Energies

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5 pages, 175 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems

by Teuvo Suntio and Tuomas Messo

Energies 2019, 12(10), 1852; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12101852 - 15 May 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3867

Abstract

Renewable energy-based generation of electrical energy is currently experiencing rapid growth in electrical grids [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems)

Research

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16 pages, 1875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of PLL Dynamics on the Low Inertia Power Grid: A Case Study of Bonaire Island Power System

by Yin Sun, E. C. W. (Erik) de Jong, Xiongfei Wang, Dongsheng Yang, Frede Blaabjerg, Vladimir Cuk and J. F. G. (Sjef) Cobben

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1259; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071259 - 02 Apr 2019

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 5748

Abstract

To prepare for the future high penetration level of renewable energy sources, the power grid’s technical boundaries/constraints for the correct operation of powerelectronics interfaced devices need to be further examined and defined. This paper investigates the challenge of integrating Voltage Source Converters (VSC) [...] Read more.

To prepare for the future high penetration level of renewable energy sources, the power grid’s technical boundaries/constraints for the correct operation of powerelectronics interfaced devices need to be further examined and defined. This paper investigates the challenge of integrating Voltage Source Converters (VSC) into low inertia power grids, where the system frequency can vary rapidly due to the low kinetic energy buffer available, which used to be provided by the rotational inertia of synchronous generators. The impact of rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) on the PLL dynamics and its subsequent influence on the VSC power stage output is explained. The Bonaire island network is presented as case study. The performance of the VSC is analyzed under a fast ROCOF event, which is triggered by a short circuit fault. A down-scaled experiment is used to validate the Bonaire island network simulation results. It shows that the phase angle error measured by the synchronous-reference frame phase-locked loop (SRF-PLL) is proportional to the slope of the ROCOF and inversely proportional to its controller integral gain constant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems)

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18 pages, 5803 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Modified Self-Synchronized Synchronverter in Unbalanced Power Grids with Balanced Currents and Restrained Power Ripples

by Xiaohe Wang, Liang Chen, Dan Sun, Li Zhang and Heng Nian

Energies 2019, 12(5), 923; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12050923 - 10 Mar 2019

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2882

Abstract

This paper proposes a modified self-synchronized synchronverter for unbalanced power grids. Small signal analysis of the conventional synchronverter shows that its stability margin around 50 Hz is very limited. Thus, power ripples will be caused at the frequency of 50 Hz. Filter- based [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a modified self-synchronized synchronverter for unbalanced power grids. Small signal analysis of the conventional synchronverter shows that its stability margin around 50 Hz is very limited. Thus, power ripples will be caused at the frequency of 50 Hz. Filter- based current feeding loops are adopted in the conventional synchronverter in order to enhance its stability and eliminate power ripples. In addition, the characteristics of the conventional synchronverter in unbalanced power grids are analyzed, and an improved strategy using a resonant controller is proposed to restrain the current harmonics and power ripples. The parameter design is also studied for the proposed synchronverter. Experimental studies prove that the proposed strategy can achieve precise self-synchronization when the grid voltage is unbalanced, and the power-control performance is also improved significantly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems)

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16 pages, 862 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Grid-Connected Inverter Experiment Modules for Microgrid Learning

by Arwindra Rizqiawan, Pradita Hadi and Goro Fujita

Energies 2019, 12(3), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12030476 - 01 Feb 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3536

Abstract

New paradigms in the modern power system should be introduced to student of electrical engineering, or engineer in training, as early as possible. Besides class-room study, experimental exercise may be introduced to help the student understand the concept of microgrid. One main challenge [...] Read more.

New paradigms in the modern power system should be introduced to student of electrical engineering, or engineer in training, as early as possible. Besides class-room study, experimental exercise may be introduced to help the student understand the concept of microgrid. One main challenge is the power electronics converter, which connects the distributed energy source to the existing power grid. This study modeled and developed a grid-connected inverter that is useful for providing a close to real application for a student or engineer in training. This development is important for microgrid learning to give practical perspective to the student. A grid-connected inverter for distributed generation was developed at laboratory scale. The grid-connected inverter was developed modularly to make it easier for the student to understand the basic concept of grid-connected inverter building blocks, as well as its function as a whole. The developed grid-connected inverter was intended to be able to operate on two different mode: grid-forming mode and grid-injecting mode. Experiments were conducted to verify the results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems)

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16 pages, 3388 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Direct Fixed-Step Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithms with Adaptive Perturbation Frequency

by Eyal Amer, Alon Kuperman and Teuvo Suntio

Energies 2019, 12(3), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12030399 - 27 Jan 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2547

Abstract

Owing to the good trade-off between implementation and performance, fixed-step direct maximum power point tracking techniques (e.g., perturb and observe and incremental conductance algorithms) have gained popularity over the years. In order to optimize their performance, perturbation frequency and perturbation step size are [...] Read more.

Owing to the good trade-off between implementation and performance, fixed-step direct maximum power point tracking techniques (e.g., perturb and observe and incremental conductance algorithms) have gained popularity over the years. In order to optimize their performance, perturbation frequency and perturbation step size are usually determined a priori. While the first mentioned design parameter is typically dictated by the worst-case settling time of the combined energy conversion system, the latter must be high enough to both differentiate the system response from that caused by irradiation variation and match the finite resolution of the analog-to-digital converter in case of digital implementation. Well-established design guidelines, however, aim to optimize steady-state algorithm performance while leaving transients nearly untreated. To improve transient behavior while keeping the steady-state operation unaltered, variable step direct maximum power point tracking algorithms based on adaptive perturbation step size were proposed. This paper proposes a concept of utilizing adaptive perturbation frequency rather than variable step size, based on recently revised guidelines for designing fixed-step direct maximum power point tracking techniques. Preliminary results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over adaptive perturbation step size operation during transients, without compromising the steady state performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems)

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18 pages, 2124 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Using High-Bandwidth Voltage Amplifier to Emulate Grid-Following Inverter for AC Microgrid Dynamics Studies

by Tuomas Messo, Roni Luhtala, Tomi Roinila, Erik de Jong, Rick Scharrenberg, Tommaso Caldognetto, Paolo Mattavelli, Yin Sun and Alejandra Fabian

Energies 2019, 12(3), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12030379 - 25 Jan 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3315

Abstract

AC microgrid is an attractive way to energize local loads due to remotely located renewable generation. The AC microgrid can conceptually comprise several grid-forming and grid-following power converters, renewable energy sources, energy storage and local loads. To study the microgrid dynamics, power-hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL)-based [...] Read more.

