Applied Sciences

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16 pages, 6190 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Compact Size 4-Port MIMO Antenna Formed with Two-Branches Strip-Monopoles with Bandwidth Enhancement Using a T-Stub Line-Load

by Jose Alfredo Tirado-Mendez, Hildeberto Jardon-Aguilar, Roberto Linares-Miranda, Erik Fritz-Andrade, Ruben Flores-Leal, Angel Perez-Miguel and Ricardo Gomez-Villanueva

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 3757; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073757 - 29 Mar 2025

Viewed by 195

Abstract

This work presents a compact four-port MIMO antenna with each radiator consisting of a conventional two-monopole array fed at a single point by a coplanar line and reactively loaded with a stub. The incorporation of a T-stub-loaded tuning technique significantly improves the radiating [...] Read more.

This work presents a compact four-port MIMO antenna with each radiator consisting of a conventional two-monopole array fed at a single point by a coplanar line and reactively loaded with a stub. The incorporation of a T-stub-loaded tuning technique significantly improves the radiating element’s impedance, leading to deeper port coupling, a broader bandwidth, and an increased electrical length. Consequently, the operating frequency is substantially lower compared to a standalone radiator. By implementing this configuration with two monopoles of different lengths fed at the same end, an ultra-wideband effect is achieved. By placing four of these stub-loaded monopole arrays in an axial symmetric configuration, a MIMO antenna array is formed. The proposed MIMO array operates from 2.89 GHz to 12 GHz, exhibiting a TARC of less than −10 dB, an ECC of less than 0.002, an average diversity gain of 9.999, and port isolations are within a threshold from −18 dB to −50 dB over the entire bandwidth. The array’s footprint is 32 × 32 mm², equivalent to 0.083

λ_{0}^{2}

at the lower cutoff frequency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technology and Application of Microwave Communication and Antenna Design)

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12 pages, 2848 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A 3D-Printed Enclosed Twist Dielectric Resonator Antenna with Circular Polarization

by Andrea Ávila-Saavedra, Marcos Diaz and Francisco Pizarro

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 992; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020992 - 20 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 871

Abstract

This article presents a circular polarized enclosed dielectric resonator antenna (DRA), operating at 5.8 GHz. The design consists of a twist DRA, which is enclosed in a box to give stability to the structure. The circular polarization of the antenna depends on the [...] Read more.

This article presents a circular polarized enclosed dielectric resonator antenna (DRA), operating at 5.8 GHz. The design consists of a twist DRA, which is enclosed in a box to give stability to the structure. The circular polarization of the antenna depends on the sense of twisting the top with respect to its base to achieve Left Hand Circular Polarization (LHCP) or Right Hand Circular Polarization (RHCP). The antenna was manufactured using 3D printing and low-loss dielectric filament. The measurement results show the two resonance frequencies and an axial ratio below 3 dB at the operational frequency, while exhibiting a bandwidth and gain compatible for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technology and Application of Microwave Communication and Antenna Design)

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11 pages, 2338 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Optimization Tools for the Design of Meta-Covers for Linear Antenna with Beam- and Null-Steering Capabilities

by Michela Longhi, Stefano Vellucci, Mirko Barbuto, Alessio Monti, Filiberto Bilotti and Alessandro Toscano

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020553 - 8 Jan 2025

Viewed by 857

Abstract

This paper investigates the optimization of cylindrical metasurface meta-covers designed to enable beamforming capabilities in single linear antennas. This study focuses on the development and application of advanced optimization tools to tailor the electromagnetic response of these metasurfaces, enabling precise control over the [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the optimization of cylindrical metasurface meta-covers designed to enable beamforming capabilities in single linear antennas. This study focuses on the development and application of advanced optimization tools to tailor the electromagnetic response of these metasurfaces, enabling precise control over the radiation patterns of the antenna. In particular, we develop a genetic algorithm-based optimization tool, which achieves precise manipulation of the main beam direction and null placement in the radiation pattern. The results further expand the applications of metasurface-based meta-covers in enhancing the functionality of dipole antennas in various communication and sensing systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technology and Application of Microwave Communication and Antenna Design)

