Nanomaterials

17 pages, 6110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation Study of High-Precision Characterization of MeV Electron Interactions for Advanced Nano-Imaging of Thick Biological Samples and Microchips

by Xi Yang, Liguo Wang, Victor Smaluk, Timur Shaftan, Tianyi Wang, Nathalie Bouet, Gabriele D’Amen, Weishi Wan and Pietro Musumeci

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(22), 1797; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14221797 - 8 Nov 2024

Abstract

The resolution of a mega-electron-volt scanning transmission electron microscope (MeV-STEM) is primarily governed by the properties of the incident electron beam and angular broadening effects that occur within thick biological samples and microchips. A precise understanding and mitigation of these constraints require detailed [...] Read more.

The resolution of a mega-electron-volt scanning transmission electron microscope (MeV-STEM) is primarily governed by the properties of the incident electron beam and angular broadening effects that occur within thick biological samples and microchips. A precise understanding and mitigation of these constraints require detailed knowledge of beam emittance, aberrations in the STEM column optics, and energy-dependent elastic and inelastic critical angles of the materials being examined. This simulation study proposes a standardized experimental framework for comprehensively assessing beam intensity, divergence, and size at the sample exit. This framework aims to characterize electron-sample interactions, reconcile discrepancies among analytical models, and validate Monte Carlo (MC) simulations for enhanced predictive accuracy. Our numerical findings demonstrate that precise measurements of these parameters, especially angular broadening, are not only feasible but also essential for optimizing imaging resolution in thick biological samples and microchips. By utilizing an electron source with minimal emittance and tailored beam characteristics, along with amorphous ice and silicon samples as biological proxies and microchip materials, this research seeks to optimize electron beam energy by focusing on parameters to improve the resolution in MeV-STEM/TEM. This optimization is particularly crucial for in situ imaging of thick biological samples and for examining microchip defects with nanometer resolutions. Our ultimate goal is to develop a comprehensive mapping of the minimum electron energy required to achieve a nanoscale resolution, taking into account variations in sample thickness, composition, and imaging mode. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interaction of Electron Phenomena on the Mesoscopic Scale)

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18 pages, 3362 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Making Mobile Nanotechnology Accessible: Is the Explicit Preparation of Janus Nanoparticle Necessary to Achieve Mobility?

by Vagisha Nidhi, Arthur Allaire, Zakariya Ait Athmane, Patrick Guenoun, Fabienne Testard, Jean-Philippe Renault and Florent Malloggi

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(22), 1796; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14221796 - 8 Nov 2024

Abstract

This study compares the mobility behaviour, in a H₂O₂ environment, of three different geometries of hybrid particle made of silica core functionalized by gold (nanoparticles or layer). It is known that the decomposition of H₂O₂ on gold [...] Read more.

This study compares the mobility behaviour, in a H₂O₂ environment, of three different geometries of hybrid particle made of silica core functionalized by gold (nanoparticles or layer). It is known that the decomposition of H₂O₂ on gold surfaces drives mobility; however, the link between mobility orientation and the organization of gold on silica surfaces is still questionable. While conventional wisdom posits that asymmetric designs are crucial for generating phoretic forces or localized bubble propulsion, recent research suggests that symmetrical particles may also exhibit motility. To address this debate, we developed a robust workflow for synthesizing gold grafted silica nanoparticles with precise control over size and shape, enabling the direct comparison of their motile behaviour by dynamic light scattering and particle tracking velocimetry. Our results indicate, first, that a combination of techniques is necessary to overcome their intrinsic limitation and, second, that the inherent asymmetry generated by isotropic gold nanoparticle deposition onto silica surfaces may enable particle motility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Morphological Design and Synthesis of Nanoparticles (Second Edition))

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2 pages, 585 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Chen et al. Tellurium Doping Inducing Defect Passivation for Highly Effective Antimony Selenide Thin Film Solar Cell. Nanomaterials 2023, 13, 1240

by Guojie Chen, Xiangye Li, Muhammad Abbas, Chen Fu, Zhenghua Su, Rong Tang, Shuo Chen, Ping Fan and Guangxing Liang

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(22), 1795; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14221795 - 8 Nov 2024

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thin-Film Solar Cell: Mechanism, Property and Application)

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10 pages, 3269 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Temperature and Stoichiometry on the Optical Properties of CdSe Nanoplatelets

by Yerkebulan Koshkinbayev, Aigerim Ospanova, Aizhan Akhmetova, Turlybek Nurakhmetov, Asset Kainarbay, Keleshek Zhangylyssov, Sergey Dorofeev, Alexander Vinokurov, Sergei Bubenov and Dulat Daurenbekov

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(22), 1794; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14221794 - 8 Nov 2024

Abstract

Colloidal quasi-two-dimensional cadmium chalcogenide nanoplatelets have attracted considerable interest due to their narrow excitonic emission and absorption bands, making them promising candidates for advanced optical applications. In this study, the synthesis of quasi-two-dimensional CdSe NPLs with a thickness of 3.5 monolayers was investigated [...] Read more.

