052588 - 27 Feb 2025

Viewed by 398

Abstract

The aim of the study was to determine whether football players of different age groups who use their dominant leg more frequently when playing football exhibit greater functional asymmetries between the right and left leg. The study included 116 football players (age groups [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to determine whether football players of different age groups who use their dominant leg more frequently when playing football exhibit greater functional asymmetries between the right and left leg. The study included 116 football players (age groups from U12 to U19). The number of touches of the ball with the right and left leg was determined by detailed video analysis. The data were used to calculate the percentage of use of the dominant leg. Functional asymmetries were determined based on measurements of motor skills in the field and measurements with a portable dual-force plate. Significant correlations were found between the percentage of the dominant leg use and the differences between legs in kicking the ball (ball flight speed) from a standing position in the entire sample, from a running position in the entire sample and in the U17 age group and in relative maximum power in the CMJ in the U15 age group. No significant correlations were found with differences between the legs when dribbling the ball with a change in direction. The proportion of use of the dominant leg correlates with some of the observed functional asymmetries in young football players of different age groups and varies across age groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Performance in Sports and Training)

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12 pages, 876 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Maturity Status on the Reliability of the 3-Point Line Curve Sprint Test in Young Basketball Players

by Pedro Muñoz-Fole, Andrés Baena-Raya, Ezequiel Rey, Manuel Giráldez-García and Alexis Padrón-Cabo

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(4), 1973; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15041973 - 13 Feb 2025

Viewed by 650

Abstract

This study was designed to evaluate the influence of maturity status in the inter- and intra-session reliability of curvilinear sprinting (CS) and compare the reliability of the half-CS trials with the complete CS trials. Forty-two youth basketball players from an elite academy (13.1 [...] Read more.

This study was designed to evaluate the influence of maturity status in the inter- and intra-session reliability of curvilinear sprinting (CS) and compare the reliability of the half-CS trials with the complete CS trials. Forty-two youth basketball players from an elite academy (13.1 ± 1.7 years; 166.7 ± 16.2 cm; 57.2 ± 17.0 kg) performed two sessions of three CS trials each on both right and left sides with seven days of separation between sessions. The predicted peak height velocity (PHV) was used to establish players’ maturity status (pre-PHV, n = 14; mid-PHV, n = 14; post-PHV = 13). Mid- and post-PHV groups showed a high relative (interclass correlation coefficient [ICC] ≥ 0.75) and absolute (coefficient of variation [CV] < 5%) reliability inter- and intra-session, and pre-PHV showed high relative and absolute reliability in the left trials and in the CS right trial, but moderate (ICC = 0.73) relative reliability in the half-CS right side. Based on these findings, it is recommended that practitioners consider players’ maturity status to ensure accurate and reliable assessments of CS performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Performance in Sports and Training)

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11 pages, 1136 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First-Division Softball Players with Shoulder Injuries Exhibit Upper-Body Compensatory Strategies Compared to Healthy Controls: A Case Study Using Wearable Inertial Sensors

by Raffaele Zinno, Stefano Di Paolo, Maxime Hoyaux and Laura Bragonzoni

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(4), 1941; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15041941 - 13 Feb 2025

Viewed by 474

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the kinematic differences in the upper limb and trunk between healthy and shoulder-injured softball position (non-pitchers) players. Eleven first-division softball players (mean age: 25.9 ± 8.1 years) were enrolled: five players who had experienced a [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to assess the kinematic differences in the upper limb and trunk between healthy and shoulder-injured softball position (non-pitchers) players. Eleven first-division softball players (mean age: 25.9 ± 8.1 years) were enrolled: five players who had experienced a shoulder injury with consequent surgery (time from surgery to test: 0.9 years) and six healthy matched controls. The position players performed their typical throw motor task after receiving the ball from a buddy. Wearable inertial sensors (Xsens MTw Awinda) were used to collect the kinematical data on the shoulder, elbow, and trunk. Peak joint kinematics and range of motion (ROM) were compared between healthy and injured players separately for the “Pickup” and “Pass” phases. In the pickup phase, a higher internal/external rotation ROM of the shoulder was found in healthy players than in the injured ones (p = 0.016). Similarly, elbow flex/extension ROM was higher in the healthy players (p = 0.039). A higher peak of trunk flexion was also found in healthy players than the injured ones (p = 0.002). In the pass phase, shoulder internal/external rotation, adduction/abduction, and flex/extension ROM were greater in healthy than injured players (p = 0.050, p = 0.001, and p = 0.007, respectively). Healthy players also showed a higher elbow peak flexion (p = 0.022). The shoulder-injured players showed a lower ROM than the healthy ones during both the pickup and pass phases of a throw motor task. Despite being cleared to return to play, the injured players could voluntarily or unconsciously perform the motor task in a more conservative way than the healthy controls. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Performance in Sports and Training)

