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Polymers
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Bio-inspired and Bio-based Polymers
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Bio-inspired and Bio-based Polymers

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomacromolecules, Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2017) | Viewed by 151570

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Helmut Schlaad

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Colloid Chemistry, Research Campus Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
Interests: living/controlled polymerization; bio-based monomers and polymers; polymer modification, "thio-click" chemistry; polymer colloids and films; composite materials; bioinspired structure formation; hierarchical structures; polymer complexes; stimuli-responsive
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Nature has developed many sophisticated systems, materials and concepts/mechanisms, the transfer of which, to technical applications, would be highly desirable. However, for feasibility and economic reasons, biological systems cannot often be applied directly, but serve as an inspiration for a technological solution.
This Special Issue is intended to highlight the production of bio-inspired or bio-based (“green”) polymers and any kind of bioinspired use or application, for instance as structural and functional materials, stimuli-responsive/“smart” materials, colloids or particles, hierarchical structures, composite materials, and so on.

Prof. Dr. Helmut Schlaad
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • bio-based
  • bio-inspired
  • polymers
  • stimuli-responsive
  • supramolecular structures
  • functional materials
  • composite materials

Published Papers (18 papers)

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19 pages, 11445 KiB  
Article
Co-Deposition of a Hydrogel/Calcium Phosphate Hybrid Layer on 3D Printed Poly(Lactic Acid) Scaffolds via Dip Coating: Towards Automated Biomaterials Fabrication
by Matthias Schneider, Christina Günter and Andreas Taubert
Polymers 2018, 10(3), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10030275 - 07 Mar 2018
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 7062
Abstract
The article describes the surface modification of 3D printed poly(lactic acid) (PLA) scaffolds with calcium phosphate (CP)/gelatin and CP/chitosan hybrid coating layers. The presence of gelatin or chitosan significantly enhances CP co-deposition and adhesion of the mineral layer on the PLA scaffolds. The [...] Read more.
The article describes the surface modification of 3D printed poly(lactic acid) (PLA) scaffolds with calcium phosphate (CP)/gelatin and CP/chitosan hybrid coating layers. The presence of gelatin or chitosan significantly enhances CP co-deposition and adhesion of the mineral layer on the PLA scaffolds. The hydrogel/CP coating layers are fairly thick and the mineral is a mixture of brushite, octacalcium phosphate, and hydroxyapatite. Mineral formation is uniform throughout the printed architectures and all steps (printing, hydrogel deposition, and mineralization) are in principle amenable to automatization. Overall, the process reported here therefore has a high application potential for the controlled synthesis of biomimetic coatings on polymeric biomaterials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-inspired and Bio-based Polymers)
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7652 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Characterization of Eco-Friendly Mg(OH)2/Lignin Hybrid Material and Its Use as a Functional Filler for Poly(Vinyl Chloride)
by Łukasz Klapiszewski, Jolanta Tomaszewska, Katarzyna Skórczewska and Teofil Jesionowski
Polymers 2017, 9(7), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9070258 - 30 Jun 2017
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 7755
Abstract
A functional magnesium hydroxide/lignin hybrid system was prepared by grinding and mixing the pure precursors using a planetary ball mill. In addition, the thermal stability was assessed based on the total mass loss of the hybrid system within the temperature range of 30–1000 [...] Read more.
