Sustainability

2024

Jump to: 2023, 2022

15 pages, 222 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Nutrient Content of Litter and Manure from Different Poultry Systems—Updating and Establishing the Nutrient Profile

by M. Elizabeth E. Ball, Lavinia P. Wright, Keith Wilson, Harold Richmond, Richard Cummings, Sam Smyth, Mark Davison, Keiron Forbes, Jonathan Thompson and Paul Bryson

Sustainability 2024, 16(15), 6633; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156633 - 2 Aug 2024

Viewed by 882

Abstract

Representative samples of litter and/or manure from 12 of the most common poultry systems were collected and analysed to provide an accurate nutrient profile from each system. For many systems (turkeys, broilers under indirect heating systems, and pullets), there were no previous values [...] Read more.

Representative samples of litter and/or manure from 12 of the most common poultry systems were collected and analysed to provide an accurate nutrient profile from each system. For many systems (turkeys, broilers under indirect heating systems, and pullets), there were no previous values with which to compare composition, but for other systems (broiler breeders and layers), nitrogen and phosphate content were lower as a result of changes in diet and advancements in genetics and management. Nitrogen and phosphate output per 1000 birds was calculated for each system using analysed values for nitrogen and phosphate and measured litter/manure output. Due to a lack of data, it was not possible to compare the nutrient profile of all systems with published values, but where this was possible, some important differences were apparent. For example, the nitrogen and phosphate contents of BB (0–18 weeks) litter were 31% lower and 73% higher than current standard values. Similar differences were also observed for BB (18–60 weeks) (26% lower in nitrogen and 51% higher in phosphate). Turkey litter was found to contain 14% less nitrogen and 37% less phosphate than standard values. Litter from pullet systems contained higher levels of DM (72%), nitrogen, and phosphate than standard values. Litter from free range laying systems also contained higher DM (46%), nitrogen, and phosphate than standard values. This information will be useful in updating environmental legislation and ensuring that poultry producers are able to calculate accurate nutrient management plans for their enterprises. This study also established relations between litter/manure dry matter (DM) and nutrient profile, meaning that this simple measured parameter can be used to predict nutrient profile. The strongest relations were observed between DM and N (R² = 0.65), DM and phosphate (R² = 0.53), and DM and MgO (R² = 0.69). The weakest relation was observed between DM and WSP content (R² = 0.21), although still significant (p = 0.046). It was concluded that it is necessary to consider the relation within individual systems when using DM as a predictor of nutrient profile rather than using a combined system approach. The water-soluble phosphorus (WSP) content of litter/manure was determined and a baseline was established for each production system. It was also shown that DM is positively related (p < 0.05) to WSP content. This will be important for future legislative compliance based on the WSP content of litter/manure. Full article

18 pages, 712 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can Social Learning Promote Farmers’ Green Breeding Behavior? Regulatory Effect Based on Environmental Regulation

by Menghan Wang, Yingyu Zhu, Shuyao Liu, Yan Zhang and Xingmei Dai

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5519; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135519 - 28 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 911

Abstract

Farmers’ green breeding behavior is significant to environmental protection and sustainable development. Based on the micro-survey data of 1248 beef cattle farmers in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Jilin Province, the OLS model and regulatory effect tests are used to analyze the influence [...] Read more.

Farmers’ green breeding behavior is significant to environmental protection and sustainable development. Based on the micro-survey data of 1248 beef cattle farmers in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Jilin Province, the OLS model and regulatory effect tests are used to analyze the influence of social learning on farmers’ green breeding behavior and to verify the mechanism of environmental regulation. Key findings include the following: (1) Social learning has a significant positive impact on farmers’ green breeding behavior. (2) Social learning has a significant positive impact on farmers’ willingness to undertake green breeding, farmers’ specific behavior of green breeding, and farmers’ continuous green breeding, among which the effect on specific behavior of green breeding is the most positive. (3) Environmental regulation plays a moderating role in the relationship between social learning and farmers’ green breeding behavior, among which all sub-dimensions of environmental regulation (incentive-based environmental regulation, binding environmental regulation and guided environmental regulation) have positive reinforcing effects, especially the most significant reinforcement effect of binding environmental regulation. Based on the research conclusions, this study proposes policy suggestions such as strengthening the training of farmers, strengthening the learning and communication among farmers’ neighbors, increasing the frequency of farmers’ use of mass media, improving the environmental regulation policy system, and promoting the coordinated development of environmental, economic, and social benefits. Full article

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12 pages, 483 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Farming System Type on Broilers’ Antioxidant Status, Performance, and Carcass Traits: An Industrial-Scale Production Study

by Evgenia Fotou, Vasiliki Moulasioti, Georgios A. Papadopoulos, Dimitra Kyriakou, Maria-Eleni Boti, Vassilios Moussis, Maria Papadami, Constantinos Tellis, Apostolos Patsias, Ioannis Sarrigeorgiou, Alexandros Theodoridis, Peggy Lymberi, Vasileios Tsiouris, Vassilios Tsikaris and Demokritos Tsoukatos

Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4782; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114782 - 4 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1175

Abstract

The global demand for improvement in the welfare conditions of broilers has generated the necessity to implement alternative rearing systems as well as less intensive growth hybrids. The majority of the data on alternative farming methods, notwithstanding their abundance, are the result of [...] Read more.

The global demand for improvement in the welfare conditions of broilers has generated the necessity to implement alternative rearing systems as well as less intensive growth hybrids. The majority of the data on alternative farming methods, notwithstanding their abundance, are the result of small-scale experiments. The present extended field study examined the effect of two different industrial farming systems on broilers’ antioxidant status, performance, and meat quality, including 13 replicates of each industrial breeding system (intensive conventional; free range) and two different chicken genotypes (fast growth; slow growth). The duration of the study was 51 months, and the total number of broilers was 260.000 for the conventional and 78.000 for the free-range system. The results showed that fast-growth chicks demonstrated a more satisfactory performance (in terms of body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) with p ≤ 0.001), reduced serum lipid oxidation (p ≤ 0.05), and more tender meat. Contrarily, slow-growth chickens presented significantly higher total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in serum and thigh muscle (p ≤ 0.001), significantly lower (p ≤ 0.05) thigh muscle oxidation (in terms of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS), increased protein and decreased fat content (p ≤ 0.05), and better smell, taste, color, and texture. In conclusion, the free-range farming system for slow-growth chickens may result in an overall higher nutritional value, sensory score, and serum and thigh muscle antioxidant profile than the conventional farming system for fast-growth broilers. However, fast-growth broilers exhibit better performance and might undergo less stress. Full article

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2023

Jump to: 2024, 2022

21 pages, 4584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainability of Colonist Land Uses in the Amazon: A Demo-Livelihoods Perspective

by Alisson F. Barbieri

Sustainability 2023, 15(19), 14116; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914116 - 23 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1130

Abstract

Amazon, the largest global tropical forest, is central to counterbalance the effects of climate change. However, the extant literature has not fully explained the effects of demographic changes on land use and livelihoods sustainability that reconciles production and conservation. Using a case study [...] Read more.

