Plants

25 pages, 1244 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Plant Secondary Metabolites against Skin Photodamage: Mexican Plants, a Potential Source of UV-Radiation Protectant Molecules

by Ana Mariel Torres-Contreras, Antoni Garcia-Baeza, Heriberto Rafael Vidal-Limon, Isaias Balderas-Renteria, Mónica A. Ramírez-Cabrera and Karla Ramirez-Estrada

Plants 2022, 11(2), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020220 - 15 Jan 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6238

Abstract

Human skin works as a barrier against the adverse effects of environmental agents, including ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Exposure to UVR is associated with a variety of harmful effects on the skin, and it is one of the most common health concerns. Solar UVR [...] Read more.

Human skin works as a barrier against the adverse effects of environmental agents, including ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Exposure to UVR is associated with a variety of harmful effects on the skin, and it is one of the most common health concerns. Solar UVR constitutes the major etiological factor in the development of cutaneous malignancy. However, more than 90% of skin cancer cases could be avoided with appropriate preventive measures such as regular sunscreen use. Plants, constantly irradiated by sunlight, are able to synthesize specialized molecules to fight against UVR damage. Phenolic compounds, alkaloids and carotenoids constitute the major plant secondary metabolism compounds with relevant UVR protection activities. Hence, plants are an important source of molecules used to avoid UVR damage, reduce photoaging and prevent skin cancers and related illnesses. Due to its significance, we reviewed the main plant secondary metabolites related to UVR protection and its reported mechanisms. In addition, we summarized the research in Mexican plants related to UV protection. We presented the most studied Mexican plants and the photoprotective molecules found in them. Additionally, we analyzed the studies conducted to elucidate the mechanism of photoprotection of those molecules and their potential use as ingredients in sunscreen formulas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Resources of Medicinal and Cosmetic Plants)

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27 pages, 1329 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Genome Editing in Crop Plant Research—Alignment of Expectations and Current Developments

by Meike Hüdig, Natalie Laibach and Anke-Christiane Hein

Plants 2022, 11(2), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020212 - 14 Jan 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5108

Abstract

The rapid development of genome editing and other new genomic techniques (NGT) has evoked manifold expectations on purposes of the application of these techniques to crop plants. In this study, we identify and align these expectations with current scientific development. We apply a [...] Read more.

The rapid development of genome editing and other new genomic techniques (NGT) has evoked manifold expectations on purposes of the application of these techniques to crop plants. In this study, we identify and align these expectations with current scientific development. We apply a semi-quantitative text analysis approach on political, economic, and scientific opinion papers to disentangle and extract expectations towards the application of NGT-based plants. Using the sustainable development goals (SDG) of the 2030 agenda as categories, we identify contributions to food security or adaptation to climatic changes as the most frequently mentioned expectations, accompanied by the notion of sustainable agriculture and food systems. We then link SDG with relevant plant traits and review existing research and commercial field trials for genome-edited crop plants. For a detailed analysis we pick as representative traits drought tolerance and resistance against fungal pathogens. Diverse genetic setscrews for both traits have been identified, modified, and tested under laboratory conditions, although there are only a few in the field. All in all, NGT-plants that can withstand more than one stressor or different environments are not documented in advanced development states. We further conclude that developing new plants with modified traits will not be sufficient to reach food security or adaption to climatic changes in a short time frame. Further scientific development of sustainable agricultural systems will need to play an important role to tackle SDG challenges, as well. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Genome Editing: Progress, Achievements, Applications and Future Prospects)

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19 pages, 1738 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Current Status and Future Prospective for Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

by Anamaria Mălinaş, Roxana Vidican, Ioan Rotar, Cristian Mălinaş, Cristina Maria Moldovan and Marian Proorocu

Plants 2022, 11(2), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020217 - 14 Jan 2022

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 5381

Abstract

Although essential for achieving high crop yields required for the growing population worldwide, nitrogen, (N) in large amounts, along with its inefficient use, results in environmental pollution and increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, improved nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) has a significant role [...] Read more.

Although essential for achieving high crop yields required for the growing population worldwide, nitrogen, (N) in large amounts, along with its inefficient use, results in environmental pollution and increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, improved nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) has a significant role to play in the development of more sustainable crop production systems. Considering that wheat is one of the major crops cultivated in the world and contributes in high amounts to the large N footprint, designing sustainable wheat crop patterns, briefly defined by us in this review as the 3 Qs (high quantity, good quality and the quintessence of natural environment health) is urgently required. There are numerous indices used to benchmark N management for a specific crop, including wheat, but the misunderstanding of their specific functions could result in an under/overestimation of crop NUE. Thus, a better understanding of N dynamics in relation to wheat N cycling can enhance a higher efficiency of N use. In this sense, the aim of our review is to provide a critical analysis on the current knowledge with respect to wheat NUE. Further, considering the key traits involved in N uptake, assimilation, distribution and utilization efficiency, as well as genetics (G), environment (E) and management (M) interactions, we suggest a series of future perspectives that can enhance a better efficiency of N in wheat. Full article

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25 pages, 718 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Novel Approaches for Species Concepts and Delimitation in Polyploids and Hybrids

by Elvira Hörandl

Plants 2022, 11(2), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020204 - 13 Jan 2022

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4730

Abstract

Hybridization and polyploidization are important processes for plant evolution. However, classification of hybrid or polyploid species has been notoriously difficult because of the complexity of processes and different evolutionary scenarios that do not fit with classical species concepts. Polyploid complexes are formed via [...] Read more.

Hybridization and polyploidization are important processes for plant evolution. However, classification of hybrid or polyploid species has been notoriously difficult because of the complexity of processes and different evolutionary scenarios that do not fit with classical species concepts. Polyploid complexes are formed via combinations of allopolyploidy, autopolyploidy and homoploid hybridization with persisting sexual reproduction, resulting in many discrete lineages that have been classified as species. Polyploid complexes with facultative apomixis result in complicated net-work like clusters, or rarely in agamospecies. Various case studies illustrate the problems that apply to traditional species concepts to hybrids and polyploids. Conceptual progress can be made if lineage formation is accepted as an inevitable consequence of meiotic sex, which is established already in the first eukaryotes as a DNA restoration tool. The turnaround of the viewpoint that sex forms species as lineages helps to overcome traditional thinking of species as “units”. Lineage formation and self-sustainability is the prerequisite for speciation and can also be applied to hybrids and polyploids. Species delimitation is aided by the improved recognition of lineages via various novel -omics methods, by understanding meiosis functions, and by recognizing functional phenotypes by considering morphological-physiological-ecological adaptations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversification in Plants through Polyploidization and Hybridization Processes)

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14 pages, 3149 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Metabolic and Physiological Regulation of Aspartic Acid-Mediated Enhancement of Heat Stress Tolerance in Perennial Ryegrass

by Shuhan Lei, Stephanie Rossi and Bingru Huang

Plants 2022, 11(2), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020199 - 13 Jan 2022

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 4853

Abstract

Aspartate is the most critical amino acid in the aspartate metabolic pathway, which is associated with multiple metabolic pathways, such as protein synthesis, nucleotide metabolism, TCA cycle, glycolysis, and hormone biosynthesis. Aspartate also plays an important role in plant resistance to abiotic stress, [...] Read more.

Aspartate is the most critical amino acid in the aspartate metabolic pathway, which is associated with multiple metabolic pathways, such as protein synthesis, nucleotide metabolism, TCA cycle, glycolysis, and hormone biosynthesis. Aspartate also plays an important role in plant resistance to abiotic stress, such as cold stress, drought stress, salt stress or heavy metal stress. This study found that the chlorophyll content and antioxidant active enzyme content (SOD, CAT, POD and APX) of perennial ryegrass treated with 2 mM aspartate were significantly higher than those treated with water under heat stress. The electrolyte leakage rate, MDA content and peroxide levels (O²⁻ and H₂O₂) of perennial ryegrass treated with aspartate were significantly lower than those of perennial ryegrass treated with water, indicating that exogenous aspartate increases the content of chlorophyll, maintain the integrity of cell membrane system, and enhances SOD-CAT antioxidant pathway to eliminate the oxidative damage caused by ROS in perennial ryegrass under heat stress. Furthermore, exogenous aspartate could enhance the TCA cycle, the metabolism of the amino acids related to the TCA cycle, and pyrimidine metabolism to enhance the heat tolerance of perennial ryegrass. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Physiological and Molecular Characterization of Crop Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses)

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16 pages, 779 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Apple Fruit Growth and Quality Depend on the Position in Tree Canopy

by Darius Kviklys, Jonas Viškelis, Mindaugas Liaudanskas, Valdimaras Janulis, Kristina Laužikė, Giedrė Samuolienė, Nobertas Uselis and Juozas Lanauskas

Plants 2022, 11(2), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020196 - 12 Jan 2022

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4674

Abstract

Modern apple orchard systems should guarantee homogeneity of fruit internal and external qualities and fruit maturity parameters. However, when orchards reach productive age, a variation of these parameters takes place and mostly it is related to uneven light distribution within the tree canopy. [...] Read more.

Modern apple orchard systems should guarantee homogeneity of fruit internal and external qualities and fruit maturity parameters. However, when orchards reach productive age, a variation of these parameters takes place and mostly it is related to uneven light distribution within the tree canopy. The aim of the study was to evaluate the canopy position’s effect on fruit internal and external quality parameters. This is the first study where all the main fruit quality and maturation parameters were evaluated on the same trees and were related to the light conditions and photosynthetic parameters. Four fruit positions were tested: top of the apple tree, lower inside part of the canopy, and east and west sides of the apple tree. Fruit quality variability was significant for fruit size, blush, colour indices, total sugar content, dry matter concentration, accumulation of secondary metabolites and radical scavenging activity. Fruit position in the canopy did not affect flesh firmness and fruit maturity parameters such as the starch index, Streif index and respiration rate. At the Lithuanian geographical location (55°60′ N), significantly, the highest fruit quality was achieved at the top of the apple tree. The tendency was established that apple fruits from the west side of the canopy have better fruit quality than from the east side and it could be related to better light conditions at the west side of the tree. Inside the canopy, fruits were distinguished only by the higher accumulation of triterpenic compounds and higher content of malic acid. Light is a main factor of fruit quality variation, thus all orchard management practices, including narrow two-dimensional tree canopies and reflecting ground covers which improve light penetration through the tree canopy, should be applied. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from Conference of CYSENI 2021)

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31 pages, 4986 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

DNA Methylation Changes and Its Associated Genes in Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Yu-711 Response to Drought Stress Using MethylRAD Sequencing

by Michael Ackah, Liangliang Guo, Shaocong Li, Xin Jin, Charles Asakiya, Evans Tawiah Aboagye, Feng Yuan, Mengmeng Wu, Lionnelle Gyllye Essoh, Daniel Adjibolosoo, Thomas Attaribo, Qiaonan Zhang, Changyu Qiu, Qiang Lin and Weiguo Zhao

Plants 2022, 11(2), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020190 - 12 Jan 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3341

Abstract

Drought stress remains one of the most detrimental environmental cues affecting plant growth and survival. In this work, the DNA methylome changes in mulberry leaves under drought stress (EG) and control (CK) and their impact on gene regulation were investigated by MethylRAD sequencing. [...] Read more.