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12 pages, 634 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Multiple-Hop Assessments and Reactive Strength Indices to Differentiate Sprinting Performance in Sportsmen

by Anthony Sharp, Jonathon Neville, Ryu Nagahara, Tomohito Wada and John Cronin

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(4), 1685; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15041685 - 7 Feb 2025

Viewed by 1246

Abstract

Multiple-hop tests are commonly used in both performance and rehabilitation settings to assess neuromuscular function. This study aimed to explore the relationship between hop performance and sprint ability. Specifically, it focused on three goals: (1) examining the connection between 3-Hop and 5-Hop distances [...] Read more.

Multiple-hop tests are commonly used in both performance and rehabilitation settings to assess neuromuscular function. This study aimed to explore the relationship between hop performance and sprint ability. Specifically, it focused on three goals: (1) examining the connection between 3-Hop and 5-Hop distances and sprint performance and comparing the strength of relationship between hop kinetics and sprint times; (2) investigating two methods of calculating the 3-Hop and 5-Hop Reactive Strength Indexes (RSI_hors) and their relationship to sprinting; and (3) assessing whether hop ratios or kinetic variables could distinguish sprinters of varying abilities. Forty-four male sportsmen participated, completing 3-Hop and 5-Hop tests and sprint times (5–45 m) over 54 inground force platforms. Ground reaction forces (GRFs) were collected during hop trials and horizontal and vertical hop propulsive and braking kinetics were determined. Results showed strong negative correlations between hop distances and sprint times (r = −0.700 to −0.796), while kinetic variables showed weaker relationships with sprint performance (r = −0.554 to 0.017). RSI_hor, derived from hop distance, correlated more strongly with sprint performance than RSI_hor from flight time. Hop ratios (5-Hop/3-Hop) did not differentiate fast from slow sprinters, and maximal vertical force and horizontal propulsive impulse were the best predictors of 10 m and 40 m sprint times. These findings suggest that hop distance and RSI_hor are valuable tools for assessing sprint performance and reactive strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Performance in Sports and Training)

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15 pages, 2056 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Muscle Activity of Superimposed Vibration in Suspended Kneeling Rollout

by Pol Huertas, Bernat Buscà, Jordi Arboix-Alió, Adrià Miró, Laia H. Esquerrà, Javier Peña, Jordi Vicens-Bordas and Joan Aguilera-Castells

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 1637; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031637 - 6 Feb 2025

Viewed by 699

Abstract

Training using instability devices is common; however, for highly trained athletes, a single device may not provide sufficient challenge. This study examines the effect of superimposed vibration in suspended kneeling rollout. Seventeen physically active participants performed the exercise with non-vibration, vibration at 25 [...] Read more.

Training using instability devices is common; however, for highly trained athletes, a single device may not provide sufficient challenge. This study examines the effect of superimposed vibration in suspended kneeling rollout. Seventeen physically active participants performed the exercise with non-vibration, vibration at 25 Hz, and vibration at 40 Hz. Muscle activation of the pectoralis clavicularis, pectoralis sternalis, anterior deltoid, serratus anterior, infraspinatus, and latissimus dorsi was recorded during exercise, and the perception of effort was recorded after exercise (OMNI-Res scale). One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences for the kneeling rollout (p < 0.05). Friedman’s test showed significant differences in the OMNI-Res (p = 0.003). Pairwise comparison showed significant differences in the anterior deltoid (p = 0.004), latissimus dorsi (p < 0.001), infraspinatus (p = 0.001), and global activity (p < 0.001) between the 25 Hz and non-vibration conditions. It also showed significant differences between the 40 Hz and non-vibration conditions for pectoralis sternalis (p = 0.021), anterior deltoid (p = 0.005), latissimus dorsi (p < 0.001), infraspinatus (p = 0.027), and global activity (p < 0.001). The post hoc Conover pairwise comparison showed significant differences in the OMNI-Res only between the non-vibration and vibration at 40 Hz conditions (p = 0.011). Superimposed vibration increases the muscle activation of the upper limbs when performing the suspended kneeling rollout. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Performance in Sports and Training)