Amazon, the largest global tropical forest, is central to counterbalance the effects of climate change. However, the extant literature has not fully explained the effects of demographic changes on land use and livelihoods sustainability that reconciles production and conservation. Using a case study of 28 years in the Brazilian Amazon, this article provided novel empirical evidences on the co-evolution of household demographic dynamics (composition and life cycles), land use and livelihoods as depicted by the demo-livelihoods theoretical framework. Methods of analysis involve the combination of exploratory (descriptive, cluster and correlation) and a multivariate hazard model. The results validated the demo-livelihoods theory and showed that livelihoods adaptation over time involves diversification combining perennials and cattle ranching, land consolidation and off-farm strategies (remittances, wage labor, cash transfers). These strategies are conditioned by demographic dynamics. Households are less likely to diversify livelihoods with annual crops due to unsustainable environmental conditions and costs associated with land intensification and market accessibility. While diversification historically occur at the expense of primary forest, household ageing may create a momentum to limit deforestation and allows the future incorporation of plot-based natural capital as a source of diversified, sustainable land uses and livelihoods for carbon emissions and bioeconomy markets. Full article

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20 pages, 3360 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Analysis of the Goat Value Chain from Lao PDR to Vietnam and a Socio-Economic Sustainable Development Perspective

by Thi Nga Bui, Huu Van Nguyen, Xuan Ba Nguyen, Van Nam Le, Thi Mui Nguyen, Cuc Thi Kim Ngo, Quyen Thi Le Ngo, Nam Hoang, Luis Emilio Morales, Viet Don Nguyen, Luisa Olmo, Stephen Walken-Brown and Thi Thu Huong Le

Sustainability 2023, 15(18), 13781; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813781 - 15 Sep 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2115

Abstract

Goats are produced in Laos on a small scale and most of them are exported to Vietnam, where they receive a price approximately 30% higher than Vietnamese crossbred goats. In 2021, Laos exported 2.2 million dollars in sheep and goats, mostly to Vietnam [...] Read more.

Goats are produced in Laos on a small scale and most of them are exported to Vietnam, where they receive a price approximately 30% higher than Vietnamese crossbred goats. In 2021, Laos exported 2.2 million dollars in sheep and goats, mostly to Vietnam (2.19 million dollars). Vietnam was also the fastest-growing export market for sheep and goats of Laos between 2020 and 2021, comprising 66.7% of the total exports. This study aims to analyze the goat value chain from Laos to Vietnam and, based on its characteristics, to suggest policy interventions for the socio-economic sustainable development of the chain. This research analyzes a sample of 400 survey interviews of goat chain actors collected during the second and third quarters of 2022, with the support of CommCare software version 2.53.1. The results show that the Lao goat chain has four main functions implemented by four prominent actors: goat-rearing farmers, traders, abattoir owners, and restaurant owners. However, the role of input suppliers is unclear in this chain. Support to the stakeholders has been provided by local authorities and the government, projects and NGOs, technical supporters, and license supporters. There was not any clear evidence of the goat processing industry. Vertical and horizontal linkages between stakeholders exist, but agreements are primarily oral. There is no declaration of leading actors, and a traceability system has yet to be implemented. The increase in Lao goat exports to the Vietnamese market is driven by the high demand from Vietnamese consumers. The commercialization of goats’ yields provides a positive net income in Lao, where all actors benefit, especially traders and restaurant owners. The chain also creates job opportunities and income that improve living standards, especially for disadvantaged groups, such as women, middle-aged people, people with low literacy, and those living in rural areas. For the sustainable development of the chain, this research recommends that the Lao and Vietnamese governments work together to develop more favorable conditions for goat trading, to improve the traceability across the goat chain, to promote goat husbandry and feeding practices, and to foster goat farmer collaboration by sharing goat-rearing experiences. Full article

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9 pages, 566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Effects of Sport Horse Production Farms in Argentina

by Mariana M. Vaccaro, Alejandra V. Volpedo, Alberto Garcia-Liñeiro and Alicia Fernández-Cirelli

Sustainability 2023, 15(16), 12210; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612210 - 10 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1361

Abstract

Argentina is one of the countries that exports animals for equestrian sports. This paper analyzes the environmental effects of sport horse production farms in Argentina and proposes actions to minimize the environmental effects of this type of production. Twenty-six sport horse production farms [...] Read more.

Argentina is one of the countries that exports animals for equestrian sports. This paper analyzes the environmental effects of sport horse production farms in Argentina and proposes actions to minimize the environmental effects of this type of production. Twenty-six sport horse production farms in the province of Buenos Aires were studied. The proximity of the farms to a surface water body, the destination of the stall bedding, management practices and whether they receive veterinary advice were the characteristics analyzed in relation to feed, its composition and water consumption according to the performance of the animals. A nominal qualitative analysis on the impact was carried out considering three impact categories: low, medium and high. The association between the four environmental variables analyzed has shown that only two farms have a low environmental impact, while eighteen farms have a medium impact and five farms have a high impact. The results show that the role of the professional veterinarian is key in minimizing environmental impact and that the management of excretions and stall bedding should be reviewed in order to reduce the impact. This paper presents recommendations associated with water use, feed and manure management. Full article

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16 pages, 313 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Resilient and Sustainable Farm Profiles in Small Ruminant Production Systems Using Mathematical Programming Model

by Alexandros Theodoridis, Athanasios Ragkos, Sotiria Vouraki, Georgios Arsenos, Antonis Kominakis, Stephanie Coppin, Vincent Thenard and Tim J. Byrne

Sustainability 2023, 15(15), 11499; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511499 - 25 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1623

Abstract

In this study, a farm-scale mathematical programming model for sheep and goat farms is proposed to simulate economic performance, including new resilience sheep traits that allow animals to counteract the presence of infectious and noninfectious diseases. The model was developed in the Small [...] Read more.