Drought stress remains one of the most detrimental environmental cues affecting plant growth and survival. In this work, the DNA methylome changes in mulberry leaves under drought stress (EG) and control (CK) and their impact on gene regulation were investigated by MethylRAD sequencing. The results show 138,464 (37.37%) and 56,241 (28.81%) methylation at the CG and CWG sites (W = A or T), respectively, in the mulberry genome between drought stress and control. The distribution of the methylome was prevalent in the intergenic, exonic, intronic and downstream regions of the mulberry plant genome. In addition, we discovered 170 DMGs (129 in CG sites and 41 in CWG sites) and 581 DMS (413 in CG sites and 168 in CWG sites). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicates that phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, spliceosome, amino acid biosynthesis, carbon metabolism, RNA transport, plant hormone, signal transduction pathways, and quorum sensing play a crucial role in mulberry response to drought stress. Furthermore, the qRT-PCR analysis indicates that the selected 23 genes enriched in the KEGG pathways are differentially expressed, and 86.96% of the genes share downregulated methylation and 13.04% share upregulation methylation status, indicating the complex link between DNA methylation and gene regulation. This study serves as fundamentals in discovering the epigenomic status and the pathways that will significantly enhance mulberry breeding for adaptation to a wide range of environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chromatin Integration and Dynamics of Environmental Cues)

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12 pages, 12585 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Elevated Temperature on Root System Development of Two Lupine Species

by Virgilija Gavelienė, Sigita Jurkonienė, Elžbieta Jankovska-Bortkevič and Danguolė Švegždienė

Plants 2022, 11(2), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020192 - 12 Jan 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2311

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of elevated temperature on the growth, morphology and spatial orientation of lupine roots at the initial stages of development and on the formation of lupine root architecture at later stages. Two lupine species [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of elevated temperature on the growth, morphology and spatial orientation of lupine roots at the initial stages of development and on the formation of lupine root architecture at later stages. Two lupine species were studied—the invasive Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. and the non-invasive L. luteus L. The plants were grown in climate chambers under 25 °C and simulated warming at 30 °C conditions. The angle of root curvature towards the vector of gravity was measured at the 48th hour of growth, and during a 4-h period after 90° reorientation. Root biometrical, histological measurements were carried out on 7-day-old and 30-day-old plants. The elevation of 5 °C affected root formation of the two lupine species differently. The initial roots of L. polyphyllus were characterized by worse spatial orientation, reduced growth and reduced mitotic index of root apical meristem at 30 °C compared with 25 °C. The length of primary roots of 30-day-old lupines and the number of lateral roots decreased by 14% and 16%, respectively. More intense root development and formation were observed in non-invasive L. luteus at 30 °C. Our results provide important information on the effect of elevated temperature on the formation of root architecture in two lupine species and suggest that global warming may impact the invasiveness of these species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Adaptation to Elevated CO₂ and Temperature)

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15 pages, 1905 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Trichoderma-Induced Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Solanum Species: A Meta-Analysis

by Samuele Risoli, Lorenzo Cotrozzi, Sabrina Sarrocco, Maria Nuzzaci, Elisa Pellegrini and Antonella Vitti

Plants 2022, 11(2), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020180 - 11 Jan 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3033

Abstract

With the idea of summarizing the outcomes of studies focusing on the resistance induced by Trichoderma spp. against Botrytis cinerea in tomato, the present paper shows, for the first time, results of a meta-analysis performed on studies published from 2010 to 2021 concerning [...] Read more.

With the idea of summarizing the outcomes of studies focusing on the resistance induced by Trichoderma spp. against Botrytis cinerea in tomato, the present paper shows, for the first time, results of a meta-analysis performed on studies published from 2010 to 2021 concerning the cross-talk occurring in the tomato–Trichoderma-B. cinerea system. Starting from an initial set of 40 papers, the analysis was performed on 15 works and included nine parameters, as a result of a stringent selection mainly based on the availability of more than one article including the same indicator. The resulting work not only emphasizes the beneficial effects of Trichoderma in the control of grey mold in tomato leaves (reduction in disease intensity, severity and incidence and modulation of resistance genes in the host), but carefully drives the readers to reply to two questions: (i) What are the overall effects of Trichoderma on B. cinerea infection in tomato? (ii) Do the main effects of Trichoderma differ based on the tomato species, Trichoderma species, amount, type and duration of treatment? At the same time, this meta-analysis highlights some weak points of the available literature and should be seen as an invitation to improve future works to better the conceptualization and measure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Control of Plant Diseases)

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30 pages, 2859 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Role of Phaseolus vulgaris L. in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases—Cardioprotective Potential of Bioactive Compounds

by Lyanne Rodríguez, Diego Mendez, Hector Montecino, Basilio Carrasco, Barbara Arevalo, Iván Palomo and Eduardo Fuentes

Plants 2022, 11(2), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020186 - 11 Jan 2022

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5172

Abstract

In terms of safe and healthy food, beans play a relevant role. This crop belongs to the species of Phaseolusvulgaris L., being the most consumed legume worldwide, both for poor and developed countries, the latter seek to direct their diet to healthy [...] Read more.

In terms of safe and healthy food, beans play a relevant role. This crop belongs to the species of Phaseolusvulgaris L., being the most consumed legume worldwide, both for poor and developed countries, the latter seek to direct their diet to healthy feeding, mainly low in fat. Phaseolus vulgaris L. stands out in this area—an important source of protein, vitamins, essential minerals, soluble fiber, starch, phytochemicals, and low in fat from foods. This species has been attributed many beneficial properties for health; it has effects on the circulatory system, immune system, digestive system, among others. It has been suggested that Phaseolus vulgaris L. has a relevant role in the prevention of cardiovascular events, the main cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Conversely, the decrease in the consumption of this legume has been related to an increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases. This review will allow us to relate the nutritional level of this species with cardiovascular events, based on the correlation of the main bioactive compounds and their role as cardiovascular protectors, in addition to revealing the main mechanisms that explain the cardioprotective effects regulated by the bioactive components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Frontiers in Phytochemicals)

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23 pages, 1640 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Plant Flavonoids in Mediterranean Species: A Focus on Flavonols as Protective Metabolites under Climate Stress

by Justine Laoué, Catherine Fernandez and Elena Ormeño

Plants 2022, 11(2), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020172 - 10 Jan 2022

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 4920

Abstract

Flavonoids are specialized metabolites largely widespread in plants where they play numerous roles including defense and signaling under stress conditions. These compounds encompass several chemical subgroups such as flavonols which are one the most represented classes. The most studied flavonols are kaempferol, quercetin [...] Read more.

Flavonoids are specialized metabolites largely widespread in plants where they play numerous roles including defense and signaling under stress conditions. These compounds encompass several chemical subgroups such as flavonols which are one the most represented classes. The most studied flavonols are kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin to which research attributes antioxidative properties and a potential role in UV-defense through UV-screening mechanisms making them critical for plant adaptation to climate change. Despite the great interest in flavonol functions in the last decades, some functional aspects remain under debate. This review summarizes the importance of flavonoids in plant defense against climate stressors and as signal molecules with a focus on flavonols in Mediterranean plant species. The review emphasizes the relationship between flavonol location (at the organ, tissue and cellular scales) and their function as defense metabolites against climate-related stresses. It also provides evidence that biosynthesis of flavonols, or flavonoids as a whole, could be a crucial process allowing plants to adapt to climate change, especially in the Mediterranean area which is considered as one of the most sensitive regions to climate change over the globe. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolomic and Morphological Adaptations of Terrestrial Ecosystems under Global Change)

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55 pages, 19977 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ethnomedicinal and Ethnobotanical Survey in the Aosta Valley Side of the Gran Paradiso National Park (Western Alps, Italy)

by Cristina Danna, Laura Poggio, Antonella Smeriglio, Mauro Mariotti and Laura Cornara

Plants 2022, 11(2), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020170 - 9 Jan 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3694

Abstract

Most of traditional knowledge about plants and their uses is fast disappearing because of socio-economic and land use changes. This trend is also occurring in bio-cultural refugia, such as mountain areas. New data on Traditional Ethnobotanical Knowledge (TEK) of Italian alpine regions were [...] Read more.

Most of traditional knowledge about plants and their uses is fast disappearing because of socio-economic and land use changes. This trend is also occurring in bio-cultural refugia, such as mountain areas. New data on Traditional Ethnobotanical Knowledge (TEK) of Italian alpine regions were collected relating to three valleys (Cogne, Valsavarenche, Rhêmes) of the Gran Paradiso National Park. Extensive dialogues and semi-structured interviews with 68 native informants (30 men, 38 women; mean age 70) were carried out between 2017 and 2019. A total of 3918 reports were collected, concerning 217 taxa (including 10 mushrooms, 1 lichen) mainly used for medicinal (42%) and food (33%) purposes. Minor uses were related to liquor making (7%), domestic (7%), veterinary (5%), forage (4%), cosmetic (1%) and other (2%). Medicinal plants were used to treat 14 ailment categories, of which the most important were respiratory (22%), digestive (19%), skin (13%), musculoskeletal (10%) and genitourinary (10%) diseases. Data were also evaluated by quantitative ethnobotanical indexes. The results show a rich and alive traditional knowledge concerning plants uses in the Gran Paradiso National Park. Plants resources may provide new opportunities from the scientific point of view, for the valorization of local products for health community and for sustainable land management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Bioactive Compounds in Plants)

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16 pages, 2339 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

HS-SPME-GC–MS Volatile Profile Characterization of Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) Varieties Grown in the Eastern Balkan Peninsula

by Dasha Mihaylova, Aneta Popova, Radka Vrancheva and Ivayla Dincheva

Plants 2022, 11(2), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020166 - 8 Jan 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2864

Abstract

The volatile compounds of eight peach varieties (Prunus persica L.)—“Filina”, “Gergana”, “Ufo-4”, “July lady”, “Laskava”, “Flat Queen”, “Evmolpiya”, and “Morsiani 90”—growing in Bulgaria were analyzed for the first time. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis and the HS-SPME technique revealed the presence of [...] Read more.

