Microbes and Their Products for Sustainable Human Life

Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

Microbes are omnipresent and are able to survive and continuously evolve with the changing environment. The majority of microbes are beneficial for humans and nature and a fraction of microbes are considered to be pathogens. Understanding the world of microbes is important to mitigate their dangerous effects and harness their potential for human health, food security, sustainable energy sources, and tackling climate change. Microbes are an integral part of human life and they are used to produce various food products through fermentation. Microbial products such as polyhydroxyalkanoates and exopolysaccharides have great potential in the health sector. Microbes are also used to improve crop yields and productivity. Infectious diseases are a major cause of death around the globe. Almost one third of drugs (antibiotics, cholesterol-lowering, and anticancer medicines) are produced using microbes. A large amount of wastewater and organic waste is generated through industrial and household activities and causes environmental pollution. The use of microbes in waste treatment is an eco-friendly method with the advantage of resource recovery and the production of valuable products such as lipids, hydrogen, polymers, etc. Microbes also have a direct role in the valorization of waste into bioenergy, performing anaerobic digestion, dark fermentation, and photo fermentation. It is important to explore the role of microbes in human health and sustainability. Keeping in view the recent advances in microbes and their product-related research, this Special Issue will include a series of review and research articles that cover the following topics:

• Advances in cultured and uncultured microbes’ isolation and characterization.
• Microbial fermentative products and metabolites as prebiotics/probiotics and food.
• Role of microbes in the biotransformation and synthesis of valuable chemicals.
• Microbial enzyme production and characterization for valuable biochemical production.
• Microbe-derived material (polysaccharides and exopolysaccharides) production and applications.
• Microbe-mediated synthesis of nanomaterials and their application.
• Resource recovery from waste and production of valuables.
• Microbes in advanced biofuel production.

Dr. Shashi Kant Bhatia
Dr. Ranjit Gurav
Topic Editors

Keywords

Participating Journals

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Biomolecules biomolecules	4.8	9.4	2011	16.3 Days	CHF 2700	Submit
Energies energies	3.0	6.2	2008	17.5 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Foods foods	4.7	7.4	2012	14.3 Days	CHF 2900	Submit
International Journal of Molecular Sciences ijms	4.9	8.1	2000	18.1 Days	CHF 2900	Submit
Polymers polymers	4.7	8.0	2009	14.5 Days	CHF 2700	Submit

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Open AccessArticle

Uncovering the Hidden Potential of Phytoene Production by the Fungus Blakeslea trispora

by Fani Th Mantzouridou, Elpida Sferopoulou and Panagiota Thanou

Foods 2024, 13(18), 2882; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13182882 - 11 Sep 2024

Viewed by 389

Abstract

Phytoene is an uncommon linear carotene within the carotenoid group as it is colorless due to its short chromophore. Recent research constitutes a relatively new area which has emerged from phytoene’s importance as a major dietary carotenoid promoting health and appearance. Its resources [...] Read more.

Phytoene is an uncommon linear carotene within the carotenoid group as it is colorless due to its short chromophore. Recent research constitutes a relatively new area which has emerged from phytoene’s importance as a major dietary carotenoid promoting health and appearance. Its resources point to the potential of biotechnological production systems. Our work has been designed to study the efficacy of two colored carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitors, diphenylamine and 2-methyl imidazole, and one sterol biosynthesis inhibitor, terbinafine, to modify the metabolic flux in mated cultures of Blakeslea trispora to achieve maximum phytoene production. Bioprocess kinetics optimized by response surface methodology and monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography revealed maximum phytoene content (5.02 mg/g dry biomass) and yield (203.91 mg/L culture medium) comparable or even higher than those reported for other potent phytoene microbial producers. The in vivo antioxidant activity of phytoene-rich carotenoid extract from fungal cells was also considered and discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Microbes and Their Products for Sustainable Human Life)

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13 pages, 2398 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Reveal the Effects of Light Quality on the Growth and Lipid Biosynthesis in Chlorella pyrenoidosa

by Tingting Zhu, Ge Guan, Lele Huang, Lina Wen, Linxuan Li and Maozhi Ren

Biomolecules 2024, 14(9), 1144; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14091144 - 10 Sep 2024

Viewed by 399

Abstract

Light quality has significant effects on the growth and metabolite accumulation of algal cells. However, the related mechanism has not been fully elucidated. This study reveals that both red and blue light can promote the growth and biomass accumulation of Chlorella pyrenoidosa, [...] Read more.