In this study, a farm-scale mathematical programming model for sheep and goat farms is proposed to simulate economic performance, including new resilience sheep traits that allow animals to counteract the presence of infectious and noninfectious diseases. The model was developed in the Small Ruminants Breeding for Efficiency and Resilience (SMARTER) Horizon 2020 project. The SMARTER model is a comprehensive and adaptable linear programming model that enables the assessment of hypothetical scenarios/challenges related to animal traits that prevent infectious and noninfectious diseases. The optimal performance and the structure of the farm are modeled under the presence of infectious and noninfectious diseases (disease plan) and under conditions where no diseases occur (future plan). A comparison of the model solutions, between presence and absence of diseases, provides suggested adjustments to the farming system and insights into the potential shape of new sustainable farm system profiles for the sheep and goat sector. Technical and economic data from five different sheep farms and one goat farm in Greece and France were used in this empirical application to assess different scenarios in the presence of mastitis, parasitism, and lameness in the flocks. The results showed that the profitability and sustainability of the farms are significantly improved when the resilience of animals reduces the impact of the diseases (the highest increase in gross margin was 23.5%). However, although there is substantial improvement in the economic performance of the farms that rear healthy animals, this does not affect the production and management plan of the farmer and does not alter the farm’s structure. Full article

11 pages, 9755 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resistive Switching Property of Raw Organic Cow Milk for Memory Application

by Zolile Wiseman Dlamini, Sreedevi Vallabhapurapu and Vijaya Srinivasu Vallabhapurapu

Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 8250; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108250 - 18 May 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1529

Abstract

Organic material-based computer memory devices are critical for lowering the amount of electronic waste. Toward this end, we here present the resistive switching property of metal-insulator-metal type devices consisting of active layers made of raw organic cow milk. Our devices were made up [...] Read more.

Organic material-based computer memory devices are critical for lowering the amount of electronic waste. Toward this end, we here present the resistive switching property of metal-insulator-metal type devices consisting of active layers made of raw organic cow milk. Our devices were made up of fat-free, medium cream, and full cream raw cow milk active layers sandwiched between indium-doped tin oxide and silver electrodes. These devices were created without the use of heat or electricity, and because they use cow milk as their active layers, they do not pollute the environment. The medium-fat milk film had a higher weight percentage of metallic ions than the fat-free and full-cream milk films, according to energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis of the active layers. As a result, electrical characterization and memory studies revealed that conductive filaments driven by a space-charge-limited conduction mechanism were responsible for the “S-type” memory characteristics of the medium-fat milk-based device, with switching at remarkably low

V_{S E T} = + 0.48 V

and

V_{R E S E T} = - 0.25 V

. Furthermore, with over 30 write/erase cycles, this device demonstrated better non-volatile computer memory device prospects. Hoping conduction-driven conductive filaments, on the other hand, were linked to the behavior of devices that use fat-free and full-cream milk. Overall, our findings show that the fat and ion content of milk plays an important role in the morphology, transport, and switching of these devices. Full article

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15 pages, 3917 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Sustainable Pasture Agrolandscapes: A Landscape-Ecological-Indicative Approach to Environmental Audits and Impact Assessments

by Roman Plokhikh, Dana Shokparova, Gyula Fodor, Sándor Berghauer, Attila Tóth, Uzakbay Suymukhanov, Aiman Zhakupova, Imre Varga, Kai Zhu and Lóránt Dénes Dávid

Sustainability 2023, 15(8), 6913; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086913 - 19 Apr 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2131

Abstract

Reliable environmental audits and impact assessments are essential to achieve effective pasture utilization and ensure the production of high-quality livestock products. This study aims to develop an environmental audit and impact assessment method for pasture agrolandscapes to promote sustainable livestock practices, using Central [...] Read more.

Reliable environmental audits and impact assessments are essential to achieve effective pasture utilization and ensure the production of high-quality livestock products. This study aims to develop an environmental audit and impact assessment method for pasture agrolandscapes to promote sustainable livestock practices, using Central Kazakhstan as a case study. To provide a strong foundation for this research, the study utilized representations of pasture agrolandscapes, landscape-ecological and landscape-indicative approaches, and interactions between environmental audits and impact assessments in Kazakhstan. The authors acknowledge that their understanding of the environmental audit and impact assessment for pasture agrolandscapes is a complex method that requires specific knowledge and information about the landscape environment from users. They note that solving the challenges of national food security and environmentally safe territorial development can be achieved through the development of a private method that uses landscape environment status indicators. Methods similar to this enable the study of geocomplexes and their crucial characteristics, leading to a unique system of reliable indicators for environmental issues. This approach facilitates the creation of a scientifically based plan for optimal regional land use and land management systems regarding pasture agrolandscapes. Full article

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21 pages, 3310 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implementing IPCC 2019 Guidelines into a National Inventory: Impacts of Key Changes in Austrian Cattle and Pig Farming

by Stefan J. Hörtenhuber, Verena Größbacher, Lisa Schanz and Werner J. Zollitsch

Sustainability 2023, 15(6), 4814; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15064814 - 8 Mar 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2241

Abstract

This study examined enteric and excreta emissions from cattle and pigs with a focus on effects of changed feeding practices. We assessed the impact of a revision of the Austrian Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollutant Inventory (national method, NM), i.e., the implementation of [...] Read more.