The volatile compounds of eight peach varieties (Prunus persica L.)—“Filina”, “Gergana”, “Ufo-4”, “July lady”, “Laskava”, “Flat Queen”, “Evmolpiya”, and “Morsiani 90”—growing in Bulgaria were analyzed for the first time. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis and the HS-SPME technique revealed the presence of 65 volatile compounds; the main identified components were aldehydes, esters, and fatty acids. According to the provided principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), the relative quantities of the identified volatile compounds depended on the studied peach variety. The results obtained could be successfully applied for the metabolic chemotaxonomy of peaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights in the Research of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Origin with Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Potential)

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19 pages, 3136 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Down-Regulation of Cytokinin Receptor Gene SlHK2 Improves Plant Tolerance to Drought, Heat, and Combined Stresses in Tomato

by Naveed Mushtaq, Yong Wang, Junmiao Fan, Yi Li and Jing Ding

Plants 2022, 11(2), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020154 - 7 Jan 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 2907

Abstract

Environmental stresses negatively affect the growth and development of plants. Several previous studies have elucidated the response mechanisms of plants to drought and heat applied separately; however, these two abiotic stresses often coincide in environmental conditions. The global climate change pattern has projected [...] Read more.

Environmental stresses negatively affect the growth and development of plants. Several previous studies have elucidated the response mechanisms of plants to drought and heat applied separately; however, these two abiotic stresses often coincide in environmental conditions. The global climate change pattern has projected that combined drought and heat stresses will tend to increase in the near future. In this study, we down-regulated the expression of a cytokinin receptor gene SlHK2 using RNAi and investigated the role of this gene in regulating plant responses to individual drought, heat, and combined stresses (drought + heat) in tomato. Compared to the wild-type (WT), SlHK2 RNAi plants exhibited fewer stress symptoms in response to individual and combined stress treatments. The enhanced abiotic stress tolerance of SlHK2 RNAi plants can be associated with increased membrane stability, osmoprotectant accumulation, and antioxidant enzyme activities. Furthermore, photosynthesis machinery was also protected in SlHK2 RNAi plants. Collectively, our results show that down-regulation of the cytokinin receptor gene SlHK2, and consequently cytokinin signaling, can improve plant tolerance to drought, heat, and combined stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Responses to Abiotic Stresses)

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15 pages, 4275 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Study on the Role of Phytohormones in Resistance to Watermelon Fusarium Wilt

by Feiying Zhu, Zhiwei Wang, Yong Fang, Jianhua Tong, Jing Xiang, Kankan Yang and Ruozhong Wang

Plants 2022, 11(2), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020156 - 7 Jan 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3247

Abstract

Fusarium wilt disease is one of the major diseases causing a decline in watermelon yield and quality. Researches have informed that phytohormones play essential roles in regulating plants growth, development, and stress defendants. However, the molecular mechanism of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid [...] Read more.

Fusarium wilt disease is one of the major diseases causing a decline in watermelon yield and quality. Researches have informed that phytohormones play essential roles in regulating plants growth, development, and stress defendants. However, the molecular mechanism of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and abscisic acid (ABA) in resistance to watermelon Fusarium wilt remains unknown. In this experiment, we established the SA, JA, and ABA determination system in watermelon roots, and analyzed their roles in against watermelon Fusarium wilt compared to the resistant and susceptible varieties using transcriptome sequencing and RT-qPCR. Our results revealed that the up-regulated expression of Cla97C09G174770, Cla97C05G089520, Cla97C05G081210, Cla97C04G071000, and Cla97C10G198890 genes in resistant variety were key factors against (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Niveum) FON infection at 7 dpi. Additionally, there might be crosstalk between SA, JA, and ABA, caused by those differentially expressed (non-pathogen-related) NPRs, (Jasmonate-resistant) JAR, and (Pyrabactin resistance 1-like) PYLs genes, to trigger the plant immune system against FON infection. Overall, our results provide a theoretical basis for watermelon resistance breeding, in which phytohormones participate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecological Processes of Root–Soil Interface)

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27 pages, 2393 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Biostimulants in Viticulture: A Sustainable Approach against Biotic and Abiotic Stresses

by Eleonora Cataldo, Maddalena Fucile and Giovan Battista Mattii

Plants 2022, 11(2), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020162 - 7 Jan 2022

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 8372

Abstract

Climate change and disproportionate anthropogenic interventions, such as the excess of phytopharmaceutical products and continuous soil tillage, are jeopardizing viticulture by subjecting plants to continuous abiotic stress. One of the main physiological repercussions of abiotic stress is represented by the unbalanced redox homeostasis [...] Read more.

Climate change and disproportionate anthropogenic interventions, such as the excess of phytopharmaceutical products and continuous soil tillage, are jeopardizing viticulture by subjecting plants to continuous abiotic stress. One of the main physiological repercussions of abiotic stress is represented by the unbalanced redox homeostasis due to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), ultimately leading to a state of oxidative stress (detrimental to grape quality). To these are added the direct and indirect damages caused by pathogens (biotic stresses). In light of this scenario, it is inevitable that sustainable techniques and sensitivity approaches for environmental and human health have to be applied in viticulture. Sustainable viticulture can only be made with the aid of sustainable products. Biostimulant (PB) applications (including resistance inducers or elicitors) in the vineyard have become interesting maneuvers for counteracting vine diseases and improving grape quality. These also represent a partial alternative to soil fertilization by improving nutrient absorption and avoiding its leaching into the groundwater. Their role as elicitors has important repercussions in the stimulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway by triggering the activation of several enzymes, such as polyphenol oxidase, lipoxygenase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and peroxidase (with the accumulation of phenolic compounds). The present review paper summarizes the PBs’ implications in viticulture, gathering historical, functional, and applicative information. This work aims to highlight the innumerable beneficial effects on vines brought by these products. It also serves to spur the scientific community to a greater contribution in investigating the response mechanisms of the plant to positive inductions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Agriculture)

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23 pages, 4127 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Growth and Nutritional Quality of Lemnaceae Viewed Comparatively in an Ecological and Evolutionary Context

by Barbara Demmig-Adams, Marina López-Pozo, Stephanie K. Polutchko, Paul Fourounjian, Jared J. Stewart, Madeleine C. Zenir and William W. Adams III

Plants 2022, 11(2), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020145 - 6 Jan 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3131

Abstract

This review focuses on recently characterized traits of the aquatic floating plant Lemna with an emphasis on its capacity to combine rapid growth with the accumulation of high levels of the essential human micronutrient zeaxanthin due to an unusual pigment composition not seen [...] Read more.

This review focuses on recently characterized traits of the aquatic floating plant Lemna with an emphasis on its capacity to combine rapid growth with the accumulation of high levels of the essential human micronutrient zeaxanthin due to an unusual pigment composition not seen in other fast-growing plants. In addition, Lemna’s response to elevated CO₂ was evaluated in the context of the source–sink balance between plant sugar production and consumption. These and other traits of Lemnaceae are compared with those of other floating aquatic plants as well as terrestrial plants adapted to different environments. It was concluded that the unique features of aquatic plants reflect adaptations to the freshwater environment, including rapid growth, high productivity, and exceptionally strong accumulation of high-quality vegetative storage protein and human antioxidant micronutrients. It was further concluded that the insensitivity of growth rate to environmental conditions and plant source–sink imbalance may allow duckweeds to take advantage of elevated atmospheric CO₂ levels via particularly strong stimulation of biomass production and only minor declines in the growth of new tissue. It is proposed that declines in nutritional quality under elevated CO₂ (due to regulatory adjustments in photosynthetic metabolism) may be mitigated by plant–microbe interaction, for which duckweeds have a high propensity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Duckweed: Research Meets Applications)

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29 pages, 1726 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Phytochemical Composition of Different Botanical Parts of Morus Species, Health Benefits and Application in Food Industry

by Adriana Ramona Memete, Adrian Vasile Timar, Adrian Nicolae Vuscan, Florina Miere (Groza), Alina Cristiana Venter and Simona Ioana Vicas

Plants 2022, 11(2), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020152 - 6 Jan 2022

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 7767

Abstract

In recent years, mulberry has acquired a special importance due to its phytochemical composition and its beneficial effects on human health, including antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic and immunomodulatory effects. Botanical parts of Morus sp. (fruits, leaves, twigs, roots) are considered a rich source of [...] Read more.

In recent years, mulberry has acquired a special importance due to its phytochemical composition and its beneficial effects on human health, including antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic and immunomodulatory effects. Botanical parts of Morus sp. (fruits, leaves, twigs, roots) are considered a rich source of secondary metabolites. The aim of our study was to highlight the phytochemical profile of each of the botanical parts of Morus tree, their health benefits and applications in food industry with an updated review of literature. Black and white mulberries are characterized in terms of predominant phenolic compounds in correlation with their medical applications. In addition to anthocyanins (mainly cyanidin-3-O-glucoside), black mulberry fruits also contain flavonols and phenolic acids. The leaves are a rich source of flavonols, including quercetin and kaempferol in the glycosylated forms and chlorogenic acid as predominant phenolic acids. Mulberry bark roots and twigs are a source of prenylated flavonoids, predominantly morusin. In this context, the exploitation of mulberry in food industry is reviewed in this paper, in terms of developing novel, functional food with multiple health-promoting effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Plant Extracts)

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16 pages, 1448 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Harvest Time and Pruning Technique on Total CBD Concentration and Yield of Medicinal Cannabis

by Danilo Crispim Massuela, Jens Hartung, Sebastian Munz, Federico Erpenbach and Simone Graeff-Hönninger

Plants 2022, 11(1), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11010140 - 5 Jan 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 16448

Abstract

The definition of optimum harvest and pruning interventions are important factors varying inflorescence yield and cannabinoid composition. This study investigated the impact of (i) harvest time (HT) and (ii) pruning techniques (PT) on plant biomass accumulation, CBD and CBDA-concentrations and total CBD yield [...] Read more.

The definition of optimum harvest and pruning interventions are important factors varying inflorescence yield and cannabinoid composition. This study investigated the impact of (i) harvest time (HT) and (ii) pruning techniques (PT) on plant biomass accumulation, CBD and CBDA-concentrations and total CBD yield of a chemotype III medical cannabis genotype under indoor cultivation. The experiment consisted of four HTs between 5 and 11 weeks of flowering and three PTs-apical cut (T); removal of side shoots (L) and control (C), not pruned plants. Results showed that inflorescence dry weight increased continuously, while the total CBD concentration did not differ significantly over time. For the studied genotype, optimum harvest time defined by highest total CBD yield was found at 9 weeks of flowering. Total CBD-concentration of inflorescences in different fractions of the plant’s height was significantly higher in the top (9.9%) in comparison with mid (8.2%) and low (7.7%) fractions. The T plants produced significantly higher dry weight of inflorescences and leaves than L and C. Total CBD yield of inflorescences for PTs were significantly different among pruned groups, but do not differ from the control group. However, a trend for higher yields was observed (T > C > L). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies on Cannabis sativa and Cannabinoids)

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26 pages, 2875 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Challenges in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants DNA Barcoding—Lessons from the Lamiaceae

by Nazia Nazar, Caroline Howard, Adrian Slater and Tiziana Sgamma

Plants 2022, 11(1), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11010137 - 5 Jan 2022

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 6920

Abstract

The potential value of DNA barcoding for the identification of medicinal plants and authentication of traded plant materials has been widely recognized; however, a number of challenges remain before DNA methods are fully accepted as an essential quality control method by industry and [...] Read more.