Colloidal quasi-two-dimensional cadmium chalcogenide nanoplatelets have attracted considerable interest due to their narrow excitonic emission and absorption bands, making them promising candidates for advanced optical applications. In this study, the synthesis of quasi-two-dimensional CdSe NPLs with a thickness of 3.5 monolayers was investigated to understand the effects of synthesis temperature on their stoichiometry, morphology, and optical properties. The NPLs were synthesized using a colloidal method with temperatures ranging from 170 °C to 210 °C and optimized precursor ratios. Total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) analysis was employed to determine stoichiometry, while high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and UV-Vis spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy were used to analyze the structural and optical characteristics. The results showed a strong correlation between increasing synthesis temperature and the enlargement of nanoscroll diameters, indicating dynamic growth. The best results in terms of uniformity, stoichiometry, and optical properties were achieved at a growth temperature of 200 °C. At this temperature, no additional optical bands associated with secondary populations or hetero-confinement were observed, indicating the high purity of the sample. Samples synthesized at lower temperatures exhibited deviations in stoichiometry and optical performance, suggesting the presence of residual organic compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Spectroscopy Characterizations of Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials)

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16 pages, 5414 KiB

Open AccessArticle

3D NiCoW Metallic Compound Nano-Network Structure Catalytic Material for Urea Oxidation

by Zuoyuan Liang, Lang Yao, Yipeng Zhang, Sirong Li and Xuechun Xiao

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(22), 1793; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14221793 - 7 Nov 2024

Abstract

Urea shows promise as an alternative substrate to water oxidation in electrolyzers, and replacing OER with the Urea Oxidation Reaction (UOR, theoretical potential of 0.37 V vs. RHE) can significantly increase hydrogen production efficiency. Additionally, the decomposition of urea can help reduce environmental [...] Read more.

Urea shows promise as an alternative substrate to water oxidation in electrolyzers, and replacing OER with the Urea Oxidation Reaction (UOR, theoretical potential of 0.37 V vs. RHE) can significantly increase hydrogen production efficiency. Additionally, the decomposition of urea can help reduce environmental pollution. This paper improves the inherent activity of catalytic materials through morphology and electronic modulation by incorporating tungsten (W), which accelerates electron transfer, enhances the electronic structure of neighboring atoms to create a synergistic effect, and regulates the adsorption process of active sites and intermediates. NiCoW catalytic materials with an ultra-thin nanosheet structure were prepared using an ultrasonic-assisted NaBH₄ reduction method. The results show that during the OER process, NiCoW catalytic materials have a potential of only 1.53 V at a current density of 10 mA/cm², while the UOR process under the same conditions requires a lower potential of 1.31 V, demonstrating superior catalytic performance. In a mixed electrolyte of 1 M KOH and 0.5 M urea, overall water splitting also shows excellent performance. Therefore, the designed NiCoW electrocatalyst, with its high catalytic activity, provides valuable insights for enhancing the efficiency of water electrolysis for hydrogen production and holds practical research significance. Full article

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10 pages, 830 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coexistence of Superconductivity and Magnetic Ordering in the In–Ag Alloy Under Nanoconfinement

by Marina V. Likholetova, Elena V. Charnaya, Evgenii V. Shevchenko, Yurii A. Kumzerov and Aleksandr V. Fokin

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(22), 1792; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14221792 - 7 Nov 2024

Abstract

The impact of the interface phenomena on the properties of nanostructured materials is the focus of modern physics. We studied the magnetic properties of the nanostructured In–Ag alloy confined within a porous glass. The alloy composition was close to the eutectic point in [...] Read more.