This study examined enteric and excreta emissions from cattle and pigs with a focus on effects of changed feeding practices. We assessed the impact of a revision of the Austrian Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollutant Inventory (national method, NM), i.e., the implementation of the Tier2-method of the IPCC-2019 guidelines, to a more dynamic integration of past and present feeding practices. Cattle—in particular, dairy cows—had the highest contribution to enteric CH₄ emissions and to nitrogen (N_ex) and volatile-solid (VS_ex) excretion, independent of the assessment method (NM or IPCC-2019). These emissions as well as excreta quantities are directly associated with feeding. The most relevant changes from implementing IPCC-2019 were (i) reduced enteric CH₄ over the entire time series and (ii) increased N_ex and VS_ex, especially for the period from 1990 to 2005. Additionally, uncertainties in the emissions and excreta were analyzed and related to the quantities of protein consumed. From 1990 to 2020, favorable trends per unit of protein were shown due to increased performance and concomitantly reduced animal numbers. The changes were especially pronounced for CH₄, N_ex, and VS_ex from dairy cows (−40% to −46%) but also substantial for other cattle (−26% to −31%), breeding pigs (−12% to −28%), and partially growing-fattening pigs (−3% to −20%). Future mitigation potential may result from reduced dietary crude-protein content, especially in pigs, and the use of feed additives. Feed additives for ruminants with enteric CH₄-mitigating effects showed a particularly high reduction potential for the total amount of greenhouse gases from the livestock sector. Full article

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21 pages, 982 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determinants of Health Management Practices’ Utilization and Its Effect on Poultry Farmers’ Income in Ondo State, Nigeria

by Adewale Isaac Olutumise, Taiwo Olarotimi Oladayo, Lawrence Olusola Oparinde, Igbekele Amos Ajibefun, Taye Timothy Amos, Yiseyon Sunday Hosu and Idowu Alimi

Sustainability 2023, 15(3), 2298; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032298 - 26 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2858

Abstract

Nigeria is the second largest poultry industry in Africa, with its poultry industry the most commercialized livestock sub-sector. Despite its significance, the farmers still experience economic losses due to disease outbreaks. Hence, the application of standard Health Management Practices (HMPs) is very important, [...] Read more.

Nigeria is the second largest poultry industry in Africa, with its poultry industry the most commercialized livestock sub-sector. Despite its significance, the farmers still experience economic losses due to disease outbreaks. Hence, the application of standard Health Management Practices (HMPs) is very important, as these practices improve the welfare of animals and increase animal production and farmers’ income. This paper examined the determinants of HMP’s utilization and its effect on poultry farmers’ income in Ondo State, Nigeria. We used multistage sampling procedures to select 120 respondents who provided data for the study. The study used Generalized Poisson Regression (GPR) and Conditional Quantile Regression (CQR) models to estimate the determinants of HMP’s utilization intensity, and its heterogeneous effects on farmers’ income, respectively. The results revealed that the HMP’s utilization intensity was significantly driven by variables such as education, training, experience, land ownership, stock size, mortality rate, and production system. In addition, HMP’s utilization had significant heterogeneous effects on farmers’ income. Therefore, the government and other developmental agencies should promote HMP’s utilization through the provision of poultry-based skills acquisition and vocational education. Full article

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21 pages, 320 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Monitoring of Performance-Based Environmental Impacts of Substituting Soybean Meal with Rapeseed Meal in the Rye-Based Diet of Weaned Pigs

by Volker Wilke, Julia Gickel and Christian Visscher

Sustainability 2023, 15(3), 2210; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032210 - 25 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2711

Abstract

Due to its favorable properties, soybean meal (SBM) is used especially in young growing animals. In terms of sustainability, there are various efforts to reduce the amounts of SBM in compound feeds and to increase the use of regional protein sources. This paper [...] Read more.

Due to its favorable properties, soybean meal (SBM) is used especially in young growing animals. In terms of sustainability, there are various efforts to reduce the amounts of SBM in compound feeds and to increase the use of regional protein sources. This paper focuses on the effects of a partial to total substitution of SBM by regionally produced rapeseed meal (RSM) in different piglet diets regarding 10 important factors having an impact on the environment. Four diets, characterized by different shares (%) of both protein-rich ingredients (SBM/RSM: 18.1/0; 13.6/6.70; 8.10/16.1; 0/28.0), were fed to four groups of 10 piglets each in two runs. The impact was calculated related to feed (per t) and was performance-based for every piglet (impact·kg weight gain⁻¹) for each factor using methods according to life-cycle-analyses (LCA). Although feed intake and weight gains were not affected negatively, higher feed conversion ratios occurred, with high amounts of rapeseed inclusion. Nevertheless, the performance-based negative influence on climate change (kg CO₂ eq·kg weight gain⁻¹) was nearly halved when SBM was replaced by RSM. Since performance was not negatively affected, the use of RSM instead of SBM in piglet diets could be a viable tool for markedly reducing the negative impact on climate change. Full article

11 pages, 548 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economic Performance of Dairy Sheep Farms in Less-Favoured Areas of Greece: A Comparative Analysis Based on Flock Size and Farming System

by Vasiliki Papanikolopoulou, Sotiria Vouraki, Stergios Priskas, Alexandros Theodoridis, Socratis Dimitriou and Georgios Arsenos

Sustainability 2023, 15(2), 1681; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021681 - 15 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2794

Abstract

Dairy sheep farming is a significant agricultural sector in Mediterranean countries, providing income and employment opportunities in less-favoured areas (LFAs). The economic performance of dairy sheep farms is of significant interest to LFAs. However, relevant literature is scarce. The objectives here were to [...] Read more.

Dairy sheep farming is a significant agricultural sector in Mediterranean countries, providing income and employment opportunities in less-favoured areas (LFAs). The economic performance of dairy sheep farms is of significant interest to LFAs. However, relevant literature is scarce. The objectives here were to evaluate the economic performance of dairy sheep farms in LFAs of Greece and perform a comparative analysis based on flock size and farming system. In total, 19 and 26 dairy sheep farms for two production periods were used. Farm technical (flock size, production, grazing and nutritional management) and economic (income and variable costs) data were collected. The economic performance of farms was estimated using Happy Goats, a decision support tool for small ruminant farming. Estimated economic parameters were analysed by flock size (≤150 ewes vs. >150 ewes) and farming system (intensive/semi-intensive vs. semi-extensive). Results showed that 37% and 31% of farms were operating with losses in each production period, respectively. Based on nutritional management, ewes produced about 50 kg less milk per milking period. Smaller and semi-extensive farms had significantly (p < 0.05) lower incomes and variable costs. A significantly (p < 0.05) lower average gross margin was reported for smaller compared to larger farms. Results suggest a better economic perspective for larger flock sizes. Full article

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11 pages, 282 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Inclusion Levels of Cricket and Silkworm as Alternative Ruminant Feed: A Study on Their Impacts on Rumen Fermentation and Gas Production

by Eslam Ahmed and Takehiro Nishida

Sustainability 2023, 15(2), 1415; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021415 - 11 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2088

Abstract

Due to growing interest in alternative and sustainable high-quality feed sources for the livestock industry, we carried out a study to determine the optimal inclusion levels of two insect species (Gryllus bimaculatus and Bombyx mori) in a feed for ruminants, as [...] Read more.