AC microgrid is an attractive way to energize local loads due to remotely located renewable generation. The AC microgrid can conceptually comprise several grid-forming and grid-following power converters, renewable energy sources, energy storage and local loads. To study the microgrid dynamics, power-hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL)-based test setups are commonly used since they provide high flexibility and enable testing the performance of real converters. In a standard PHIL setup, different components of the AC microgrid exist as real commercial devices or electrical emulators or, alternatively, can be simulated using real-time simulators. For accurate, reliable and repeatable results, the PHIL-setup should be able to capture the dynamics of the microgrid loads and sources as accurately as possible. Several studies have shown how electrical machines, dynamic RLC loads, battery storages and photovoltaic and wind generators can be emulated in a PHIL setup. However, there are no studies discussing how a three-phase grid-following power converter with its internal control functions should be emulated, regardless of the fact that grid-following converters (e.g., photovoltaic and battery storage inverters) are the basic building blocks of AC microgrids. One could naturally use a real converter to represent such dynamic load. However, practical implementation of a real three-phase converter is much more challenging and requires special knowledge. To simplify the practical implementation of microgrid PHIL-studies, this paper demonstrates the use of a commercial high-bandwidth voltage amplifier as a dynamic three-phase power converter emulator. The dynamic performance of the PHIL setup is evaluated by identifying the small-signal impedance of the emulator with various control parameters and by time-domain step tests. The emulator is shown to yield the same impedance behavior as real three-phase converters. Thus, dynamic phenomena such as harmonic resonance in the AC microgrid can be studied in the presence of grid-following converters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems)

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16 pages, 4172 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Routing Control Strategy for Integrated Microgrids Including Photovoltaic, Battery-Energy Storage and Electric Vehicles

by Yingpei Liu, Yan Li, Haiping Liang, Jia He and Hanyang Cui

Energies 2019, 12(2), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020302 - 18 Jan 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3979

Abstract

The Energy Internet is an inevitable trend of the development of electric power system in the future. With the development of microgrids and distributed generation (DG), the structure and operation mode of power systems are gradually changing. Energy routers are considered as key [...] Read more.

The Energy Internet is an inevitable trend of the development of electric power system in the future. With the development of microgrids and distributed generation (DG), the structure and operation mode of power systems are gradually changing. Energy routers are considered as key technology equipment for the development of the Energy Internet. This paper mainly studies the control of the LAN-level energy router, and discusses the structure and components of the energy router. For better control of the power transmission of an energy router, the energy routing control strategy for an integrated microgrid, including photovoltaic (PV) energy, battery-energy storage and electric vehicles (EVs) is studied. The front stage DC/DC converter of the PV system uses maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control. The constant current control is used by the bidirectional DC/DC converter of the battery-energy storage system and the EV system when they discharge. The DC/AC inverters adopt constant reactive power and constant DC voltage control. Constant current constant voltage control is adopted when an EV is charged. The control strategy model is simulated by Simulink, and the simulation results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. The DG could generate reactive power according to the system instructions and ensure the stable output of the DC voltage of the energy router. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems)

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18 pages, 3430 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Virtual Oscillator Control of Equivalent Voltage-Sourced and Current-Controlled Power Converters

by Daniel F. Opila, Keith Kintzley, Spencer Shabshab and Stephen Phillips

Energies 2019, 12(2), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020298 - 18 Jan 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3539

Abstract

The dynamics of a general class of weakly nonlinear oscillators can be used to control power converters to create a self-forming AC network of distributed generators. Many control stability results for these “virtual” oscillators consider the interaction of voltage-source converters, but most practical [...] Read more.

The dynamics of a general class of weakly nonlinear oscillators can be used to control power converters to create a self-forming AC network of distributed generators. Many control stability results for these “virtual” oscillators consider the interaction of voltage-source converters, but most practical converters use a nested current loop. This paper develops a general method to extend voltage-source stability results to current-controlled converters using a virtual admittance. A fast current control loop allows a singular perturbations analysis to demonstrate the equivalence of the two. This virtual admittance can also manipulate load sharing between converters without changing the core nonlinear dynamics. In addition, Virtual Oscillator Control is experimentally demonstrated with three-phase voltage-sourced and current-controlled inverters. This validates the equivalence of the two formulations, and extends previous single phase testing into three phases. The extension to current-controlled converters enhances safety and increases the breadth of applications for existing control methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems)

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32 pages, 20391 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Analysis of Non-Isolated Three-Port SEPIC Converter for Integrating Renewable Energy Sources

by C. Anuradha, N. Chellammal, Md Saquib Maqsood and S. Vijayalakshmi

Energies 2019, 12(2), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020221 - 11 Jan 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4392

Abstract

An efficient way of synthesizing a three port non-isolated converter from a single-ended primary inductor converter (SEPIC) is proposed in this paper. The primary SEPIC converter is split into a source cell and a load cell. Two such source cells are integrated through [...] Read more.