The impact of the interface phenomena on the properties of nanostructured materials is the focus of modern physics. We studied the magnetic properties of the nanostructured In–Ag alloy confined within a porous glass. The alloy composition was close to the eutectic point in the indium-rich range of the phase diagram. Temperature dependences of DC magnetization evidenced two superconducting transitions at 4.05 and 3.38 K. The magnetization isotherms demonstrated the superposition of two hysteresis loops with low and high critical fields below the second transition, a single hysteresis between the transitions and ferromagnetism with weak remanence in the normal state of the alloy. The shape of the loop seen below the second transition, which closes at a low magnetic field, corresponded to the intermediate state of the type-I superconductor. It was ascribed to strongly linked indium segregates. The loop observed below the first transition is referred to as type-II superconductivity. The secondary and tertiary magnetization branches measured at decreasing and increasing fields were shifted relative to each other, revealing the proximity of superconducting and ferromagnetic phases at the nanometer scale. This phenomenon was observed for the first time in the alloy, whose components were not magnetic in bulk. The sign of the shift shows the dominant role of the stray fields of ferromagnetic regions. Ferromagnetism was suggested to emerge at the interface between the In and AgIn₂ segregates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)

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22 pages, 5018 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Water Sorption on Isoreticular CPO-27-Type MOFs: From Discrete Sorption Sites to Water-Bridge-Mediated Pore Condensation

by Marvin Kloß, Lara Schäfers, Zhenyu Zhao, Christian Weinberger, Hans Egold and Michael Tiemann

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(22), 1791; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14221791 - 7 Nov 2024

Abstract

Pore engineering is commonly used to alter the properties of metal–organic frameworks. This is achieved by incorporating different linker molecules (L) into the structure, generating isoreticular frameworks. CPO-27, also named MOF-74, is a prototypical material for this approach, offering the potential [...] Read more.

Pore engineering is commonly used to alter the properties of metal–organic frameworks. This is achieved by incorporating different linker molecules (L) into the structure, generating isoreticular frameworks. CPO-27, also named MOF-74, is a prototypical material for this approach, offering the potential to modify the size of its one-dimensional pore channels and the hydrophobicity of pore walls using various linker ligands during synthesis. Thermal activation of these materials yields accessible open metal sites (i.e., under-coordinated metal centers) at the pore walls, thus acting as strong primary binding sites for guest molecules, including water. We study the effect of the pore size and linker hydrophobicity within a series of Ni²⁺-based isoreticular frameworks (i.e., Ni₂L, L = dhtp, dhip, dondc, bpp, bpm, tpp), analyzing their water sorption behavior and the water interactions in the confined pore space. For this purpose, we apply water vapor sorption analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In addition, defect degrees of all compounds are determined by thermogravimetric analysis and solution ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We find that larger defect degrees affect the preferential sorption sites in Ni₂dhtp, while no such indication is found for the other materials in our study. Instead, strong evidence is found for the formation of water bridges/chains between coordinating water molecules, as previously observed for hydrophobic porous carbons and mesoporous silica. This suggests similar sorption energies for additional water molecules in materials with larger pore sizes after saturation of the primary binding sites, resulting in more bulk-like water arrangements. Consequently, the sorption mechanism is driven by classical pore condensation through H-bonding anchor sites instead of sorption at discrete sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Organic Framework (MOF)-Based Micro/Nanoscale Materials)

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9 pages, 3629 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extended One-Way Waveguide States of Large-Area Propagation in Gyromagnetic Photonic Crystals

by Xiaobin Li, Chao Yan, Zhi-Yuan Li and Wenyao Liang

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(22), 1790; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14221790 - 7 Nov 2024

Abstract

We propose extended one-way waveguide states of large-area propagation in a photonic crystal waveguide consisting of two honeycomb gyromagnetic photonic crystals with opposite external magnetic fields. When the width of the waveguide is small enough, the edge states along both boundaries of the [...] Read more.

We propose extended one-way waveguide states of large-area propagation in a photonic crystal waveguide consisting of two honeycomb gyromagnetic photonic crystals with opposite external magnetic fields. When the width of the waveguide is small enough, the edge states along both boundaries of the waveguide couple with each other strongly and thus create the so-called extended one-way waveguide states. Of note, this structure supports both even and odd extended states, which can be excited under different excitation conditions. For the odd mode, electromagnetic waves have opposite phase distributions along the centerline of the waveguide on both sides, while for the even mode, they have in-phase distributions on both sides. In addition, the odd and the even modes both have the large-area propagating property. Moreover, we have carried out a microwave experiment to verify the simulation results. The measured transmission spectrum shows that the structure has strong non-reciprocity, and the measured electric field distributions of the even and odd modes prove that it supports excellent large-area transmission behaviors. These results provide feasible ideas for achieving topological high-throughput transmission. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials and Metamaterials in Photonics and Optoelectronics)