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13 pages, 7018 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of a Compact, Planar, Wideband, Overlapped, Bow-Tie Antenna in a Single Layer with Stable Bi-Directional Radiation Patterns

by Lauryn Smith and Sungkyun Lim

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9555; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209555 - 19 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1025

Abstract

In this paper, a planar, bow-tie antenna with an enhanced bandwidth and a bi-directional radiation pattern is proposed. The concept of multi-resonance is applied by implementing the superposition of three different bow-tie components with various radii and flare angles in an overlapped fashion [...] Read more.

In this paper, a planar, bow-tie antenna with an enhanced bandwidth and a bi-directional radiation pattern is proposed. The concept of multi-resonance is applied by implementing the superposition of three different bow-tie components with various radii and flare angles in an overlapped fashion into a single element, resulting in a significant increase in bandwidth. The antenna has an electrical size, kr, of 1.10, calculated at the lowest frequency of operation. The proposed antenna is simulated, and a prototype is fabricated for verification by measurement. The result is a wide −10 dB bandwidth of 80.3% (1.23–2.88 GHz) from the measurements. The antenna also maintains a bi-directional radiation pattern, with a negligible difference between the forward and backward realized gains, within the entire −10 dB bandwidth. The measured realized gain values in the forward and backward directions are between 1.5 dBi and 3.7 dBi over the −10 dB bandwidth. The comparison of the measurement and simulation results shows good agreement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technology and Application of Microwave Communication and Antenna Design)

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12 pages, 5426 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Compact All-Band Spacecraft Antenna with Stable Gain for Multi-Band GNSS Applications

by Orcun Kiris

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(19), 8761; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14198761 - 28 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1297

Abstract

This study presents a compact and stable gain spacecraft antenna that operates in all Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) bands from 1.164 GHz to 1.610 GHz. The proposed antenna structure based on the single-feed crossed bowtie antenna concept consists of four triangular patches [...] Read more.

This study presents a compact and stable gain spacecraft antenna that operates in all Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) bands from 1.164 GHz to 1.610 GHz. The proposed antenna structure based on the single-feed crossed bowtie antenna concept consists of four triangular patches excited with a 90° phase difference in between to generate right-hand circular polarization (RHCP), without needing complex feed networks. The radiator part of the antenna is covered by a radome and is also supported by a cylindrical dielectric cavity frame (DCF) to weaken the diffracted waves propagating along the ground plane while increasing vibration resistance. The fabricated antenna provides a return loss better than 10 dB with lower than 3 dB axial ratio and a stable gain around 7.2 ± 0.3 dBic over the entire GNSS bands, as well as a more compact and lightweight structural performance. It is also verified that the structural integrity and functional performance of the fabricated antenna remain consistent despite exposure to an equivalent vibration level in the launch process. The presented all-band spacecraft GNSS antenna is an innovative implementation with space industry insight for multi-band space applications that have application-specific limitations and provides consistent performance, as well as operational safety with the antenna design simplicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technology and Application of Microwave Communication and Antenna Design)

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27 pages, 10763 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cascaded Frequency Selective Surfaces with Matryoshka Geometry for Ultra-Wideband Bandwidth

by Ianes Coutinho, Francisco Madeiro and Wamberto Queiroz

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(19), 8603; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14198603 - 24 Sep 2024

Viewed by 875

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to present cascaded frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) with matryoshka geometry to increase the effective bandwidth. We carry out an analysis of the influence of the spacing between the surfaces on the FSSs frequency response. The application involves [...] Read more.