An efficient way of synthesizing a three port non-isolated converter from a single-ended primary inductor converter (SEPIC) is proposed in this paper. The primary SEPIC converter is split into a source cell and a load cell. Two such source cells are integrated through direct current (DC) link capacitors with a common load cell to generate a three-port SEPIC converter. The derived converter features single-stage power conversion with reduced structural complexity and bidirectional power flow capability. For bidirectional power flow, it incorporates a battery along with an auxiliary photovoltaic source. Mathematical analyses were carried out to describe the operating principles and design considerations. Experiments were performed on an in-house-built prototype three-port unidirectional converter, and the results are presented to validate the feasibility of the designed converter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems)

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13 pages, 8714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Speed Control for Turbine-Generator of ORC Power Generation System and Experimental Implementation

by Hyung-Seok Park, Hong-Jun Heo, Bum-Seog Choi, Kyung Chun Kim and Jang-Mok Kim

Energies 2019, 12(2), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020200 - 09 Jan 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5002

Abstract

This paper presents a rotation speed estimation and an indirect speed control method for a turbine-generator in a grid-connected 3-phase electrical power conversion system of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) generation system. In addition to the general configuration mechanism and control techniques that [...] Read more.

This paper presents a rotation speed estimation and an indirect speed control method for a turbine-generator in a grid-connected 3-phase electrical power conversion system of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) generation system. In addition to the general configuration mechanism and control techniques that are required in the grid-connected ORC power generation system, the indirect speed control method using the grid-side electric power control and the speed estimation method is proposed for the proper speed control of turbine-generators. The speed estimation method utilizes a digital phase-locked loop (PLL) method that uses a state observer to detect the positive-sequence voltages. A 10 kW system where a Motor-Generator set is used as a turbine simulator and a 23 kW actual system for the grid-connected ORC power generation were designed and manufactured, respectively. This paper includes various experimental results obtained from field tests conducted on actual installed ORC systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems)

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15 pages, 4950 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Inertia and Damping Characteristics of Doubly Fed Induction Generators and Improved Additional Frequency Control Strategy

by Xiangwu Yan, Zijun Song, Yun Xu, Ying Sun, Ziheng Wang and Xuewei Sun

Energies 2019, 12(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12010038 - 23 Dec 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3518

Abstract

Large-scale wind farms connect to the grid and deliver electrical energy to the load center. When a short-circuit fault occurs on the transmission line, there will be an excess of electric power, but the power demand will increase instantaneously once the fault is [...] Read more.

Large-scale wind farms connect to the grid and deliver electrical energy to the load center. When a short-circuit fault occurs on the transmission line, there will be an excess of electric power, but the power demand will increase instantaneously once the fault is removed. The conventional additional frequency control strategies of wind farms can effectively reduce the frequency fluctuation caused by load mutation, but still there are some limitations for the frequency fluctuation caused by the whole process of occurrence, development and removal of a short-circuit fault on the transmission line. Therefore, this paper presents an improved additional frequency control strategy for wind farms. According to the variation law of system frequency during the whole process of a short-circuit fault, the proposed strategy revises the parameters in conventional additional frequency control of the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) to have effective damping characteristics throughout the entire process from failure to removal, thereby the output power of DFIGs could respond to frequency fluctuation rapidly. MATLAB/ Simulink is used to build a four-machine two-area model for simulation analysis. The results show that the control strategy can effectively reduce the frequency fluctuation of DFIGs, and enhance the stability of the system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems)

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16 pages, 3200 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling and Analysis of a PCM-Controlled Boost Converter Designed to Operate in DCM

by Teuvo Suntio

Energies 2019, 12(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12010004 - 20 Dec 2018

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2570

Abstract

Peak current-mode (PCM) control has been a very popular control method in power electronic converters. The small-signal modeling of the dynamics associated with PCM control has turned out to be extremely challenging. Most of the modeling attempts have been dedicated to the converters [...] Read more.

Peak current-mode (PCM) control has been a very popular control method in power electronic converters. The small-signal modeling of the dynamics associated with PCM control has turned out to be extremely challenging. Most of the modeling attempts have been dedicated to the converters operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM) and just a few to the converters operating in discontinuous operation mode (DCM). The DCM modeling method published in 2001 was proven recently to be very accurate when applied to a buck converter. This paper provides the small-signal models for a boost converter and analyses for the first time its real dynamic behavior in DCM. The objectives of this paper are as follows: (i) to provide the full-order dynamic models for the DCM-operated PCM-controlled boost converter; (ii) to analyze the accuracy of the full and reduced-order dynamic models; and iii) to verify the validity of the high-frequency extension applied in the DCM-operated PCM-controlled buck converter in the case of the boost converter. It is also shown that the DCM-operated boost converter can operate only in even harmonic modes, similar to all the CCM-operated PCM-controlled converters. In the case of the DCM-operated PCM-controlled buck converter, its operation in the odd harmonic modes is the consequence of an unstable pole in its open-loop power-stage dynamics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems)

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20 pages, 9772 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oscillation Suppression Method by Two Notch Filters for Parallel Inverters under Weak Grid Conditions

by Ling Yang, Yandong Chen, Hongliang Wang, An Luo and Kunshan Huai

Energies 2018, 11(12), 3441; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11123441 - 08 Dec 2018

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2534

Abstract

With plenty of parallel inverters connected to a weak grid at the point of common coupling (PCC), the impedance coupling interactions between the inverters and the grid are enhanced, which may cause high-frequency harmonic oscillation and further aggravate the system instability. In this [...] Read more.