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23 pages, 5932 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Facile Doping and Functionalization of Molybdic Acid into Nanobiochar to Enhance Mercury Ion Removal from Water Systems

by Safe ELdeen M. E. Mahmoud, Tarek M. Abdel-Fattah, Mohamed E. Mahmoud and Eva Díaz

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(22), 1789; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14221789 - 7 Nov 2024

Abstract

Functionalized nanomaterials with surface-active groups have garnered significant research interest due to their wide-ranging applications, particularly in water treatment for removing various contaminants. This study focuses on developing a novel, multi-functional nanobiosorbent by synthesizing nanosized biochar from artichoke leaves (NBAL) and molybdic acid [...] Read more.

Functionalized nanomaterials with surface-active groups have garnered significant research interest due to their wide-ranging applications, particularly in water treatment for removing various contaminants. This study focuses on developing a novel, multi-functional nanobiosorbent by synthesizing nanosized biochar from artichoke leaves (NBAL) and molybdic acid (MA). The resulting nanobiosorbent, MA@NBAL, is produced through a microwave-irradiation process, offering a promising material for enhanced environmental remediation. The characteristics of assembled MA@NBAL were evaluated from SEM-EDX, XPS, TGA, FT-IR, and zeta potential detection. The size of particles ranged from 18.7 to 23.7 nm. At the same time, the EDX analysis denoted the existence of several major elements with related percentage values of carbon (52.9%), oxygen (27.6%), molybdenum (8.8%), and nitrogen (4.5%) in the assembled MA@NBAL nanobiosorbent. The effectiveness of MA@NBAL in removing Hg(II) ions was monitored via the batch study method. The optimized maximum removal capacity of Hg(II) ions onto MA@NBAL was established at pH 6.0, 30.0 min equilibrium time, and 20 mg of nanobiosorbent, providing 1444.25 mg/g with a 10.0 mmol/L concentration of Hg(II). Kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption process followed a pseudo-second-order model, with R² values ranging from 0.993 to 0.999 for the two tested Hg(II) concentrations, indicating excellent alignment with the experimental data. This suggests that the chemisorption mechanism involves cation exchange and complex formation. Isotherm model evaluation further confirmed the adsorption mechanism, with the Freundlich model providing the best fit, yielding an R² of 0.962. This result indicates that Hg(II) adsorption onto the surface of MA@NBAL nanobiosorbent occurs on a heterogeneous surface with multilayer formation characteristics. The results of the temperature factor and computation of the thermodynamic parameters referred to endothermic behavior via a nonspontaneous process. Finally, the valid applicability of MA@NBAL nanobiosorbent in the adsorptive recovery of 2.0 and 5.0 µg/mL Hg(II) from contaminated real aquatic matrices was explored in this study, providing 91.2–98.6% removal efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)

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19 pages, 3655 KiB

Open AccessReview

Interactions Between Nanoparticles and Tomato Plants: Influencing Host Physiology and the Tomato Leafminer’s Molecular Response

by Inzamam Ul Haq, Xiangyun Cai, Habib Ali, Muhammad Rehan Akhtar, Muhammad Adeel Ghafar, Moazam Hyder and Youming Hou

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(22), 1788; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14221788 - 7 Nov 2024

Abstract

Tomatoes are a crucial global crop, impacting economies and livelihoods worldwide. However, pests like the tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta) significantly reduce their yield potential. Nanoparticles come as a solution to this context, promising innovative strategies for the protection of plants from [...] Read more.

Tomatoes are a crucial global crop, impacting economies and livelihoods worldwide. However, pests like the tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta) significantly reduce their yield potential. Nanoparticles come as a solution to this context, promising innovative strategies for the protection of plants from pest infestation and management. Nanoparticles have shown great potential to improve tomato plant resistance against pests and diseases because of their unique properties. They enhance plant physiological processes like photosynthesis and nutrient uptake while activating defense-related molecular pathways. Nanoparticles also directly impact the life cycle and behavioral patterns of pests such as the tomato leafminer, reducing their destructive nature. The dual benefits of nanoparticles for enhancing plants’ health and managing pests effectively provide a two-way innovative approach in agriculture. Gains made with such technology not only include increasing crop productivity and reducing crop losses but also reducing the heavy dependence on chemical pesticides, many of which have been attributed to environmental hazards. The current study illustrates the broader implications of nanoparticle use in agriculture, which is a sustainable pathway to increase crop resilience and productivity while reducing the impact of pests. Such novel approaches underline the need for continued interdisciplinary research to exploit the potential of nanotechnology in sustainable agricultural practices fully. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interplay between Nanomaterials and Plants)