The purpose of this paper is to present cascaded frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) with matryoshka geometry to increase the effective bandwidth. We carry out an analysis of the influence of the spacing between the surfaces on the FSSs frequency response. The application involves a two-layer cascaded FSS, one as a band-stop filter with a matryoshka geometry and the other as a band-pass filter with inverted or negative matryoshka geometry. With this framework, it is possible to extend an ultra-wideband (UWB) of a bandwidth up to 2 GHz in the 1.8 GHz to 3.8 GHz range with just two layers and an air gap of 12 mm, in addition to a bandwidth of 2 GHz to 3.2 GHz with a smaller 4 mm gap between layers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technology and Application of Microwave Communication and Antenna Design)

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14 pages, 1503 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Typhoon Detection Downcast Device Based on Four-Arm Helical Antenna Structure

by Tao Hong, Zhiyan Lin, Yi Li and Tong Liu

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(17), 7956; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177956 - 6 Sep 2024

Viewed by 974

Abstract

The use of airships to launch space probes has been an effective means of conducting typhoon surveys in recent years, but the carrying area and weight of airships are very limited, so it is necessary to reduce the weight and volume of the [...] Read more.

The use of airships to launch space probes has been an effective means of conducting typhoon surveys in recent years, but the carrying area and weight of airships are very limited, so it is necessary to reduce the weight and volume of the release device as much as possible. This paper reports the first use of a probe with cylindrical and omnidirectional characteristics, as well as a four-arm spiral receiving antenna, which can also act as the downward release device of the inner wall and improve the space utilization rate. Through further analysis and improvement, it was determined that the four-armed helical antenna can be printed on the medium using a flexible material, which not only reduces the weight of the device but also avoids direct contact between the antenna and the sounding device and improves the stability of the antenna. The designed antenna was modeled and simulated using Ansys HFSS 2021 simulation software.The simulation results show that the antenna presented in this study achieves good performance at the center frequency of 403 MHz, the input voltage VSWR and return loss of the antenna are ideal, and the antenna has a good directional map. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technology and Application of Microwave Communication and Antenna Design)

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24 pages, 6848 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ridged Apertures for LEO Direct Radiating Arrays in Ka-Band

by Carlos Vazquez-Sogorb, Roger Montoya-Roca, Giuseppe Addamo, Oscar Antonio Peverini and Giuseppe Virone

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(17), 7825; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177825 - 3 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1624

Abstract

This paper presents an extensive performance analysis of open-ended waveguide elements for direct radiating arrays with a high scan angle (±50° /60°). The evaluated designs are based on square and hexagonal apertures loaded with ridges. Both square and triangular lattices are considered in [...] Read more.

This paper presents an extensive performance analysis of open-ended waveguide elements for direct radiating arrays with a high scan angle (±50° /60°). The evaluated designs are based on square and hexagonal apertures loaded with ridges. Both square and triangular lattices are considered in the framework of Ka-band downlink design requirements for future LEO mega-constellations. The parameter space defined by the monomodal condition has been explored to find an optimum value for each structure. The analyses carried out with both infinite and finite full-wave models in terms of active reflection coefficient, scan loss and cross-polar discrimination are in good agreement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technology and Application of Microwave Communication and Antenna Design)

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16 pages, 9546 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis, Design, and Experimental Validation of a High-Isolation, Low-Cross-Polarization Antenna Array Demonstrator for Software-Defined-Radar Applications

by Nicholas Ricciardella, Walter Fuscaldo, Tito Mattei, Anna Maria Fiorello, Leopoldo Infante and Alessandro Galli

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(14), 6015; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14146015 - 10 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1049

Abstract

In a software-defined radar (SDR) system, most of the signal processing usually implemented in hardware is implemented by software, thus allowing for higher flexibility and modularity compared to conventional radar systems. However, the majority of SDR demonstrators and proofs of concept reported in [...] Read more.

