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The Growth and Development of Vegetable Crops
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The Growth and Development of Vegetable Crops

A special issue of Plants (ISSN 2223-7747). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant Physiology and Metabolism".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2024 | Viewed by 6103

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Shuang Wu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
Interests: root development; trichomes; stress response; cell division; cell differentiation; fruit
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Feng Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
Interests: vegetable; abiotic stress; biotic stress; genetic improvement
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Vegetables are economically important as they are becoming increasingly important for meeting the diverse dietary needs of a growing population. Vegetables are mostly rich in fibre, minerals, vitamins and many other nutrients, thus they play an essential role in human health. Biotechnology is gradually entering the field of vegetable breeding. However, one bottleneck is that we only have limited knowledge about the growth and development of different vegetable plants. In addition, it is far from clear how the developmental regulation of vegetables adapts to varying degrees of stresses that vegetable crops often experience during cultivation. In this Special Issue titled “The Growth and Development of Vegetable Crops”, we welcome research articles and reviews focusing on all aspects of vegetable growth and development. The collective issue will cover a wide range of techniques including physiology, molecular biology, cell biology, biochemistry, genetics, genomics and more.

Prof. Dr. Shuang Wu
Prof. Dr. Feng Wang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Plants is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • growth and development
  • biotic and abiotic stress responses
  • gene function
  • vegetable crops
  • transcription
  • molecular biology
  • genetics