With plenty of parallel inverters connected to a weak grid at the point of common coupling (PCC), the impedance coupling interactions between the inverters and the grid are enhanced, which may cause high-frequency harmonic oscillation and further aggravate the system instability. In this paper, a basic technique for inverter output impedance is proposed to suppress the oscillation, showing that the inverter output impedance should be designed relatively high at the harmonic oscillation frequency, while relatively low at other frequencies. On the basis of the proposed technique, two virtual impedances are added to be in parallel and in series with the original inverter output impedance, respectively. Thus, an oscillation suppression method by two notch filters is proposed to realize the virtual impedances and increase the whole system damping. The implementation forms of the virtual impedances are presented by the proposed PCC voltage feedforward and grid-side inductor current feedback with two notch filters. Finally, simulation and experimental results are provided to verify the validity of the proposed control method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems)

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19 pages, 6825 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Grid-Supporting Photovoltaic System Implemented by a VSG with Energy Storage

by Huadian Xu, Jianhui Su, Ning Liu and Yong Shi

Energies 2018, 11(11), 3152; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113152 - 14 Nov 2018

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3306

Abstract

Conventional photovoltaic (PV) systems interfaced by grid-connected inverters fail to support the grid and participate in frequency regulation. Furthermore, reduced system inertia as a result of the integration of conventional PV systems may lead to an increased frequency deviation of the grid for [...] Read more.

Conventional photovoltaic (PV) systems interfaced by grid-connected inverters fail to support the grid and participate in frequency regulation. Furthermore, reduced system inertia as a result of the integration of conventional PV systems may lead to an increased frequency deviation of the grid for contingencies. In this paper, a grid-supporting PV system, which can provide inertia and participate in frequency regulation through virtual synchronous generator (VSG) technology and an energy storage unit, is proposed. The function of supporting the grid is implemented in a practical PV system through using the presented control scheme and topology. Compared with the conventional PV system, the grid-supporting PV system, behaving as an inertial voltage source like synchronous generators, has the capability of participating in frequency regulation and providing inertia. Moreover, the proposed PV system can mitigate autonomously the power imbalance between generation and consumption, filter the PV power, and operate without the phase-locked loop after initial synchronization. Performance analysis is conducted and the stability constraint is theoretically formulated. The novel PV system is validated on a modified CIGRE benchmark under different cases, being compared with the conventional PV system. The verifications demonstrate the grid support functions of the proposed PV system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems)

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17 pages, 6188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coordinated Control of Multiple Virtual Synchronous Generators in Mitigating Power Oscillation

by Pan Hu, Hongkun Chen, Kan Cao, Yuchuan Hu, Ding Kai, Lei Chen and Yi Wang

Energies 2018, 11(10), 2788; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11102788 - 17 Oct 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2376

Abstract

Virtual synchronous generators (VSGs) present attractive technical advantages and contribute to enhanced system operation and reduced oscillation damping in dynamic systems. Traditional VSGs often lack an interworking during power oscillation. In this paper, a coordinated control strategy for multiple VSGs is proposed for [...] Read more.

Virtual synchronous generators (VSGs) present attractive technical advantages and contribute to enhanced system operation and reduced oscillation damping in dynamic systems. Traditional VSGs often lack an interworking during power oscillation. In this paper, a coordinated control strategy for multiple VSGs is proposed for mitigating power oscillation. Based on a theoretical analysis of the parameter impact of VSGs, a coordinated approach considering uncertainty is presented by utilizing polytopic linear differential inclusion (PLDI) and a D-stable model to enhance the small-signal stability of system. Subsequently, the inertia and damping of multiple VSGs are jointly exploited to reduce oscillation periods and overshoots during transient response. Simulation, utilizing a two-area four-machine system and a typical microgrid test system, demonstrates the benefits of the proposed strategy in enhancing operation stability and the anti-disturbing ability of multiple VSGs. The results conclusively confirm the validity and applicability of the method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems)

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17 pages, 2674 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultra-Short-Term Wind Power Prediction Based on Multivariate Phase Space Reconstruction and Multivariate Linear Regression

by Rongsheng Liu, Minfang Peng and Xianghui Xiao

Energies 2018, 11(10), 2763; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11102763 - 15 Oct 2018

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 2857

Abstract

In order to improve the accuracy of wind power prediction (WPP), we propose a WPP based on multivariate phase space reconstruction (MPSR) and multivariate linear regression (MLR). Firstly, the multivariate time series (TS) are constructed through reasonable selection of wind power and weather [...] Read more.

In order to improve the accuracy of wind power prediction (WPP), we propose a WPP based on multivariate phase space reconstruction (MPSR) and multivariate linear regression (MLR). Firstly, the multivariate time series (TS) are constructed through reasonable selection of wind power and weather factors, which are closely associated with wind power. Secondly, the phase space of the multivariate time series is reconstructed based on the chaos theory and C-C method. Thirdly, an auto regression model for multivariate phase space is created by regarding phase variables as state variables, and the very-short-term wind power is predicted by using a multi-linear regression algorithm. Finally, a parallel algorithm based on map/reduce is presented to improve computing speed. A cloud computing platform, Hadoop consisting of five nodes, is established as a matter of convenience, followed by the prediction of wind power of a wind farm in the Hunan province of China. The experimental results show that the model based on MPSR and MLR is more accurate than both the continuous method and the simple approximation method, and the parallel algorithm based on map/reduce effectively accelerates the computing speed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems)

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19 pages, 12292 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Leveraging Hybrid Filter for Improving Quasi-Type-1 Phase Locked Loop Targeting Fast Transient Response

by Yunlu Li, Junyou Yang, Haixin Wang, Weichun Ge and Yiming Ma

Energies 2018, 11(9), 2472; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11092472 - 17 Sep 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2963

Abstract

In renewable energy generation applications, phase locked loop (PLL) is one of the most popular grid synchronization technique. The main objective of PLL is to rapidly and precisely extract phase and frequency especially when the grid voltage is under non-ideal conditions. This motivates [...] Read more.