The potential value of DNA barcoding for the identification of medicinal plants and authentication of traded plant materials has been widely recognized; however, a number of challenges remain before DNA methods are fully accepted as an essential quality control method by industry and regulatory authorities. The successes and limitations of conventional DNA barcoding are considered in relation to important members of the Lamiaceae. The mint family (Lamiaceae) contains over one thousand species recorded as having a medicinal use, with many more exploited in food and cosmetics for their aromatic properties. The family is characterized by a diversity of secondary products, most notably the essential oils (EOs) produced in external glandular structures on the aerial parts of the plant that typify well-known plants of the basil (Ocimum), lavender (Lavandula), mint (Mentha), thyme (Thymus), sage (Salvia) and related genera. This complex, species-rich family includes widely cultivated commercial hybrids and endangered wild-harvested traditional medicines, and examples of potential toxic adulterants within the family are explored in detail. The opportunities provided by next generation sequencing technologies to whole plastome barcoding and nuclear genome sequencing are also discussed with relevant examples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue DNA Barcoding for Herbal Medicines)

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16 pages, 4636 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Polyploidization Increases the Lipid Content and Improves the Nutritional Quality of Rice

by Wei Wang, Qiang Tu, Rongrong Chen, Pincang Lv, Yanqing Xu, Qian Xie, Zhaojian Song, Yuchi He, Detian Cai and Xianhua Zhang

Plants 2022, 11(1), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11010132 - 4 Jan 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2037

Abstract

Plant polyploidization is frequently associated with changes in nutrient contents. However, the possible contribution of metabolites to this change has not been investigated by characterizing the metabolite contents of diploid and tetraploid forms of rice (Oryza sativa L.). We compared the metabolites [...] Read more.

Plant polyploidization is frequently associated with changes in nutrient contents. However, the possible contribution of metabolites to this change has not been investigated by characterizing the metabolite contents of diploid and tetraploid forms of rice (Oryza sativa L.). We compared the metabolites of a group of diploid–tetraploid japonica brown rice and a group of diploid–tetraploid indica brown rice based on liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. In total, 401 metabolites were identified; of these, between the two diploid–tetraploid groups, 180 showed opposite expression trends, but 221 showed the same trends (147 higher abundance vs. 74 lower abundance). Hierarchical cluster analysis of differential metabolites between diploid and tetraploid species showed a clear grouping pattern, in which the expression abundance of lipids, amino acids and derivatives, and phenolic acids increased in tetraploids. Further analysis revealed that the lipids in tetraploid rice increased significantly, especially unsaturated fatty acids and phospholipids. This study provides further basis for understanding the changes in rice nutritional quality following polyploidization and may serve as a new theoretical reference for breeding eutrophic or functional rice varieties via polyploidization. Full article

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32 pages, 1403 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Genomic and Meiotic Changes Accompanying Polyploidization

by Francesco Blasio, Pilar Prieto, Mónica Pradillo and Tomás Naranjo

Plants 2022, 11(1), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11010125 - 3 Jan 2022

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4365

Abstract

Hybridization and polyploidy have been considered as significant evolutionary forces in adaptation and speciation, especially among plants. Interspecific gene flow generates novel genetic variants adaptable to different environments, but it is also a gene introgression mechanism in crops to increase their agronomical yield. [...] Read more.

Hybridization and polyploidy have been considered as significant evolutionary forces in adaptation and speciation, especially among plants. Interspecific gene flow generates novel genetic variants adaptable to different environments, but it is also a gene introgression mechanism in crops to increase their agronomical yield. An estimate of 9% of interspecific hybridization has been reported although the frequency varies among taxa. Homoploid hybrid speciation is rare compared to allopolyploidy. Chromosome doubling after hybridization is the result of cellular defects produced mainly during meiosis. Unreduced gametes, which are formed at an average frequency of 2.52% across species, are the result of altered spindle organization or orientation, disturbed kinetochore functioning, abnormal cytokinesis, or loss of any meiotic division. Meiotic changes and their genetic basis, leading to the cytological diploidization of allopolyploids, are just beginning to be understood especially in wheat. However, the nature and mode of action of homoeologous recombination suppressor genes are poorly understood in other allopolyploids. The merger of two independent genomes causes a deep modification of their architecture, gene expression, and molecular interactions leading to the phenotype. We provide an overview of genomic changes and transcriptomic modifications that particularly occur at the early stages of allopolyploid formation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Plants—Recent Advances and Perspectives)

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9 pages, 6782 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Corn Starch: Quality and Quantity Improvement for Industrial Uses

by Ju-Kyung Yu and Yong-Sun Moon

Plants 2022, 11(1), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11010092 - 28 Dec 2021

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 8209

Abstract

Corn starch serves as food, feed, and a raw material for industrial use. Starch makes up most of the biomass of the corn hybrid and is the most important and main yield component in corn breeding programs. Starch is composed of two polymers, [...] Read more.

Corn starch serves as food, feed, and a raw material for industrial use. Starch makes up most of the biomass of the corn hybrid and is the most important and main yield component in corn breeding programs. Starch is composed of two polymers, branched amylopectin and linear amylose, which normally constitute about 75% and 25% of the corn starch, respectively. Breeding for corn starch quality has become economically beneficial because of the development of niche markets for specialty grains. In addition, due to the increased demands of biofuel production, corn ethanol production is receiving more attention. Consequently, improving starch quantity has become one of the most important breeding objectives. This review will summarize the use of corn starch, and the genetics and breeding of grain quality and quantity for industrial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Analysis of Starch Metabolism in Plants)

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39 pages, 4451 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Hairy CRISPR: Genome Editing in Plants Using Hairy Root Transformation

by Alexey S. Kiryushkin, Elena L. Ilina, Elizaveta D. Guseva, Katharina Pawlowski and Kirill N. Demchenko

Plants 2022, 11(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11010051 - 24 Dec 2021

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 11060

Abstract

CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing is a powerful tool of plant functional genomics. Hairy root transformation is a rapid and convenient approach for obtaining transgenic roots. When combined, these techniques represent a fast and effective means of studying gene function. In this review, we outline [...] Read more.

CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing is a powerful tool of plant functional genomics. Hairy root transformation is a rapid and convenient approach for obtaining transgenic roots. When combined, these techniques represent a fast and effective means of studying gene function. In this review, we outline the current state of the art reached by the combination of these approaches over seven years. Additionally, we discuss the origins of different Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains that are widely used for hairy root transformation; the components of CRISPR/Cas vectors, such as the promoters that drive Cas or gRNA expression, the types of Cas nuclease, and selectable and screenable markers; and the application of CRISPR/Cas genome editing in hairy roots. The modification of the already known vector pKSE401 with the addition of the rice translational enhancer OsMac3 and the gene encoding the fluorescent protein DsRed1 is also described. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Genome Editing: Progress, Achievements, Applications and Future Prospects)

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21 pages, 6129 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Pistachio Nuts (Pistacia vera L.): Production, Nutrients, Bioactives and Novel Health Effects

by Giuseppina Mandalari, Davide Barreca, Teresa Gervasi, Michael A. Roussell, Bob Klein, Mary Jo Feeney and Arianna Carughi

Plants 2022, 11(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11010018 - 22 Dec 2021

Cited by 65 | Viewed by 15642

Abstract

Epidemiological and clinical studies have indicated positive outcomes related to tree nut consumption. Here, we review the production, nutrient, phytochemical composition and emerging research trends on the health benefits of pistachio nuts (Pistacia vera L.). Pistachios are a good source of protein, [...] Read more.

Epidemiological and clinical studies have indicated positive outcomes related to tree nut consumption. Here, we review the production, nutrient, phytochemical composition and emerging research trends on the health benefits of pistachio nuts (Pistacia vera L.). Pistachios are a good source of protein, fiber, monounsaturated fatty acids, minerals and vitamins, as well as carotenoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids and anthocyanins. Polyphenols in pistachios are important contributors to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect, as demonstrated in vitro and in vivo through animal studies and clinical trials. The antimicrobial and antiviral potential of pistachio polyphenols has also been assessed and could help overcome drug resistance. Pistachio consumption may play a role in cognitive function and has been associated with a positive modulation of the human gut microbiota and beneficial effects on skin health. Pistachio polyphenol extracts may affect enzymes involved in glucose regulation and so type 2 diabetes. Taken together, these data demonstrate the health benefits of including pistachios in the diet. Further studies are required to investigate the mechanisms involved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flavonoids: Secondary Metabolites with Multifunctional Biological Properties)

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16 pages, 2053 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

CottonGen: The Community Database for Cotton Genomics, Genetics, and Breeding Research

by Jing Yu, Sook Jung, Chun-Huai Cheng, Taein Lee, Ping Zheng, Katheryn Buble, James Crabb, Jodi Humann, Heidi Hough, Don Jones, J. Todd Campbell, Josh Udall and Dorrie Main

Plants 2021, 10(12), 2805; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122805 - 18 Dec 2021

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 6619

Abstract

Over the last eight years, the volume of whole genome, gene expression, SNP genotyping, and phenotype data generated by the cotton research community has exponentially increased. The efficient utilization/re-utilization of these complex and large datasets for knowledge discovery, translation, and application in crop [...] Read more.