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11 pages, 786 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of 20 Weeks of Endurance and Strength Training on Running Economy, Maximal Aerobic Speed, and Gait Kinematics in Trained Runners

by Sergio Rodríguez-Barbero, José María González-Ravé, Benedicte Vanwanseele, Daniel Juárez Santos-García, Violeta Muñoz de la Cruz and Fernando González-Mohíno

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 903; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020903 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1877

Abstract

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effects of a 20-week endurance and strength training program on running economy and physiological, spatiotemporal, and neuromuscular variables in trained runners. Methods: A total of 18 runners (13 males and 5 females) completed a running economy [...] Read more.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effects of a 20-week endurance and strength training program on running economy and physiological, spatiotemporal, and neuromuscular variables in trained runners. Methods: A total of 18 runners (13 males and 5 females) completed a running economy test (2 bouts of 5 min at 3.06 m·s⁻¹ for females and at 3.61 m·s⁻¹ for males) and a graded exercise test (5 min at 2.78 m⋅s⁻¹, with speed increasing by 0.28 m⋅s−1 every 1 min until volitional exhaustion). During the training program, the participants completed different low-intensity continuous running sessions, high-intensity interval running sessions, and auxiliary strength training sessions. Results: Running economy, measured as oxygen cost and energy cost, increased by 4% (p = 0.011) and 3.4% (p = 0.011), respectively. Relative maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max) increased by 4.6%. There was an improvement in the speed associated with the first (VT₁) and the second ventilatory threshold and with the maximal aerobic speed by 9.4, 3.7, and 2.8% (p = 0.000, p = 0.004, and p = 0.004, respectively). The %VO_2max value of VT₁ increased by 4.8% (p = 0.014). Conclusions: These findings suggest that a 20-week endurance and strength training program significantly improves performance and physiological factors without changing the runner’s biomechanics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Performance in Sports and Training)

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12 pages, 479 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Limited Impact of Running Performance on Football Success in the Turkish Super League

by Spyridon Plakias, Sotiris Tasoulis, Angelos E. Kyranoudis, Christos Kokkotis and Serafeim Moustakidis

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 637; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020637 - 10 Jan 2025

Viewed by 857

Abstract

Given that performance in football depends on tactical, technical, physical, and mental skills, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether there are differences in running performance between winning and non-winning teams in the Turkish League, taking into account the influence of [...] Read more.

Given that performance in football depends on tactical, technical, physical, and mental skills, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether there are differences in running performance between winning and non-winning teams in the Turkish League, taking into account the influence of game location and the comparative quality of the team and its opponents. Utilizing a dataset from the 2021–2022 season provided by InStat Fitness, an optical tracking technology platform certified by FIFA, the analysis included 185 matches after adjusting for matches with red card incidents. The research employed both two-way ANCOVA and binary logistic regression analyses to explore the relationships between running performance (categorized into four intensity zones) and match results, considering factors such as match location and teams’ strength. The results of the two-way ANCOVAs indicate that running performance metrics, specifically the distances covered at different intensities, even in cases where statistically significant differences are observed, have small practical significance (partial eta squared ≤ 0.03 in all cases). Conversely, as shown by the binary logistic regression, home advantage triples the probability of winning (p < 0.001, Exp(B) = 3.119), while the increase in probability caused by team quality (p < 0.001, Exp(B) = 1.085) and the decrease caused by opponent quality (p < 0.001, Exp(B) = 0.911) are also significant. The conclusions highlight that running performance metrics are not decisive predictors of match outcomes in professional football. This suggests the importance of integrating tactical, technical, and psychological factors into team preparation and performance analysis. This study underscores the need for future research to adopt dynamic methods that reflect the game’s fluid nature and to explore these relationships across various leagues and seasons to enhance the generalizability of the findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Performance in Sports and Training)

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15 pages, 1159 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Tension to Triumph: Design and Implementation of an Innovative Algorithmic Metric for Quantifying Individual Performance in Women Volleyball’s Critical Moments

by Carlos López-Serrano, María Zakynthinaki, Daniel Mon-López and Juan José Molina Martín

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(24), 11906; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142411906 - 19 Dec 2024

Viewed by 786

Abstract

This study introduces the critical individual contribution coefficient (CR-ICC), a novel metric that evaluates player effectiveness in critical moments of the game. We analyzed 16,631 technical actions from the top eight teams across 77 sets of the 2019 FIVB Women’s Club World Championship, [...] Read more.