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20 pages, 7608 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Sintering Behavior of GYYSZ, Thermophysical Properties, and Thermal Shock Behavior of Thermal Barrier Coating with YSZ/Composite/GYYSZ System by Atmospheric Plasma Spraying

by Chunxia Jiang, Rongbin Li, Feng He, Zhijun Cheng, Wenge Li and Yuantao Zhao

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(22), 1787; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14221787 - 7 Nov 2024

Abstract

In this study, Gd₂O₃ and Yb₂O₃ co-doped YSZ (GYYSZ) ceramic coatings were prepared via atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). The GYYSZ ceramic coatings were subjected to heat treatment at different temperatures for 5 h to analyze their high-temperature [...] Read more.

In this study, Gd₂O₃ and Yb₂O₃ co-doped YSZ (GYYSZ) ceramic coatings were prepared via atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). The GYYSZ ceramic coatings were subjected to heat treatment at different temperatures for 5 h to analyze their high-temperature phase stability and sintering resistance. The thermophysical properties of GYYSZ, YSZ, and composite coatings were compared. Three types of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were designed: GYYSZ (TBC-1), YSZ/GYYSZ (TBC-2), and YSZ/Composite/GYYSZ (TBC-3). The failure mechanisms of these three TBCs were investigated. The results indicate that both the powder and the sprayed GYYSZ primarily maintain a homogeneous cubic phase c-ZrO₂, remaining stable at 1500 °C after annealing. The sintering and densification of the coatings are influenced by the annealing temperature; higher temperatures lead to faster sintering rates. At 1500 °C, the grain size and porosity of GYYSZ are 4.66 μm and 9.9%, respectively. At 1000 °C, the thermal conductivity of GYYSZ is 1.35 W·m⁻¹ K⁻¹, which is 44% lower than that of YSZ. The thermal conductivity of the composite material remains between 1.79 W·m⁻¹ K⁻¹ and 1.99 W·m⁻¹ K⁻¹ from room temperature to 1000 °C, positioned between GYYSZ and YSZ. In the TBC thermal shock water quenching experiment, TBC-3 demonstrated an exceptionally long thermal shock lifetime of 246.3 cycles, which is 5.8 times that of TBC-1 and 1.8 times that of TBC-2. The gradient coating structure effectively reduces the thermal mismatch stress between layers, while the dense surface microcracks provide a certain toughening effect. Failure analysis of the TBC reveals that TBC-3 exhibits a mixed failure mode characterized by both spallation and localized peeling. The ultimate failure was attributed to the propagation of transverse cracks during the final stage of water quenching, which led to the eventual spallation of the ceramic blocks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Applications of Heterogeneous Nanostructured Materials)

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17 pages, 1954 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling the Production Process of Lignin Nanoparticles Through Anti-Solvent Precipitation for Properties Prediction

by Victor Girard, Laurent Marchal-Heussler, Hubert Chapuis, Nicolas Brosse, Nadia Canilho and Isabelle Ziegler-Devin

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(22), 1786; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14221786 - 6 Nov 2024

Abstract

Global warming has recently intensified research interest in renewable polymer chemistry, with significant attention directed towards lignin nanoparticle (LNP) synthesis. Despite progress, LNP industrial application faces challenges: (1) reliance on kraft lignin from declining raw biomass processes, (2) sulfur-rich and condensed lignin use, [...] Read more.

Global warming has recently intensified research interest in renewable polymer chemistry, with significant attention directed towards lignin nanoparticle (LNP) synthesis. Despite progress, LNP industrial application faces challenges: (1) reliance on kraft lignin from declining raw biomass processes, (2) sulfur-rich and condensed lignin use, (3) complex lignin macroparticles to LNP conversion, using harmful and toxic solvents, and, above all, (4) lack of control over the LNP production process (i.e., anti-solvent precipitation parameters), resulting in excessive variability in properties. In this work, eco-friendly LNPs with tailored properties were produced from a semi-industrial organosolv process by studying anti-solvent precipitation variables. Using first a parametric and then a Fractional Factorial Design, predictions of LNP sizes and size distribution, as well as zeta-potential, were derived from a model over beech by-products organosolv lignin, depending on initial lignin concentration (x₁, g/L), solvent flow rate (x₂, mL/min), antisolvent composition (x₃, H2O/EtOH v/v), antisolvent ratio (x₄, solvent/antisolvent v/v), and antisolvent stirring speed (x₅, rpm). This novel chemical engineering approach holds promise for overcoming the challenges inherent in industrial lignin nanoparticle production, thereby accelerating the valorization of lignin biopolymers for high value-added applications such as cosmetics (sunscreen or emulsion) and medicine (encapsulation, nanocarriers), a process currently constrained by significant limitations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Morphological Design and Synthesis of Nanoparticles (Second Edition))