Over the last eight years, the volume of whole genome, gene expression, SNP genotyping, and phenotype data generated by the cotton research community has exponentially increased. The efficient utilization/re-utilization of these complex and large datasets for knowledge discovery, translation, and application in crop improvement requires them to be curated, integrated with other types of data, and made available for access and analysis through efficient online search tools. Initiated in 2012, CottonGen is an online community database providing access to integrated peer-reviewed cotton genomic, genetic, and breeding data, and analysis tools. Used by cotton researchers worldwide, and managed by experts with crop-specific knowledge, it continuous to be the logical choice to integrate new data and provide necessary interfaces for information retrieval. The repository in CottonGen contains colleague, gene, genome, genotype, germplasm, map, marker, metabolite, phenotype, publication, QTL, species, transcriptome, and trait data curated by the CottonGen team. The number of data entries housed in CottonGen has increased dramatically, for example, since 2014 there has been an 18-fold increase in genes/mRNAs, a 23-fold increase in whole genomes, and a 372-fold increase in genotype data. New tools include a genetic map viewer, a genome browser, a synteny viewer, a metabolite pathways browser, sequence retrieval, BLAST, and a breeding information management system (BIMS), as well as various search pages for new data types. CottonGen serves as the home to the International Cotton Genome Initiative, managing its elections and serving as a communication and coordination hub for the community. With its extensive curation and integration of data and online tools, CottonGen will continue to facilitate utilization of its critical resources to empower research for cotton crop improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Genetic Resources and Their Use in Cotton Improvement)

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23 pages, 4960 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Characterization of Root System Architecture Traits in Diverse Soybean Genotypes Using a Semi-Hydroponic System

by Shuo Liu, Naheeda Begum, Tingting An, Tuanjie Zhao, Bingcheng Xu, Suiqi Zhang, Xiping Deng, Hon-Ming Lam, Henry T. Nguyen, Kadambot H. M. Siddique and Yinglong Chen

Plants 2021, 10(12), 2781; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122781 - 16 Dec 2021

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5169

Abstract

Phenotypic variation and correlations among root traits form the basis for selecting and breeding soybean varieties with efficient access to water and nutrients and better adaptation to abiotic stresses. Therefore, it is important to develop a simple and consistent system to study root [...] Read more.

Phenotypic variation and correlations among root traits form the basis for selecting and breeding soybean varieties with efficient access to water and nutrients and better adaptation to abiotic stresses. Therefore, it is important to develop a simple and consistent system to study root traits in soybean. In this study, we adopted the semi-hydroponic system to investigate the variability in root morphological traits of 171 soybean genotypes popularized in the Yangtze and Huaihe River regions, eastern China. Highly diverse phenotypes were observed: shoot height (18.7–86.7 cm per plant with a median of 52.3 cm); total root length (208–1663 cm per plant with a median of 885 cm); and root mass (dry weight) (19.4–251 mg per plant with a median of 124 mg). Both total root length and root mass exhibited significant positive correlation with shoot mass (p ≤ 0.05), indicating their relationship with plant growth and adaptation strategies. The nine selected traits contributed to one of the two principal components (eigenvalues > 1), accounting for 78.9% of the total genotypic variation. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis separated the 171 genotypes into five major groups based on these root traits. Three selected genotypes with contrasting root systems were validated in soil-filled rhizoboxes (1.5 m deep) until maturity. Consistent ranking of the genotypes in some important root traits at various growth stages between the two experiments indicates the reliability of the semi-hydroponic system in phenotyping root trait variability at the early growth stage in soybean germplasms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Function of Roots)

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26 pages, 2429 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Engineering Considerations to Produce Bioactive Compounds from Plant Cell Suspension Culture in Bioreactors

by Elizabeth Alejandra Motolinía-Alcántara, Carlos Omar Castillo-Araiza, Mario Rodríguez-Monroy, Angélica Román-Guerrero and Francisco Cruz-Sosa

Plants 2021, 10(12), 2762; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122762 - 14 Dec 2021

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 10159

Abstract

The large-scale production of plant-derived secondary metabolites (PDSM) in bioreactors to meet the increasing demand for bioactive compounds for the treatment and prevention of degenerative diseases is nowadays considered an engineering challenge due to the large number of operational factors that need to [...] Read more.

The large-scale production of plant-derived secondary metabolites (PDSM) in bioreactors to meet the increasing demand for bioactive compounds for the treatment and prevention of degenerative diseases is nowadays considered an engineering challenge due to the large number of operational factors that need to be considered during their design and scale-up. The plant cell suspension culture (CSC) has presented numerous benefits over other technologies, such as the conventional whole-plant extraction, not only for avoiding the overexploitation of plant species, but also for achieving better yields and having excellent scaling-up attributes. The selection of the bioreactor configuration depends on intrinsic cell culture properties and engineering considerations related to the effect of operating conditions on thermodynamics, kinetics, and transport phenomena, which together are essential for accomplishing the large-scale production of PDSM. To this end, this review, firstly, provides a comprehensive appraisement of PDSM, essentially those with demonstrated importance and utilization in pharmaceutical industries. Then, special attention is given to PDSM obtained out of CSC. Finally, engineering aspects related to the bioreactor configuration for CSC stating the effect of the operating conditions on kinetics and transport phenomena and, hence, on the cell viability and production of PDSM are presented accordingly. The engineering analysis of the reviewed bioreactor configurations for CSC will pave the way for future research focused on their scaling up, to produce high value-added PDSM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Plants—Recent Advances and Perspectives)

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12 pages, 3952 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Sustainable Alternative for Postharvest Disease Management and Phytopathogens Biocontrol in Fruit: Antagonistic Yeasts

by Luis G. Hernandez-Montiel, Samir Droby, Pablo Preciado-Rangel, Tomás Rivas-García, Ramsés R. González-Estrada, Porfirio Gutiérrez-Martínez and Graciela D. Ávila-Quezada

Plants 2021, 10(12), 2641; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122641 - 1 Dec 2021

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 3938

Abstract

Postharvest diseases of fruits caused by phytopathogens cause losses up to 50% of global production. Phytopathogens control is performed with synthetic fungicides, but the application causes environmental contamination problems and human and animal health in addition to generating resistance. Yeasts are antagonist microorganisms [...] Read more.

Postharvest diseases of fruits caused by phytopathogens cause losses up to 50% of global production. Phytopathogens control is performed with synthetic fungicides, but the application causes environmental contamination problems and human and animal health in addition to generating resistance. Yeasts are antagonist microorganisms that have been used in the last years as biocontrol agents and in sustainable postharvest disease management in fruits. Yeast application for biocontrol of phytopathogens has been an effective action worldwide. This review explores the sustainable use of yeasts in each continent, the main antagonistic mechanisms towards phytopathogens, their relationship with OMIC sciences, and patents at the world level that involve yeast-based-products for their biocontrol. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Weaponizing Plants: Biocontrol and Biosecurity in Plant Protection)

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14 pages, 325 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Wound Healing Activities and Potential of Selected African Medicinal Plants and Their Synthesized Biogenic Nanoparticles

by Caroline Tyavambiza, Phumuzile Dube, Mediline Goboza, Samantha Meyer, Abram Madimabe Madiehe and Mervin Meyer

Plants 2021, 10(12), 2635; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122635 - 30 Nov 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6229

Abstract

In Africa, medicinal plants have been traditionally used as a source of medicine for centuries. To date, African medicinal plants continue to play a significant role in the treatment of wounds. Chronic wounds are associated with severe healthcare and socio-economic burdens despite the [...] Read more.

In Africa, medicinal plants have been traditionally used as a source of medicine for centuries. To date, African medicinal plants continue to play a significant role in the treatment of wounds. Chronic wounds are associated with severe healthcare and socio-economic burdens despite the use of conventional therapies. Emergence of novel wound healing strategies using medicinal plants in conjunction with nanotechnology has the potential to develop efficacious wound healing therapeutics with enhanced wound repair mechanisms. This review identified African medicinal plants and biogenic nanoparticles used to promote wound healing through various mechanisms including improved wound contraction and epithelialization as well as antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. To achieve this, electronic databases such as PubMed, Scifinder^® and Google Scholar were used to search for medicinal plants used by the African populace that were scientifically evaluated for their wound healing activities in both in vitro and in vivo models from 2004 to 2021. Additionally, data on the wound healing mechanisms of biogenic nanoparticles synthesized using African medicinal plants is included herein. The continued scientific evaluation of wound healing African medicinal plants and the development of novel nanomaterials using these plants is imperative in a bid to alleviate the detrimental effects of chronic wounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structurally and/or Biologically Novel Natural Products from Medicinal Plants)

19 pages, 743 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Enough to Feed Ourselves!—Food Plants in Bulgarian Rural Home Gardens

by Teodora Ivanova, Yulia Bosseva, Mihail Chervenkov and Dessislava Dimitrova

Plants 2021, 10(11), 2520; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112520 - 19 Nov 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3189

Abstract

The home garden is a unique human-nature interspace that accommodates a diverse spectrum of plant species and provides multiple services to households. One of the most important roles of home gardens is to shelter the agricultural plant diversity that provides for diverse and [...] Read more.

The home garden is a unique human-nature interspace that accommodates a diverse spectrum of plant species and provides multiple services to households. One of the most important roles of home gardens is to shelter the agricultural plant diversity that provides for diverse and healthy nutrition, especially in rural communities. While tropical home gardens have received wide recognition due to their provisional function for the local communities, temperate and especially European home gardens have been discussed less frequently as a source of subsistence. The main objectives of the current study were to document plant species grown in Bulgarian rural home gardens and to explore related local knowledge and cultural practices that influence food plant diversity, its selection and preservation. Field work was focused on settlements situated in eight provinces in South and North-West Bulgaria. Participants representing 65 home gardens were approached through semi-structured interviews. Home gardens were found to harbor 145 cultivated and semi-cultivated plant taxa, used as food, medicinal and aromatic plants and as animal fodder. Members of the Rosaceae family were most numerous. The largest part of the garden area was occupied by vegetable crops of Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae. In 63.1% of the studied households, the food growing area comprised more than 2/3 of the total size of the garden. Most preferred crops reflected the social and cultural importance of food self-provisioning, especially in the rural areas. The provisional role of the home gardens in regard to preparation of traditional foods and the driving forces for seed saving are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Botany of Food Plants)

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22 pages, 1479 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Nutritional Characteristics Assessment of Sunflower Seeds, Oil and Cake. Perspective of Using Sunflower Oilcakes as a Functional Ingredient

by Ancuţa Petraru, Florin Ursachi and Sonia Amariei

Plants 2021, 10(11), 2487; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112487 - 17 Nov 2021

Cited by 71 | Viewed by 13724

Abstract

Ample amounts of by-products are generated from the oil industry. Among them, sunflower oilcakes have the potential to be used for human consumption, thus achieving the concept of sustainability and circular economy. The study assessed the nutritional composition of sunflower seeds, cold-pressed oil [...] Read more.