A functional magnesium hydroxide/lignin hybrid system was prepared by grinding and mixing the pure precursors using a planetary ball mill. In addition, the thermal stability was assessed based on the total mass loss of the hybrid system within the temperature range of 30–1000 °C, which amounted to 38%. Moreover, the average particle size was at 4.9 μm as determined by the laser diffraction method. The effect of addition of the prepared and characterized Mg(OH)2/lignin hybrid filler at concentrations ranging from 2.5 wt % to 10 wt % on the processing as well as mechanical and thermal properties of composites on the matrix of the unplasticized PVC compound was also evaluated. The addition of a filler to the poly(vinyl chloride) matrix causes a significant improvement of its thermal stability, which is approximately three times higher compared to a polymer without a filler. Furthermore, the prepared composites are additionally characterized by advantageous mechanical properties, especially higher Young’s modulus. A 10% increase in the oxygen index of PVC composites upon addition of 10 wt % hybrid fillers has also been observed, which contributes to an extended range of their application under conditions that require notable fire resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-inspired and Bio-based Polymers)
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5055 KiB  
Article
Tannin-Based Copolymer Resins: Synthesis and Characterization by Solid State 13C NMR and FT-IR Spectroscopy
by Gianluca Tondi
Polymers 2017, 9(6), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9060223 - 13 Jun 2017
Cited by 56 | Viewed by 10596
Abstract
In recent years, the interest for bio-sources is rising exponentially and tannins extracts are one of the most interesting, easily-available, phenolic building blocks. The condensed tannins or proanthocyanidins are already known for their polymerization chemistry, which is the basis for several natural-based materials [...] Read more.
In recent years, the interest for bio-sources is rising exponentially and tannins extracts are one of the most interesting, easily-available, phenolic building blocks. The condensed tannins or proanthocyanidins are already known for their polymerization chemistry, which is the basis for several natural-based materials (e.g., adhesives, foams). In the present work we aim to observe the behavior of the extract of Acacia Mimosa (Acacia mearnsii) when reacted with several possible co-monomers at different relative amount, pH and temperature conditions. The more insoluble copolymers obtained with formaldehyde, hexamine, glyoxal, maleic anhydride, furfural and furfuryl alcohol were analyzed through solid state 13C NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance) and FT-IR (Fourier Transform-Infrared) spectroscopy. The 13C NMR afforded the opportunity to detect: (i) aromatic substitutions and consequent poly-condensations for the majority of the hardeners studied; (ii) acylation for the maleic anhydride and also some; (iii) Diels–Alder arrangements for the furanic co-monomers; the FT-IR spectroscopy suggested that the formaldehyde and hexamine copolymers present a higher cross-linking degree. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-inspired and Bio-based Polymers)
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4210 KiB  
Article
DNA Binding with Acetate Bis(1,10-phenanthroline)silver(I) Monohydrate in a Solution and Metallization of Formed Structures
by Nina Kasyanenko, Zhang Qiushi, Vladimir Bakulev, Mikhail Osolodkov, Petr Sokolov and Viktor Demidov
Polymers 2017, 9(6), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9060211 - 08 Jun 2017
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6811
Abstract
The study of DNA interaction with the acetate bis(1,10-phenanthroline)silver(I) monohydrate in a solution is of interest both for understanding the mechanism of biological activity of silver compound and for forming ordered structures (DNA fibrils) that can be used to solve various problems in [...] Read more.
The study of DNA interaction with the acetate bis(1,10-phenanthroline)silver(I) monohydrate in a solution is of interest both for understanding the mechanism of biological activity of silver compound and for forming ordered structures (DNA fibrils) that can be used to solve various problems in the field of nanotechnology. The analysis of changing the DNA conformation (secondary structure, persistent length and volume effects) during the interaction by the methods of UV spectroscopy with the analysis of DNA melting, circular dichroism, viscosity, flow birefringence, AFM (atomic force microscopy) and SEM (scanning electron microscopy) was performed. The formation of two types of complexes was observed. At lower concentration of compound in DNA solution, silver atoms form the coordination bonds with a macromolecule, while the released phenanthroline ligands intercalate between DNA bases. When the concentration of the compound increases, the phenanthroline ligands form an ordered “layer” around the helix. The excess of silver compounds in the DNA solution (with more than five silver atoms per base pair), DNA precipitation is observed with the formation of long fibrils. It was shown that the binding of silver to DNA during the formation of complexes provides further metallization of the resulting structures with the aid of reducing agents; phenanthroline ligands influence the result of such metallization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-inspired and Bio-based Polymers)
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7746 KiB  
Article
Nano-Contact Transfer with Gold Nanoparticles on PEG Hydrogels and Using Wrinkled PDMS-Stamps
by Cigdem Yesildag, Arina Tyushina and Marga Lensen
Polymers 2017, 9(6), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9060199 - 31 May 2017
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 10606
Abstract
In the present work, a soft lithographic process is used to create nanometer-sized line patterns of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) on PEG-based hydrogels. Hereby nanometer-sized wrinkles on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are first fabricated, then functionalized with amino-silane and subsequently coated with Au NPs. The [...] Read more.