In a software-defined radar (SDR) system, most of the signal processing usually implemented in hardware is implemented by software, thus allowing for higher flexibility and modularity compared to conventional radar systems. However, the majority of SDR demonstrators and proofs of concept reported in the open literature so far have been based on simple antenna systems. As a result, the full potentialities of an SDR approach have not been completely exploited yet. In this work, we propose a flexible antenna module to be integrated into an active electronically scanning array (AESA) with controlled sidelobe level over a wide angular range, exhibiting polarization reconfigurability with a low cross-polarization level and high isolation. For this purpose, analytical and numerically efficient techniques for the synthesis of the aperture distribution and the correct evaluation of the radiating features (e.g., beamwidth, pointing angle, sidelobe levels, etc.) are presented in order to grant real-time control of the digital beamforming network. A sub-array module demonstrator is fabricated and measured to corroborate the concept. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technology and Application of Microwave Communication and Antenna Design)

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13 pages, 10799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Compact and Highly Isolated Continuous Scanning Dual-Polarized Holographic Antenna Using a Pillbox Feeding Structure

by Chan Yeong Park, Ick-Jae Yoon and Young Joong Yoon

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3644; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093644 - 25 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1609

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a novel approach to realize a compact and highly isolated dual-polarized holographic antenna using a pillbox feeding structure. The proposed antenna feeds dual orthogonal surface waves with low distortion phase distribution and high isolation through a compact three-layer [...] Read more.

In this paper, we propose a novel approach to realize a compact and highly isolated dual-polarized holographic antenna using a pillbox feeding structure. The proposed antenna feeds dual orthogonal surface waves with low distortion phase distribution and high isolation through a compact three-layer pillbox feeding structure. This antenna also consists of a shared aperture dual-polarized hologram pattern calculated to radiate the objective wave in the desired direction without increasing the antenna size. As a result, the proposed holographic antennas (HA) have a compact size and support forward-to-backward continuous scanning with minimal gain degradation. The simulated and measured results are in good agreement, validating the efficiency of the proposed antenna design, which has the ability to scan the beam direction from +18° to −25°, passing through the broadside within the frequency range of 21–27 GHz. Finally, the proposed antenna has a broadside gain of 18.5 dBi in each polarization and a gain variation of less than 2 dB within the operating bandwidth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technology and Application of Microwave Communication and Antenna Design)

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15 pages, 2488 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Computational Design of a Broadband In-Line Coaxial-to-Rectangular Waveguide Transition

by Qiongyue Zhang, Songyuan Xu, Jiwon Heo, Erdenesukh Altanzaya, Galsan-Yondon Ariunbold, Delger Otgonbat, Chan-Soo Lee, Bierng-Chearl Ahn, Shu Li and Seong-Gon Choi

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(1), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14010074 - 21 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2518

Abstract

This Communication presents a computational design approach for a broadband in-line coaxial-to-rectangular waveguide transition having a 2.83:1 bandwidth. Existing designs have a bandwidth ranging from 1.36:1 to 2:1. The proposed transition consists of a four-step ridge transformer and three sections of the rectangular [...] Read more.

This Communication presents a computational design approach for a broadband in-line coaxial-to-rectangular waveguide transition having a 2.83:1 bandwidth. Existing designs have a bandwidth ranging from 1.36:1 to 2:1. The proposed transition consists of a four-step ridge transformer and three sections of the rectangular waveguide. The proposed design approach extends the bandwidth of the transition by a theory-based design of the width and height of the three-section waveguides and by a computer-aided optimization of the stepped-ridge transformer. The dimensions of the three waveguide sections are determined such that the transition operates from very close to the TE₁₀-mode cutoff to slightly less than the TE₃₀-mode cutoff. A four-step ridge transformer was computer-optimized for a low reflection coefficient over a broad bandwidth. The proposed design approach was applied to the design of a coaxial-to-WR75 transition whose reflection coefficient is less than −22.6 dB at 8.14–23.00 GHz (2.83:1 bandwidth). The dimensions of the proposed transition were obtained using an electromagnetic simulation tool. The increased bandwidth of the transition can be very useful, especially in measurement applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technology and Application of Microwave Communication and Antenna Design)

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15 pages, 1686 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Designing Advanced Multistatic Imaging Systems with Optimal 2D Sparse Arrays

by Lorena Perez-Eijo, Marcos Arias, Borja Gonzalez-Valdes, Yolanda Rodriguez-Vaqueiro, Oscar Rubiños, Antonio Pino, Ignacio Sardinero-Meirás and Jesús Grajal

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(22), 12138; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132212138 - 8 Nov 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1319

Abstract

This study introduces an innovative optimization method to identify the optimal configuration of a sparse symmetric 2D array for applications in security, particularly multistatic imaging. Utilizing genetic algorithms (GAs) in a sophisticated optimization process, the research focuses on achieving the most favorable antenna [...] Read more.