Ample amounts of by-products are generated from the oil industry. Among them, sunflower oilcakes have the potential to be used for human consumption, thus achieving the concept of sustainability and circular economy. The study assessed the nutritional composition of sunflower seeds, cold-pressed oil and the remaining press-cakes with the aim of its valorization as a food ingredient. Sunflower oil contains principally oleic (19.81%) and linoleic (64.35%) acids, which cannot be synthetized by humans and need to be assimilated through a diet. Sunflower seeds are very nutritive (33.85% proteins and 65.42% lipids and 18 mineral elements). Due to the rich content of lipids, they are principally used as a source of vegetable oil. Compared to seeds, sunflower oilcakes are richer in fibers (31.88% and 12.64% for samples in form of pellets and cake, respectively) and proteins (20.15% and 21.60%), with a balanced amino acids profile. The remaining oil (15.77% and 14.16%) is abundant in unsaturated fatty acids (95.59% and 92.12%). The comparison between the three products showed the presence of valuable components that makes them suitable for healthy diets with an adequate intake of nutrients and other bioactive compounds with benefic effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quality Evaluation of Plant-Derived Foods Ⅱ)

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27 pages, 7177 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Physico-Chemical, Nutritional, and Sensory Evaluation of Two New Commercial Tomato Hybrids and Their Parental Lines

by Zoltán Felföldi, Floricuta Ranga, Sonia Ancuta Socaci, Anca Farcas, Mariola Plazas, Adriana F. Sestras, Dan Cristian Vodnar, Jaime Prohens and Radu E. Sestras

Plants 2021, 10(11), 2480; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112480 - 16 Nov 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3218

Abstract

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is the globally most consumed vegetable. The objective of this research was to analyze physico-chemical, nutritional and sensorial components (taste and flavor) in two new commercial hybrids (AS 300 F1 and AS 400 F1) and their four F7 [...] Read more.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is the globally most consumed vegetable. The objective of this research was to analyze physico-chemical, nutritional and sensorial components (taste and flavor) in two new commercial hybrids (AS 300 F1 and AS 400 F1) and their four F7 parental lines. Two widely grown F1 hybrids (Precos F1 and Addalyn F1) were used as controls. The results obtained for carbohydrates (HPLC-RID) indicated that the highest values (27.82 mg/g) were recorded in the paternal line AS 10 of the new hybrid AS 400 F1. The highest values of total organic acids (HPLC-VWD) were recorded in Addalyn F1 (5.06 m/g), while the highest value of phenolic compounds (HPLC-DAD-ESI⁺) were identified in the maternal line AS 09 of the hybrid AS 400 F1 (96.3 µg/g). Intrinsic sensory values were analyzed by male and female tasters of different ages using a hedonic scale. The tasters’ perception revealed obvious taste differences between tomato genotypes. The study allowed determining genetic parameters of interest (heterosis and heterobeltosis) for the new hybrids, as well as a detailed characterization of the chemical composition and organoleptic quality of the parental breeding lines and their hybrids, which is useful in tomato breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advances in Plant Breeding)

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11 pages, 2944 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceProtocol

Machine Learning-Mediated Development and Optimization of Disinfection Protocol and Scarification Method for Improved In Vitro Germination of Cannabis Seeds

by Marco Pepe, Mohsen Hesami and Andrew Maxwell Phineas Jones

Plants 2021, 10(11), 2397; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112397 - 6 Nov 2021

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 6125

Abstract

In vitro seed germination is a useful tool for developing a variety of biotechnologies, but cannabis has presented some challenges in uniformity and germination time, presumably due to the disinfection procedure. Disinfection and subsequent growth are influenced by many factors, such as media [...] Read more.

In vitro seed germination is a useful tool for developing a variety of biotechnologies, but cannabis has presented some challenges in uniformity and germination time, presumably due to the disinfection procedure. Disinfection and subsequent growth are influenced by many factors, such as media pH, temperature, as well as the types and levels of contaminants and disinfectants, which contribute independently and dynamically to system complexity and nonlinearity. Hence, artificial intelligence models are well suited to model and optimize this dynamic system. The current study was aimed to evaluate the effect of different types and concentrations of disinfectants (sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide) and immersion times on contamination frequency using the generalized regression neural network (GRNN), a powerful artificial neural network (ANN). The GRNN model had high prediction performance (R² > 0.91) in both training and testing. Moreover, a genetic algorithm (GA) was subjected to the GRNN to find the optimal type and level of disinfectants and immersion time to determine the best methods for contamination reduction. According to the optimization process, 4.6% sodium hypochlorite along with 0.008% hydrogen peroxide for 16.81 min would result in the best outcomes. The results of a validation experiment demonstrated that this protocol resulted in 0% contamination as predicted, but germination rates were low and sporadic. However, using this sterilization protocol in combination with the scarification of in vitro cannabis seed (seed tip removal) resulted in 0% contamination and 100% seed germination within one week. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Plants—Recent Advances and Perspectives)

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16 pages, 2152 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Genotype by Trait Interaction (GT) in Maize Hybrids on Complete Fertilizer

by Seyed Mohammad Nasir Mousavi, Csaba Bojtor, Árpád Illés and János Nagy

Plants 2021, 10(11), 2388; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112388 - 5 Nov 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2355

Abstract

We investigated the interaction between genotype by trait, and an experiment was conducted at the University of Debrecen. Two maize cultivars, FAO340 and FAO410, were studied in a randomized complete block design with four replications. This experiment was applied to the six fertilization [...] Read more.

We investigated the interaction between genotype by trait, and an experiment was conducted at the University of Debrecen. Two maize cultivars, FAO340 and FAO410, were studied in a randomized complete block design with four replications. This experiment was applied to the six fertilization treatments. Fertilizer levels were NPK0 (control) (N:0, P2O5:0, K2O:0), NPK1 (N:30, P2O5:23, K2O:27), NPK2 (N:60, P2O5:46, K2O:54), NPK3 (N:90, P2O5:69, K2O:81), NPK4 (N:120, P2O5:92, K2O:108), and NPK5 (N:150, P2O5:115, K2O:135). The first principal component showed 54.24%, and the second principal component showed 20.75%, which explained the total squares interaction using the AMMI model in the case of the FAO410 hybrid. As regards the FAO340 hybrid, the first principal component showed 58.18%, and the second principal component showed 18.04%, explaining the total squares interaction using the AMMI model in the FAO410 hybrid. In the GGE biplot on FAO410, the first and the second principal components covered 91.20% of the total data in this analysis. Accordingly, the desirable treatment was NPK5, followed by NPK4, NPK2, NPK3, NPK1, and NPK0. NPK4 and NPK5 had the most desirable treatments for the number of seeds per row, chlorophyll, weight of 1000 seeds, and stem diameter in the case of the FAO410 hybrid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Agriculture)

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19 pages, 1767 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Transient Waterlogging Events Impair Shoot and Root Physiology and Reduce Grain Yield of Durum Wheat Cultivars

by Lorenzo Cotrozzi, Giacomo Lorenzini, Cristina Nali, Claudia Pisuttu, Silvia Pampana and Elisa Pellegrini

Plants 2021, 10(11), 2357; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112357 - 1 Nov 2021

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3007

Abstract

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn) is a staple crop of the Mediterranean countries, where more frequent waterlogging events are predicted due to climate change. However, few investigations have been conducted on the physiological and agronomic responses of this [...] Read more.

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn) is a staple crop of the Mediterranean countries, where more frequent waterlogging events are predicted due to climate change. However, few investigations have been conducted on the physiological and agronomic responses of this crop to waterlogging. The present study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of two waterlogging durations (i.e., 14 and 35 days) on two durum wheat cultivars (i.e., Svevo and Emilio Lepido). An integrated analysis of an array of physiological, biochemical, biometric, and yield parameters was performed at the end of the waterlogging events, during recovery, and at physiological maturity. Results established that effects on durum wheat varied depending on waterlogging duration. This stress imposed at tillering impaired photosynthetic activity of leaves and determined oxidative injury of the roots. The physiological damages could not be fully recovered, subsequently slowing down tiller formation and crop growth, and depressing the final grain yield. Furthermore, differences in waterlogging tolerance between cultivars were discovered. Our results demonstrate that in durum wheat, the energy maintenance, the cytosolic ion homeostasis, and the ROS control and detoxification can be useful physiological and biochemical parameters to consider for the waterlogging tolerance of genotypes, with regard to sustaining biomass production and grain yield. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responses of Durum Wheat to Abiotic Stress)

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20 pages, 2889 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ferulic Acid and Salicylic Acid Foliar Treatments Reduce Short-Term Salt Stress in Chinese Cabbage by Increasing Phenolic Compounds Accumulation and Photosynthetic Performance

by Ida Linić, Selma Mlinarić, Lidija Brkljačić, Iva Pavlović, Ana Smolko and Branka Salopek-Sondi

Plants 2021, 10(11), 2346; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112346 - 29 Oct 2021

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 4084

Abstract

Salinity stress is one of the most damaging abiotic stresses to plants, causing disturbances in physiological, biochemical, and metabolic processes. The exogenous application of natural metabolites is a useful strategy to reduce the adverse effects of stress on crops. We investigated the effect [...] Read more.

Salinity stress is one of the most damaging abiotic stresses to plants, causing disturbances in physiological, biochemical, and metabolic processes. The exogenous application of natural metabolites is a useful strategy to reduce the adverse effects of stress on crops. We investigated the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) and ferulic acid (FA) (10–100 μM) on short-term salt-stressed (150 mM NaCl, 72 h) Chinese cabbage plants. Subsequently, proline level, photosynthetic performance, phenolic metabolites with special focus on selected phenolic acids (sinapic acid (SiA), FA, SA), flavonoids (quercetin (QUE), kaempferol (KAE)), and antioxidant activity were investigated in salt-stressed and phenolic acid-treated plants compared with the corresponding controls. Salt stress caused a significant increase in SA and proline contents, a decrease in phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and photosynthetic performance, especially due to the impairment of PSI function. SA and FA treatments, with a concentration of 10 μM, had attenuated effects on salt-stressed plants, causing a decrease in proline and SA level, and indicating that the plants suffered less metabolic disturbance. Polyphenolic compounds, especially FA, SiA, KAE, and QUE, were increased in FA and SA treatments in salt-stressed plants. Consequently, antioxidant activities were increased, and photosynthetic performances were improved. FA resulted in a better ameliorative effect on salt stress compared to SA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Polyphenols - from Plants to Human Health Volume II)

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19 pages, 2333 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Enhancement of Phytosterol and Triterpenoid Production in Plant Hairy Root Cultures—Simultaneous Stimulation or Competition?

by Agata Rogowska and Anna Szakiel

Plants 2021, 10(10), 2028; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102028 - 27 Sep 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3256

Abstract

Plant in vitro cultures, including hairy roots, can be applied for controlled production of valuable natural products, such as triterpenoids and sterols. These compounds originate from the common precursor squalene. Sterols and triterpenoids distinctly differ in their functions, and the 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclization step [...] Read more.