This study introduces the critical individual contribution coefficient (CR-ICC), a novel metric that evaluates player effectiveness in critical moments of the game. We analyzed 16,631 technical actions from the top eight teams across 77 sets of the 2019 FIVB Women’s Club World Championship, ensuring data quality through inter- and intra-observer reliability. Traditional variables such as points scored, attack and reception efficiency, and balance were examined. Python programming was utilized to calculate the values of CR-ICC, which consider the contextual variables of set period, score difference, competitive load, and opponent’s level. Akaike’s and Bayesian information criteria, along with Nagelkerke’s coefficient of determination, were employed. Binomial logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curves estimated the probability of victory associated with each variable. Interactive dashboards were developed, enabling dynamic analysis and data visualization. Statistically significant differences were observed in all variables (p < 0.05), except for reception efficiency (p < 0.05), at both the team and individual player levels. At the team level, points scored, attack efficiency, and balance exhibited the highest predictive abilities, with CR-ICC also demonstrating a strong predicting ability. The proposed CR-ICC has remarkable potential as a strategic asset for coaches, enabling the identification of players who excel in critical moments of the game. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Performance in Sports and Training)

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10 pages, 913 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Flywheel Training with a Portable Device on Physical Performance in Soccer Players

by Javier Vázquez Romero, Juan L. Núñez-González, Carlos Valenzuela Barrero, Fernando Hernández Abad and Francisco J. Núñez

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(24), 11857; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142411857 - 18 Dec 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1034

Abstract

Soccer is a team sport in which players expend high-intensity intermittent efforts that require the production of sprints, accelerations, decelerations, changes of direction, and jumps. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of training with portable and low-cost flywheel devices, [...] Read more.

Soccer is a team sport in which players expend high-intensity intermittent efforts that require the production of sprints, accelerations, decelerations, changes of direction, and jumps. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of training with portable and low-cost flywheel devices, using multi-directional exercises over 8 weeks, on the performance of linear sprint, curve sprint, and change of direction in senior soccer players. Thirty-three players participated in the research, divided into a control group and an experimental group. The latter group performed the training protocol in addition to the technical–tactical soccer training. Before and after the application of the training protocol, the linear and curve sprint and change of direction (V-cut) were evaluated. At the end of the training program, significant improvements (p < 0.05) were found in change of direction and in curve sprint with respect to the control group. The results suggested that resistance training with flywheel devices with low training volumes improves performance in change of direction and in curve sprint, which are key performance variables in soccer. Therefore, this type of training could be added to technical–tactical soccer training to enhance the variables that are essential to reach high-performance metrics in soccer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Performance in Sports and Training)

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19 pages, 662 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Percentile Values of Specific Physical Performances in Tunisian Basketball Players Aged 9 to 21: Considering Maturity Status

by Chirine Aouichaoui, Mohamed Tounsi, Ghazi Racil, Johnny Padulo, Domenico Martone and Yassine Trabelsi

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(23), 10882; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142310882 - 24 Nov 2024

Viewed by 938

Abstract

Background: Success in basketball is influenced by various factors, including biological maturation. Peak height velocity (PHV) is a key indicator of maturation, playing an important role in assessing the performance of basketball players. This study aimed to analyze the effects of maturational status, [...] Read more.

Background: Success in basketball is influenced by various factors, including biological maturation. Peak height velocity (PHV) is a key indicator of maturation, playing an important role in assessing the performance of basketball players. This study aimed to analyze the effects of maturational status, chronological age, and gender on anthropometric characteristics and physical performance parameters in Tunisian basketball players and to establish local percentile reference values for physical performance. Methods: A total of 470 basketball players (240 males and 230 females) were categorized into three maturity status groups: pre-PHV (n = 111), circa-PHV (n = 170), and post-PHV (n = 189). Anthropometric and physical fitness parameters were assessed to provide percentile reference values. Results: Our findings revealed significantly higher anthropometric and physical performance values in the post-PHV athletes compared to those in the pre- and circa-PHV groups. Additionally, male athletes outperformed females in most measured variables. Basketball-specific skills appeared to be more dependent on chronological age than on pubertal status. Conclusions: Percentile values were established for both boys and girls, offering valuable references for trainers to quantify and individualize training programs. These findings may assist practitioners in identifying potentially talented basketball players based on their maturation status. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Performance in Sports and Training)

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12 pages, 7627 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Usefulness of a PNT Solution Using DGNSS-SBAS for Canoe Slalom: Simulated and Real-World Analysis

by Paul William Macdermid, Mathew E. Irwin and Darryl Cochrane

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(22), 10614; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142210614 - 18 Nov 2024

Viewed by 699

Abstract

This study investigated the accuracy and precision of a commercially available PNT solution that uses DGNSS-SBAS technology. Time and position data were sampled at a frequency of 20Hz during both a short and long trajectory of a simulated controlled dry-land slalom, as well [...] Read more.