Due to growing interest in alternative and sustainable high-quality feed sources for the livestock industry, we carried out a study to determine the optimal inclusion levels of two insect species (Gryllus bimaculatus and Bombyx mori) in a feed for ruminants, as well as evaluating their impacts on rumen fermentation characteristics and methane production. An experiment was performed using an in vitro model for 24 h with a ruminant diet (control group) of 60%:40% grass:concentrate, in order to investigate the effects of insect inclusion into the diet at 10, 20, 30, and 40%, through their substitution into the concentrate mixture. The rumen fermentation parameters indicated that each insect could be included in the diet up to 20% without adverse effects on nutrient digestibility, while increasing the production of ammonia-nitrogen. Increasing the inclusion level beyond 20% led to significant decreases (p < 0.05) in the total gas production, nutrient digestibility, and volatile fatty acids production due to the high fat content in these dietary treatments. Therefore, G. bimaculatus and B. mori could be used as an alternative ruminant feed up to 20%, in order to replace high-quality feed ingredients. Formulating ruminant feed using insects as ingredients should take into consideration their fat content and the total dietary fat content. Full article

13 pages, 696 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Legume Grains as an Alternative to Soybean Meal in the Diet of Intensively Reared Dairy Ewes

by Sotiria Vouraki, Vasiliki Papanikolopoulou, Maria Irakli, Zoi Parissi, Eleni M. Abraham and Georgios Arsenos

Sustainability 2023, 15(2), 1028; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021028 - 5 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1911

Abstract

Grain legumes are feedstuffs with high nutritional value that could replace soybean in dairy sheep nutrition. This could be beneficial in terms of economic efficiency and environmental sustainability. However, research regarding their potential effects on animal performance is scarce. The objective was to [...] Read more.

Grain legumes are feedstuffs with high nutritional value that could replace soybean in dairy sheep nutrition. This could be beneficial in terms of economic efficiency and environmental sustainability. However, research regarding their potential effects on animal performance is scarce. The objective was to assess milk production and body condition score (BCS) of intensively reared dairy ewes after replacing soybean meal with a mixture of lupin, pea, vetch, and faba bean in their ration. A total of 40 Chios dairy ewes were randomly selected. They were allocated in two (n = 20) groups C and T; both were fed same amounts of Lucerne hay and wheat straw as well as a concentrate feed that was formulated with either inclusion of soybean meal for Group C or a mixture of legumes for Group T. Both feeds had equal energy and protein contents. Data collection was performed every 15 days for a 60-day period (a total of five measurements). In each measurement, ewe BCS was assessed, milk yield was recorded electronically, and individual milk samples were collected to assess chemical composition (fat, protein, lactose, and solids-non-fat content); energy corrected milk yield and milk components yield were calculated. Moreover, feed refusals from each group were weighed to calculate feed intake. Average individual daily concentrate feed intake was lower in Group T compared to C. Nutritional management did not significantly affect (p > 0.05) milk production and BCS. An exception was the last measurement where ewes in Group T had significantly (p < 0.05) higher milk protein, lactose and SNF yield, and lactose content. Results suggest that the studied legumes could replace soybean without compromising productivity of intensively reared dairy ewes. Full article

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14 pages, 1188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of the Genetic Diversity of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.)

by Eleni Avramidou, Ioannis Ganopoulos, Photini Mylona, Eleni M. Abraham, Irini Nianiou-Obeidat, Maslin Osathanunkul and Panagiotis Madesis

Sustainability 2023, 15(2), 1016; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021016 - 5 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2308

Abstract

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is an important grain legume with high protein content (approximately 25–30%) and high nutritional value. It is broadly cultivated in temperate areas both for human consumption and as animal feed. According to FAOSTAT (2020), the total cultivated [...] Read more.

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is an important grain legume with high protein content (approximately 25–30%) and high nutritional value. It is broadly cultivated in temperate areas both for human consumption and as animal feed. According to FAOSTAT (2020), the total cultivated area of faba bean reached approximately 2.5 million ha, yielding more than 4.5 million tons. The characterization of the genetic diversity in faba bean is an important parameter for genetic and biodiversity studies, germplasm characterization, and for introducing genetic variability in plant breeding. The present study aims to assess the genetic diversity among 53 Greek, varied faba bean populations provided by the Hellenic Agricultural Organization “DEMETER” seed bank. To determine the genetic diversity of the studied populations, six SCoT DNA markers were used. A total of 114 loci were obtained with 37.95% being polymorphic and 62.05% monomorphic within or between populations. SCoT markers are a useful tool for the detection of genetic diversity among faba bean populations and encourage targeted crossing strategies. The present study is the first step towards the development of an efficient breeding program. Full article

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2022

Jump to: 2024, 2023

14 pages, 1238 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Animals or Humans: What Do Greek Consumers Care More about When Buying Feta Cheese?

by Georgia Papoutsi, Pantelis Noulas and Katerina Tsatoura

Sustainability 2023, 15(1), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010316 - 25 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2182

Abstract

Over the last few years, the global consumer concerns for quality standards in food production and distribution have increased, and actions towards a more sustainable agrifood system have become necessary. Ethical labeling schemes, such as animal welfare and fair labor, can help in [...] Read more.

Over the last few years, the global consumer concerns for quality standards in food production and distribution have increased, and actions towards a more sustainable agrifood system have become necessary. Ethical labeling schemes, such as animal welfare and fair labor, can help in this direction. To better understand if these labels are indeed an important element in consumer’s buying decisions and to be able to quantify the magnitude of their importance, this study uses the contingent valuation method. Results reveal that respondents place a positive value on both labeling schemes, and they are willing to pay an average premium of 27% and 36% for feta cheese carrying an animal welfare and a fair labor label, respectively. Estimated willingness to pay (WTP) values are affected by demographic characteristics as well as attitudinal variables such as gender, age, prior knowledge of ethical certification labels, purchase frequency and ethically minded purchasing behavior. Overall results suggest that there is a strong market opportunity for both labeling schemes Ethical labeling can be an effective marketing tool for producers and distributors seeking to differentiate their feta cheese products. Furthermore, it is implied that consumers value issues related to labor exploitation in the dairy farming sector higher than inhuman treatment of animals. Full article

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7 pages, 542 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Geothermal Plus Sunlight-Based Incubator for Sustainable Pig Production

by Shad Mahfuz, Hong-Seok Mun, Muhammad Ammar Dilawar, Keiven Mark B. Ampode, Veasna Chem, Young-Hwa Kim, Jong-Pil Moon and Chul-Ju Yang

Sustainability 2022, 14(22), 15243; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215243 - 17 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1456

Abstract

This experiment was conducted to assess the effects of a geothermal plus sunlight-based incubator on the growth performance, electricity uses and housing environment of piglets. A total of 20 piglets, average 7.7 ± 0.015 kg (mean ± std.) initial body weight, were randomly [...] Read more.

