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Genetic Resources of Cereal and Oilseed Crops for Sustainable Breeding and Food Security II

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A special issue of Plants (ISSN 2223-7747). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 September 2024 | Viewed by 7328

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Irina N. Anisimova

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Guest Editor

N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 42-44 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, St. Petersburg 190000, Russia
Interests: genetic diversity; seed storage proteins (polymorphism, genetic control, genomic organization); cytoplasmic male sterility–restoration of fertility (CMS-Rf) genetic systems; theoretical and applied aspects of interspecific hybridization (with special emphasis on sunflower)
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Svetlana Goryunova

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Guest Editor

1. Laboratory of Cell and Genomic Technologies, Russian Potato Research Center, 23 Lorkh Str., Kraskovo, 140051 Moscow Region, Russia
2. Laboratory of Plant Genetics, N.I.Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences. 119334 Moscow, Russia
Interests: crop genetics and genomics; plant breeding; biodiversity and evolution
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Dr. Eugene Radchenko

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Guest Editor

Department of Genetics, Federal Research Center, The N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 42,44 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, 19000 St.Petersburg, Russia
Interests: cultivated plants and wild relatives; genetic diversity; plant breeding; resistance to harmful organisms
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Cereal and oilseed crops are indispensable for the existence of humankind. They are ubiquitously used for human and animal nutrition, medicinal purposes, and obtaining ecologically friendly materials. Genebanks play an important role in the conservation and the study of plant genetic resources. Collections of genetic resources of cereal and oilseed crops conserved in Genebanks include thousands of accessions that represent old and modern varieties, landraces, breeding lines, and also wild species that can be used for breeding new genotypes with valuable traits.

Due to the domestication "bottleneck" effect in human history, the genetic basis of a number of cereal and oilseed crop species is comparatively narrow. Hybridization with landraces and wild species significantly facilitates the broadening of the genetic diversity of breeding material for resistance to harmful organisms and tolerance to abiotic stressors. Distant hybridization may bring completely new traits that can revolutionize crop breeding and production. As an example, the phenomenon of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and fertility restoration, which is an important factor of speciation during plant evolution, has gained new significance as the basis for seed production in heterotic hybrid breeding.

The second volume is designed to collect scientific papers on cereal and oilseed crops. We welcome original research, review articles, and communications.

Dr. Irina N. Anisimova
Dr. Svetlana Goryunova
Dr. Eugene Radchenko
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Plants is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

cereal and oilseed plants
genetics and genomics
biodiversity and evolution
distant hybridization agronomically important traits
CMS-Rf genetic systems

Related Special Issue

Genetic Resources of Cereal and Oilseed Crops for Sustainable Breeding and Food Security in Plants (11 articles)

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 6517 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Diversity for Effective Resistance in Wheat Landraces from Ethiopia and Eritrea to Fungal Diseases and Toxic Aluminum Ions

by Evgeny V. Zuev, Tatiana V. Lebedeva, Olga V. Yakovleva, Maria A. Kolesova, Alla N. Brykova, Natalia S. Lysenko and Lev G. Tyryshkin

Plants 2024, 13(8), 1166; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13081166 - 22 Apr 2024

Viewed by 454

Abstract

To reveal genetic diversity for effective resistance to five foliar diseases and toxic aluminum ions, the entire collection of wheat species from the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) originating from Ethiopia and Eritrea were studied regarding their traits. The collection contains 509 samples of four wheat species (Triticum aestivum—122 samples; T. aethiopicum—340 samples; T. polonicum—6 samples; and T. dicoccum—41 samples). The majority of accessions are new entries of landraces added to the Vavilov collection as a result of the Russian–Ethiopian expedition in 2012. Wheat seedlings were inoculated with causal agents of leaf rust (Pt), powdery mildew (Bgt), Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB), and dark-brown leaf spot blotch (HLB). The types of reaction and disease development were assessed to describe the levels of resistance. All samples of T. aethiopicum were also screened for seedling and adult resistance to Pt, Bgt, and yellow rust (Pst) under field conditions after double inoculation with the corresponding pathogens. To study tolerance to abiotic stress, seedlings were grown in a solution of Al³⁺ (185 µM, pH 4,0) and in water. The index of root length was used to characterize tolerance. Seedlings belonging to only two accessions out of those studied—k-68236 of T. aethiopicum and k-67397 of T. dicoccum—were resistant to Pt at 20 °C but susceptible at 25 °C. Specific molecular markers closely linked to the five genes for Pt resistance effective against populations of the pathogen from the northwestern region of Russia were not amplified in these two entries after PCR with corresponding primers. Four entries of T. dicoccum—k-18971, k-18975, k-19577, and k-67398—were highly resistant to Bgt. All samples under study were susceptible to HLB and SNB. Under field conditions, 15% of the T. aethiopicum samples were resistant to Pst, both at the seedling and the flag leaf stages, but all were susceptible to the other diseases under study. Among the evaluated samples, 20 entries of T. aestivum, 1 of T. polonicum (k-43765), and 2 of T. dicoccum (k-18971, k-67397) were tolerant to aluminum ions. The identified entries could be valuable sources for the breeding of T. aestivum and other wheats for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Resources of Cereal and Oilseed Crops for Sustainable Breeding and Food Security II)