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18 pages, 6906 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Scalable Mechanochemical Synthesis of CdS/Bi₂S₃ Nanocomposites for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution

by Zhandos Shalabayev, Abylay Abilkhan, Natalya Khan, Saparbek Tugelbay, Anar Seisembekova, Batukhan Tatykayev and Matej Balaz

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(22), 1785; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14221785 - 6 Nov 2024

Abstract

In the present study, a green, scalable, and environmentally friendly approach was developed for the fabrication of Bi₂S₃-decorated CdS nanoparticles with an efficient hydrogen generation ability from the water. As a sulfur source, thiourea was used. The process was [...] Read more.

In the present study, a green, scalable, and environmentally friendly approach was developed for the fabrication of Bi₂S₃-decorated CdS nanoparticles with an efficient hydrogen generation ability from the water. As a sulfur source, thiourea was used. The process was completed in two stages: mechanical activation and thermal annealing. The presence of spherical CdS nanoparticles and Bi₂S₃ nanorods in the CdS/Bi₂S₃ nanocomposite was confirmed and proved by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, SEM-EDS, and TEM. The synthesized CdS/Bi₂S₃ nanocomposites were evaluated for their photocatalytic hydrogen evolution capabilities. The CdS/Bi₂S₃ photocatalyst exhibited 25% higher photocatalytic activity compared to CdS, reaching a hydrogen evolution rate of 996.68 μmol h⁻¹g⁻¹ (AQE 0.87%) after 3.5 h under solar-light irradiation. Full article

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14 pages, 6874 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of Large-Area High-Resolution Templates by Focused Ion Beam Combined with Colloidal Nanoparticle Dimer Deposition for SERS Substrates

by Liga Ignatane, Reinis Ignatans, Juris Prikulis, Annamarija Trausa, Ciro Federico Tipaldi, Edgars Vanags, Martins Zubkins, Krisjanis Smits and Anatolijs Sarakovskis

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(22), 1784; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14221784 - 6 Nov 2024

Abstract

This article presents an examination of well-controlled patterns created using a Ga⁺-based focused ion beam (FIB) on glass, while silicon substrates were used to evaluate the FIB performance by its achievable feature size versus time constraints. The pattern creation on glass [...] Read more.

This article presents an examination of well-controlled patterns created using a Ga⁺-based focused ion beam (FIB) on glass, while silicon substrates were used to evaluate the FIB performance by its achievable feature size versus time constraints. The pattern creation on glass was developed with the aim of studying potential surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) applications. Furthermore, the FIB was used to create dimer systems of periodically and randomly positioned dumbbell-shaped pits on the glass (each dimer occupies an area of 203 × 87 nm²). By following the bitmap pattern files, the FIB ensured there was 3000 dimer fabrication over a 20 × 20 μm² large area, with a pit size and position variation below 10 nm. The article highlights that FIB can be used for precise large-area nano-fabrication. The gold nanoparticle dimers were formed on the prepatterned surface via capillary force-assisted deposition. The fabricated nanostructures were tested in SERS measurements. The enhancement factor for Rhodamine B molecule reached ~10⁵, demonstrating the potential application of the method to create nanostructures in the sensor domain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series in “Synthesis, Structure and Application of Functional Nanocomposites”)

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47 pages, 15477 KiB

Open AccessReview

Chalcogenides in Perovskite Solar Cells with a Carbon Electrode: State of the Art and Future Prospects

by Maria Bidikoudi and Elias Stathatos

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(22), 1783; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14221783 - 6 Nov 2024