In renewable energy generation applications, phase locked loop (PLL) is one of the most popular grid synchronization technique. The main objective of PLL is to rapidly and precisely extract phase and frequency especially when the grid voltage is under non-ideal conditions. This motivates the recent development of moving average filters (MAFs) based PLL in a quasi-type-1 system (i.e., QT1-PLL). Despite its success in certain applications, the transient response is still unsatisfactory, mainly due to the fact that the time delay caused by MAFs is still large. This has significantly limited the utilization of QT1-PLL, according to common grid codes such as German and Spanish grid codes. This challenge has been tackled in this paper. The basic idea is to develop a new hybrid filtering stage, consisting of adaptive notch filters (ANFs) and MAFs, arranged at the inner loop of QT1-PLL. Such an idea can greatly improve the transient response of QT1-PLL, owing to the fact that ANFs are utilized to remove the fundamental frequency negative voltage sequence (FFNS) component while other dominant harmonics can be removed by MAFs with a small time delay. By applying the proposed technique, the settling time is reduced to less than one cycle of grid frequency without any degradation in filtering capability. Moreover, the proposed PLL can be easily expanded to handle dc offset rejection. The effectiveness is validated by comprehensive experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems)

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23 pages, 4060 KiB

Open AccessArticle

THD Reduction in Wind Energy System Using Type-4 Wind Turbine/PMSG Applying the Active Front-End Converter Parallel Operation

by Nadia Maria Salgado-Herrera, David Campos-Gaona, Olimpo Anaya-Lara, Aurelio Medina-Rios, Roberto Tapia-Sánchez and Juan Ramon Rodríguez-Rodríguez

Energies 2018, 11(9), 2458; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11092458 - 16 Sep 2018

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4354

Abstract

In this paper, the active front-end (AFE) converter topology for the total harmonic distortion (THD) reduction in a wind energy system (WES) is used. A higher THD results in serious pulsations in the wind turbine (WT) output power and several power losses at [...] Read more.

In this paper, the active front-end (AFE) converter topology for the total harmonic distortion (THD) reduction in a wind energy system (WES) is used. A higher THD results in serious pulsations in the wind turbine (WT) output power and several power losses at the WES. The AFE converter topology improves the capability, efficiency, and reliability in the energy conversion devices; by modifying a conventional back-to-back converter, from using a single voltage source converter (VSC) to use pVSC connected in parallel, the AFE converter is generated. The THD reduction is achieved by applying a different phase shift angle at the carrier of digital sinusoidal pulse width modulation (DSPWM) switching signals of each VSC. To verify the functionality of the proposed methodology, the WES simulation in Matlab-Simulink^® (Matlab r2015b, Mathworks, Natick, MA, USA) is analyzed, and the experimental laboratory tests using the concept of rapid control prototyping (RCP) and the real-time simulator Opal-RT Technologies^® (Montreal, QC, Canada) is achieved. The obtained results show a type-4 WT with a total output power of 6 MVA, generating a THD reduction up to 5.5 times of the total WES current output by Fourier series expansion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems)

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18 pages, 3811 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Droop Control with Washout Filter

by Yalong Hu and Wei Wei

Energies 2018, 11(9), 2415; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11092415 - 12 Sep 2018

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2837

Abstract

In this paper, a droop washout filter controller (DWC), composed of a conventional droop controller and a washout filter controller, is proposed. The droop controller is used to ensure the “plug-and-play” capability, and the droop gain is set small. The washout filter is [...] Read more.

In this paper, a droop washout filter controller (DWC), composed of a conventional droop controller and a washout filter controller, is proposed. The droop controller is used to ensure the “plug-and-play” capability, and the droop gain is set small. The washout filter is introduced to compensate the active power dynamic performance (APDP). Compared to the droop controller, the DWC can achieve accurate active power sharing and smaller frequency difference without losing the APDP. Additionally, a novel modeling technology is proposed, using which a small-signal model for an island microgrid (MG) is constructed as a singular system. The system’s stability is analyzed and the DWC is verified using real-time (RT-LAB) simulation with hardware in the loop (HIL). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems)

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14 pages, 4060 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Adaptive Sliding Mode Speed Control for Wind Energy Experimental System

by Adel Merabet

Energies 2018, 11(9), 2238; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11092238 - 26 Aug 2018

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2614

Abstract

In this paper, an adaptive sliding mode speed control algorithm with an integral-operation sliding surface is proposed for a variable speed wind energy experimental system. In the control design, an estimator is designed to compensate for the uncertainties and the unknown turbine torque. [...] Read more.

In this paper, an adaptive sliding mode speed control algorithm with an integral-operation sliding surface is proposed for a variable speed wind energy experimental system. In the control design, an estimator is designed to compensate for the uncertainties and the unknown turbine torque. In addition, the bound of the sliding mode is investigated to deal with uncertainties. The stability of the system can be guaranteed in the sense of the Lyapunov stability theorem. The laboratory size DC generator wind energy system is controlled using a buck-boost DC-DC converter interface. The control system is validated by experimentation and results demonstrate the achievement of favorable speed tracking performance and robustness against parametric variations and external disturbances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems)

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20 pages, 15355 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Computational Approach for Harmonic Mitigation in PV Systems with Single-Phase Five-Level CHBMI

by Rosario Miceli, Giuseppe Schettino and Fabio Viola

Energies 2018, 11(8), 2100; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11082100 - 13 Aug 2018

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 2979

Abstract

In this paper, a novel approach to low order harmonic mitigation in fundamental switching frequency modulation is proposed for high power photovoltaic (PV) applications, without trying to solve the cumbersome non-linear transcendental equations. The proposed method allows for mitigation of the first-five harmonics [...] Read more.