Light quality has significant effects on the growth and metabolite accumulation of algal cells. However, the related mechanism has not been fully elucidated. This study reveals that both red and blue light can promote the growth and biomass accumulation of Chlorella pyrenoidosa, with the enhancing effect of blue light being more pronounced. Cultivation under blue light reduced the content of total carbohydrate in Chlorella pyrenoidosa, while increasing the content of protein and lipid. Conversely, red light decreased the content of protein and increased the content of carbohydrate and lipid. Blue light induces a shift in carbon flux from carbohydrate to protein, while red light transfers carbon flux from protein to lipid. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis indicated that both red and blue light positively regulate lipid synthesis in Chlorella pyrenoidosa, but they exhibited distinct impacts on the fatty acid compositions. These findings suggest that manipulating light qualities can modulate carbon metabolic pathways, potentially converting protein into lipid in Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Microbes and Their Products for Sustainable Human Life)

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19 pages, 2131 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Antihyperglycemic, Antiaging, and L. brevis Growth-Promoting Activities of an Exopolysaccharide from Agrobacterium sp. FN01 (Galacan) Evaluated in a Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Model

by Xiaoqing Xu, Lingling Du, Meng Wang, Ran Zhang, Junjie Shan, Yu Qiao, Qing Peng and Bo Shi

Foods 2024, 13(17), 2729; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172729 - 28 Aug 2024

Viewed by 370

Abstract

Agrobacterium sp. are notable for their ability to produce substantial amounts of exopolysaccharides. Our study identified an exopolysaccharide (Galacan, 4982.327 kDa) from Agrobacterium sp. FN01. Galacan is a heteropolysaccharide primarily composed of glucose and galactose at a molar ratio of 25:1. The FT-IR [...] Read more.

Agrobacterium sp. are notable for their ability to produce substantial amounts of exopolysaccharides. Our study identified an exopolysaccharide (Galacan, 4982.327 kDa) from Agrobacterium sp. FN01. Galacan is a heteropolysaccharide primarily composed of glucose and galactose at a molar ratio of 25:1. The FT-IR results suggested that Galacan had typical absorption peaks of polysaccharide. The results of periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, and NMR confirmed the presence of structural units, such as β-D-Galp(→, →3)β-D-Galp(1→, →2,3)β-D-Glcp(1→, β-D-Glcp(1→, and →2)β-D-Glcp(1→. Galacan demonstrated significant biological activities. In experiments conducted with zebrafish, it facilitated the proliferation of Lactobacillus brevis in the intestinal tract, suggesting potential prebiotic properties. Moreover, in vivo studies revealed its antihyperglycemic effects, as evidenced by significant reductions in blood glucose levels and enhanced fluorescence intensity of pancreatic β cells in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemic zebrafish model. Additionally, antiaging assays demonstrated Galacan’s ability to inhibit β-galactosidase activity and enhance telomerase activity in a hydrogen peroxide (HP)-induced aging zebrafish model. These findings emphasized the potential of Galacan as a natural prebiotic with promising applications in diabetes prevention and antiaging interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Microbes and Their Products for Sustainable Human Life)

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14 pages, 7159 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Imaging Mass Spectrometry and Genome Mining Reveal Antimicrobial Peptides of Novel Pediococcus acidilactici CCFM18

by Yiteng Qiao, Fengwei Tian, Leilei Yu, Jianxin Zhao, Qixiao Zhai and Wei Chen

Foods 2024, 13(14), 2213; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13142213 - 13 Jul 2024

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Abstract

The mechanism of metabolites produced by lactic acid bacteria in mediating microbial interactions has been difficult to ascertain. This study comparatively evaluated the antimicrobial effect of the novel bacterium Pediococcus acidilactici CCFM18 and explored the global chemical view of its interactions with indicator [...] Read more.

