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Keywords = Panwang

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16 pages, 15526 KiB  
Article
Identification of Pathogen Causing Bulb Rot in Fritillaria taipaiensis P. Y. Li and Establishment of Detection Methods
by Shijie Wang, Keke Chen, Jiaqi Guo, Panwang Zhang, Yuchen Li, Zhenghao Xu, Langjun Cui and Yi Qiang
Plants 2024, 13(16), 2236; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13162236 - 12 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1721
Abstract
Fritillaria taipaiensis P. Y. Li (F. taipaiensis) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been used for over two millennia to treat cough and expectoration. However, the increasing cultivation of F. taipaiensis has led to the spread of bulb rot [...] Read more.
Fritillaria taipaiensis P. Y. Li (F. taipaiensis) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been used for over two millennia to treat cough and expectoration. However, the increasing cultivation of F. taipaiensis has led to the spread of bulb rot diseases. In this study, pathogens were isolated from rotten F. taipaiensis bulbs. Through molecular identification, pathogenicity testing, morphological assessment, and microscopy, Fusarium solani was identified as the pathogen causing bulb rot in F. taipaiensis. The colonization of F. solani in the bulbs was investigated through microscopic observation. The rapid and accurate detection of this pathogen will contribute to better disease monitoring and control. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and qPCR methods were established to quickly and specifically identify this pathogen. These results provide valuable insights for further research on the prediction, rapid detection, and effective prevention and control of bulb rot in F. taipaiensis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Plant Disease Diagnostics and Surveillance in Plant Protection)
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13 pages, 4511 KiB  
Article
Theoretical Investigation on the “ON-OFF” Mechanism of a Fluorescent Probe for Thiophenols: Photoinduced Electron Transfer and Intramolecular Charge Transfer
by Yuxi Wang, Meng Zhang, Wenzhi Li, Yi Wang and Panwang Zhou
Molecules 2023, 28(19), 6921; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196921 - 3 Oct 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2141
Abstract
In this study, the sensing mechanism of (2E,4E)-5-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-1-(2-(2,4dinitrophenoxy)phenyl)penta-2,4-dien-1-one (DAPH-DNP) towards thiophenols was investigated by density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT). The DNP group plays an important role in charge transfer excitation. Due to the typical donor-excited photo-induced electron transfer (d-PET) process, [...] Read more.
In this study, the sensing mechanism of (2E,4E)-5-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-1-(2-(2,4dinitrophenoxy)phenyl)penta-2,4-dien-1-one (DAPH-DNP) towards thiophenols was investigated by density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT). The DNP group plays an important role in charge transfer excitation. Due to the typical donor-excited photo-induced electron transfer (d-PET) process, DAPH-DNP has fluorescence quenching behavior. After the thiolysis reaction between DAPH-DNP and thiophenol, the hydroxyl group is released, and DAPH is generated with the reaction showing strong fluorescence. The fluorescence enhancement of DAPH is not caused by an excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process. The potential energy curves (PECs) show that DAPH-keto is less stable than DAPH-enol. The frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) of DAPH show that the excitation process is accompanied by intramolecular charger transfer (ICT), and the corresponding character of DAPH was further confirmed by hole-electron and interfragment charge transfer (IFCT) analysis methods. Above all, the sensing mechanism of the turn-on type probe DAPH-DNP towards thiophenol is based on the PET mechanism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theoretical Study on Luminescent Properties of Organic Materials)
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10 pages, 2457 KiB  
Article
Theoretical Investigations on the Sensing Mechanism of Phenanthroimidazole Fluorescent Probes for the Detection of Selenocysteine
by Zhe Tang, Xiaochen Wang, Runze Liu and Panwang Zhou
Molecules 2022, 27(23), 8444; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238444 - 2 Dec 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2101
Abstract
The level of selenocysteine (Sec) in the human body is closely related to a variety of pathophysiological states, so it is important to study its fluorescence sensing mechanism for designing efficient fluorescent probes. Herein, we used time-dependent density functional theory to investigate the [...] Read more.