This study introduces an innovative optimization method to identify the optimal configuration of a sparse symmetric 2D array for applications in security, particularly multistatic imaging. Utilizing genetic algorithms (GAs) in a sophisticated optimization process, the research focuses on achieving the most favorable antenna distribution while mitigating the common issue of secondary lobes in sparse arrays. The main objective is to determine the ideal configuration from specific design parameters, including hardware specifications such as number of radiating elements, minimum spacing, operating frequency range, and image separation distance. The study employed a cost function based on the the point spread function (PSF), the system response to a point source, with the goal of minimizing the secondary lobe levels and maximizing their separation from the main lobe. Advanced simulation algorithms based on physical optics (PO) were used to validate the presented methodology and results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technology and Application of Microwave Communication and Antenna Design)

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14 pages, 9688 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

An Optimization Design of Bi-log Hybrid Antenna with Taguchi’s Method for EMI Measurements

by Chih-Hung Lee and Ding-Bing Lin

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(21), 11792; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132111792 - 28 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1803

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive design approach for a biconical log-periodic dipole array (Bi-log) hybrid antenna optimized specifically for electromagnetic interference (EMI) measurements. The antenna’s elements, scaling function, feed structure, balanced-to-unbalanced (Balun) geometry, and key parameter selection are carefully considered to achieve enhanced [...] Read more.

This paper presents a comprehensive design approach for a biconical log-periodic dipole array (Bi-log) hybrid antenna optimized specifically for electromagnetic interference (EMI) measurements. The antenna’s elements, scaling function, feed structure, balanced-to-unbalanced (Balun) geometry, and key parameter selection are carefully considered to achieve enhanced broadband testing capabilities. The proposed compact Bi-log hybrid antenna is optimized using Taguchi’s method within the frequency range of 30 MHz to 6 GHz. The optimization focuses on the discontinuity of the antenna factor (AF), incorporating miniaturized elements. The dimensions of the proposed antenna are minimized, with a length of 95 cm, width of 148.5 cm, height of 60 cm, and weight of 2.5 kg. Simulation results and experimental validations demonstrate its efficacy through comparison. Optimization results indicate that the voltage standing wave ratio VSWR < 2 (with 5 dB attenuator) and symmetry < ±0.5 dB also meet the regulatory standards according to ANSI C 63.4. This makes the proposed antenna suitable for use in various types of semi-anechoic chambers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technology and Application of Microwave Communication and Antenna Design)

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8 pages, 3238 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Through-Wire Microstrip-to-Empty-Substrate-Integrated-Waveguide Transition at Ka-Band

by José A. Ballesteros, Angel Belenguer, Marcos D. Fernandez, Hector Esteban and Vicente E. Boria

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(17), 9762; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13179762 - 29 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1209

Abstract

The advantages of the Substrate-Integrated Waveguide (SIW) in terms of low profile, integration with Printed Circuit Board (PCB) and low cost are maintained by the Empty Substrate-Integrated Waveguide (ESIW). Moreover, as the dielectric fill is avoided, other advantages are also added: resonators with [...] Read more.