The mechanism of metabolites produced by lactic acid bacteria in mediating microbial interactions has been difficult to ascertain. This study comparatively evaluated the antimicrobial effect of the novel bacterium Pediococcus acidilactici CCFM18 and explored the global chemical view of its interactions with indicator bacteria. P. acidilactici CCFM18 had sufficiently strong antimicrobial activity to effectively inhibit the growth of the indicator bacteria and enhance their intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. The emerging technique of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) imaging mass spectrometry indicated that P. acidilactici CCFM18 increased the production of pediocin PA-1 and the penocin A profile during its interaction with the indicator bacteria, thus differing from P. acidilactici CCFM28 (a commonly used laboratory strain). Strikingly, the production of coagulin A was triggered only by signaling molecules made by the competing strain L. thermophilus, suggesting an idiosyncratic response from P. acidilactici CCFM18. Bioinformatic mining of the P. acidilactici CCFM18 draft genome sequence revealed gene loci that code for the complex secondary metabolites analyzed via MSI. Taken together, these results illustrate that chemical interactions between P. acidilactici CCFM18 and indicator bacteria exhibit high complexity and specificity and can drive P. acidilactici CCFM18 to produce different secondary metabolites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Microbes and Their Products for Sustainable Human Life)

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27 pages, 2140 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Licuri Kernel (Syagrus coronata (Martius) Beccari): A Promising Matrix for the Development of Fermented Plant-Based Kefir Beverages

by Janaína de Carvalho Alves, Carolina Oliveira de Souza, Livia de Matos Santos, Suelen Neris Almeida Viana, Denilson de Jesus Assis, Pedro Paulo Lordelo Guimarães Tavares, Elis dos Reis Requião, Jéssica Maria Rio Branco dos Santos Ferro and Mariana Nougalli Roselino

Foods 2024, 13(13), 2056; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13132056 - 27 Jun 2024

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Abstract

New licuri-based kefir beverages were obtained using water kefir grains as fermentation inoculum (1, 2.5, and 5%) under different fermentation times (24 and 48 h). Metagenomic sequencing of the kefir grains adapted to the aqueous licuri extract revealed Lactobacillus hilgardii and Brettanomyces bruxellensis [...] Read more.

New licuri-based kefir beverages were obtained using water kefir grains as fermentation inoculum (1, 2.5, and 5%) under different fermentation times (24 and 48 h). Metagenomic sequencing of the kefir grains adapted to the aqueous licuri extract revealed Lactobacillus hilgardii and Brettanomyces bruxellensis to be predominant in this inoculum. The excellent adaptation of the kefir grains to the licuri extract raised the possibility of prebiotic action of these almonds. The beverages showed acidity values between 0.33 ± 0.00 and 0.88 ± 0.00 mg lactic acid/100 mL and pH between 3.52 ± 0.01 and 4.29 ± 0.04. The viability of lactic acid bacteria in the fermented beverages was equal to or greater than 10⁸ CFU/mL, while yeasts were between 10⁴ and 10⁵ CFU/mL. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the proximate composition of the formulations, especially in the protein (1.37 ± 0.33–2.16 ± 0.84) and carbohydrate (5.86 ± 0.19–11.51 ± 1.26) contents. In addition, all the samples showed good stability in terms of acidity, pH, and viability for LAB and yeasts during 28 days of storage (4 °C). Overall, the beverages showed a dominant yellow-green color, non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior, and high mean scores in the sensory evaluation. This study provided evidence of the emerging potential of licuri in the plant-based beverage industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Microbes and Their Products for Sustainable Human Life)