In the present work, a soft lithographic process is used to create nanometer-sized line patterns of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) on PEG-based hydrogels. Hereby nanometer-sized wrinkles on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are first fabricated, then functionalized with amino-silane and subsequently coated with Au NPs. The Au NPs are electrostatically bound to the surface of the wrinkled PDMS. In the next step, these relatively loosely bound Au NPs are transferred to PEG based hydrogels by simple contacting, which we denote “nano-contact transfer”. Nano-patterned Au NPs lines on PEG hydrogels are thus achieved, which are of interesting potential in nano-photonics, biosensor applications (using SERS) and to control nanoscopic cell adhesion events. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-inspired and Bio-based Polymers)
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5261 KiB  
Article
Novel Wet Micro-Contact Deprinting Method for Patterning Gold Nanoparticles on PEG-Hydrogels and Thereby Controlling Cell Adhesion
by Cigdem Yesildag, Christoph Bartsch, Gonzalo De Vicente and Marga C. Lensen
Polymers 2017, 9(5), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9050176 - 15 May 2017
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 7554
Abstract
In the present work we introduce a novel method to create linear and rectangular micro-patterns of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels. The strategy consists of removing Au NPs from defined regions of the silicon wafer by virtue of the [...] Read more.
In the present work we introduce a novel method to create linear and rectangular micro-patterns of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels. The strategy consists of removing Au NPs from defined regions of the silicon wafer by virtue of the swelling effect of the hydrogel. Using this method, which we denote as “Wet Micro-Contact Deprinting”, well-defined micro-patterns of Au NPs on silicon can be created. This resulting pattern is then transferred from the hard substrate to the soft surface of PEG-hydrogels. These unique micro- and nano-patterned hydrogels were cultured with mouse fibroblasts L929 cells. The cells selectively adhered on the Au NPs coated area and avoided the pure PEG material. These patterned, nanocomposite biointerfaces are not only useful for biological and biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering and diagnostics, but also, for biosensor applications taking advantage of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) or surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effects, due to the optical properties of the Au NPs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-inspired and Bio-based Polymers)
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1613 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Functionalization of Periodic Copolymers
by Falk Kubatzki, Lucas Al-Shok and Niels Ten Brummelhuis
Polymers 2017, 9(5), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9050166 - 06 May 2017
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5456
Abstract
For the copolymerization of non-conjugated olefins and maleimides, it is known that under certain conditions periodic ABA monomer sequences are formed. In this work, such a copolymerization is used to create polymers which have defined (periodic) monomer sequences and can be functionalized after [...] Read more.