The advantages of the Substrate-Integrated Waveguide (SIW) in terms of low profile, integration with Printed Circuit Board (PCB) and low cost are maintained by the Empty Substrate-Integrated Waveguide (ESIW). Moreover, as the dielectric fill is avoided, other advantages are also added: resonators with higher quality factor and lower insertion losses. Since 2014, when it was proposed, several devices for X-band to Ka-band applications have been accurately designed and manufactured. In this way, transitions are one of the most important components, as they allow the connection between the ESIW and other planar transmision lines such as microstrip. To accomplish this aim, different transitions have been proposed in the literature: based on sharp dielectric tapers combining metallized and non-metallized parts, which increases the manufacture complexity; with a broadened ESIW section, that is less complex at the cost of increasing reflection and radiation losses due to the abrupt discontinuity; based on tapered artificial dielectric slab matrix, more difficult to mechanize; using a tapered microstrip transition, with high radiation losses; and even transitions for multilayer devices. Among all the transitions, the most versatile one is the through-wire transition, as microstrip and ESIW can be implemented in different layers and allows any feeding angle between the microstrip line and the ESIW. In this paper the through-wire transition has been properly validated at Ku- and Ka-bands. Moreover, a back-to-back transition has been accurately manufactured in Ka-band with measured insertion losses lower than 3.7 dB and return losses higher that 11.7 dB, concluding that the transition is not frequency dependent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technology and Application of Microwave Communication and Antenna Design)

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19 pages, 73312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Defining Breast Tumor Location Using a Four-Element Wearable Circular UWB MIMO Antenna Array

by Tamer G. Abouelnaga, Ehab K. I. Hamad, Sherif A. Khaleel and Behrokh Beiranvand

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(14), 8067; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13148067 - 10 Jul 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2832

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to develop a wearable circular UWB MIMO antenna array, consisting of four elements, that is capable of detecting and locating tumor cells within a heterogeneous breast phantom. The antenna element operates within a bandwidth from 2.4 GHz [...] Read more.

The objective of this paper is to develop a wearable circular UWB MIMO antenna array, consisting of four elements, that is capable of detecting and locating tumor cells within a heterogeneous breast phantom. The antenna element operates within a bandwidth from 2.4 GHz to 10.6 GHz when FR4 is used as the substrate, and extends from 2.57 GHz to 12.6 GHz when a Dacron fabric is used instead. The antenna is fabricated and measured, yielding highly similar results to the simulated outcomes. In the suggested detection system, one antenna is used for transmission, while the other antennas receive the transmitted signal. The employed antenna demonstrates gains of 5.49 dBi, 9.87 dBi, 11.9 dBi, and 14.7 dBi at resonant frequencies of 2.84 GHz, 3.87 GHz, 5.83 GHz, and 8.24 GHz, respectively, when a Dacron fabric is used as the substrate. Moreover, the proposed antenna exhibits a flexible shape with minimal vertical and horizontal bending effects across the entire operating frequency band. The antenna has a compact size of 42.85 × 42.85 mm² and is printed on an FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.5 and a thickness of 1.6 mm for testing purposes. The S-parameters of the suggested system can effectively identify and precisely locate small tumors. Furthermore, the SAR findings indicate that the amount of power absorbed by the breast phantom tissues complies with the IEEE standards, thus confirming the suitability of the recommended antenna for the early detection and localization of breast cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technology and Application of Microwave Communication and Antenna Design)

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14 pages, 2905 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two-Wire Power Line Microwave Communication Using Low-Loss Modes

by Robert G. Olsen

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(13), 7846; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13137846 - 4 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1010

Abstract

A closed-form solution for the common and differential modal currents induced on a pair of infinitely long parallel conductors by a source, field coupled to a power line, is derived. For lossy conductors, the current consists of a continuous spectrum of radiation modes [...] Read more.

A closed-form solution for the common and differential modal currents induced on a pair of infinitely long parallel conductors by a source, field coupled to a power line, is derived. For lossy conductors, the current consists of a continuous spectrum of radiation modes and (for the common mode) a modified low-loss Sommerfeld–Goubau (SG) mode and (for the differential mode) a quasi-TEM mode. This model is used to investigate the influence of a parallel conductor on microwave power line communication systems. When the complete current spectrum is used, it is shown that the SG mode is not the primary reason why low-loss communication is possible on power lines for distances on the order of 100 m. Nevertheless, and consistent with previous research, microwave communication using power lines has advantages over free space communication, and for typical parameters, the performance of these systems can be enhanced if the power line contains more than one conductor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technology and Application of Microwave Communication and Antenna Design)

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