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19 pages, 940 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Wheat Septoria tritici Resistance Genes in Wheat Germplasm Using Molecular Markers

by Alma Kokhmetova, Ardak Bolatbekova, Yuliya Zeleneva, Angelina Malysheva, Sholpan Bastaubayeva, Kanat Bakhytuly, Yerlan Dutbayev and Vladimir Tsygankov

Plants 2024, 13(8), 1113; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13081113 - 16 Apr 2024

Viewed by 347

Abstract

Zymoseptoria tritici (Z. tritici) is the main threat to global food security; it is a fungal disease that presents one of the most serious threats to wheat crops, causing severe yield losses worldwide, including in Kazakhstan. The pathogen leads to crop losses reaching from 15 to 50%. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate a wheat collection for Z. tritici resistance during the adult plant and seedling growth stages, (2) identify the sources of resistance genes that provide resistance to Z. tritici using molecular markers linked to Stb genes, and (3) identify potentially useful resistant wheat genotypes among cultivars and advanced breeding lines. This study evaluated 60 winter and spring wheat genotypes for Z. tritici resistance. According to the field reactions, 22 entries (35.7%) showed ≤10% disease severity in both years. The resistant reaction to a mix of Z. tritici isolates in the seedling stage was associated with adult plant resistance to disease in four wheat entries. The resistance of Rosinka 3 was due to the presence of Stb8; Omskaya 18 showed an immune reaction in the field and a moderately susceptible reaction in the seedling stage, possibly provided by a combination of the Stb7 and Stb2 genes. The high resistance in both the adult and seedling stages of Omskaya 29 and KR11-03 was due to the Stb4 and Stb2 genes and, possibly, due to the presence of unknown genes. A linked marker analysis revealed the presence of several Stb genes. The proportion of wheat entries with Stb genes was quite high at twenty-seven of the genotypes tested (45.0%), including four from Kazakhstan, nine from Russia, nine from the CIMMYT-ICARDA-IWWIP program, and five from the CIMMYT-SEPTMON nursery. Among the sixty entries, ten (16.7%) carried the resistance genes Stb2 and Stb8, and the gene Stb4 was found in seven cultivars (11.6%). Marker-assisted selection can be efficiently applied to develop wheat cultivars with effective Stb gene combinations that would directly assist in developing durable resistance in Kazakhstan. Resistant genotypes could also be used as improved parents in crossing programs to develop new wheat cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Resources of Cereal and Oilseed Crops for Sustainable Breeding and Food Security II)

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18 pages, 3812 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Expression of FAD and SAD Genes in Developing Seeds of Flax Varieties under Different Growth Conditions

by Elena N. Pushkova, Liubov V. Povkhova, Ekaterina M. Dvorianinova, Roman O. Novakovskiy, Tatiana A. Rozhmina, Aleksey A. Gryzunov, Elizaveta A. Sigova, Daiana A. Zhernova, Elena V. Borkhert, Anastasia A. Turba, Arthur G. Yablokov, Nadezhda L. Bolsheva, Alexey A. Dmitriev and Nataliya V. Melnikova

Plants 2024, 13(7), 956; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13070956 - 26 Mar 2024