For the copolymerization of non-conjugated olefins and maleimides, it is known that under certain conditions periodic ABA monomer sequences are formed. In this work, such a copolymerization is used to create polymers which have defined (periodic) monomer sequences and can be functionalized after polymerization. The copolymerization of pentafluorophenol (PFP) active esters of 4-pentenoic acid and perillic acid with N-phenyl maleimide (PhMI) was studied in 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-phenyl-2-propanol (HFPP). In DCE and for the copolymerization of the PFP ester of 4-pentenoic acid and PhMI in HFPP, polymers were formed where the active esters were separated by at least one PhMI unit. The average number of separating PhMI units can be controlled by varying the feed ratio of the monomers. For the copolymerization of the PFP ester of perillic acid in HFPP, a preference for the formation of periodic copolymers was observed, where active esters were preferably separated from each other by a maximum of two PhMI moieties. Therefore, the copolymerization of said active ester containing monomers with PhMI provides a platform to create polymers in which reactive moieties are distributed along the polymer chain in different fashions. The active esters in the non-conjugated vinyl monomers could be used in a post-polymerization functionalization step to create functionalized polymers with defined monomer sequences in a modular way. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-inspired and Bio-based Polymers)
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1945 KiB  
Article
Effect of Maleic Anhydride-Modified Poly(lactic acid) on the Properties of Its Hybrid Fiber Biocomposites
by Abubakar Umar Birnin-Yauri, Nor Azowa Ibrahim, Norhazlin Zainuddin, Khalina Abdan, Yoon Yee Then and Buong Woei Chieng
Polymers 2017, 9(5), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9050165 - 05 May 2017
Cited by 52 | Viewed by 8105
Abstract
This work investigated the effect of maleic anhydride (MA)-modified poly(lactic acid) (PLA), which is melt-blended with different untreated and aqueous borax (BR)-treated hybrid oil palm empty fruit bunch fibers (EFBF)/Kenaf core fibers (KCF), and compression-molded into corresponding hybrid biocomposites. These hybrid systems includes [...] Read more.
This work investigated the effect of maleic anhydride (MA)-modified poly(lactic acid) (PLA), which is melt-blended with different untreated and aqueous borax (BR)-treated hybrid oil palm empty fruit bunch fibers (EFBF)/Kenaf core fibers (KCF), and compression-molded into corresponding hybrid biocomposites. These hybrid systems includes BR-treated EFBF/BR-treated KCF reinforced MA-modified PLA i.e., BR(EFBF-KCF)-MAPLA, BR-treated EFBF/BR-treated KCF reinforced unmodified PLA i.e., BR(EFBF-KCF)-PLA, untreated EFBF/untreated KCF reinforced MA-modified PLA i.e., EFBF-KCF-MAPLA, and untreated EFBF/untreated KCF reinforced unmodified PLA i.e., EFBF-KCF-PLA respectively. Characterizations of the hybrid systems revealed that optimal mechanical, physical, morphological, thermal and dynamic mechanical properties were provided by the BR(EFBF-KCF)-MAPLA, resulting from improved interface adhesion, consequent of the synergistic influence of BR treatment of natural fibers, and the compatibilization effect provided by the MA-modified PLA. The grafting degree and efficiency of MA onto the PLA backbone was appreciable, as indicated by direct titration, and through monitoring using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR); thus the MA-modified PLA facilitated the formation of strong interface adhesion with the BR-treated hybrid fibers. The BR(EFBF-KCF)-MAPLA showed promising properties for usage as a bio-inspired, and sustainable alternative fiberboard article. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-inspired and Bio-based Polymers)
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3876 KiB  
Article
Syneresis in Gels of Highly Ferulated Arabinoxylans: Characterization of Covalent Cross-Linking, Rheology, and Microstructure
by Ana M. Morales-Burgos, Elizabeth Carvajal-Millan, Yolanda L. López-Franco, Agustín Rascón-Chu, Jaime Lizardi-Mendoza, Norberto Sotelo-Cruz, Francisco Brown-Bojórquez, Alexel Burgara-Estrella and Martin Pedroza-Montero
Polymers 2017, 9(5), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9050164 - 05 May 2017
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 12418
Abstract
Arabinoxylans (AXs) with high ferulic acid (FA) content (7.18 µg/mg AXs) were cross-linked using laccase. Storage (G’) modulus of AX solutions at 1% (AX-1) and 2% (AX-2) (w/v) registered maximum values of 409 Pa and 889 Pa [...] Read more.