This study investigated the accuracy and precision of a commercially available PNT solution that uses DGNSS-SBAS technology. Time and position data were sampled at a frequency of 20Hz during both a short and long trajectory of a simulated controlled dry-land slalom, as well as during a real-world on-water slalom exercise. The primary objective was to assess the positional accuracy, availability, integrity, and service continuity of the PNT solution while evaluating its ability to differentiate between trajectories. Additionally, the simulated results were compared with an on-water real-world slalom test to validate the findings. The results of the controlled dry-land slalom test indicate that the PNT solution provided accurate measurements with an overall mean ± SD Hrms of 0.20 ± 0.02 m. The integrity measures, HDOD and PDOP, were found to be ideal to excellent, with values of 0.68 ± 0.03 and 1.36 ± 0.07, respectively. The PNT solution utilised an average of 20 ± 1 satellites from the constellation, resulting in an accuracy of <1.5% when measuring the known trajectory of 50 simulated slalom runs. The data from the real-world on-water slalom test supported these findings, providing similar or improved results. Based on these findings, a PNT solution using DGNSS-SBAS can be considered an effective means of tracking athlete trajectory in the sport of canoe slalom. Future research should be conducted to quantify its efficacy more precisely. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Performance in Sports and Training)

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16 pages, 4400 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accuracy of GNSS-Derived Acceleration Data for Dynamic Team Sport Movements: A Comparative Study of Smoothing Techniques

by Susanne Ellens, David L. Carey, Paul B. Gastin and Matthew C. Varley

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(22), 10573; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142210573 - 16 Nov 2024

Viewed by 997

Abstract

This study examined the impact of various smoothing techniques on acceleration data obtained from a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) device during accelerating and decelerating movements, resembling those commonly observed in team sports. Eight participants performed six different accelerating and decelerating movements at [...] Read more.

This study examined the impact of various smoothing techniques on acceleration data obtained from a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) device during accelerating and decelerating movements, resembling those commonly observed in team sports. Eight participants performed six different accelerating and decelerating movements at different intensities and starting speeds for a total of 46 trials each. The movements were collected concurrently at 10 Hz using a GNSS device (Vector S7, Catapult Sports) at 100 Hz using a motion analysis system (Vicon). Acceleration data were smoothed using (I) a fourth-order Butterworth filter (cut-off frequencies ranging from raw to 4.9 Hz), (II) exponential smoothing (smoothing constant ranging from 0.1 to 0.9), and (III) moving average (sliding window ranging from 0.2 s to 2.0 s). To determine the ability of a GNSS to quantify acceleration, a variety of measurement indices of validity were obtained for each movement and each smoothing technique. The fourth-order Butterworth filter with a cut-off frequency of 2 Hz (mean bias 0.00 m·s⁻², 95% LoA ± 1.55 m·s⁻², RMSE 0.79 m·s⁻²) showed the strongest relationship with the Vicon data. These results indicate that this smoothing technique is more accurate than those currently used and accepted on GNSS devices in the sports science community. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Performance in Sports and Training)

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12 pages, 4731 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reliability of a Portable Fixed Dynamometer During Different Isometric Hamstring Assessments

by Ryan Woodbridge, Chloe Ryan, Josh Burkitt, Dana Ye-Lee and John Cronin

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(22), 10202; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142210202 - 6 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1342

Abstract

Hamstring strain injuries are one of the most common non-contact injuries in sport. Hamstring strength and asymmetry are two key modifiable risk factors for hamstring strain injuries; therefore, it seems important to find reliable tests for assessing hamstring strength. The purpose of this [...] Read more.

