Nutrients

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11 pages, 262 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Seafood Consumption and Its Contribution to Nutrients Intake among Canadians in 2004 and 2015

by Xue Feng Hu and Hing Man Chan

Nutrients 2021, 13(1), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010077 - 29 Dec 2020

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3048

Abstract

Fish and seafood are excellent sources of nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids, Vitamin D, and selenium. The aims of this study were to examine the pattern of seafood consumption among Canadians and determine their contribution to intakes of energy and nutrients. Day-1 [...] Read more.

Fish and seafood are excellent sources of nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids, Vitamin D, and selenium. The aims of this study were to examine the pattern of seafood consumption among Canadians and determine their contribution to intakes of energy and nutrients. Day-1 24-h dietary recalls data collected from a national survey, the Canadian Community Health Survey—Nutrition in 2004 and 2015, were used to estimate food and nutrient intakes among Canadians. Seafood was classified according to the Bureau of Nutritional Sciences food list. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the consumption rate and the average consumption amount of seafood by different age groups and sociodemographic characteristics. Population ratios were used to assess the contribution of seafood to the total intake of energy and nutrients. The overall consumption rate of seafood was around 17%, and the rate was similar between males and females, and slightly higher in 2015 (17.71%) compared to 2004 (16.38%). The average portion size is approximately 100 g, which translates into a ≈36 kg annual intake among the consumers and ≈6.2 kg per capita consumption. Adults (especially 30 years and above), Asians, individuals who were married, and with post-secondary education were more likely to consume seafood. Salmon, tuna, shrimp, cod, and crab were the most frequently consumed seafood in Canada, the consumption rate of which all increased from 2004 to 2015. Seafood provided up to 75% of n-3 PUFAs, 18% of Vitamin D, 19% Vitamin B12, 6% of niacin, and 4% of Vitamin B6 from all food sources. Seafood consumers had a healthier diet, as seafood consumption was related to a higher intake of key nutrients and a lower intake of total sugar and saturated fatty acids. Therefore, fish consumption should be promoted among Canadians. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Value of Seafood)

22 pages, 3418 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aquatic Foods and Nutrition in the Pacific

by Anna K. Farmery, Jessica M. Scott, Tom D. Brewer, Hampus Eriksson, Dirk J. Steenbergen, Joelle Albert, Jacob Raubani, Jillian Tutuo, Michael K. Sharp and Neil L. Andrew

Nutrients 2020, 12(12), 3705; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123705 - 30 Nov 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5743

Abstract

National rates of aquatic food consumption in Pacific Island Countries and Territories are among the highest in the world, yet the region is suffering from extensive levels of diet-related ill health. The aim of this paper is to examine the variation in consumption [...] Read more.

National rates of aquatic food consumption in Pacific Island Countries and Territories are among the highest in the world, yet the region is suffering from extensive levels of diet-related ill health. The aim of this paper is to examine the variation in consumption patterns and in nutrient composition of aquatic foods in the Pacific, to help improve understanding of their contribution to food and nutrition security. For this examination we analysed nutrient composition data and trade data from two novel region-specific databases, as well as consumption data from national and village level surveys for two Melanesian case studies, Vanuatu and Solomon Islands. Results demonstrated that consumption depends on availability and the amount and type of aquatic food consumed, and its contribution to nutrition security varies within different geographic and socio-demographic contexts. More data is needed on locally relevant species and consumption patterns, to better inform dietary guidelines and improve public health both now and into the future. Advice on aquatic food consumption must consider the nutrient composition and quantity of products consumed, as well as accessibility through local food systems, to ensure they contribute to diverse and healthy diets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Value of Seafood)

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14 pages, 496 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Iodine Status and Thyroid Function in a Group of Seaweed Consumers in Norway

by Inger Aakre, Lidunn Tveito Evensen, Marian Kjellevold, Lisbeth Dahl, Sigrun Henjum, Jan Alexander, Lise Madsen and Maria Wik Markhus

Nutrients 2020, 12(11), 3483; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113483 - 13 Nov 2020

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 7268

Abstract

Seaweeds, or macroalgae, may be a good dietary iodine source but also a source of excessive iodine intake. The main aim in this study was to describe the iodine status and thyroid function in a group of macroalgae consumers. Two urine samples were [...] Read more.

