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Brain Sciences
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Neurological Changes after Brain Stimulation
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Neurological Changes after Brain Stimulation

A special issue of Brain Sciences (ISSN 2076-3425). This special issue belongs to the section "Neurorehabilitation".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 February 2024) | Viewed by 13760

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Physiology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Interests: brain stimulation; synaptic plasticity; epilepsy; hyperexcitability; electrophysiology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The “Neurological Changes after Brain Stimulation” Section reports advances in our understanding of the neurological changes that occur following brain stimulation. Different methods of brain stimulation are clinically used to treat various neuronal diseases. However, many aspects of brain stimulations are not completely determined. This Section publishes articles with major insights into the neural mechanisms, the probable side effects, the effectiveness of different stimulation patterns, and the neurological changes following brain stimulation in animals and human. Different aspects of neurological changes, including behavioral and cognitive, electrophysiological, molecular, genetic, and morphological changes, can be reported in this Section. Integrative and translational approaches are also appreciated.

Full-length original research articles and reports, reviews and metanalytic articles, opinion/perspective articles, and case reports will be considered for publication.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Prof. Dr. Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Brain Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • deep brain stimulation
  • electrical stimulation
  • magnetic stimulation
  • novel non-invasive brain stimulation
  • behavioral changes
  • cognition
  • electrophysiology
  • brain rhythms
  • neural plasticity
  • morphology
  • EEG recording
  • signal transduction

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 5561 KiB  
Article
Behavioral, Functional Imaging, and Neurophysiological Outcomes of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Speech-Language Therapy in an Individual with Aphasia
by Sameer A. Ashaie, Julio C. Hernandez-Pavon, Evan Houldin and Leora R. Cherney
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 714; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070714 - 16 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1432
Abstract
Speech-language therapy (SLT) is the most effective technique to improve language performance in persons with aphasia. However, residual language impairments remain even after intensive SLT. Recent studies suggest that combining transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with SLT may improve language performance in persons [...] Read more.
Speech-language therapy (SLT) is the most effective technique to improve language performance in persons with aphasia. However, residual language impairments remain even after intensive SLT. Recent studies suggest that combining transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with SLT may improve language performance in persons with aphasia. However, our understanding of how tDCS and SLT impact brain and behavioral relation in aphasia is poorly understood. We investigated the impact of tDCS and SLT on a behavioral measure of scripted conversation and on functional connectivity assessed with multiple methods, both resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs–fMRI) and resting-state electroencephalography (rs–EEG). An individual with aphasia received 15 sessions of 20-min cathodal tDCS to the right angular gyrus concurrent with 40 min of SLT. Performance during scripted conversation was measured three times at baseline, twice immediately post-treatment, and at 4- and 8-weeks post-treatment. rs–fMRI was measured pre-and post-3-weeks of treatment. rs–EEG was measured on treatment days 1, 5, 10, and 15. Results show that both communication performance and left hemisphere functional connectivity may improve after concurrent tDCS and SLT. Results are in line with aphasia models of language recovery that posit a beneficial role of left hemisphere perilesional areas in language recovery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neurological Changes after Brain Stimulation)
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26 pages, 5538 KiB  
Article
Olfactory Epithelium Stimulation Using Rhythmic Nasal Air-Puffs Improves the Cognitive Performance of Individuals with Acute Sleep Deprivation
by Hanieh Riazi, Milad Nazari, Mohammad Reza Raoufy, Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh and Amir Shojaei
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 378; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040378 - 13 Apr 2024
Viewed by 2009
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of intranasal air-puffing on cognitive impairments and brain cortical activity following one night of partial sleep deprivation (PSD) in adults. A total of 26 healthy adults underwent the numerical Stroop test (NST) and electroencephalography (EEG) before [...] Read more.