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 6031 KiB  
Article
RsRbohD1 Plays a Significant Role in ROS Production during Radish Pithiness Development
by Qiong Gong, Chaonan Wang, Weiqiang Fan, Shuiling Li, Hong Zhang, Zhiyin Huang, Xiaohui Liu, Ziyun Ma, Yong Wang and Bin Zhang
Plants 2024, 13(10), 1386; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13101386 - 16 May 2024
Viewed by 109
Abstract
Pithiness is one of the physiological diseases of radishes, which is accompanied by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the sponging of parenchyma tissue in the fleshy roots. A respiratory burst oxidase homolog (Rboh, also known as NADPH oxidase) is a [...] Read more.
Pithiness is one of the physiological diseases of radishes, which is accompanied by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the sponging of parenchyma tissue in the fleshy roots. A respiratory burst oxidase homolog (Rboh, also known as NADPH oxidase) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the production of ROS in plants. To understand the role of Rboh genes in radish pithiness, herein, 10 RsRboh gene families were identified in the genome of Raphanus sativus using Blastp and Hmmer searching methods and were subjected to basic functional analyses such as phylogenetic tree construction, chromosomal localization, conserved structural domain analysis, and promoter element prediction. The expression profiles of RsRbohs in five stages (Pithiness grade = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, respectively) of radish pithiness were analyzed. The results showed that 10 RsRbohs expressed different levels during the development of radish pithiness. Except for RsRbohB and RsRbohE, the expression of other members increased and reached the peak at the P2 (Pithiness grade = 2) stage, among which RsRbohD1 showed the highest transcripts. Then, the expression of 40 genes related to RsRbohD1 and pithiness were analyzed. These results can provide a theoretical basis for improving pithiness tolerance in radishes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Growth and Development of Vegetable Crops)
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16 pages, 4779 KiB  
Article
Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the GRAS Gene Family in Lettuce Revealed That Silencing LsGRAS13 Delayed Bolting
by Li Chen, Yong Qin and Shuangxi Fan
Plants 2024, 13(10), 1360; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13101360 - 14 May 2024
Viewed by 242
Abstract
Lettuce is susceptible to high-temperature stress during cultivation, leading to bolting and affecting yield. Plant-specific transcription factors, known as GRAS proteins, play a crucial role in regulating plant growth, development, and abiotic stress responses. In this study, the entire lettuce LsGRAS gene family [...] Read more.
Lettuce is susceptible to high-temperature stress during cultivation, leading to bolting and affecting yield. Plant-specific transcription factors, known as GRAS proteins, play a crucial role in regulating plant growth, development, and abiotic stress responses. In this study, the entire lettuce LsGRAS gene family was identified. The results show that 59 LsGRAS genes are unevenly distributed across the nine chromosomes. Additionally, all LsGRAS proteins showed 100% nuclear localization based on the predicted subcellular localization and were phylogenetically classified into nine conserved subfamilies. To investigate the expression profiles of these genes in lettuce, we analyzed the transcription levels of all 59 LsGRAS genes in the publicly available RNA-seq data under the high-temperature treatment conducted in the presence of exogenous melatonin. The findings indicate that the transcript levels of the LsGRAS13 gene were higher on days 6, 9, 15, 18, and 27 under the high-temperature (35/30 °C) treatment with melatonin than on the same treatment days without melatonin. The functional studies demonstrate that silencing LsGRAS13 accelerated bolting in lettuce. Furthermore, the paraffin sectioning results showed that flower bud differentiation in LsGRAS13-silenced plants occurred significantly faster than in control plants. In this study, the LsGRAS genes were annotated and analyzed, and the expression pattern of the LsGRAS gene following melatonin treatment under high-temperature conditions was explored. This exploration provides valuable information and identifies candidate genes associated with the response mechanism of lettuce plants high-temperature stress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Growth and Development of Vegetable Crops)
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18 pages, 12042 KiB  
Article
Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Key Genes Involved in Trichome Formation in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
by Yiyu Shen, Lianzhen Mao, Yao Zhou, Ying Sun, Junheng Lv, Minghua Deng, Zhoubin Liu and Bozhi Yang
Plants 2024, 13(8), 1090; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13081090 - 13 Apr 2024
Viewed by 568
Abstract
Trichomes are specialized organs located in the plant epidermis that play important defense roles against biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the mechanisms regulating the development of pepper epidermal trichomes and the related regulatory genes at the molecular level are not clear. Therefore, we [...] Read more.
Trichomes are specialized organs located in the plant epidermis that play important defense roles against biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the mechanisms regulating the development of pepper epidermal trichomes and the related regulatory genes at the molecular level are not clear. Therefore, we performed transcriptome analyses of A114 (less trichome) and A115 (more trichome) to dig deeper into the genes involved in the regulatory mechanisms of epidermal trichome development in peppers. In this study, the epidermal trichome density of A115 was found to be higher by phenotypic observation and was highest in the leaves at the flowering stage. A total of 39,261 genes were quantified by RNA-Seq, including 11,939 genes not annotated in the previous genome analysis and 18,833 differentially expressed genes. Based on KEGG functional enrichment, it was found that DEGs were mainly concentrated in three pathways: plant–pathogen interaction, MAPK signaling pathway-plant, and plant hormone signal transduction. We further screened the DEGs associated with the development of epidermal trichomes in peppers, and the expression of the plant signaling genes GID1B-like (Capana03g003488) and PR-6 (Capana09g001847), the transcription factors MYB108 (Capana05g002225) and ABR1-like (Capana04g001261), and the plant resistance genes PGIP-like (Capana09g002077) and At5g49770 (Capana08g001721) in the DEGs were higher at A115 compared to A114, and were highly expressed in leaves at the flowering stage. In addition, based on the WGCNA results and the establishment of co-expression networks showed that the above genes were highly positively correlated with each other. The transcriptomic data and analysis of this study provide a basis for the study of the regulatory mechanisms of pepper epidermal trichomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Growth and Development of Vegetable Crops)
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20 pages, 2920 KiB  
Article
MicroRNA Profiling Revealed the Mechanism of Enhanced Cold Resistance by Grafting in Melon (Cucumis melo L.)
by Xinmei Lang, Xuan Zhao, Jiateng Zhao, Tiantian Ren, Lanchun Nie and Wensheng Zhao
Plants 2024, 13(7), 1016; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13071016 - 2 Apr 2024
Viewed by 589
Abstract
Grafting is widely used to improve the resistance to abiotic stresses in cucurbit plants, but the effect and molecular mechanism of grafting on cold stress are still unknown in melon. In this study, phenotypic characteristics, physiological indexes, small-RNA sequencing and expression analyses were [...] Read more.
Grafting is widely used to improve the resistance to abiotic stresses in cucurbit plants, but the effect and molecular mechanism of grafting on cold stress are still unknown in melon. In this study, phenotypic characteristics, physiological indexes, small-RNA sequencing and expression analyses were performed on grafted plants with pumpkin rootstock (PG) and self-grafted plants (SG) to explore the mechanism of changed cold tolerance by grafting in melon. Compared with SG plants, the cold tolerance was obviously enhanced, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content was significantly decreased and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; peroxidase, POD) were significantly increased in PG plants. Depend on differentially expressed miRNA (DEM) identification and expression pattern analyses, cme-miR156b, cme-miR156f and chr07_30026 were thought to play a key role in enhancing low-temperature resistance resulting from grafting. Subsequently, 24, 37 and 17 target genes of cme-miR156b, cme-miR156f and chr07_30026 were respectively predicted, and 21 target genes were co-regulated by cme-miR156b and cme-miR156f. Among these 57 unique target genes, the putative promoter of 13 target genes contained the low-temperature responsive (LTR) cis-acting element. The results of qRT-PCR indicated that six target genes (MELO3C002370, MELO3C009217, MELO3C018972, MELO3C016713, MELO3C012858 and MELO3C000732) displayed the opposite expression pattern to their corresponding miRNAs. Furthermore, MELO3C002370, MELO3C016713 and MELO3C012858 were significantly downregulated in cold-resistant cultivars and upregulated in cold-sensitive varieties after cold stimulus, and they acted as the key negative regulators of low-temperature response in melon. This study revealed three key miRNAs and three putative target genes involved in the cold tolerance of melon and provided a molecular basis underlying how grafting improved the low-temperature resistance of melon plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Growth and Development of Vegetable Crops)
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21 pages, 8717 KiB  
Article
Genome-Wide Identification and Abiotic Stress Expression Analysis of CKX and IPT Family Genes in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
by Yang Xu, Shengxiang Ran, Shuhao Li, Junyang Lu, Weiqun Huang, Jingyuan Zheng, Maomao Hou and Fenglin Zhong
Plants 2024, 13(3), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13030422 - 31 Jan 2024
Viewed by 809
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are among the hormones that regulate plants’ growth and development, and the CKX and IPT genes, which are CK degradation and biosynthesis genes, respectively, play important roles in fine-tuning plants’ cytokinin levels. However, the current research on the function of IPT [...] Read more.
Cytokinins (CKs) are among the hormones that regulate plants’ growth and development, and the CKX and IPT genes, which are CK degradation and biosynthesis genes, respectively, play important roles in fine-tuning plants’ cytokinin levels. However, the current research on the function of IPT and CKX in cucumber’s growth, development, and response to abiotic stress is not specific enough, and their regulatory mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we focused on the IPT and CKX genes in cucumber, analyzed the physiological and biochemical properties of their encoded proteins, and explored their expression patterns in different tissue parts and under low light, salt stress, and drought stress. Eight CsCKX and eight CsIPT genes were identified from the cucumber genome. We constructed a phylogenetic tree from the amino acid sequences and performed prediction analyses of the cis-acting elements of the CsCKX and CsIPT promoters to determine whether CsCKXs and CsIPTs are responsive to light, abiotic stress, and different hormones. We also performed expression analysis of these genes in different tissues, and we found that CsCKXs and CsIPTs were highly expressed in roots and male flowers. Thus, they are involved in the whole growth and development process of the plant. This paper provides a reference for further research on the biological functions of CsIPT and CsCKX in regulating the growth and development of cucumber and its response to abiotic stress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Growth and Development of Vegetable Crops)
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17 pages, 6930 KiB  
Article
Positive Effect of Green Photo-Selective Filter on Graft Union Formation in Tomatoes
by Constanza Carmach, Mónica Castro, Patricia Peñaloza, Leda Guzmán, María José Marchant, Samuel Valdebenito and Iván Kopaitic
Plants 2023, 12(19), 3402; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12193402 - 27 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1247
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of green and red photo-selective filters (shade nets) on the process of graft union formation (healing and acclimation) in grafted tomato plants. The research evaluated oxidative stress, physiological characteristics, and anatomical development of graft unions. Plants were subjected [...] Read more.
This study investigated the effects of green and red photo-selective filters (shade nets) on the process of graft union formation (healing and acclimation) in grafted tomato plants. The research evaluated oxidative stress, physiological characteristics, and anatomical development of graft unions. Plants were subjected to green-netting, red-netting, and no-netting treatments for 28 days, starting 4 days after grafting. Markers of oxidative stress, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as protein concentration of SOD/POD enzyme-enriched extracts, were quantified. The anatomical development of the graft unions was examined using microscopy. The results demonstrated that the red and green photo-selective filters increased ROS production by 5% and 4% after 3 days of exposure, by 58% and 14% after 7 days, and by 30% and 13% after 14 days in comparison to the control treatment. The increase in ROS activates the defense mechanism, enhancing the activity of SOD and POD enzymes. In terms of anatomy, the green netting resulted in enhanced cell proliferation and early differentiation of vascular tissue cells. Notably, at the 28-day mark, when the plants were ready for transplanting, the green-net treatment showed a reduction in lipid peroxidation damage and increases of 20% and 54% in dry weight compared with the control and red-net treatments, respectively. Finally, our results suggest that the use of a green photo-selective filter has a positive effect on oxidative stress, anatomical development, and overall growth of grafted tomato plants during the process of graft union formation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Growth and Development of Vegetable Crops)
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Review