Arabinoxylans (AXs) with high ferulic acid (FA) content (7.18 µg/mg AXs) were cross-linked using laccase. Storage (G’) modulus of AX solutions at 1% (AX-1) and 2% (AX-2) (w/v) registered maximum values of 409 Pa and 889 Pa at 180 min and 83 min, respectively. Atomic force microscopy revealed the grained and irregular surface of the AX-1 gel and the smoother surface without significant depressions of the AX-2 gel. Cured AX gels exhibited a liquid phase surrounding the samples indicating syneresis. The syneresis ratio percentage (% Rs) of the gels was registered over time reaching stabilization at 20 h. The % Rs was not significantly different between AX-1 (60.0%) and AX-2 (62.8%) gels. After 20 h of syneresis development, the dimers of the FA in the AX-1 and AX-2 gels significantly increased by 9% and 78%, respectively; moreover, the trimers of the FA in the AX-1 and AX-2 gels, by 94% and 300%, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy showed that, after syneresis stabilization, AX gels presented a more compact microstructure. Syneresis development in the gels of highly ferulated AXs could be related to the polymer network contraction due to the additional formation of dimers and trimers of the FA (cross-linking structures), which may act like a “zipping” process, increasing the polymer chains′ connectivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-inspired and Bio-based Polymers)
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7081 KiB  
Article
Surface Patterning of Gold Nanoparticles on PEG-Based Hydrogels to Control Cell Adhesion
by Fang Ren, Cigdem Yesildag, Zhenfang Zhang and Marga C. Lensen
Polymers 2017, 9(5), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9050154 - 26 Apr 2017
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 7656
Abstract
We report on a versatile and easy approach to micro-pattern gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) on 8-arm poly(ethylene glycol)-vinyl sulfone thiol (8PEG-VS-SH) hydrogels, and the application of these patterned Au NPs stripes in controlling cell adhesion. Firstly, the Au NPs were patterned on silicon [...] Read more.
We report on a versatile and easy approach to micro-pattern gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) on 8-arm poly(ethylene glycol)-vinyl sulfone thiol (8PEG-VS-SH) hydrogels, and the application of these patterned Au NPs stripes in controlling cell adhesion. Firstly, the Au NPs were patterned on silicon wafers, and then they were transferred onto reactive, multifunctional 8PEG-VS-SH hydrogels. The patterned, micrometer-sized Au NPs stripes with variable spacings ranging from 20 μm to 50 μm were created by our recently developed micro-contact deprinting method. For this micro-contact deprinting approach, four different PEG-based stamp materials have been tested and it was found that the triblock copolymer PEG-PPG-PEG-(3BC) stamp established the best transfer efficiency and has been used in the ongoing work. After the successful creation of micro-patterns of Au NPs stripes on silicon, the patterns can be transferred conveniently and accurately to 8PEG-VS-SH hydrogel films. Subsequently these Au NPs patterns on 8PEG-VS-SH hydrogels have been investigated in cell culture with murine fibroblasts (L-929). The cells have been observed to adhere to and spread on those nano-patterned micro-lines in a remarkably selective and ordered manner. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-inspired and Bio-based Polymers)
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3031 KiB  
Article
Homoserine Lactone as a Structural Key Element for the Synthesis of Multifunctional Polymers
by Fabian Marquardt, Stefan Mommer, Justin Lange, Pascal M. Jeschenko, Helmut Keul and Martin Möller
Polymers 2017, 9(4), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9040130 - 05 Apr 2017
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 7025
Abstract
The use of bio-based building blocks for polymer synthesis represents a milestone on the way to “green” materials. In this work, two synthetic strategies for the preparation of multifunctional polymers are presented in which the key element is the functionality of homoserine lactone. [...] Read more.