This experiment was conducted to assess the effects of a geothermal plus sunlight-based incubator on the growth performance, electricity uses and housing environment of piglets. A total of 20 piglets, average 7.7 ± 0.015 kg (mean ± std.) initial body weight, were randomly divided into two separated incubators: control (conventional incubator) and the geothermal plus sunlight-based heat pump (GS) incubator with 10 replicated piglets. The experimental duration was 8 weeks. Average daily weight gain, feed intake, electricity consumption, and house temperature, humidity, ammonia, and carbon dioxide concentration were measured on a weekly basis. There were no significant differences in the final body weight, average daily body weight gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) between the incubators. The electricity consumption of the GS incubator was reduced by 120.95 kWh/head and the saving efficacy was about 64.76% that of the conventional incubator. The electricity cost was reduced by 3.26 USD and the ratio of feed cost to weigh gain was lower in the GS-based incubator. No significant differences were noted for the internal temperature and humidity between the incubators. The ammonia concentration and carbon dioxide concentration were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the GS-based incubator than the control incubator. The geothermal plus sunlight-based incubator might be healthy and economic for the sustainable pig production. Full article

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12 pages, 268 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evolution of the Structure and Economic Management of the Dairy Cow Sector

by Georgia Koutouzidou, Athanasios Ragkos and Katerina Melfou

Sustainability 2022, 14(18), 11602; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811602 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2274

Abstract

In this paper, we examine the changes in the structural, economic and managerial characteristics of dairy cow farms during their shift towards a new business model that operates under a highly intensified system. Based on farm accounting data from Greek dairy farms for [...] Read more.

In this paper, we examine the changes in the structural, economic and managerial characteristics of dairy cow farms during their shift towards a new business model that operates under a highly intensified system. Based on farm accounting data from Greek dairy farms for the 2004–2017 period, the main technical and financial indicators are estimated and compared to provide a clear picture of the structural adjustment of the dairy cow sector during the last two decades. The outcomes and the implications described herein are relevant for specialized dairy farms in most European countries. The results indicate that modern farms breed a larger number of cows, achieve a higher milk yield, rely on high compound feed intakes and operate under an intensive pattern. This trend is even more evident in larger farms with an entrepreneurial nature, whose structural adjustments occurred in a more concise and effective manner. The latter benefited from a downward shift in their long-term average cost curves and the resulting economies of scale, achieving reasonable gross margins despite the ever-increasing feeding costs. Nowadays, the European dairy cow sector faces major economic, social and environmental challenges that must be properly addressed to secure its survival. The findings of this study provide insights concerning the efficient financial management of dairy farms that can support the development of strategies and policy recommendations that will enhance the resilience and sustainability of the sector. Full article

16 pages, 1061 KiB

Open AccessReview

Eco-Value and Public Perceptions for Indigenous Farm Animal Breeds and Local Plant Varieties, Focusing on Greece

by Martha Tampaki, Georgia Koutouzidou, Athanasios Ragkos, Katerina Melfou and Ioannis A. Giantsis

Sustainability 2022, 14(18), 11211; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811211 - 7 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1786

Abstract

The present study aims to review the literature on the functioning of short value chains and public perceptions regarding indigenous farm animal breeds (IFABs), local plant varieties (LPVs), and their products. Our work mainly concerns Greece, providing additional concrete examples from the wider [...] Read more.

The present study aims to review the literature on the functioning of short value chains and public perceptions regarding indigenous farm animal breeds (IFABs), local plant varieties (LPVs), and their products. Our work mainly concerns Greece, providing additional concrete examples from the wider Balkan area, which is characterized by high agrobiodiversity and richness in various IFAB and LPV, enhanced by the extensive farming systems that still operate in many parts of the area. To achieve this goal, a systematic literature search of recent relevant studies was performed, followed by a description of their results and conclusions, as well as proposed measures and policies for the conservation and utilization of biodiversity in agricultural and livestock systems. According to our findings, the Balkan region is characterized by a great wealth of local plant varieties and indigenous breeds of farm animals, which is largely recognized by consumers, who would, however, recommend stronger eco-labeling of local agricultural products. Similar data are observed in Greece, which are reinforced by the Mediterranean climatic environment. NGO organizations occasionally play an important role in promoting local agricultural products and creating awareness about the need to preserve local breeds and plant varieties. Finally, the recognition, certification, and measurements carried out by local authorities, as well as EU regulations, are of great importance in highlighting the value of agrobiodiversity from a sustainable point of view. Full article

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17 pages, 1291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Productive Livestock Characterization and Recommendations for Good Practices Focused on the Achievement of the SDGs in the Ecuadorian Amazon

by Bolier Torres, Verónica Andrade, Marco Heredia-R, Theofilos Toulkeridis, Kleber Estupiñán, Marcelo Luna, Carlos Bravo and Antón García

Sustainability 2022, 14(17), 10738; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710738 - 29 Aug 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2694

Abstract

The increase in livestock production in the Ecuadorian Amazon Region has caused an increase in deforestation and the advance of the agricultural frontier. The aim of the current study was to conduct a socioeconomic and productive characterization in Andean-Amazonian livestock systems in Ecuador. [...] Read more.