In this paper, a novel approach to low order harmonic mitigation in fundamental switching frequency modulation is proposed for high power photovoltaic (PV) applications, without trying to solve the cumbersome non-linear transcendental equations. The proposed method allows for mitigation of the first-five harmonics (third, fifth, seventh, ninth, and eleventh harmonics), to reduce the complexity of the required procedure and to allocate few computational resource in the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based control board. Therefore, the voltage waveform taken into account is different respect traditional voltage waveform. The same concept, known as “voltage cancelation”, used for single-phase cascaded H-bridge inverters, has been applied at a single-phase five-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter (CHBMI). Through a very basic methodology, the polynomial equations that drive the control angles were detected for a single-phase five-level CHBMI. The acquired polynomial equations were implemented in a digital system to real-time operation. The paper presents the preliminary analysis in simulation environment and its experimental validation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems)

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28 pages, 11887 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An LQR-Based Controller Design for an LCL-Filtered Grid-Connected Inverter in Discrete-Time State-Space under Distorted Grid Environment

by Thuy Vi Tran, Seung-Jin Yoon and Kyeong-Hwa Kim

Energies 2018, 11(8), 2062; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11082062 - 08 Aug 2018

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 6570

Abstract

In order to alleviate the negative impacts of harmonically distorted grid conditions on inverters, this paper presents a linear quadratic regulator (LQR)-based current control design for an inductive-capacitive-inductive (LCL)-filtered grid-connected inverter. The proposed control scheme is constructed based on the internal model (IM) [...] Read more.

In order to alleviate the negative impacts of harmonically distorted grid conditions on inverters, this paper presents a linear quadratic regulator (LQR)-based current control design for an inductive-capacitive-inductive (LCL)-filtered grid-connected inverter. The proposed control scheme is constructed based on the internal model (IM) principle in which a full-state feedback controller is used for the purpose of stabilization and the integral terms as well as resonant terms are augmented into a control structure for the reference tracking and harmonic compensation, respectively. Additionally, the proposed scheme is implemented in the synchronous reference frame (SRF) to take advantage of the simultaneous compensation for both the negative and positive sequence harmonics by one resonant term. Since this leads to the decrease of necessary resonant terms by half, the computation effort of the controller can be reduced. With regard to the full-state feedback control approach for the LCL-filtered grid connected inverter, additional sensing devices are normally required to measure all of the system state variables. However, this causes a complexity in hardware and high implementation cost for measurement devices. To overcome this challenge, this paper presents a discrete-time current full-state observer that uses only the information from the control input, grid-side current sensor, and grid voltage sensor to estimate all of the system state variables with a high precision. Finally, an optimal linear quadratic control approach is introduced for the purpose of choosing optimal feedback gains, systematically, for both the controller and full-state observer. The simulation and experimental results are presented to prove the effectiveness and validity of the proposed control scheme. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems)

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17 pages, 6679 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Stability Analysis of Grid-Connected Converters with Different Implementations of Adaptive PR Controllers under Weak Grid Conditions

by Xing Li and Hua Lin

Energies 2018, 11(8), 2004; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11082004 - 01 Aug 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3334

Abstract

Adaptive proportional resonant (PR) controllers, whose resonant frequencies are obtained by the phase-locked loop (PLL), are employed in grid connected voltage source converters (VSCs) to improve the control performance in the case of grid frequency variations. The resonant frequencies can be estimated by [...] Read more.

Adaptive proportional resonant (PR) controllers, whose resonant frequencies are obtained by the phase-locked loop (PLL), are employed in grid connected voltage source converters (VSCs) to improve the control performance in the case of grid frequency variations. The resonant frequencies can be estimated by either synchronous reference frame PLL (SRF-PLL) or dual second order generalized integrator frequency locked loop (DSOGI-FLL), and there are three different implementations of the PR controllers based on two integrators. Hence, in this paper, system stabilities of the VSC with different implementations of PR controllers and different PLLs under weak grid conditions are analyzed and compared by applying the impedance-based method. First, the αβ-domain admittance matrixes of the VSC are derived using the harmonic linearization method. Then, the admittance matrixes are compared with each other, and the influences of their differences on system stability are revealed. It is demonstrated that if DSOGI-FLL is used, stabilities of the VSC with different implementations of the PR controllers are similar. Moreover, the VSC using a DSOGI-FLL is more stable than that using a SRF-PLL. The simulation and experimental results are conducted to verify the correctness of theoretical analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems)

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17 pages, 3624 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Two-Stage Photovoltaic Grid-Connected Inverter Voltage-Type Control Method with Failure Zone Characteristics

by Xiangwu Yan, Xueyuan Zhang, Bo Zhang, Zhonghao Jia, Tie Li, Ming Wu and Jun Jiang

Energies 2018, 11(7), 1865; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11071865 - 17 Jul 2018

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2947

Abstract

This paper investigates how to develop a two-stage voltage-type grid-connected control method for renewable energy inverters that can make them simulate the characteristics of a synchronous generator governor. Firstly, the causes and necessities of the failure zone are analyzed, and thus the traditional [...] Read more.