Seaweeds, or macroalgae, may be a good dietary iodine source but also a source of excessive iodine intake. The main aim in this study was to describe the iodine status and thyroid function in a group of macroalgae consumers. Two urine samples were collected from each participant (n = 44) to measure urinary iodine concentration (UIC) after habitual consumption of seaweed. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT₄), free triiodothyronine (fT₃), and peroxidase autoantibody (TPOAb), were measured in a subgroup (n = 19). A food frequency questionnaire and an iodine-specific 24 h recall were used to assess iodine intake and macroalgae consumption. The median (p25–p75) UIC was 1200 (370–2850) μg/L. Median (p25–p75) estimated dietary iodine intake, excluding macroalgae, was 110 (78–680) μg/day, indicating that seaweed was the major contributor to the iodine intake. TSH levels were within the reference values, but higher than in other comparable population groups. One third of the participants used seaweeds daily, and sugar kelp, winged kelp, dulse and laver were the most common species. Labelling of iodine content was lacking for a large share of the products consumed. This study found excessive iodine status in macroalgae consumers after intake of dietary seaweeds. Including macroalgae in the diet may give excessive iodine exposure, and consumers should be made aware of the risk associated with inclusion of macroalgae in their diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Value of Seafood)

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15 pages, 1603 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Intake in Children: The Role of Family-Related Social Determinants

by María Isabel Martínez-Martínez, Antoni Alegre-Martínez and Omar Cauli

Nutrients 2020, 12(11), 3455; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113455 - 11 Nov 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3185

Abstract

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids play a central role in neuronal growth and in the development of the human brain, since they are essential elements which depend on intake through diet to ensure an adequate amount. Fish and seafood are the main dietary [...] Read more.

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids play a central role in neuronal growth and in the development of the human brain, since they are essential elements which depend on intake through diet to ensure an adequate amount. Fish and seafood are the main dietary sources of these fatty acids in Spain and in other countries. In order to assess the effect of the intake of common foods containing high amounts of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, a food frequency questionnaire was administered to parents of children and adolescents attending a primary school in Valencia (Spain), and the intake of dietary omega-3 such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was estimated based on their fish/seafood consumption. Low frequencies of intake were significantly (p < 0.05) lower for many types of fish/seafood in children compared to adolescents. 27.5% of children/adolescents did not eat lean fish or other types (19.8% of the sample did not eat fatty fish, and 71.8% did not eat smoked fish) and 20–60% of the sample consumed seafood only once–three times a month, leading to a reduced estimated intake of EPA+DHA below that recommended for both groups by public health agencies. Social aspects, such as the type of work done by mothers and their educational levels are significant factors (p < 0.05 in both cases) affecting children’s/adolescents’ intake of DHA+EPA. Dietary interventions to increase the consumption of fish and seafood are strongly advised, and health promotion strategies should be aimed at the family level and fight against gender disparities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Value of Seafood)

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18 pages, 4625 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Anti-Obesogenic Effect of Lean Fish Species Is Influenced by the Fatty Acid Composition in Fish Fillets

by Even Fjære, Lene Secher Myrmel, Karianne Dybing, Ondrej Kuda, Benjamin Anderschou Holbech Jensen, Martin Rossmeisl, Livar Frøyland, Karsten Kristiansen and Lise Madsen

Nutrients 2020, 12(10), 3038; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103038 - 3 Oct 2020

Viewed by 3689

Abstract

Fillets from marine fish species contain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the form of phospholipids (PLs). To investigate the importance of PL-bound n-3 PUFAs in mediating the anti-obesogenic effect of lean seafood, we compared the anti-obesogenic properties of fillets from cod with [...] Read more.

Fillets from marine fish species contain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the form of phospholipids (PLs). To investigate the importance of PL-bound n-3 PUFAs in mediating the anti-obesogenic effect of lean seafood, we compared the anti-obesogenic properties of fillets from cod with fillets from pangasius, a fresh water fish with a very low content of PL-bound n-3 PUFAs. We prepared high-fat/high-protein diets using chicken, cod and pangasius as the protein sources, and fed male C57BL/6J mice these diets for 12 weeks. Mice fed the diet containing cod gained less adipose tissue mass and had smaller white adipocytes than mice fed the chicken-containing diet, whereas mice fed the pangasius-containing diet were in between mice fed the chicken-containing diet and mice fed the cod-containing diet. Of note, mice fed the pangasius-containing diet exhibited reduced glucose tolerance compared to mice fed the cod-containing diet. Although the sum of marine n-3 PUFAs comprised less than 2% of the total fatty acids in the cod-containing diet, this was sufficient to significantly increase the levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) in mouse tissues and enhance production of n-3 PUFA-derived lipid mediators as compared with mice fed pangasius or chicken. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Value of Seafood)

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18 pages, 815 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cord Blood Levels of EPA, a Marker of Fish Intake, Correlate with Infants’ T- and B-Lymphocyte Phenotypes and Risk for Allergic Disease

by Malin Barman, Hardis Rabe, Bill Hesselmar, Susanne Johansen, Ann-Sofie Sandberg and Agnes E. Wold

Nutrients 2020, 12(10), 3000; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103000 - 30 Sep 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2493

Abstract

Maternal fish intake during pregnancy has been associated with reduced allergy development in the offspring and here, we hypothesized that components of fish stimulate fetal immune maturation. The aim of this study was to investigate how maternal fish intake during pregnancy and levels [...] Read more.