The increase in livestock production in the Ecuadorian Amazon Region has caused an increase in deforestation and the advance of the agricultural frontier. The aim of the current study was to conduct a socioeconomic and productive characterization in Andean-Amazonian livestock systems in Ecuador. The study area was part of the Sumaco Biosphere Reserve (SBR) and three other zones: low (400 to 700 masl), middle (701 to 1600 masl), and high (701 to 1600 masl). Data were collected from 167 ranching households. There are significant differences (p ≤ 0.001) in the results. It was identified that 56.1% of the producers in the middle zone are indigenous (Kichwa). The largest (p ≤ 0.01) average household size (6.7 household members) and the highest level of household heads without schooling (16%) were found in the same area. Heads of households over 54 years of age were reported throughout the gradient. The largest farms were also found in the middle zone, with an average of 62.3 ha, of which an average of 32.9 ha is native forest, 2.1 ha is agricultural land, and 27.2 ha is cattle pasture. The household economy is driven by a greater investment in livestock in the upper area, and therefore their annual gross income has a high impact on their economy. With these results, this study presents recommendations to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Full article

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17 pages, 2561 KiB

Open AccessReview

Latin American Cattle Ranching Sustainability Debate: An Approach to Social-Ecological Systems and Spatial-Temporal Scales

by Daniela Figueroa, Leopoldo Galicia and Manuel Suárez Lastra

Sustainability 2022, 14(14), 8924; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148924 - 21 Jul 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3494

Abstract

The significance of Latin America (LA) in the global food supply is large and prominent. The livestock sector at this time faces social-ecological challenges that will be accentuated in the future and will be incredibly challenging for small and medium producers. We conducted [...] Read more.

The significance of Latin America (LA) in the global food supply is large and prominent. The livestock sector at this time faces social-ecological challenges that will be accentuated in the future and will be incredibly challenging for small and medium producers. We conducted a systematic literature review to understand the role of LA cattle ranching in the current sustainability debate. In addition, we identified the main components of cattle ranching social-ecological systems and evaluated the institutional and ecological interactions of livestock studies by identifying spatial and temporal scales. Our results show a broad debate on livestock sustainability in LA; nevertheless, efforts to measure sustainability and analyze cattle ranching systemically are scarce. The study of LA cattle ranching in the 21st century was geographically concentrated on the main producing countries (Mexico, Colombia, Brazil, and Argentina) and was consistently promoted by government and academic institutions aiming to understand management strategies that improve yields. However, it less often focused on analyzing their impacts on ecosystems and climate. The complexity and dynamism of cattle ranching in LA make it necessary to address sustainable planning from a systemic approach to guide viable transformations through spatial scales. Full article

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14 pages, 2303 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Drought-Induced Challenges and Different Responses by Smallholder and Semicommercial Livestock Farmers in Semiarid Limpopo, South Africa—An Indicator-Based Assessment

by Leonhard Klinck, Kingsley K. Ayisi and Johannes Isselstein

Sustainability 2022, 14(14), 8796; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148796 - 18 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2409

Abstract

Increased seasonal climatic variability is a major contributor to uncertainty in livestock-based livelihoods across Southern Africa. Erratic rainfall patterns and prolonged droughts have resulted in the region being identified as a climate ‘vulnerability hotspot’. Based on fieldwork conducted in the dry seasons in [...] Read more.

Increased seasonal climatic variability is a major contributor to uncertainty in livestock-based livelihoods across Southern Africa. Erratic rainfall patterns and prolonged droughts have resulted in the region being identified as a climate ‘vulnerability hotspot’. Based on fieldwork conducted in the dry seasons in a semiarid region of South Africa, we present an interdisciplinary approach to assess the differential effects of drought on two types of livestock systems. Organic matter digestibility, faecal crude protein, C/N ratio and the natural abundance of faecal ¹⁵N and ¹³C isotopes were used as ecophysiological feed quality indicators between smallholder and semicommercial systems. These measurements were complemented with qualitative surveys. In a novel approach, we tested the potential of the isotopic signature to predict feed quality and present a significant relationship between organic matter digestibility and isotopic ratios. Indicators assessed smallholder feed quality to be significantly higher than semicommercial feed. However, animals from semicommercial farms were in significantly better condition than those from smallholding farms. Differential access to feed resources suggests that a complex feed–water–land nexus pushes smallholders into high reliance on off-farm supplements to bridge drought-induced feed deficits. The paper thus offers a contribution to intersectional work on drought effects on livestock keepers of semiarid South Africa and illustrates how ecophysiological indicators mirror socioeconomic differences. Full article

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12 pages, 1883 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Using Novel Equations to Predict Nitrogen Excretion and Associated Emissions from Pasture-Based Beef Production Systems

by Angelos E. Angelidis, Graham A. McAuliffe, Taro Takahashi, Les Crompton, Tianhai Yan, Christopher K. Reynolds, Sokratis Stergiadis and Tom Misselbrook

Sustainability 2022, 14(12), 7260; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127260 - 14 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2451

Abstract

The excretion of nitrogen (N) in faeces and urine from beef cattle contributes to atmospheric pollution through greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions and eutrophication of land and aquatic habitats through excessive N deposition and nitrate leaching to groundwater. As N excretion by beef [...] Read more.

The excretion of nitrogen (N) in faeces and urine from beef cattle contributes to atmospheric pollution through greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions and eutrophication of land and aquatic habitats through excessive N deposition and nitrate leaching to groundwater. As N excretion by beef cattle is rarely measured directly, it is important to accurately predict losses by utilising a combined knowledge of diet and production parameters so that the effect of dietary changes on the potential environmental impact of beef production systems can be estimated. This study aimed to identify differences between IPCC and more detailed country-specific models in the prediction of N excretion and N losses at a system level and determine how the choice of model influences the interpretation of differences in diet at the system scale. The data used in this study were derived from a farm-scale experimental system consisting of three individual grazing farms, each with a different sward type: a permanent pasture, a high sugar ryegrass monoculture, and a high sugar ryegrass with white clover (~30% groundcover). Data were analysed using a mixed linear model (residual maximum likelihood analysis). The IPCC methods demonstrated significantly lower estimates of N excretion than country-specific models for the first housing period and significantly greater losses for the grazing and second housing periods. The country-specific models enabled prediction of N partitioning to urine and faeces, which is important for estimation of subsequent N losses through the production system, although the models differed in their estimates. Overall, predicted N losses were greater using the IPCC approaches compared to using more detailed country-specific approaches. The outcomes of the present study have highlighted that different models can have a substantial impact on the predicted N outputs and subsequent losses to the environment for pasture-based beef finishing systems, and the importance, therefore, of using appropriate models and parameters. Full article

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18 pages, 1058 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Egyptian Clover Genotypic Divergence and Last Cutting Management Augment Nutritive Quality, Seed Yield and Milk Productivity

by Abdul Jabbar, Asif Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir Iqbal, Umer Ayaz Aslam Sheikh, Junaid Rahim, Sadaf Khalid, Rehab M. Hafez, Anees-ul-Husnain Shah, Aftab Ahmad Khan, Muhammad Sultan Ali Bazmi, Ahmad Hussain and Asmaa A. Hamad

Sustainability 2022, 14(10), 5833; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14105833 - 11 May 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2213

Abstract

Under a changing climate, harvesting management and exploiting the genotypic divergence of Egyptian clover cultivars offers a biologically viable solution to sustainably boost the milk productivity of dairy animals. Two multi-season field trials were executed under semi-arid conditions whereby the first experiment aimed [...] Read more.