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16 pages, 1531 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Supplementation of a High-Fat Diet with Pentadecylresorcinol Increases the Representation of Akkermansia muciniphila in the Mouse Small and Large Intestines and May Protect against Complications Caused by Imbalanced Nutrition

by Anastasia A. Zabolotneva, Ilya Yu. Vasiliev, Tatiana Grigoryeva, Andrei M. Gaponov, Vladimir P. Chekhonin, Sergei A. Roumiantsev and Aleksandr V. Shestopalov

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(12), 6611; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25126611 - 15 Jun 2024

Viewed by 973

Abstract

Imbalanced nutrition, such as a high-fat/high-carbohydrate diet, is associated with negative effects on human health. The composition and metabolic activity of the human gut microbiota are closely related to the type of diet and have been shown to change significantly in response to [...] Read more.

Imbalanced nutrition, such as a high-fat/high-carbohydrate diet, is associated with negative effects on human health. The composition and metabolic activity of the human gut microbiota are closely related to the type of diet and have been shown to change significantly in response to changes in food content and food supplement administration. Alkylresorcinols (ARs) are lipophilic molecules that have been found to improve lipid metabolism and glycemic control and decrease systemic inflammation. Furthermore, alkylresorcinol intake is associated with changes in intestinal microbiota metabolic activity. However, the exact mechanism through which alkylresorcinols modulate microbiota activity and host metabolism has not been determined. In this study, alterations in the small intestinal microbiota (SIM) and the large intestinal microbiota (LIM) were investigated in mice fed a high-fat diet with or without pentadecylresorcinol (C15) supplementation. High-throughput sequencing was applied for jejunal and colonic microbiota analysis. The results revealed that C15 supplementation in combination with a high-fat diet could decrease blood glucose levels. High-throughput sequencing analysis indicated that C15 intake significantly increased (p < 0.0001) the abundance of the probiotic bacteria Akkermansia muciniphila and Bifidobacterium pseudolongum in both the small and large intestines and increased the alpha diversity of LIM (p < 0.05), but not SIM. The preliminary results suggested that one of the mechanisms of the protective effects of alkylresorcinol on a high-fat diet is the modulation of the content of SIM and LIM and metabolic activity to increase the probiotic bacteria that alleviate unhealthy metabolic changes in the host. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Microbes and Their Products for Sustainable Human Life)

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17 pages, 7375 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Two Enterococcus faecium Isolates Demonstrated Modulating Effects on the Dysbiosis of Mice Gut Microbiota Induced by Antibiotic Treatment

by Xiaohui Yao, Wansen Nie, Xi Chen, Junjie Zhang, Jianchao Wei, Yafeng Qiu, Ke Liu, Donghua Shao, Haixia Liu, Zhiyong Ma, Zongjie Li and Beibei Li

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(10), 5405; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105405 - 15 May 2024

Viewed by 814

Abstract

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are frequently used to treat bacteria-induced infections, but the overuse of antibiotics may induce the gut microbiota dysbiosis and disrupt gastrointestinal tract function. Probiotics can be applied to restore disturbed gut microbiota and repair abnormal intestinal metabolism. In the present study, [...] Read more.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are frequently used to treat bacteria-induced infections, but the overuse of antibiotics may induce the gut microbiota dysbiosis and disrupt gastrointestinal tract function. Probiotics can be applied to restore disturbed gut microbiota and repair abnormal intestinal metabolism. In the present study, two strains of Enterococcus faecium (named DC-K7 and DC-K9) were isolated and characterized from the fecal samples of infant dogs. The genomic features of E. faecium DC-K7 and DC-K9 were analyzed, the carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme)-encoding genes were predicted, and their abilities to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were investigated. The bacteriocin-encoding genes in the genome sequences of E. faecium DC-K7 and DC-K9 were analyzed, and the gene cluster of Enterolysin-A, which encoded a 401-amino-acid peptide, was predicted. Moreover, the modulating effects of E. faecium DC-K7 and DC-K9 on the gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by antibiotics were analyzed. The current results demonstrated that oral administrations of E. faecium DC-K7 and DC-K9 could enhance the relative abundances of beneficial microbes and decrease the relative abundances of harmful microbes. Therefore, the isolated E. faecium DC-K7 and DC-K9 were proven to be able to alter the gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by antibiotic treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Microbes and Their Products for Sustainable Human Life)