The use of bio-based building blocks for polymer synthesis represents a milestone on the way to “green” materials. In this work, two synthetic strategies for the preparation of multifunctional polymers are presented in which the key element is the functionality of homoserine lactone. First, the synthesis of a bis cyclic coupler based on a thiolactone and homoserine lactone is displayed. This coupler was evaluated regarding its regioselectivity upon reaction with amines and used in the preparation of multifunctional polymeric building blocks by reaction with diamines. Furthermore, a linear polyglycidol was functionalized with homoserine lactone. The resulting polyethers with lactone groups in the side chain were converted to cationic polymers by reaction with 3-(dimethylamino)-1-propylamine followed by quaternization with methyl iodide. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-inspired and Bio-based Polymers)
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2607 KiB  
Article
DNA Compaction and Charge Inversion Induced by Organic Monovalent Ions
by Wenyan Xia, Yanwei Wang, Anthony Yang and Guangcan Yang
Polymers 2017, 9(4), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9040128 - 30 Mar 2017
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4957
Abstract
DNA condensation and charge inversion usually occur in solutions of multivalent counterions. In the present study, we show that the organic monovalent ions of tetraphenyl chloride arsenic (Ph4As+) can induce DNA compaction and even invert its electrophoretic mobility by [...] Read more.
DNA condensation and charge inversion usually occur in solutions of multivalent counterions. In the present study, we show that the organic monovalent ions of tetraphenyl chloride arsenic (Ph4As+) can induce DNA compaction and even invert its electrophoretic mobility by single molecular methods. The morphology of condensed DNA was directly observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in the presence of a low concentration of Ph4As+ in DNA solution. The magnetic tweezers (MT) measurements showed that DNA compaction happens at very low Ph4As+ concentration (≤1 μM), and the typical step-like structures could be found in the extension-time curves of tethering DNA. However, when the concentration of Ph4As+ increased to 1 mM, the steps disappeared in the pulling curves and globular structures could be found in the corresponding AFM images. Electrophoretic mobility measurement showed that charge inversion of DNA induced by the monovalent ions happened at 1.6 mM Ph4As+, which is consistent with the prediction based on the strong hydrophobicity of Ph4As+. We infer that the hydrophobic effect is the main driving force of DNA charge inversion and compaction by the organic monovalent ion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-inspired and Bio-based Polymers)
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21743 KiB  
Article
A Novel Biomimetic Approach to Repair Enamel Cracks/Carious Damages and to Reseal Dentinal Tubules by Amorphous Polyphosphate
by Werner E.G. Müller, Maximilian Ackermann, Meik Neufurth, Emad Tolba, Shunfeng Wang, Qingling Feng, Heinz C. Schröder and Xiaohong Wang
Polymers 2017, 9(4), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9040120 - 25 Mar 2017
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 10581
Abstract
Based on natural principles, we developed a novel toothpaste, containing morphogenetically active amorphous calcium polyphosphate (polyP) microparticles which are enriched with retinyl acetate (“a-polyP/RA-MP”). The spherical microparticles (average size, 550 ± 120 nm), prepared by co-precipitating soluble Na-polyP with calcium chloride and supplemented [...] Read more.
Based on natural principles, we developed a novel toothpaste, containing morphogenetically active amorphous calcium polyphosphate (polyP) microparticles which are enriched with retinyl acetate (“a-polyP/RA-MP”). The spherical microparticles (average size, 550 ± 120 nm), prepared by co-precipitating soluble Na-polyP with calcium chloride and supplemented with retinyl acetate, were incorporated into a base toothpaste at a final concentration of 1% or 10%. The “a-polyP/RA-MP” ingredient significantly enhanced the stimulatory effect of the toothpaste on the growth of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). This increase was paralleled by an upregulation of the MSC marker genes for osteoblast differentiation, collagen type I and alkaline phosphatase. In addition, polyP, applied as Zn-polyP microparticles (“Zn-a-polyP-MP”), showed a distinct inhibitory effect on growth of Streptococcus mutans, in contrast to a toothpaste containing the broad-spectrum antibiotic triclosan that only marginally inhibits this cariogenic bacterium. Moreover, we demonstrate that the “a-polyP/RA-MP”-containing toothpaste efficiently repairs cracks/fissures in the