This paper investigates how to develop a two-stage voltage-type grid-connected control method for renewable energy inverters that can make them simulate the characteristics of a synchronous generator governor. Firstly, the causes and necessities of the failure zone are analyzed, and thus the traditional static frequency characteristics are corrected. Then, a novel inverter control scheme with the governor’s failure zone characteristics is proposed. An enabling link and a power loop are designed for the inverter to compensate fluctuations and regulate frequency automatically. Outside the failure zone, the inverter participates in the primary frequency regulation by disabling the power loop. In the failure zone, the droop curve is dynamically moved to track the corrected static frequency characteristic by enabling the power loop, resisting the fluctuation of grid frequency. The direct current (DC) bus voltage loop is introduced into the droop control to stabilize the DC bus voltage. Moreover, the designed dispatch instruction interface ensures the schedulability of the renewable energy inverter. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control method are verified by simulation results from MATLAB (R2016a). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems)

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18 pages, 6668 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive-MPPT-Based Control of Improved Photovoltaic Virtual Synchronous Generators

by Xiangwu Yan, Jiajia Li, Ling Wang, Shuaishuai Zhao, Tie Li, Zhipeng Lv and Ming Wu

Energies 2018, 11(7), 1834; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11071834 - 12 Jul 2018

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4033

Abstract

The lack of inertia and damping mechanism of photovoltaic (PV) grid-connected systems controlled by maximum power point tracking (MPPT) poses a challenge for the safety and stability of the grid. Virtual synchronous generator (VSG) technology has attracted wide attention, since it can make [...] Read more.

The lack of inertia and damping mechanism of photovoltaic (PV) grid-connected systems controlled by maximum power point tracking (MPPT) poses a challenge for the safety and stability of the grid. Virtual synchronous generator (VSG) technology has attracted wide attention, since it can make PV grid-connected inverter present the external characteristics of a synchronous generator (SG). Nevertheless, traditional PV-VSG is generally equipped with an energy storage device, which leads to many problems, such as increased costs, space occupation, and post-maintenance. Thus, this paper proposes a two-stage improved PV-VSG control method based on an adaptive-MPPT algorithm. When PV power is adequate, the adaptive-MPPT allows the PV to change the operating point within a stable operation area to actualize system supply-demand, matching in accordance to the load or dispatching power demand; when PV power is insufficient, PV achieves traditional MPPT control to reduce power shortage; simultaneously, improved VSG control prevents the DC bus voltage from falling continuously to ensure its stability. The proposed control approach enables the two-stage PV-VSG to supply power to loads or connect to the grid without adding additional energy storage devices, the effectiveness of which in off-grid and grid-connected modes is demonstrated by typical simulation conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems)

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16 pages, 4153 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Algorithm for Thermoelectric Generators with Reduced Voltage Sensors Count Control ^†

by Zakariya M. Dalala, Osama Saadeh, Mathhar Bdour and Zaka Ullah Zahid

Energies 2018, 11(7), 1826; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11071826 - 12 Jul 2018

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3722

Abstract

This paper proposes a new maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for thermoelectric generators (TEG). The new-presented method is based on implementing an indirect open circuit voltage detection and short circuit current estimation methods, which will be used to directly control the TEG [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a new maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for thermoelectric generators (TEG). The new-presented method is based on implementing an indirect open circuit voltage detection and short circuit current estimation methods, which will be used to directly control the TEG interface power converter, resulting in reaching the maximum power point (MPP) in minimal number of steps. Two modes of operation are used in the proposed algorithm, namely the perturb and observe (P&O) method for fine-tuning and the transient mode for coarse tracking of the MPP during fast changes that occur to the temperature gradient across the structure. A novel voltage sensing technique as well is proposed in this work, to reduce the number of voltage sensors used to control and monitor the power converter. The proposed strategy employs a novel approach to sense two different voltages using the same voltage sensor. The input and output voltage information is collected from an intermediate point in the converter. The reconstructed voltages are used in the control loops as well as for monitoring the battery output or load voltages. Simulation and experimental results are provided to validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and the sensing technique. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems)

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19 pages, 3811 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Management for Smart Multi-Energy Complementary Micro-Grid in the Presence of Demand Response

by Yongli Wang, Yujing Huang, Yudong Wang, Haiyang Yu, Ruiwen Li and Shanshan Song

Energies 2018, 11(4), 974; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11040974 - 18 Apr 2018

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4343

Abstract

With the application and the rapid advancement of smart grid technology, the practical application and operation status of multi-energy complementary microgrids have been widely investigated. In the paper presented, the optimal operation of a solar unit, a storage battery and combined cooling, heating [...] Read more.

With the application and the rapid advancement of smart grid technology, the practical application and operation status of multi-energy complementary microgrids have been widely investigated. In the paper presented, the optimal operation of a solar unit, a storage battery and combined cooling, heating and power is studied via an economic optimization model implemented in General Algebraic Modeling Systems (GAMS). The model represents an optimization strategy for the economic operation of a microgrid considering demand response programs in different scenarios, and it is intended for the targets of minimizing the operating cost of the microgrid and maximizing the efficiency of renewable energy utilization. In addition, a multi-time electricity price response model based on user behavior and satisfaction is established, and the core value of the model is to describe the mechanism and effect of participation in electricity price demand response. In order to verify the accuracy of the model proposed, we design the dispatch strategy of a microgrid under different states considering demand response, and use genetic algorithm to solve the optimization problems. On the other hand, the application of methodology to a real case study in Suzhou demonstrates the effectiveness of this model to solve the economic dispatch of the microgrid’s renewable energy park. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems)

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18 pages, 11702 KiB

Open AccessArticle

State-of-Charge Balancing Control of a Modular Multilevel Converter with an Integrated Battery Energy Storage

by Hui Liang, Long Guo, Junhong Song, Yong Yang, Weige Zhang and Hongfeng Qi

Energies 2018, 11(4), 873; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11040873 - 09 Apr 2018

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4080

Abstract

With the fast development of the electric vehicle industry, the reuse of second-life batteries in vehicles are becoming more attractive, however, both the state-of-charge (SOC) inconsistency and the capacity inconsistency of second-life batteries have limits in their utilization. This paper focuses on the [...] Read more.