Under a changing climate, harvesting management and exploiting the genotypic divergence of Egyptian clover cultivars offers a biologically viable solution to sustainably boost the milk productivity of dairy animals. Two multi-season field trials were executed under semi-arid conditions whereby the first experiment aimed to assess the potential of Egyptian clover cultivars (Berseem Agaiti, Anmol and SB-11) for nutritional quality attributes and the digestibility of green forage and hay, forage palatability and milk productivity of buffaloes fed on hay. In the second field investigation, new promising line, SB-11, was tested for seed production potential under varying dates of the last harvesting regimes (10, 20 and 30 March along with 9 April and 19 April) owing to a sharp hike in temperature. In terms of the nutritive value of green forage and hay, SB-11 remained superior for recording the maximum crude protein (CP), ash, fat and nitrogen-free extract except dry matter (DM) content that was exhibited by the Anmol cultivar. Additionally, SB-11 remained unmatched by giving a minimum crude fiber (CF), while Berseem Agaiti yielded the lesser nutritive forage by producing 4% and 2% higher CF than SB-11 and Anmol, respectively. Moreover, SB-11 recorded the maximum digestibility of CP and DM. Furthermore, SB-11 exhibited a 6% and 9% higher palatability along with 8% and 11% higher milk production than Anmol and Berseem Agaiti, respectively. Additionally, 20 March surpassed the rest of the cutting dates by exhibiting 7%, 23%, 50% and 207% more seed yield than 10 March, 30 March, 9 April and 19 April, respectively, indicating quite a pronounced effect of the last cutting management on the seed production potential of Egyptian clover. The research findings suggest SB-11 as a promising genotype for bridging the nutritive gap of quality feed (forage and hay) for buffaloes along with addressing the seed production challenge of Egyptian clover. Full article

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11 pages, 257 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Sowing Rate and Maturity on the Yield and Nutritive Value of Triticale–Field Pea Forage Crops

by John W. Piltz and Craig A. Rodham

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3637; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063637 - 19 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2156

Abstract

Experiments were conducted over three years at Murrumburrah, in southern NSW, Australia to assess the yield and nutritive value of triticale–pea forage crops. Field pea (Pisum sativum L. cvv. Parafield and Morgan) were sown at 40 or 80 kg ha⁻¹ in [...] Read more.

Experiments were conducted over three years at Murrumburrah, in southern NSW, Australia to assess the yield and nutritive value of triticale–pea forage crops. Field pea (Pisum sativum L. cvv. Parafield and Morgan) were sown at 40 or 80 kg ha⁻¹ in mixtures with triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack cv. Tobruk) at 15, 30 or 45 kg ha⁻¹ and sampled when the triticale was at the boot, anthesis, and milk stage of maturity, though lodging forced the third harvest at Murrumburrah to be abandoned. The yield, botanical composition, and forage nutritive value was determined. The yield was dependent on seasonal rainfall conditions ranging from an average of 58,326 kg ha⁻¹ dry matter (DM) in 2009 to 19,914 kg ha⁻¹ in 2010. The pea content was higher in Morgan compared to Parafield crops (486.4 vs. 384.8 g kg⁻¹), and those sown at 80 kg ha⁻¹ compared to 40 kg ha⁻¹ (485.3 vs. 385.8 g kg⁻¹). The crude protein (CP) content was higher when pea were sown at 80 kg ha⁻¹ compared to 40 kg ha⁻¹ (124.9 vs. 114.4 g kg⁻¹ DM). Digestibility declined from 704.3 to 639.9 g kg⁻¹ between the boot and milk harvests. Some yield, digestibility, and crude protein differences occurred due to pea variety, or due to triticale or pea sowing rates; however, these were infrequent, and the effect was minor. Full article

16 pages, 3273 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Challenges and Opportunities of the Mediterranean Indigenous Bovine Populations: Analysis of the Different Production Systems in Algeria, Greece, and Tunisia

by Aziza Mohamed-Brahmi, Dimitrios Tsiokos, Samia Ben Saïd, Sofiane Boudalia, Samir Smeti, Aissam Bousbia, Yassine Gueroui, Ali Boudebbouz, Maria Anastasiadou and George K. Symeon

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3356; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063356 - 13 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3136

Abstract

The indigenous cattle populations are threatened by extinction in many countries of the Mediterranean area. The objective of this study is the analysis of local cattle breeds’ production systems in Algeria, Greece, and Tunisia and the identification of their future challenges and opportunities. [...] Read more.

The indigenous cattle populations are threatened by extinction in many countries of the Mediterranean area. The objective of this study is the analysis of local cattle breeds’ production systems in Algeria, Greece, and Tunisia and the identification of their future challenges and opportunities. A total of 385 surveys were conducted in these study areas: central and northern Greece (43); northern and northwestern Tunisia (167), and northeastern Algeria (175). Data collected concerned socio-economic parameters as well as the production system’s functionality, constraints, and opportunities. Results revealed an average farmers’ age of 52.6 years old. The illiteracy rate is high, especially in Algeria (39%) and Tunisia (44%), where the farm size is relatively small with an average of 14 and four animals per farm, respectively. In Greece, much higher numbers were recorded (89 animals/farm). The average cultivated feedstuffs’ area is larger in Greece (12.07 ha) and smaller in Algeria and Tunisia (6.11 and 2.88 ha, respectively). Feeding resources are based on rangelands. Farming systems are traditional extensive and complemented when needed. Milk and meat marketing vary throughout countries and are not well valorized. The main constraints are high feeding costs, low milk and meat prices, and absence of labeling. Local and local-crossbred bovine populations could be valorized based on their good adaptation criteria when applying convenient genetic and development strategies. Full article

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