Maternal fish intake during pregnancy has been associated with reduced allergy development in the offspring and here, we hypothesized that components of fish stimulate fetal immune maturation. The aim of this study was to investigate how maternal fish intake during pregnancy and levels of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) in the infant’s cord serum correlated with different subsets of B- and T-cells in cord blood and B-cell activating factor (BAFF) in cord plasma, and with doctor-diagnosed allergy at 3 and 8 years of age in the FARMFLORA birth-cohort consisting of 65 families. Principal component analysis showed that infant allergies at 3 or 8 years of age were negatively associated with the proportions of n-3 LCPUFAs (eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid) in infant cord serum, which, in turn correlated positively with maternal fish intake during pregnancy. Both maternal fish intake and cord serum n-3 LCPUFAs correlated negatively to CD5⁺ B cells and the FOXP3⁺CD25^high of the CD4⁺ T cell subsets in cord blood, but not to BAFF in cord plasma. Our observational study suggests that fish might contain components that promote maturation of the infant’s immune system in a manner that protects against allergy development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Value of Seafood)

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9 pages, 234 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Serum Fatty Acids at Admission with the Age of Onset of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

by Takahisa Mori, Kazuhiro Yoshioka, Yuhei Tanno and Shigen Kasakura

Nutrients 2020, 12(10), 2903; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12102903 - 23 Sep 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1783

Abstract

Dietary triglycerides influence the serum concentrations of fatty acids (FA) and their weight percentages (wt%), which might be associated with the age of onset of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We investigated the correlation between serum FA levels and proportions at admission, and the age [...] Read more.

Dietary triglycerides influence the serum concentrations of fatty acids (FA) and their weight percentages (wt%), which might be associated with the age of onset of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We investigated the correlation between serum FA levels and proportions at admission, and the age at onset of ICH. We included patients admitted between 2016 and 2019 within 24 h of the onset of ICH, and calculated the correlation coefficients between their age, serum FA concentration, and FA wt%. We performed multiple linear regression analysis to identify individual FAs related to the age at onset of ICH. Furthermore, we estimated the threshold values of FAs that were independently associated with the age at onset of ICH <65 years, using receiver operating characteristic curves by logistic regression. Our inclusion criteria were met by 141 patients (mean age, 67 years). The concentration of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) and the wt% of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were significant independent variables for the age at onset of ICH. The ROC curves for the age of onset <65 years were ≥108.6 µmol/L for DGLA and ≤1.7% for EPA. Increased DGLA concentration and decreased EPA wt% were significantly associated with young-onset ICH. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Value of Seafood)

10 pages, 247 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Features of Serum Fatty Acids at Acute Ischemic Stroke Onset in Statin-Treated Patients with Hypercholesterolemia

by Takahisa Mori, Kazuhiro Yoshioka, Yuhei Tanno and Shigen Kasakura

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2833; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092833 - 16 Sep 2020

Viewed by 2006

Abstract

In addition to diet therapy, statins are used to prevent cardiovascular disease in patients with hypercholesterolemia (HC). However, acute ischemic stroke (AIS) still occurs in statin-treated patients. How strictly statin-treated patients follow diet therapy before they experience AIS and whether they increase seafood [...] Read more.

In addition to diet therapy, statins are used to prevent cardiovascular disease in patients with hypercholesterolemia (HC). However, acute ischemic stroke (AIS) still occurs in statin-treated patients. How strictly statin-treated patients follow diet therapy before they experience AIS and whether they increase seafood consumption remains unknown. We investigated the serum concentrations and proportions (weight percentages: wt %) of fatty acids (FAs) at AIS onset in statin-treated patients (statin group), compared to those in non-treated patients with HC (6.465 mmol/L or higher) as controls (non-treated group). We included patients with AIS admitted between 2016 and 2019 within 24 h of AIS onset who underwent analysis of serum FAs. During the study period, 188 patients met the inclusion criteria: 133 in the statin group and 55 in the non-treated group. Interestingly, serum FA concentrations in the statin group were lower than those in the non-treated group. However, serum FA wt % in the statin group was almost identical to that in the non-treated group. In conclusion, statin-treated AIS patients had low FA concentrations and identical FA wt %, compared to non-treated AIS patients with HC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Value of Seafood)

8 pages, 230 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Serum Fatty Acids at Admission with the Age of Onset of Acute Ischemic Stroke

by Takahisa Mori, Kazuhiro Yoshioka, Yuhei Tanno and Shigen Kasakura

Nutrients 2020, 12(8), 2411; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082411 - 12 Aug 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2014

Abstract

Dietary triglycerides influence fatty acid (FA) serum concentrations and weight percentages (wt %), which may be associated with the age of onset of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We investigated the correlations between serum FA levels and proportions at admission and the age of [...] Read more.