This study aimed to investigate the effects of intranasal air-puffing on cognitive impairments and brain cortical activity following one night of partial sleep deprivation (PSD) in adults. A total of 26 healthy adults underwent the numerical Stroop test (NST) and electroencephalography (EEG) before and after one night of PSD. Following PSD, subjects in the treatment group (n = 13) received nasal air-puffs (5 Hz, 3 min) before beginning the NST and EEG recording. Administration of nasal air-puffs in the treatment group restored the PSD-induced increase in error rate and decrease in reaction time and missing rate in the NST. Intranasal air-puffs recovered the PSD-induced augmentation of delta and theta power and the reduction of beta and gamma power in the EEG, particularly in the frontal lobes. Intranasal air-puffing also almost reversed the PSD-induced decrease in EEG signal complexity. Furthermore, it had a restorative effect on PSD-induced alteration in intra-default mode network functional connectivity in the beta and gamma frequency bands. Rhythmic nasal air-puffing can mitigate acute PSD-induced impairments in cognitive functions. It exerts part of its ameliorating effect by restoring neuronal activity in cortical brain areas involved in cognitive processing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neurological Changes after Brain Stimulation)
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12 pages, 1652 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation over the Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex on Cognitive Function and Emotional Regulation in Patients with Cerebral Small Vessel Disease
by Pei Dai, Zhao-Xia Wang, Hui-Xian Yu, Chang-Bin Liu, Si-Hao Liu and Hao Zhang
Brain Sci. 2023, 13(9), 1309; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13091309 - 11 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1220
Abstract
Objectives: Cognitive impairment in cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a common cause of vascular dementia and is often accompanied by mental disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) over the right dorsolateral [...] Read more.
Objectives: Cognitive impairment in cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a common cause of vascular dementia and is often accompanied by mental disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on the cognitive function and Hamilton depression (HAMD) scores in patients with CSVD. Methods: A total of 30 CSVD patients who met the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to either the sham or cTBS group. The patients in both groups received routine cognitive function training. All the patients were under treatment for 14 sessions, with one session per day (each cTBS conditioning session consisted of three-pulse bursts at 50 Hz repeated at 5 Hz, 80% MT, and 600 pulses). Before and after the treatment, the patients in both groups were evaluated using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Stroop Color-Word Test (SCWT), Trail Marking Test (TMT), Digital Span Test (DST), and HAMD test. The time to complete the SCWT and TMT were recorded. The scores of the MoCA, DST and HAMD test were recorded. Results: The HAMD scores in the cTBS group decreased significantly compared to the control (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the MoCA (including the MoCA subitems) or DST scores or in the SCWT or TMT completion times between the two groups (p > 0.05). For the HAMD scores and the MoCA subitem visuospatial/executive scores, the SCWT-B and SCWT-C completion times in the two groups both improved significantly before and after treatment (p < 0.05). For the MoCA scores, the DST-backward scores and the TMT-B completion times in the cTBS group improved significantly before and after treatment (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the SCWT-A, TMT-A completion times and MoCA subitems naming, attention, language, abstraction, delayed recall, and orientation scores either before or after treatment in the two groups or between the two groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: In this study, cTBS over the right DLPFC decreased the HAMD scores significantly in patients with CSVD but had no significant improvement or impairment effects on cognitive function. cTBS over the right DLPFC could be used to treat CSVD patients with depression symptoms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neurological Changes after Brain Stimulation)
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13 pages, 13477 KiB  
Article
Alteration of Excitation/Inhibition Imbalance in the Hippocampus and Amygdala of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy Patients Treated with Acute Vagus Nerve Stimulation
by Qian Yi Ooi, Xiaoya Qin, Yuan Yuan, Xiaobin Zhang, Yi Yao, Hongwei Hao and Luming Li
Brain Sci. 2023, 13(7), 976; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13070976 - 21 Jun 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2736
Abstract
An imbalance between excitation (E) and inhibition (I) in the brain has been identified as a key pathophysiology of epilepsy over the years. The hippocampus and amygdala in the limbic system play a crucial role in the initiation and conduction of epileptic seizures [...] Read more.