Viewed by 570

Abstract

Flax seed is one of the richest plant sources of linolenic acid (LIN) and also contains unsaturated linoleic acid (LIO) and oleic acid (OLE). Stearoyl-ACP desaturases (SADs) and fatty acid desaturases (FADs) play key roles in the synthesis of flax fatty acids (FAs). However, there is no holistic view of which genes from the SAD and FAD families and at which developmental stages have the highest expression levels in flax seeds, as well as the influence of genotype and growth conditions on the expression profiles of these genes. We sequenced flax seed transcriptomes at 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after flowering (DAF) for ten flax varieties with different oil FA compositions grown under three temperature/watering conditions. The expression levels of 25 genes of the SAD, FAD2, and FAD3 families were evaluated. FAD3b, FAD3a, FAD2b-2, SAD3-1, SAD2-1, SAD2-2, SAD3-2, FAD2a-1, and FAD2a-2 had the highest expression levels, which changed significantly during seed development. These genes probably play a key role in FA synthesis in flax seeds. High temperature and insufficient watering shifted the maximum expression levels of FAD and SAD genes to earlier developmental stages, while the opposite trend was observed for low temperature and excessive watering. Differences in the FAD and SAD expression profiles under different growth conditions may affect the FA composition of linseed oil. Stop codons in the FAD3a gene, resulting in a reduced LIN content, decreased the level of FAD3a transcript. The obtained results provide new insights into the synthesis of linseed oil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Resources of Cereal and Oilseed Crops for Sustainable Breeding and Food Security II)

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17 pages, 3130 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variability of the Main Economically Valuable Characteristics of Cyperus esculentus L. in Various Ecological and Geographical Conditions

by Nina G. Kon’kova, Valentina I. Khoreva, Vitaliy S. Popov, Tamara V. Yakusheva, Leonid L. Malyshev, Alla E. Solovyeva and Tatyana V. Shelenga

Plants 2024, 13(2), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020308 - 20 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2033

Abstract

This study includes an assessment of the VIR (Center N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources) chufa collection, grown in various ecological and geographical conditions of the Russian Federation: “Yekaterininskaya experimental station VIR” in the Tambov region and “Kuban experimental station VIR” in the Krasnodar Region during the years 2020–2021. The main indicators of the economic value of chufa accessions were studied: yield structure and nutritional value (oil, protein, starch, and fatty acid profile). The accessions were grown in regions with different climatic conditions. As a result of the study, the variability of the biochemical and yield characteristics and the correlation between the studied indicators and the factor structure of its variability were established. Of the 20 accessions used in the study, the accessions with the highest protein, starch, oil and unsaturated fatty acid contents were selected, which are the most promising for their use as a raw material to expand the range of regional functional food products, as well as for future breeding efforts in the development of new, promising regional chufa varieties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Resources of Cereal and Oilseed Crops for Sustainable Breeding and Food Security II)

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13 pages, 264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Diversity of Barley Accessions from East Asia for Greenbug Resistance

by Evgeny E. Radchenko, Renat A. Abdullaev, Daria E. Akimova and Irina N. Anisimova

Plants 2023, 12(22), 3797; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12223797 - 08 Nov 2023

Viewed by 815

Abstract

The greenbug, Schizaphis graminum, is a dangerous pest of barley and other grain crops in the south of Russia. An effective and environmentally friendly way to control this insect is to cultivate resistant varieties. The differential interaction between the phytophage and host plants necessitates the search for new donors of resistance. Seven hundred and seventy-eight accessions of barley from East Asian countries (313 from China, 450 from Japan, and 15 from Nepal) were evaluated for greenbug resistance. The Krasnodar population of the insect and clones isolated from it were used in the experiments. Forty heterogeneous accessions were identified, in which plants with a high level of resistance to the aphid were found. As a result of damage assessment by the 108 S. graminum clones of 11 lines selected from heterogeneous accessions, 52 insect virulence phenotypes were identified. Experiments with aphid test clones showed that all 11 lines possess diverse greenbug resistance alleles, which differ from the previously identified Rsg1, but their efficiency is low. The frequency of clones virulent to ten lines and the cultivar Post (a carrier of the Rsg1 gene) varies from 60.4% to 98.0%. The exception is line 15903, which is resistant to the aphid population and protected by one dominant gene. The high resistance of other lines against a part of the natural population of S. graminum is also under oligogenic control. Lines 15600 and 16190 each have one dominant resistance gene, and line 28129 is protected by two genes, the dominant and recessive ones. A recessive resistance gene is presumably present in line 15600. Lines 16237/1 and 16237/2, isolated from the same collection accession, each have one dominant gene effective against individual aphid clones. The loss of effectiveness of distinctly manifested resistance genes causes the expression of previously masked genes with a weak phenotypic manifestation, which differentially interact with insect genotypes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Resources of Cereal and Oilseed Crops for Sustainable Breeding and Food Security II)