Hamstring strain injuries are one of the most common non-contact injuries in sport. Hamstring strength and asymmetry are two key modifiable risk factors for hamstring strain injuries; therefore, it seems important to find reliable tests for assessing hamstring strength. The purpose of this study was to determine the within- and between-session reliability of a portable fixed dynamometer for measuring hamstring strength using three different protocols. Fourteen male participants completed three hamstring isometric protocols across three testing occasions separated by seven days. Peak force, mean force and impulse all had good to excellent within- and between-session reliability for the standing hamstring, supine 90:90 and standing 90:20 assessment (CV = 2.6–11.7%, ICC = 0.74–0.99), while peak rate of force development had moderate to excellent relative consistency (ICC = 0.64–0.90) and unacceptable absolute consistency (CV = 17.1–36.6%). The 90:20 assessment produced significantly higher values (33.4–47.3%) compared to the standing and 90:90 assessments for peak force, mean force and impulse. It appears that a portable fixed dynamometer can reliably measure a range of force–time metrics during three different hamstring assessments; however, the results of the tests cannot be used interchangeably and practitioners comparing hamstring force capability between individuals/research studies need to be cognizant of this and proceed with caution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Performance in Sports and Training)

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10 pages, 2406 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can Women Maintain Their Strength Performance Along the Menstrual Cycle?

by Florent Osmani, Danel Terán-Fernández, Sergio Alonso-Pérez, Santiago A. Ruiz-Alias, Felipe García-Pinillos and Carlos Lago-Fuentes

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9818; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219818 - 27 Oct 2024

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Abstract

This study aimed to explore the effect of the menstrual cycle (MC) phases (i.e., early follicular phase [EFP], late follicular phase [LFP], and mid-luteal phase [MLP]) on the repetitions performed to momentary failure in back squat and bench press exercises, as well as [...] Read more.

This study aimed to explore the effect of the menstrual cycle (MC) phases (i.e., early follicular phase [EFP], late follicular phase [LFP], and mid-luteal phase [MLP]) on the repetitions performed to momentary failure in back squat and bench press exercises, as well as to determine subsequent fatigue (i.e., change in countermovement jump [CMJ], perceived effort, and muscle soreness). Twelve physically active eumenorrheic women performed a back squat and bench press set to momentary failure at 80% of the one-repetition maximum during the EFP, LFP, and MLP. The results revealed that subjects were able to perform 2.2 [0.2 to 4.2] more repetitions in the LFP with respect to the EFP for the back squat exercise (p = 0.009), but no significant differences were observed for the bench press (p = 0.354). The EFP displayed a larger CMJ height drop (−0.86 [−1.71 to −0.01] cm) with respect to the LFP (0.01 [−0.57 to 0.58] cm) and the MLP (−0.36 [−1.15 to 0.43] cm). Neither the perceived effort of each set to failure nor the resulting muscle soreness differed between MC phases. Therefore, practitioners should be aware that the MC could condition the repetitions available to momentary failure and the resulting allostatic load. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Performance in Sports and Training)

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24 pages, 4502 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Role of Gaze Behavior in Basketball Shooting Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Elite and Near-Elite Players

by Miaoyu Han, Jorge Arede, Miguel Ángel Gómez Ruano and Jorge Lorenzo Calvo

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 3871; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073871 - 1 Apr 2025

Viewed by 242

Abstract

(1) Background: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the reliability and consistency of the impact of gaze behaviors (e.g., QE duration, FFD, FD) on basketball shooting performance. (2) Methods: Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science (WOS), SPORTDiscus, and Scopus, [...] Read more.

(1) Background: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the reliability and consistency of the impact of gaze behaviors (e.g., QE duration, FFD, FD) on basketball shooting performance. (2) Methods: Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science (WOS), SPORTDiscus, and Scopus, covering all records from each database’s inception. Overall, 17 studies were included examining the relationship between the gaze behavior of basketball players and shooting performance and the studies The quality of the studies was assessed using the McMaster Critical Review Form for Quantitative Studies. A meta-analysis was performed using R 4.4.2 software. (3) Results: Longer QE duration (r = 0.67, p = 0.04) and FFD (r = 0.55, p = 0.03) were positively correlated with SA, while FD showed no significant association (p = 0.82). Elite players exhibited significantly longer QE durations than near-elite players (p = 0.01), but no significant differences were observed in FFD (p = 0.12) or FD (p = 0.18) between competition levels. Meta-regression analysis confirmed a significant positive relationship between QE duration and SA in different competition levels (p = 0.0143). (4) Conclusions: The results of this study highlight the importance of QE duration in basketball shooting performance, with elite players showing better gaze control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Performance in Sports and Training)

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