The level of selenocysteine (Sec) in the human body is closely related to a variety of pathophysiological states, so it is important to study its fluorescence sensing mechanism for designing efficient fluorescent probes. Herein, we used time-dependent density functional theory to investigate the fluorescence sensing mechanism of phenanthroimidazole derivates A4 and B4 for the detection of Sec, which are proposed to be designed based on excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) and intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) mechanisms. The calculation results show that the fluorescence quenching mechanism of A4 and B4 is due to the photo-induced electron transfer (PET) process with the sulfonate group acts as the electron acceptor. Subsequently, A4 and B4 react with Sec, the sulfonate group is substituted by hydroxyl groups, PET is turned off, and significant fluorescence enhancement of the formed A3 and B3 is observed. The theoretical results suggest that the fluorescence enhancement mechanism of B3 is not based on ICT mechanism, and the charge transfer phenomenon was not observed by calculating the frontier molecular orbitals, and proved to be a local excitation mode. The reason for the fluorescence enhancement of A3 based on ESIPT is also explained by the calculated potential energy curves. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorescent Probes for Imaging and Diagnostics)
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21 pages, 4869 KiB  
Review
Nanozymes with Multiple Activities: Prospects in Analytical Sensing
by Xiangheng Niu, Bangxiang Liu, Panwang Hu, Hengjia Zhu and Mengzhu Wang
Biosensors 2022, 12(4), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12040251 - 16 Apr 2022
Cited by 44 | Viewed by 5954
Abstract
Given the superiorities in catalytic stability, production cost and performance tunability over natural bio-enzymes, artificial nanomaterials featuring enzyme-like characteristics (nanozymes) have drawn extensive attention from the academic community in the past decade. With these merits, they are intensively tested for sensing, biomedicine and [...] Read more.
Given the superiorities in catalytic stability, production cost and performance tunability over natural bio-enzymes, artificial nanomaterials featuring enzyme-like characteristics (nanozymes) have drawn extensive attention from the academic community in the past decade. With these merits, they are intensively tested for sensing, biomedicine and environmental engineering. Especially in the analytical sensing field, enzyme mimics have found wide use for biochemical detection, environmental monitoring and food analysis. More fascinatingly, rational design enables one fabrication of enzyme-like materials with versatile activities, which show great promise for further advancement of the nanozyme-involved biochemical sensing field. To understand the progress in such an exciting field, here we offer a review of nanozymes with multiple catalytic activities and their analytical application prospects. The main types of enzyme-mimetic activities are first introduced, followed by a summary of current strategies that can be employed to design multi-activity nanozymes. In particular, typical materials with at least two enzyme-like activities are reviewed. Finally, opportunities for multi-activity nanozymes applied in the sensing field are discussed, and potential challenges are also presented, to better guide the development of analytical methods and sensors using nanozymes with different catalytic features. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors in Food Analysis and Environmental Detection)
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18 pages, 9140 KiB  
Article
Effect of Ni(P) Layer Thickness on Interface Reaction and Reliability of Ultrathin ENEPIG Surface Finish
by Panwang Chi, Yesu Li, Hongfa Pan, Yibo Wang, Nancheng Chen, Ming Li and Liming Gao
Materials 2021, 14(24), 7874; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247874 - 19 Dec 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4637
Abstract
Electroless Ni(P)/electroless Pd/immersion Au (ENEPIG) is a common surface finish in electronic packaging, while the Ni(P) layer increases the impedance of solder joints and leads to signal quality degradation in high-frequency circuits. Reducing the thickness of the Ni(P) layer can balance the high [...] Read more.
Electroless Ni(P)/electroless Pd/immersion Au (ENEPIG) is a common surface finish in electronic packaging, while the Ni(P) layer increases the impedance of solder joints and leads to signal quality degradation in high-frequency circuits. Reducing the thickness of the Ni(P) layer can balance the high impedance and weldability. In this paper, the interfacial reaction process between ultrathin ENEPIG substrates with different Ni layer thicknesses (0.112 and 0.185 μm) and Sn–3.0Ag–0.5Cu (SAC305) solder during reflow and aging was studied. The bonding ability and reliability of solder joints with different surface finishes were evaluated based on solder ball shear test, drop test and temperature cycle test (TCT), and the failure mechanism was analyzed from the perspective of intermetallic compound (IMC) interface growth. The results showed that the Ni–Sn–P layer generated by ultrathin ENEPIG can inhibit the growth of brittle IMC so that the solder joints maintain high shear strength. Ultrathin ENEPIG with a Ni layer thickness of 0.185 μm had no failure cracks under thermal cycling and drop impact, which can meet actual reliability standards. Therefore, ultrathin ENEPIG has broad prospects and important significance in the field of high-frequency chip substrate design and manufacturing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Functionalization Processes for New Multifunctional Materials)
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21 pages, 2703 KiB  
Review
Nanozyme-Participated Biosensing of Pesticides and Cholinesterases: A Critical Review
by Hengjia Zhu, Peng Liu, Lizhang Xu, Xin Li, Panwang Hu, Bangxiang Liu, Jianming Pan, Fu Yang and Xiangheng Niu
Biosensors 2021, 11(10), 382; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11100382 - 9 Oct 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5469
Abstract
To improve the output and quality of agricultural products, pesticides are globally utilized as an efficient tool to protect crops from insects. However, given that most pesticides used are difficult to decompose, they inevitably remain in agricultural products and are further enriched into [...] Read more.