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15 pages, 1762 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Improved Cordycepin Production by Cordyceps Militaris Using Corn Steep Liquor Hydrolysate as an Alternative Protein Nitrogen Source

by Ying Chang, Xiaolan Liu, Yan Jiao and Xiqun Zheng

Foods 2024, 13(5), 813; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13050813 - 6 Mar 2024

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Abstract

Cordycepin production in the submerged culture of Cordyceps militaris was demonstrated using hydrolyzed corn processing protein by-products, known as corn steep liquor hydrolysate (CSLH), as an alternative nitrogen source. The growth, metabolism, and cordycepin production of Cordyceps militaris were evaluated under various concentrations [...] Read more.

Cordycepin production in the submerged culture of Cordyceps militaris was demonstrated using hydrolyzed corn processing protein by-products, known as corn steep liquor hydrolysate (CSLH), as an alternative nitrogen source. The growth, metabolism, and cordycepin production of Cordyceps militaris were evaluated under various concentrations of CSLH induction. The results demonstrated that CSLH addition had positive effects on the growth and cordycepin production with various C. militaris strains. The optimum strain, C. militaris GDMCC5.270, was found to effectively utilize CSLH to promote mycelium growth and cordycepin production. Low concentrations of CSLH (1.5 g/L) in the fermentation broth resulted in 343.03 ± 15.94 mg/L cordycepin production, which was 4.83 times higher than that of the group without CSLH. This also enhanced the metabolism of sugar, amino acids, and nucleotides, leading to improved cordycepin biosynthesis. The increase in key amino acids, such as glutamic acid, alanine, and aspartic acid, in the corn steep liquor hydrolysate significantly enhanced cordycepin yield. The corn steep liquor hydrolysate was confirmed to be a cost-effective accelerator for mycelium growth and cordycepin accumulation in C. militaris, replacing partial peptone as a cheap nitrogen source. It serves as a suitable alternative for efficient cordycepin production at a low cost. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Microbes and Their Products for Sustainable Human Life)

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17 pages, 183523 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Lactobacillus crispatus CCFM1339 Inhibits Vaginal Epithelial Barrier Injury Induced by Gardnerella vaginalis in Mice

by Xiaoyan Huang, Rumeng Lin, Bingyong Mao, Xin Tang, Jianxin Zhao, Qiuxiang Zhang and Shumao Cui

Biomolecules 2024, 14(2), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14020240 - 18 Feb 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2235

Abstract

The vaginal epithelial barrier, which integrates mechanical, immune, chemical, and microbial defenses, is pivotal in safeguarding against external pathogens and upholding the vaginal microecological equilibrium. Although the widely used metronidazole effectively curtails Gardnerella vaginalis, a key pathogen in bacterial vaginosis, it falls [...] Read more.

The vaginal epithelial barrier, which integrates mechanical, immune, chemical, and microbial defenses, is pivotal in safeguarding against external pathogens and upholding the vaginal microecological equilibrium. Although the widely used metronidazole effectively curtails Gardnerella vaginalis, a key pathogen in bacterial vaginosis, it falls short in restoring the vaginal barrier or reducing recurrence rates. Our prior research highlighted Lactobacillus crispatus CCFM1339, a vaginally derived Lactobacillus strain, for its capacity to modulate the vaginal epithelial barrier. In cellular models, L. crispatus CCFM1339 fortified the integrity of the cellular monolayer, augmented cellular migration, and facilitated repair. Remarkably, in animal models, L. crispatus CCFM1339 substantially abated the secretion of the barrier disruption biomarker E-cadherin (from 101.45 to 82.90 pg/mL) and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (35.18% vs. the model), consequently mitigating vaginal inflammation in mice. Immunological assays in vaginal tissues elucidated increased secretory IgA levels (from 405.56 to 740.62 ng/mL) and curtailed IL-17 gene expression. Moreover, L. crispatus CCFM1339 enhanced Lactobacilli abundance and attenuated Enterobacterium and Enterococcus within the vaginal microbiome, underscoring its potential in probiotic applications for vaginal barrier regulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Microbes and Their Products for Sustainable Human Life)