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been on the forefront of advanced research for over a decade, achieving constantly increasing power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), while their route towards commercialization is currently under intensive progress. Towards this target, there has been a turn to PSCs [...] Read more.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been on the forefront of advanced research for over a decade, achieving constantly increasing power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), while their route towards commercialization is currently under intensive progress. Towards this target, there has been a turn to PSCs that employ a carbon electrode (C-PSCs) for the elimination of metal back contacts, which increase the cost of corresponding devices while at the same time have a severe impact on their stability. Chalcogenides are chemical compounds that contain at least one chalcogen element, typically sulfur (S), selenium (Se), or tellurium (Te), combined with one metallic element. They possess semiconducting properties and have been proven to have beneficial effects when incorporated in a variety of solar cell types, including dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs), and Organic Solar Cells (OSCs), either as interlayers or added in the active layers. Currently, an increasing number of studies have highlighted their potential for achieving high-performing and stable PSCs. In this review, the most promising results of the latest studies regarding the implementation of chalcogenides in PSCs with a carbon electrode are presented and discussed, merging two research trends that are currently on the spotlight of solar cell technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic/Perovskite Solar Cell)

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11 pages, 3425 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Layer-by-Layer Deposition of Hollow TiO₂ Spheres with Enhanced Photoelectric Conversion Efficiency for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Applications

by Rama Krishna Chava, Yeon-Tae Yu and Misook Kang

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(22), 1782; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14221782 - 6 Nov 2024

Abstract

Fabricating photoanodes with a strong light-scattering effect can improve the photoconversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In this work, a facile microwave hydrothermal process was developed to prepare Au@TiO₂ core–shell nanostructures, and then the Au core was removed by etching, resulting [...] Read more.

Fabricating photoanodes with a strong light-scattering effect can improve the photoconversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In this work, a facile microwave hydrothermal process was developed to prepare Au@TiO₂ core–shell nanostructures, and then the Au core was removed by etching, resulting in hollow TiO₂. Morphological characterizations such as field emission scanning and transmission electron microscopy measurements have been used for the successful formation of core–shell and hollow TiO₂ nanostructures. Next, we attempted to deposit the different-sized hollow TiO₂-based microspheres simultaneously on the surface of small-sized TiO₂ nanoparticles-based compact film as light-scattering layers via electrophoretic deposition. The deposited hollow TiO₂ microspheres constitute bi- and tri-layers that not only improve the light-harvesting properties but also speed up the photogenerated charge transfer. Compared to commercial TiO₂ compact film (4.75%), the resulting bi-layer and tri-layered films-based DSSCs displayed power conversion efficiencies of 6.33% and 8.08%, respectively. It is revealed that the deposited bi- and tri-layered films can enhance the light absorption ability via multiple photon reflection. This work validates a novel and controllable strategy to develop light-scattering layers with increased light-harvesting properties for highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends and Prospects in Nanoscale Thin Films and Coatings)

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17 pages, 4451 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Nanocrystalline Suspension of Dutasteride for Intramuscular Prolonged Delivery

by Min Young Jeong, Doe Myung Shin, Min Kyeong Kwon, Ye Bin Shin, Jun Soo Park, In Gyu Yang, Jin Hyuk Myung, Dong Geon Lee, Gi Yeong Lee, Chae Won Park, Ji Won Yeo, Myoung Jin Ho, Yong Seok Choi and Myung Joo Kang

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(22), 1781; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14221781 - 5 Nov 2024

Abstract

The aim of the study is to formulate an injectable nanocrystalline suspension (NS) of dutasteride (DTS), a hydrophobic 5α-reductase inhibitor used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia and scalp hair loss, for parenteral long-acting delivery. A DTS-loaded NS (DTS-NS, 40 mg/mL DTS) was prepared [...] Read more.

The aim of the study is to formulate an injectable nanocrystalline suspension (NS) of dutasteride (DTS), a hydrophobic 5α-reductase inhibitor used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia and scalp hair loss, for parenteral long-acting delivery. A DTS-loaded NS (DTS-NS, 40 mg/mL DTS) was prepared using a lab-scale bead-milling technique. The optimized DTS-NS prepared using Tween 80 (0.5% w/v) as a nano-suspending agent, was characterized as follows: rod/rectangular shape; particle size of 324 nm; zeta potential of −11 mV; and decreased drug crystallinity compared with intact drug powder. The DTS-NS exhibited a markedly protracted drug concentration-time profile following intramuscular injection, reaching a maximum concentration after 8.40 days, with an elimination half-life of 9.94 days in rats. Histopathological observations revealed a granulomatous inflammatory response at the injection site 7 days after intramuscular administration, which significantly subsided by day 14 and showed minimal inflammation by day 28. These findings suggest that the nanosuspension system is a promising approach for the sustained release parenteral DTS delivery, with a protracted pharmacokinetic profile and tolerable local inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanotechnology for Biomedical Research: Diagnosis, Drug Delivery and Targeted Therapy)