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14 pages, 1917 KiB  
Review
The Research Process of PSK Biosynthesis, Signaling Transduction, and Potential Applications in Brassica napus
by Xuwen Shen, Nils Stührwohldt and Chen Lin
Plants 2023, 12(17), 3075; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173075 - 28 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1461
Abstract
Phytosulfokine (PSK) is a disulfated pentapeptide that acts as a growth regulator to control plant growth and development as well as adaptability to biotic and abiotic stress. In the last three decades, PSK has drawn increasing attention due to its various functions. Preproproteins [...] Read more.
Phytosulfokine (PSK) is a disulfated pentapeptide that acts as a growth regulator to control plant growth and development as well as adaptability to biotic and abiotic stress. In the last three decades, PSK has drawn increasing attention due to its various functions. Preproproteins that have been tyrosine sulfonylated and then cleaved by specific enzymes contribute to mature PSK. To transfer a signal from the apoplast to the inner cells, the PSK peptide must bind to the PSK receptors (PSKR1 and PSKR2) at the cell surface. The precise mechanism of PSK signal transduction is still unknown, given that PSKR combines receptor and kinase activity with a capacity to bind calmodulin (CaM). The binding of PSK and PSKR stimulates an abundance of cGMP downstream from PSKR, further activating a cation-translocating unit composed of cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 17 (CNGC17), H+-ATPases AHA1 and AHA2, and BRI-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1). Recently, it has been revealed that posttranslational ubiquitination is closely related to the control of PSK and PSKR binding. To date, the majority of studies related to PSK have used Arabidopsis. Given that rapeseed and Arabidopsis share a close genetic relationship, the relevant knowledge obtained from Arabidopsis can be further applied to rapeseed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Growth and Development of Vegetable Crops)
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