Plant in vitro cultures, including hairy roots, can be applied for controlled production of valuable natural products, such as triterpenoids and sterols. These compounds originate from the common precursor squalene. Sterols and triterpenoids distinctly differ in their functions, and the 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclization step is often regarded as a branch point between primary and secondary (more aptly: general and specialized) metabolism. Considering the crucial role of phytosterols as membrane constituents, it has been postulated that unconstrained biosynthesis of triterpenoids can occur when sterol formation is already satisfied, and these compounds are no longer needed for cell growth and division. This hypothesis seems to follow directly the growth-defense trade-off plant dilemma. In this review, we present some examples illustrating the specific interplay between the two divergent pathways for sterol and triterpenoid biosynthesis appearing in root cultures. These studies were significant for revealing the steps of the biosynthetic pathway, understanding the role of particular enzymes, and discovering the possibility of gene regulation. Currently, hairy roots of many plant species can be considered not only as an efficient tool for production of phytochemicals, but also as suitable experimental models for investigations on regulatory mechanisms of plant metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Metabolites in Root cultures)

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13 pages, 1120 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Integrative Pre-Breeding for Biotic Resistance in Forest Trees

by Melisa Guevara-Escudero, Angy N. Osorio and Andrés J. Cortés

Plants 2021, 10(10), 2022; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102022 - 26 Sep 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4364

Abstract

Climate change is unleashing novel biotic antagonistic interactions for forest trees that may jeopardize populations’ persistence. Therefore, this review article envisions highlighting major opportunities from ecological evolutionary genomics to assist the identification, conservation, and breeding of biotic resistance in forest tree species. Specifically, [...] Read more.

Climate change is unleashing novel biotic antagonistic interactions for forest trees that may jeopardize populations’ persistence. Therefore, this review article envisions highlighting major opportunities from ecological evolutionary genomics to assist the identification, conservation, and breeding of biotic resistance in forest tree species. Specifically, we first discuss how assessing the genomic architecture of biotic stress resistance enables us to recognize a more polygenic nature for a trait typically regarded Mendelian, an expectation from the Fisherian runaway pathogen–host concerted arms-race evolutionary model. Secondly, we outline innovative pipelines to capture and harness natural tree pre-adaptations to biotic stresses by merging tools from the ecology, phylo-geography, and omnigenetics fields within a predictive breeding platform. Promoting integrative ecological genomic studies promises a better understanding of antagonistic co-evolutionary interactions, as well as more efficient breeding utilization of resistant phenotypes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Diversity, Conservation, and Innovative Plant Breeding Strategies)

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19 pages, 2278 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Arsenic Toxicity-Induced Physiological and Metabolic Changes in the Shoots of Pteris cretica and Spinacia oleracea

by Veronika Zemanová, Daniela Pavlíková, František Hnilička and Milan Pavlík

Plants 2021, 10(10), 2009; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102009 - 25 Sep 2021

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 3987

Abstract

Arsenic is a ubiquitous toxic element that can be accumulated into plant parts. The present study investigated the response of Pteris cretica and Spinacia oleracea to As treatment through the analysis of selected physiological and metabolic parameters. Plants were grown in pots in [...] Read more.

Arsenic is a ubiquitous toxic element that can be accumulated into plant parts. The present study investigated the response of Pteris cretica and Spinacia oleracea to As treatment through the analysis of selected physiological and metabolic parameters. Plants were grown in pots in As(V) spiked soil (20 and 100 mg/kg). Plants’ physiological condition was estimated through the determination of elements, gas-exchange parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence, water potential, photosynthetic pigments, and free amino acid content. The results confirmed differing As accumulation in plants, as well as in shoots and roots, which indicated that P. cretica is an As-hyperaccumulator and that S. oleracea is an As-root excluder. Variations in physiological and metabolic parameters were observed among As treatments. Overall, the results revealed a significant effect of 100 mg/kg As treatment on the analysed parameters. In both plants, this treatment affected growth, N, Mg, S, Mn, and Zn content, as well as net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll fluorescence, and total free amino acid content. In conclusion, the results reflect the similarity between P. cretica and S. oleracea in some aspects of plants’ response to As treatment, while physiological and metabolic parameter changes related to As treatments indicate the higher sensitivity of S. oleracea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal (Loid)s Tolerance in Plants)

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17 pages, 4168 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil and Its Biological Activity

by Lucia Galovičová, Petra Borotová, Veronika Valková, Nenad L. Vukovic, Milena Vukic, Jana Štefániková, Hana Ďúranová, Przemysław Łukasz Kowalczewski, Natália Čmiková and Miroslava Kačániová

Plants 2021, 10(9), 1959; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091959 - 19 Sep 2021

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 6990

Abstract

Thymus vulgaris essential oil has potential good biological activity. The aim of the research was to evaluate the biological activity of the T. vulgaris essential oil from the Slovak company. The main components of T. vulgaris essential oil were thymol (48.1%), p-cymene [...] Read more.

Thymus vulgaris essential oil has potential good biological activity. The aim of the research was to evaluate the biological activity of the T. vulgaris essential oil from the Slovak company. The main components of T. vulgaris essential oil were thymol (48.1%), p-cymene (11.7%), 1,8-cineole (6.7), γ-terpinene (6.1%), and carvacrol (5.5%). The antioxidant activity was 85.2 ± 0.2%, which corresponds to 479.34 ± 1.1 TEAC. The antimicrobial activity was moderate or very strong with inhibition zones from 9.89 to 22.44 mm. The lowest values of MIC were determined against B. subtilis, E. faecalis, and S. aureus. In situ antifungal analysis on bread shows that the vapor phase of T. vulgaris essential oil can inhibit the growth of the microscopic filamentous fungi of the genus Penicillium. The antimicrobial activity against S. marcescens showed 46.78–87.80% inhibition at concentrations 62.5–500 µL/mL. The MALDI TOF MS analyses suggest changes in the protein profile of biofilm forming bacteria P. fluorescens and S. enteritidis after the fifth and the ninth day, respectively. Due to the properties of the T. vulgaris essential oil, it can be used in the food industry as a natural supplement to extend the shelf life of the foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights in the Research of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Origin with Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Potential)

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19 pages, 3748 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effect of Water Deficit on Two Greek Vitis vinifera L. Cultivars: Physiology, Grape Composition and Gene Expression during Berry Development

by Anastasios Alatzas, Serafeim Theocharis, Dimitrios-Evangelos Miliordos, Konstantina Leontaridou, Angelos K. Kanellis, Yorgos Kotseridis, Polydefkis Hatzopoulos and Stefanos Koundouras

Plants 2021, 10(9), 1947; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091947 - 18 Sep 2021

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3530

Abstract

Plants are exposed to numerous abiotic stresses. Drought is probably the most important of them and determines crop distribution around the world. Grapevine is considered to be a drought-resilient species, traditionally covering semiarid areas. Moreover, in the case of grapevine, moderate water deficit [...] Read more.

Plants are exposed to numerous abiotic stresses. Drought is probably the most important of them and determines crop distribution around the world. Grapevine is considered to be a drought-resilient species, traditionally covering semiarid areas. Moreover, in the case of grapevine, moderate water deficit is known to improve the quality traits of grape berries and subsequently wine composition. However, against the backdrop of climate change, vines are expected to experience sustained water deficits which could be detrimental to both grape quality and yield. The influence of water deficit on two Greek Vitis vinifera L. cultivars, ‘Agiorgitiko’ and ‘Assyrtiko’, was investigated during the 2019 and 2020 vintages. Vine physiology measurements in irrigated and non-irrigated plants were performed at three time-points throughout berry development (green berry, veraison and harvest). Berry growth and composition were examined during ripening. According to the results, water deficit resulted in reduced berry size and increased levels of soluble sugars, total phenols and anthocyanins. The expression profile of specific genes, known to control grape color, aroma and flavor was altered by water availability during maturation in a cultivar-specific manner. In agreement with the increased concentration of phenolic compounds due to water deficit, genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway in the red-skinned Agiorgitiko exhibited higher expression levels and earlier up-regulation than in the white Assyrtiko. The expression profile of the other genes during maturation or in response to water deficit was depended on the vintage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Abiotic Stress on Grapevine: A Physiological, Transcriptional and Metabolic Perspective)

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22 pages, 2813 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ecological and Biological Properties of Satureja cuneifolia Ten. and Thymus spinulosus Ten.: Two Wild Officinal Species of Conservation Concern in Apulia (Italy). A Preliminary Survey

by Enrico V. Perrino, Francesca Valerio, Shaima Jallali, Antonio Trani and Giuseppe N. Mezzapesa

Plants 2021, 10(9), 1952; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091952 - 18 Sep 2021

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 3378

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of ecology (plant community, topography and pedology), as well as of climate, on the composition of essential oils (EOs) from two officinal wild plant species (Lamiales) from Apulia, namely Satureja cuneifolia Ten. and Thymus spinulosus Ten. Few scientific [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the effects of ecology (plant community, topography and pedology), as well as of climate, on the composition of essential oils (EOs) from two officinal wild plant species (Lamiales) from Apulia, namely Satureja cuneifolia Ten. and Thymus spinulosus Ten. Few scientific data on their chemical composition are available, due to the fact that the first has a limited distribution range and the second is endemic of southern Italy. Results for both species, never officially used in traditional medicine and/or as spices, showed that the ecological context (from a phytosociological and ecological point of view) may influence their EO composition, and hence, yield chemotypes different from those reported in the literature. S. cuneifolia and Th. spinulosus can be considered good sources of phytochemicals as natural agents in organic agriculture due to the presence of thymol and α-pinene. Overall, the obtained trend for EOs suggests a potential use of both species as food, pharmacy, cosmetics and perfumery. Hence, their cultivation and use represent a positive step to reduce the use of synthetic chemicals and to meet the increasing demand for natural and healthier products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Floristic Studies in the Light of Biodiversity Knowledge and Conservation)

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25 pages, 3064 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles Using Some Selected Medicinal Plants from Southern Africa and Their Biological Applications

by Jumoke A. Aboyewa, Nicole R. S. Sibuyi, Mervin Meyer and Oluwafemi O. Oguntibeju

Plants 2021, 10(9), 1929; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091929 - 16 Sep 2021

Cited by 86 | Viewed by 10023

Abstract

The application of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs), especially that of silver, gold, cobalt, and zinc as antimicrobial, anticancer, drug delivery, contrast, and bioimaging agents has transformed the field of medicine. Their functions, which are attributed to their physicochemical properties, have gained prominence in various [...] Read more.