14 pages, 312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resistance of Modern Russian Winter Wheat Cultivars to Yellow Rust

by Elena Gultyaeva and Ekaterina Shaydayuk

Plants 2023, 12(19), 3471; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12193471 - 03 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 975

Abstract

Over the last decade, the significance of yellow rust caused by Puccinia striiformis (Pst) has substantially increased worldwide, including in Russia. The development and cultivation of resistant genotypes is the most efficient control method. The present study was conducted to explore the yellow rust resistance potential of modern common winter wheat cultivars included in the Russian Register of Breeding Achievements in 2019–2022 using the seedling tests with an array of Pst races and molecular markers linked with Yr resistance genes. Seventy-two winter wheat cultivars were inoculated with five Pst isolates differing in virulence and origin. Molecular markers were used to identify genes Yr2, Yr5, Yr7, Yr9, Yr10, Yr15, Yr17, Yr18, Yr24, Yr25 and Yr60. Thirteen cultivars were resistant to all Pst isolates. The genes Yr5, Yr10, Yr15 and Yr24 that are effective against all Russian Pst races in resistant cultivars were not found. Using molecular methods, gene Yr9 located in translocation 1BL.1RS was detected in 12 cultivars, gene Yr18 in 24, gene Yr17 in 3 and 1AL.1RS translocation with unknown Yr gene in 2. While these genes have lost effectiveness individually, they can still enhance genetic diversity and overall yellow rust resistance, whether used in combination with each other or alongside other Yr genes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Resources of Cereal and Oilseed Crops for Sustainable Breeding and Food Security II)

18 pages, 1564 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bread Wheat Landraces Adaptability to Low-Input Agriculture

by Evangelos Korpetis, Elissavet Ninou, Ioannis Mylonas, Georgia Ouzounidou, Ioannis N. Xynias and Athanasios G. Mavromatis

Plants 2023, 12(13), 2561; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12132561 - 06 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1338

Abstract

Bread wheat landraces were an important source of biodiversity used in agriculture before the widespread adoption of high-yielding commercial cultivars adapted to high inputs. Could future agriculture exploit these landraces in different cropping systems in organic or lower-input environments? A two-year field trial was conducted to evaluate grain yield, agronomic performance, and grain quality of bread wheat landraces under different cropping systems, including low-input/organic/conventional environments. Significant variability was found for almost all characteristics among landraces, which makes landraces valuable sources of genetic variation for breeding programs aimed at achieving high and consistent production as well as high-quality products in low-input/organic environments. Additionally, landraces play a crucial role in expanding the genetic diversity of cultivated bread wheat and mitigating biodiversity erosion, thereby enabling crops to better withstand the challenges of low-input/organic agriculture. The landrace “Xilokastro Lamias” had the highest yield among the landraces evaluated in the first growing season (2.65 t·ha⁻¹) and one of the highest yields (2.52 t·ha⁻¹) of all genotypes in the second growing season, which shows promising potential as a starting material in breeding programs targeting high and stable yields. GGE biplot analysis identified the landrace ”Xilokastro Lamias”, along with commercial cultivars “Yecora E” and “Panifor”, as suitable candidates for direct use in low-input/organic wheat farming systems to achieve enhanced productivity. In the conventional environment (C2-IPGRB), commercial cultivars showed the highest values (3.09 to 3.41 ton·ha⁻¹). Of the landraces, only the X4 showed a high GY (3.10 ton·ha⁻¹) while the other landraces had ~33–85% lower yield. In the organic environment (O2-IPGRB), the highest productivity was found in the commercial cultivar X5 and the landrace X4. Commercial cultivars X8 and X7 showed ~68% reduction in GY in the organic environment compared to the conventional, while this reduction was half for the landraces. Finally, the reduction in grain yield between conventional and organic environments was observed to be 45% for commercial cultivars, while it was only half for landraces. This finding confirms the adaptability of landraces to organic agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Resources of Cereal and Oilseed Crops for Sustainable Breeding and Food Security II)

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