An imbalance between excitation (E) and inhibition (I) in the brain has been identified as a key pathophysiology of epilepsy over the years. The hippocampus and amygdala in the limbic system play a crucial role in the initiation and conduction of epileptic seizures and are often referred to as the transfer station and amplifier of seizure activities. Existing animal and imaging studies reveal that the hippocampus and amygdala, which are significant parts of the vagal afferent network, can be modulated in order to generate an antiepileptic effect. Using stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) data, we examined the E/I imbalance in the hippocampus and amygdala of ten drug-resistant epilepsy children treated with acute vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) by estimating the 1/f power slope of hippocampal and amygdala signals in the range of 1–80 Hz. While the change in the 1/f power slope from VNS-BASE varied between different stimulation amplitudes and brain regions, it was more prominent in the hippocampal region. In the hippocampal region, we found a flatter 1/f power slope during VNS-ON in patients with good responsiveness to VNS under the optimal stimulation amplitude, indicating that the E/I imbalance in the region was improved. There was no obvious change in 1/f power slope for VNS poor responders. For VNS non-responders, the 1/f power slope slightly increased when the stimulation was applied. Overall, this study implies that the regulation of E/I imbalance in the epileptic brain, especially in the hippocampal region, may be an acute intracranial effect of VNS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neurological Changes after Brain Stimulation)
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18 pages, 5520 KiB  
Article
High Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation Stimulates Neuronal Growth and Hippocampal Synaptic Transmission
by Shaoqing Ma, Zhiwei Li, Shixiang Gong, Chengbiao Lu, Xiaoli Li and Yingwei Li
Brain Sci. 2023, 13(4), 686; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13040686 - 19 Apr 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3053
Abstract
Terahertz waves lie within the rotation and oscillation energy levels of biomolecules, and can directly couple with biomolecules to excite nonlinear resonance effects, thus causing conformational or configuration changes in biomolecules. Based on this mechanism, we investigated the effect pattern of 0.138 THz [...] Read more.
Terahertz waves lie within the rotation and oscillation energy levels of biomolecules, and can directly couple with biomolecules to excite nonlinear resonance effects, thus causing conformational or configuration changes in biomolecules. Based on this mechanism, we investigated the effect pattern of 0.138 THz radiation on the dynamic growth of neurons and synaptic transmission efficiency, while explaining the phenomenon at a more microscopic level. We found that cumulative 0.138 THz radiation not only did not cause neuronal death, but that it promoted the dynamic growth of neuronal cytosol and protrusions. Additionally, there was a cumulative effect of terahertz radiation on the promotion of neuronal growth. Furthermore, in electrophysiological terms, 0.138 THz waves improved synaptic transmission efficiency in the hippocampal CA1 region, and this was a slow and continuous process. This is consistent with the morphological results. This phenomenon can continue for more than 10 min after terahertz radiation ends, and these phenomena were associated with an increase in dendritic spine density. In summary, our study shows that 0.138 THz waves can modulate dynamic neuronal growth and synaptic transmission. Therefore, 0.138 terahertz waves may become a novel neuromodulation technique for modulating neuron structure and function. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neurological Changes after Brain Stimulation)
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11 pages, 1312 KiB  
Study Protocol
Innovative Therapy Combining Neck Muscle Vibration and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Association with Conventional Rehabilitation in Left Unilateral Spatial Neglect Patients: HEMISTIM Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
by Sarah Millot, Jean-Marie Beis, Jonathan Pierret, Marina Badin, Verginia Sabau, Laurent Bensoussan, Jean Paysant and Hadrien Ceyte
Brain Sci. 2023, 13(4), 678; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13040678 - 18 Apr 2023
Viewed by 2369
Abstract
Unilateral spatial neglect (USN) rehabilitation requires the development of new methods that can be easily integrated into conventional practice. The aim of the HEMISTIM protocol is to assess immediate and long-term recovery induced by an innovative association of left-side neck-muscle vibration (NMV) and [...] Read more.
Unilateral spatial neglect (USN) rehabilitation requires the development of new methods that can be easily integrated into conventional practice. The aim of the HEMISTIM protocol is to assess immediate and long-term recovery induced by an innovative association of left-side neck-muscle vibration (NMV) and anodal transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on the ipsilesional posterior parietal cortex during occupational therapy sessions in patients with left USN. Participants will be randomly assigned to four groups: control, Left-NMV, Left-NMV + sham-tDCS or Left-NMV + anodal-tDCS. NMV and tDCS will be applied during the first 15 min of occupational therapy sessions, three days a week for three weeks. USN will be assessed at baseline, just at the end of the first experimental session, after the first and third weeks of the protocol and three weeks after its ending. Our primary outcome will be the evolution of the functional Catherine Bergego Scale score. Secondary outcome measures include five tests that investigate different neuropsychological aspects of USN. Left NMV, by activating multisensory integration neuronal networks, might enhance effects obtained by conventional therapy since post-effects were shown when it was combined with upper limb movements. We expect to reinforce lasting intermodal recalibration through LTP-like plasticity induced by anodal tDCS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neurological Changes after Brain Stimulation)
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