Dietary triglycerides influence fatty acid (FA) serum concentrations and weight percentages (wt %), which may be associated with the age of onset of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We investigated the correlations between serum FA levels and proportions at admission and the age of onset of AIS. We evaluated patients with AIS admitted between 2016 and 2019 within 24 h of AIS onset and calculated the correlation coefficients between their ages, serum FA concentrations, and FA wt % values. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify independent FAs indicating AIS age of onset. Furthermore, we estimated the threshold values of independent FAs for age of onset <60 years using receiver operating characteristic curves by logistic regression. A total of 525 patients (median age: 75 years) met the inclusion criteria. The concentration of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) and wt % of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were significant independent variables for age of onset of AIS, and receiver operating characteristic curves for age of onset <60 years showed thresholds of ≥117.7 µmol/L for DGLA and ≤3.7% for DHA. An increased DGLA concentration and decreased DHA wt % were significantly associated with onset of AIS at a younger age. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Value of Seafood)

11 pages, 641 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Food Sources and Expenditures for Seafood in the United States

by David C. Love, Frank Asche, Zach Conrad, Ruth Young, Jamie Harding, Elizabeth M. Nussbaumer, Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman and Roni Neff

Nutrients 2020, 12(6), 1810; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061810 - 17 Jun 2020

Cited by 66 | Viewed by 13609

Abstract

The aim of this study was to explore United States (U.S.) seafood consumption patterns, food sourcing, expenditures, and geography of consumption. We analyzed seafood intake and food sourcing using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles 2007–2008 to 2015–2016 for US [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to explore United States (U.S.) seafood consumption patterns, food sourcing, expenditures, and geography of consumption. We analyzed seafood intake and food sourcing using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles 2007–2008 to 2015–2016 for US adults ≥19 years old (n = 26,743 total respondents; n = 4957 respondents consumed seafood in the past 24 h). Seafood expenditures were extrapolated by combining NHANES with three other public datasets. U.S. adults consumed 63% of seafood (by weight) at home. The top sources of seafood (by weight) were food retail (56%), restaurants (31%), and caught by the respondent or someone they know (5%). Sixty-five percent of consumer expenditures for seafood were at restaurants and other “away from home” sources while 35% were at retail and other “at home” sources. Slightly less than half of overall U.S. food expenditures are “away from home,” which is much lower than for seafood, suggesting that consumers have very different spending habits for seafood than for an aggregate of all foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Value of Seafood)

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Review

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12 pages, 291 KiB

Open AccessReview

Farmed Mussels: A Nutritive Protein Source, Rich in Omega-3 Fatty Acids, with a Low Environmental Footprint

by Elham Yaghubi, Stefano Carboni, Rhiannon M. J. Snipe, Christopher S. Shaw, Jackson J. Fyfe, Craig M. Smith, Gunveen Kaur, Sze-Yen Tan and David. Lee Hamilton

Nutrients 2021, 13(4), 1124; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041124 - 29 Mar 2021

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 10929

Abstract

The world’s ever-growing population presents a major challenge in providing sustainable food options and in reducing pressures on the Earth’s agricultural land and freshwater resources. Current estimates suggest that agriculture contributes ~30% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Additionally, there is an increased [...] Read more.

The world’s ever-growing population presents a major challenge in providing sustainable food options and in reducing pressures on the Earth’s agricultural land and freshwater resources. Current estimates suggest that agriculture contributes ~30% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Additionally, there is an increased demand for animal protein, the production of which is particularly polluting. Therefore, the climate-disrupting potential of feeding the planet is likely to substantially worsen in the future. Due to the nutritional value of animal-based protein, it is not a simple solution to recommend a wholesale reduction in production/consumption of animal proteins. Rather, employing strategies which result in the production of low carbon animal protein may be part of the solution to reduce the GHGs associated with our diets without compromising diet quality. We suggest that farmed mussels may present a partial solution to this dilemma. Mussel production has a relatively low GHG production and does not put undue pressure on land or fresh water supplies. By drawing comparisons to other protein sources using the Australian Food and Nutrient Database and other published data, we demonstrate that they are a sustainable source of high-quality protein, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, phytosterols, and other key micronutrients such as B-12 and iron. The aim of this review is to summarise the current knowledge on the health benefits and potential risks of increasing the consumption of farmed mussels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Value of Seafood)

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