With the fast development of the electric vehicle industry, the reuse of second-life batteries in vehicles are becoming more attractive, however, both the state-of-charge (SOC) inconsistency and the capacity inconsistency of second-life batteries have limits in their utilization. This paper focuses on the second-life batteries applied battery energy storage system (BESS) based on modular multilevel converter (MMC). By analyzing the power flow characteristics among all sources within the MMC-BESS, a three-level SOC equilibrium control strategy aiming to battery capacity inconsistency is proposed to balance the energy of batteries, which includes SOC balance among three-phase legs, SOC balance between the upper and lower arms of each phase, and SOC balance of submodules within each arm. In battery charging and discharging control, by introducing power regulations based on battery capacity proportion of three-phase legs, capacity deviation between the upper and lower’s arm, and the capacity coefficient of the submodule into the SOC feedback control loop, SOC balance of all battery modules is accomplished, thus effectively improving the energy utilization of second-life battery energy storage system. Finally, the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed methods are verified by results obtained from simulations and the experimental platform. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems)

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Review

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31 pages, 13664 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Impedance-Based Interactions in Grid-Tied Three-Phase Inverters in Renewable Energy Applications

by Teuvo Suntio, Tuomas Messo, Matias Berg, Henrik Alenius, Tommi Reinikka, Roni Luhtala and Kai Zenger

Energies 2019, 12(3), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12030464 - 31 Jan 2019

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4579

Abstract

Impedance-ratio-based interaction analyses in terms of stability and performance of DC-DC converters is well established. Similar methods are applied to grid-connected three-phase converters as well, but the multivariable nature of the converters and the grid makes these analyses very complex. This paper surveys [...] Read more.

Impedance-ratio-based interaction analyses in terms of stability and performance of DC-DC converters is well established. Similar methods are applied to grid-connected three-phase converters as well, but the multivariable nature of the converters and the grid makes these analyses very complex. This paper surveys the state of the interaction analyses in the grid-connected three-phase converters, which are used in renewable-energy applications. The surveys show clearly that the impedance-ratio-based stability assessment are usually performed neglecting the cross-couplings between the impedance elements for reducing the complexity of the analyses. In addition, the interactions, which affect the transient performance, are not treated usually at all due to the missing of the corresponding analytic formulations. This paper introduces the missing formulations as well as explicitly showing that the cross-couplings of the impedance elements have to be taken into account for the stability assessment to be valid. In addition, this paper shows that the most accurate stability information can be obtained by means of the determinant related to the associated multivariable impedance ratio. The theoretical findings are also validated by extensive experimental measurements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems)

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41 pages, 3041 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mitigation of Power Quality Issues Due to High Penetration of Renewable Energy Sources in Electric Grid Systems Using Three-Phase APF/STATCOM Technologies: A Review

by Wajahat Ullah Khan Tareen, Muhammad Aamir, Saad Mekhilef, Mutsuo Nakaoka, Mehdi Seyedmahmoudian, Ben Horan, Mudasir Ahmed Memon and Nauman Anwar Baig

Energies 2018, 11(6), 1491; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11061491 - 07 Jun 2018

Cited by 51 | Viewed by 7072

Abstract

This study summarizes an analytical review on the comparison of three-phase static compensator (STATCOM) and active power filter (APF) inverter topologies and their control schemes using industrial standards and advanced high-power configurations. Transformerless and reduced switch count topologies are the leading technologies in [...] Read more.

This study summarizes an analytical review on the comparison of three-phase static compensator (STATCOM) and active power filter (APF) inverter topologies and their control schemes using industrial standards and advanced high-power configurations. Transformerless and reduced switch count topologies are the leading technologies in power electronics that aim to reduce system cost and offer the additional benefits of small volumetric size, lightweight and compact structure, and high reliability. A detailed comparison of the topologies, control strategies and implementation structures of grid-connected high-power converters is presented. However, reducing the number of power semiconductor devices, sensors, and control circuits requires complex control strategies. This study focuses on different topological devices, namely, passive filters, shunt and hybrid filters, and STATCOMs, which are typically used for power quality improvement. Additionally, appropriate control schemes, such as sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) and space vector PWM techniques, are selected. According to recent developments in shunt APF/STATCOM inverters, simulation and experimental results prove the effectiveness of APF/STATCOM systems for harmonic mitigation based on the defined limit in IEEE-519. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems)

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18 pages, 2832 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dynamic Modeling and Analysis of PCM-Controlled DCM-Operating Buck Converters—A Reexamination

by Teuvo Suntio

Energies 2018, 11(5), 1267; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11051267 - 15 May 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3430

Abstract

Peak-current-mode (PCM) control was proposed in 1978. The observed peculiar behavior caused by the application of PCM-control in the behavior of a switched-mode converter, which operates in continuous conduction mode (CCM), has led to a multitude of attempts to capture the dynamics associated [...] Read more.

Peak-current-mode (PCM) control was proposed in 1978. The observed peculiar behavior caused by the application of PCM-control in the behavior of a switched-mode converter, which operates in continuous conduction mode (CCM), has led to a multitude of attempts to capture the dynamics associated to it. Only a few similar models have been published for a PCM-controlled converter, which operates in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). PCM modeling is actually an extension of the modeling of direct-duty-ratio (DDR) or voltage-mode (VM) control, where the perturbed duty ratio is replaced by proper duty-ratio constraints. The modeling technique, which produces accurate PCM models in DCM, is developed in early 2000s. The given small-signal models are, however, load-resistor affected, which hides the real dynamic behavior of the associated converter. The objectives of this paper are as follows: (i) proving the accuracy of the modeling method published in 2001, (ii) performing a comprehensive dynamic analysis in order to reveal the real dynamics of the buck converter under PCM control in DCM, (iii) providing a method to improve the high-frequency accuracy of the small-signal models, and (iv) developing control-engineering-type block diagrams to facilitate the development of generalized transfer functions, which are applicable for PCM-controlled DCM-operated buck, boost, and buck-boost converters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems)

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