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16 pages, 7414 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Effects of In Vitro Fermentation of Polysialic Acid and Sialic Acid on Gut Microbial Community Composition and Metabolites in Healthy Humans

by Zhongwei Yin, Li Zhu, Minjie Gao, Dan Yu, Zijian Zhang, Ling Zhu and Xiaobei Zhan

Foods 2024, 13(3), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13030481 - 2 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1409

Abstract

The influence of polysialic acid (PSA) and sialic acid (SA) on the gut microbial community composition and metabolites in healthy humans was investigated using a bionic gastrointestinal reactor. The results indicated that PSA and SA significantly changed the gut microbiota and metabolites to [...] Read more.

The influence of polysialic acid (PSA) and sialic acid (SA) on the gut microbial community composition and metabolites in healthy humans was investigated using a bionic gastrointestinal reactor. The results indicated that PSA and SA significantly changed the gut microbiota and metabolites to different degrees. PSA can increase the relative abundances of Faecalibacterium and Allisonella, whereas SA can increase those of Bifidobacterium and Megamonas. Both can significantly increase the content of short-chain fatty acids. The results of metabolome analysis showed that PSA can upregulate ergosterol peroxide and gallic acid and downregulate the harmful metabolite N-acetylputrescine. SA can upregulate 4-pyridoxic acid and lipoic acid. PSA and SA affect gut microbiota and metabolites in different ways and have positive effects on human health. These results will provide a reference for the further development of PSA- and SA-related functional foods and health products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Microbes and Their Products for Sustainable Human Life)

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17 pages, 3861 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Multiple Rounds of Enrichment on Metabolite Accumulation and Microbiota Composition of Pit Mud for Baijiu Fermentation

by Dong Li, Guangbin Ye, Xuyan Zong and Wei Zou

Foods 2023, 12(8), 1594; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12081594 - 9 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1546

Abstract

Pit mud (PM) is the main component of Baijiu (traditional Chinese liquor), and its microorganisms are the primary sources of the aroma of Chinese strong-flavor Baijiu (SFB). Enrichment plays an important role in the selection of functional microorganisms in PM. Herein, the PM [...] Read more.

Pit mud (PM) is the main component of Baijiu (traditional Chinese liquor), and its microorganisms are the primary sources of the aroma of Chinese strong-flavor Baijiu (SFB). Enrichment plays an important role in the selection of functional microorganisms in PM. Herein, the PM of SFB was submitted to six rounds of enrichment using clostridial growth medium (CGM), and changes in the metabolite accumulation and microbiota composition were evaluated. Based on the metabolite production and microbiota composition, the enrichment rounds were classified as the acclimation stage (round 2), main fermentation stage (rounds 3 and 4), and late fermentation stage (rounds 5 and 6). Species within the genus Clostridium dominated in the acclimation stage (65.84–74.51%). In the main fermentation stage, the dominant microbial groups were producers of butyric acid, acetic acid, and caproic acid, which included Clostridium (45.99–74.80%), Caproicibacter (1.45–17.02%), and potential new species within the order of Oscillataceae (14.26–29.10%). In the late stage of enrichment, Pediococcus dominated (45.96–79.44%). Thus, the main fermentation stage can be considered optimal for the isolation of acid-producing bacteria from PM. The findings discussed herein support the development and application of functional bacteria by bioaugmentation, and contribute to improving the quality of PM and SFB production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Microbes and Their Products for Sustainable Human Life)

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