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13 pages, 3049 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Facile Microwave-Promoted Formation of Highly Photoresponsive Au-Decorated TiO₂ Nanorods for the Enhanced Photo-Degradation of Methylene Blue

by Andreea Bondarev, Sonia Mihai, Abubakar Katsina Usman, Diana Luciana Cursaru, Dănuţa Matei, Veronica Sătulu, Cătălina Gheorghe, Gheorghe Brănoiu and Raluca Şomoghi

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(22), 1780; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14221780 - 5 Nov 2024

Abstract

The integration of noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) effectively modifies the electronic properties of semiconductor photocatalysts, leading to improved charge separation and enhanced photocatalytic performance. TiO₂ nanorods decorated with Au NPs were successfully synthesized using a cost-effective, rapid microwave-assisted method in H₂ [...] Read more.

The integration of noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) effectively modifies the electronic properties of semiconductor photocatalysts, leading to improved charge separation and enhanced photocatalytic performance. TiO₂ nanorods decorated with Au NPs were successfully synthesized using a cost-effective, rapid microwave-assisted method in H₂O₂ and HF media for methylene blue (MB) degradation under visible light illumination. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N2 physisorption, and UV–vis spectroscopy were employed to characterize the structures, morphologies, compositions, and photoelectronic properties of the as-synthesized materials. The fusing of Au NPs effectively alters the electronic structure of TiO₂, enhancing the charge separation efficiency and improved electrical conductivity. The HF treatment promotes the exposure of the highly reactive (001) and (101) crystalline facets. The improved photocatalytic activity of Au/TiO₂, achieving 97% efficiency, is attributed to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect of the Au NPs and the presence of oxygen vacancies. The photodegradation of MB using the TiO₂/Au photocatalysts follows pseudo-first-order kinetics, highlighting the enhanced catalytic efficiency of the synthesized nanostructures. The exceptional properties of the binary Au/TiO₂ photocatalysts, including the SPR effect, exposed crystallographic faces, and efficient charge carrier separation through a decrease in the recombination of electrons and holes, contribute to the photocatalytic degradation of MB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)

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18 pages, 5723 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Biological Characterization of Cancer Biomimetic Membrane Nanovesicles for Enhancing Therapy Efficacy in Human Glioblastoma Cells

by Martina Massarotti, Paola Corna, Aromita Mallik, Gloria Milanesi, Claudio Casali, Lorenzo Magrassi and Sergio Comincini

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(22), 1779; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14221779 - 5 Nov 2024

Abstract

As nanocarriers of a new generation, biomimetic nanovesicles are an emerging class of therapeutic tools whose surface is integrated or fabricated with biomaterials capable of mimicking the biological features and functions of native cells. Thanks to this, biomimetic nanovesicles, in particular, those made [...] Read more.

As nanocarriers of a new generation, biomimetic nanovesicles are an emerging class of therapeutic tools whose surface is integrated or fabricated with biomaterials capable of mimicking the biological features and functions of native cells. Thanks to this, biomimetic nanovesicles, in particular, those made by plasma membrane moieties, possess greatly improved biocompatibility, high target specificity, a long retention time, and minimal undesired immune responses. For these reasons, a multitude of progenitor cells including cancer ones were employed as templates to generate biomimetic or membrane-camouflaged nanovesicles hosting different therapeutic compounds. In this contribution, different membrane-derived biomimetic vesicles (M-NVs) were generated by osmotic lysis or plasma membrane isolation approaches from normal and cancer cell lines and assayed against in vitro models of human glioblastoma. M-NVs were compared in their cellular internalization degrees of DNA and proteins, morphologically and molecularly characterized, expressing an extracellular membrane-associated marker. Then, Rose Bengal (RB), a photoactivable drug characterized by a relatively low cellular uptake, was incorporated into nascent glioblastoma-derived M-NVs and finally administered to homotypic receiving cells, showing an increased degree of internalization as well as induced cytotoxic effects, even in the absence of photodynamic direct stimulation. Similar results were also obtained assaying lyophilized M-NVs loaded with RB. In conclusion, M-NVs generated by cell membranes effectively deliver several cargoes, including therapeutic molecules, maintain functionality after lyophilization, and show significant internalization effects, making them a promising strategy for therapeutic applications against human glioblastoma cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Study of the Effects of Nanoparticles on Human Cells)

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