To improve the output and quality of agricultural products, pesticides are globally utilized as an efficient tool to protect crops from insects. However, given that most pesticides used are difficult to decompose, they inevitably remain in agricultural products and are further enriched into food chains and ecosystems, posing great threats to human health and the environment. Thus, developing efficient methods and tools to monitor pesticide residues and related biomarkers (acetylcholinesterase and butylcholinesterase) became quite significant. With the advantages of excellent stability, tailorable catalytic performance, low cost, and easy mass production, nanomaterials with enzyme-like properties (nanozymes) are extensively utilized in fields ranging from biomedicine to environmental remediation. Especially, with the catalytic nature to offer amplified signals for highly sensitive detection, nanozymes were finding potential applications in the sensing of various analytes, including pesticides and their biomarkers. To highlight the progress in this field, here the sensing principles of pesticides and cholinesterases based on nanozyme catalysis are definitively summarized, and emerging detection methods and technologies with the participation of nanozymes are critically discussed. Importantly, typical examples are introduced to reveal the promising use of nanozymes. Also, some challenges in the field and future trends are proposed, with the hope of inspiring more efforts to advance nanozyme-involved sensors for pesticides and cholinesterases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors in Food Analysis and Environmental Detection)
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21 pages, 4810 KiB  
Article
Reciprocating and Connecting: The Ritual Structure and Social Functions of Yao Huan Jia Yuan in Huangdong, Southwest China
by Yue Zhang, Jichi Zhang and Kaja Wera Rehmus
Religions 2021, 12(7), 526; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12070526 - 13 Jul 2021
Viewed by 4189
Abstract
One of the traditional religious rituals of the Yao ethnic group is seeking reciprocal favor for the family from the gods (known as “Huan Jia Yuan”). The cultural value system of the Yao community can be seen in this ritual. Based on fieldwork [...] Read more.
One of the traditional religious rituals of the Yao ethnic group is seeking reciprocal favor for the family from the gods (known as “Huan Jia Yuan”). The cultural value system of the Yao community can be seen in this ritual. Based on fieldwork examining Huan Jia Yuan in Huangdong Township, Hezhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, this article analyzes the symbolism of the ritual, as well as the behavior and psychology of the Yao people. It provides a detailed account of the structure and process of the ritual and examines the religious function of Huan Jia Yuan. It demonstrates that Huan Jia Yuan is a ritual by which Yao people communicate and exchange with gods through offerings and sacrifices. In return, the gods promise to eliminate disasters and to use their sacred powers to help those who are experiencing difficulties. In modern society, maintaining cultural inheritance and fostering connections between people are very important. As a result, the ritual has changed in response to the changing life of the community. Full article
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29 pages, 10012 KiB  
Article
Accumulation Conditions and an Analysis of the Origins of Natural Gas in the Lower Silurian Shiniulan Formation from Well Anye 1, Northern Guizhou Province
by Ruibo Guo, Jinchuan Zhang, Panwang Zhao, Xuan Tang and Ziyi Liu
Energies 2019, 12(21), 4087; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12214087 - 26 Oct 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2408
Abstract
The origin of natural gas and the mechanisms that lead to gas accumulation in the marine calcareous mudstone of the Lower Silurian Shiniulan Formation in northern Guizhou province are special and complicated. According to a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, including the [...] Read more.
The origin of natural gas and the mechanisms that lead to gas accumulation in the marine calcareous mudstone of the Lower Silurian Shiniulan Formation in northern Guizhou province are special and complicated. According to a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, including the reconstruction of hydrocarbon generative potential and gas content’s measurement, in the context of some geochemistry information—the origins of the natural gas of Shiniulan Formation is suggested to be mixed gas. Furthermore, the accumulation of the natural gas can be proposed combined with some geological information. Results indicated that the volume of the in-place gas content of Shiniulan samples, reinstated by the formulas’ computation, reaches a yield of 3.67 m3·t−1 in rock. The theoretical gas content for Shiniulan Formation mudstone ranges from 1.6 to 5.8 m3·t−1 using the indirect calculation of gas content, and the total gas contents of those samples range from 0.065 to 0.841 m3/t, according to the United States Bureau of Mines’ (USBM) direct method. According to the combination of the reconstructed in-place gas content and the gas content, even mudstone in the Shiniulan Formation has potential to generating gas but could not satisfy the actual gas content in Shiniulan Formation. In addition, according to the composition, the carbon and hydrogen isotope charts of gaseous hydrocarbons further indicate that the gas origin of Shiniulan Formation is a mixed gas, which also means that the gas is not just generated in the layer, but has partly migrated from other formations, such as the Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation. The lower Shiniulan Formation in the study area is characterized by frequent interbed of limestone and calcareous mudstone. The geological information shows that well-developed fractures of mudstone and faults can be used as main pathways for the upward migration of gases from the underlying strata to the Shiniulan Formation. The limestone with fairly low porosity and permeability hinders the migration of natural gas as much as possible and keeps that efficiently reserved in the horizontal fractures of calcareous mudstone. This migration pattern implies that the interbedded rock association is also favorable for gas accumulation in the Shiniulan Formation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Unconventional Reservoirs)
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