The application of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs), especially that of silver, gold, cobalt, and zinc as antimicrobial, anticancer, drug delivery, contrast, and bioimaging agents has transformed the field of medicine. Their functions, which are attributed to their physicochemical properties, have gained prominence in various technological fields. Although MNPs can be produced via rigorous physical and chemical techniques, in recent years, a biological approach utilizing natural materials has been developed. With the increasing enthusiasm for safe and efficient nanomaterials, the biological method incorporating microorganisms and plants is preferred over physical and chemical methods of nanoparticle synthesis. Of these bio-entities, plants have received great attention owing to their capability to reduce and stabilize MNPs in a single one-pot protocol. South Africa is home to ~10% of the world’s plant species, making it a major contributor to the world’s ecological scenery. Despite the documented contribution of South African plants, particularly in herbal medicine, very few of these plants have been explored for the synthesis of the noble MNPs. This paper provides a review of some important South African medicinal plants that have been utilized for the synthesis of MNPs. The enhanced biological properties of the biogenic MNPs attest to their relevance in medicine. In this endeavour, more of the African plant biodiversity must be explored for the synthesis of MNPs and be validated for their potential to be translated into future nanomedicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Frontiers in Phytochemicals)

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14 pages, 3011 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Melatonin and Carbohydrate Metabolism in Plant Cells

by Marino B. Arnao, Josefa Hernández-Ruiz, Antonio Cano and Russel J. Reiter

Plants 2021, 10(9), 1917; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091917 - 15 Sep 2021

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 6560

Abstract

Melatonin, a multifunctional molecule that is present in all living organisms studied, is synthesized in plant cells in several intercellular organelles including in the chloroplasts and in mitochondria. In plants, melatonin has a relevant role as a modulatory agent which improves their tolerance [...] Read more.

Melatonin, a multifunctional molecule that is present in all living organisms studied, is synthesized in plant cells in several intercellular organelles including in the chloroplasts and in mitochondria. In plants, melatonin has a relevant role as a modulatory agent which improves their tolerance response to biotic and abiotic stress. The role of melatonin in stress conditions on the primary metabolism of plant carbohydrates is reviewed in the present work. Thus, the modulatory actions of melatonin on the various biosynthetic and degradation pathways involving simple carbohydrates (mono- and disaccharides), polymers (starch), and derivatives (polyalcohols) in plants are evaluated. The possible applications of the use of melatonin in crop improvement and postharvest products are examined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Melatonin in Plants)

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11 pages, 1199 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The World Smallest Plants (Wolffia Sp.) as Potential Species for Bioregenerative Life Support Systems in Space

by Leone Ermes Romano and Giovanna Aronne

Plants 2021, 10(9), 1896; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091896 - 13 Sep 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 8283

Abstract

To colonise other planets, self-sufficiency of space missions is mandatory. To date, the most promising technology to support long-duration missions is the bioregenerative life support system (BLSS), in which plants as autotrophs play a crucial role in recycling wastes and producing food and [...] Read more.

To colonise other planets, self-sufficiency of space missions is mandatory. To date, the most promising technology to support long-duration missions is the bioregenerative life support system (BLSS), in which plants as autotrophs play a crucial role in recycling wastes and producing food and oxygen. We reviewed the scientific literature on duckweed (Lemnaceae) and reported available information on plant biological traits, nutritional features, biomass production, and space applications, especially of the genus Wolffia. Results confirmed that the smallest existing higher plants are the best candidate for space BLSS. We discussed needs for further research before criticalities to be addressed to finalise the adoption of Wolffia species for space missions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Duckweed: Research Meets Applications)

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14 pages, 1162 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Drought Stress Memory at the Plant Cycle Level: A Review

by Cécile Jacques, Christophe Salon, Romain L. Barnard, Vanessa Vernoud and Marion Prudent

Plants 2021, 10(9), 1873; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091873 - 10 Sep 2021

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 6932

Abstract

Plants are sessile organisms whose survival depends on their strategy to cope with dynamic, stressful conditions. It is urgent to improve the ability of crops to adapt to recurrent stresses in order to alleviate the negative impacts on their productivity. Although our knowledge [...] Read more.

Plants are sessile organisms whose survival depends on their strategy to cope with dynamic, stressful conditions. It is urgent to improve the ability of crops to adapt to recurrent stresses in order to alleviate the negative impacts on their productivity. Although our knowledge of plant adaptation to drought has been extensively enhanced during the last decades, recent studies have tackled plant responses to recurrent stresses. The present review synthesizes the major findings from studies addressing plant responses to multiple drought events, and demonstrates the ability of plants to memorize drought stress. Stress memory is described as a priming effect allowing a different response to a reiterated stress when compared to a single stress event. Here, by specifically focusing on water stress memory at the plant cycle level, we describe the different underlying processes at the molecular, physiological and morphological levels in crops as well as in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, a conceptual analysis framework is proposed to study drought stress memory. Finally, the essential role of interactions between plants and soil microorganisms is emphasized during reiterated stresses because their plasticity can play a key role in supporting overall plant resilience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recovery and Memory of Plants during Recurrent Stresses)

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24 pages, 5527 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Three Different Light Spectra on the Yield, Morphology and Growth Trajectory of Three Different Cannabis sativa L. Strains

by Philipp Reichel, Sebastian Munz, Jens Hartung, Achim Präger, Stiina Kotiranta, Lisa Burgel, Torsten Schober and Simone Graeff-Hönninger

Plants 2021, 10(9), 1866; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091866 - 9 Sep 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5560

Abstract

Cannabis is one of the oldest cultivated plants, but plant breeding and cultivation are restricted by country specific regulations. Plant growth, morphology and metabolism can be manipulated by changing light quality and intensity. Three morphologically different strains were grown under three different light [...] Read more.

Cannabis is one of the oldest cultivated plants, but plant breeding and cultivation are restricted by country specific regulations. Plant growth, morphology and metabolism can be manipulated by changing light quality and intensity. Three morphologically different strains were grown under three different light spectra with three real light repetitions. Light dispersion was included into the statistical evaluation. The light spectra considered had an influence on the morphology of the plant, especially the height. Here, the shade avoidance induced by the lower R:FR ratio under the ceramic metal halide lamp (CHD) was of particular interest. The sugar leaves seemed to be of elementary importance in the last growth phase for yield composition. Furthermore, the last four weeks of flowering were crucial to influence the yield composition of Cannabis sativa L. through light spectra. The dry flower yield was significantly higher under both LED treatments compared to the conventional CHD light source. Our results indicate that the plant morphology can be artificially manipulated by the choice of light treatment to create shorter plants with more lateral branches which seem to be beneficial for yield development. Furthermore, the choice of cultivar has to be taken into account when interpreting results of light studies, as Cannabis sativa L. subspecies and thus bred strains highly differ in their phenotypic characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies on Cannabis sativa and Cannabinoids)

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13 pages, 1096 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Extreme Precipitation and Flooding Contribute to Sudden Vegetation Dieback in a Coastal Salt Marsh

by Camille LaFosse Stagg, Michael J. Osland, Jena A. Moon, Laura C. Feher, Claudia Laurenzano, Tiffany C. Lane, William R. Jones and Stephen B. Hartley

Plants 2021, 10(9), 1841; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091841 - 5 Sep 2021

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4777

Abstract

Climate extremes are becoming more frequent with global climate change and have the potential to cause major ecological regime shifts. Along the northern Gulf of Mexico, a coastal wetland in Texas suffered sudden vegetation dieback following an extreme precipitation and flooding event associated [...] Read more.

Climate extremes are becoming more frequent with global climate change and have the potential to cause major ecological regime shifts. Along the northern Gulf of Mexico, a coastal wetland in Texas suffered sudden vegetation dieback following an extreme precipitation and flooding event associated with Hurricane Harvey in 2017. Historical salt marsh dieback events have been linked to climate extremes, such as extreme drought. However, to our knowledge, this is the first example of extreme precipitation and flooding leading to mass mortality of the salt marsh foundation species, Spartina alterniflora. Here, we investigated the relationships between baseline climate conditions, extreme climate conditions, and large-scale plant mortality to provide an indicator of ecosystem vulnerability to extreme precipitation events. We identified plant zonal boundaries along an elevation gradient with plant species tolerant of hypersaline conditions, including succulents and graminoids, at higher elevations, and flood-tolerant species, including S. alterniflora, at lower elevations. We quantified a flooding threshold for wetland collapse under baseline conditions characterized by incremental increases in flooding (i.e., sea level rise). We proposed that the sudden widespread dieback of S. alterniflora following Hurricane Harvey was the result of extreme precipitation and flooding that exceeded this threshold for S. alterniflora survival. Indeed, S. alterniflora dieback occurred at elevations above the wetland collapse threshold, illustrating a heightened vulnerability to flooding that could not be predicted from baseline climate conditions. Moreover, the spatial pattern of vegetation dieback indicated that underlying stressors may have also increased susceptibility to dieback in some S. alterniflora marshes.Collectively, our results highlight a new mechanism of sudden vegetation dieback in S. alterniflora marshes that is triggered by extreme precipitation and flooding. Furthermore, this work emphasizes the importance of considering interactions between multiple abiotic and biotic stressors that can lead to shifts in tolerance thresholds and incorporating climate extremes into climate vulnerability assessments to accurately characterize future climate threats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant–Soil Interactions in Wetlands and Flooded Environments)

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12 pages, 1590 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Nutrient Solution Flow Rate on Hydroponic Plant Growth and Root Morphology

by Bateer Baiyin, Kotaro Tagawa, Mina Yamada, Xinyan Wang, Satoshi Yamada, Yang Shao, Ping An, Sadahiro Yamamoto and Yasuomi Ibaraki

Plants 2021, 10(9), 1840; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091840 - 5 Sep 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6989

Abstract

Crop production under hydroponic environments has many advantages, yet the effects of solution flow rate on plant growth remain unclear. We conducted a hydroponic cultivation study using different flow rates under light-emitting diode lighting to investigate plant growth, nutrient uptake, and root morphology [...] Read more.

Crop production under hydroponic environments has many advantages, yet the effects of solution flow rate on plant growth remain unclear. We conducted a hydroponic cultivation study using different flow rates under light-emitting diode lighting to investigate plant growth, nutrient uptake, and root morphology under different flow rates. Swiss chard plants were grown hydroponically under four nutrient solution flow rates (2 L/min, 4 L/min, 6 L/min, and 8 L/min). After 21 days, harvested plants were analyzed for root and shoot fresh weight, root and shoot dry weight, root morphology, and root cellulose and hemicellulose content. We found that suitable flow rates, acting as a eustress, gave the roots appropriate mechanical stimulation to promote root growth, absorb more nutrients, and increase overall plant growth. Conversely, excess flow rates acted as a distress that caused the roots to become compact and inhibited root surface area and root growth. Excess flow rate thereby resulted in a lower root surface area that translated to reduced nutrient ion absorption and poorer plant growth compared with plans cultured under a suitable flow rate. Our results indicate that regulating flow rate can regulate plant thigmomorphogenesis and nutrient uptake, ultimately affecting hydroponic crop quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving the Performance, Resilience and Quality of Horticultural Crops in Controlled Environments)

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