enamel and dental regions and reseals dentinal tubules, already after a five-day treatment (brushing) of teeth as examined by SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and semi-quantitative EDX (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy). The occlusion of the dentin cracks by the microparticles turned out to be stable and resistant against short-time high power sonication. Our results demonstrate that the novel toothpaste prepared here, containing amorphous polyP microparticles enriched with retinyl acetate, is particularly suitable for prevention/repair of (cariogenic) damages of tooth enamel/dentin and for treatment of dental hypersensitivity. While the polyP microparticles function as a sealant for dentinal damages and inducer of remineralization processes, the retinyl acetate acts as a regenerative stimulus for collagen gene expression in cells of the surrounding tissue, the periodontium. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-inspired and Bio-based Polymers)
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1991 KiB  
Article
Bio-Inspired Polymer Membrane Surface Cleaning
by Agnes Schulze, Daniel Breite, Yongkyum Kim, Martin Schmidt, Isabell Thomas, Marco Went, Kristina Fischer and Andrea Prager
Polymers 2017, 9(3), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9030097 - 09 Mar 2017
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 7000
Abstract
To generate polyethersulfone membranes with a biocatalytically active surface, pancreatin was covalently immobilized. Pancreatin is a mixture of digestive enzymes such as protease, lipase, and amylase. The resulting membranes exhibit self-cleaning properties after “switching on” the respective enzyme by adjusting pH and temperature. [...] Read more.
To generate polyethersulfone membranes with a biocatalytically active surface, pancreatin was covalently immobilized. Pancreatin is a mixture of digestive enzymes such as protease, lipase, and amylase. The resulting membranes exhibit self-cleaning properties after “switching on” the respective enzyme by adjusting pH and temperature. Thus, the membrane surface can actively degrade a fouling layer on its surface and regain initial permeability. Fouling tests with solutions of protein, oil, and mixtures of both, were performed, and the membrane’s ability to self-clean the fouled surface was characterized. Membrane characterization was conducted by investigation of the immobilized enzyme concentration, enzyme activity, water permeation flux, fouling tests, porosimetry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-inspired and Bio-based Polymers)
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5695 KiB  
Article
Improvement of Interfacial Adhesion by Bio-Inspired Catechol-Functionalized Soy Protein with Versatile Reactivity: Preparation of Fully Utilizable Soy-Based Film
by Zhong Wang, Haijiao Kang, Wei Zhang, Shifeng Zhang and Jianzhang Li
Polymers 2017, 9(3), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9030095 - 07 Mar 2017
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 7167
Abstract
The development of materials based on renewable resources with enhanced mechanical and physicochemical properties is hampered by the abundance of hydrophilic groups because of their structural instability. Bio-inspired from the strong adhesion ability of mussel proteins, renewable and robust soy-based composite films were [...] Read more.
The development of materials based on renewable resources with enhanced mechanical and physicochemical properties is hampered by the abundance of hydrophilic groups because of their structural instability. Bio-inspired from the strong adhesion ability of mussel proteins, renewable and robust soy-based composite films were fabricated from two soybean-derived industrial materials: soluble soybean polysaccharide (SSPS) and catechol-functionalized soy protein isolate (SPI-CH). The conjugation of SPI with multiple catechol moieties as a versatile adhesive component for SSPS matrix efficiently improved the interfacial adhesion between each segment of biopolymer. The biomimetic adherent catechol moieties were successfully bonded in the polymeric network based on catechol crosslinking chemistry through simple oxidative coupling and/or coordinative interaction. A combination of H-bonding, strong adhesion between the SPI-CH conjugation and SSPS matrix resulted in remarkable enhancements for mechanical properties. It was found that the tensile strength and Young’s modulus was improved from 2.80 and 17.24 MPa of unmodified SP film to 4.04 and 97.22 MPa of modified one, respectively. More importantly, the resultant films exhibited favorable water resistance and gas (water vapor) barrier performances. The results suggested that the promising way improved the phase adhesion of graft copolymers using catechol-functionalized polymers as versatile adhesive components. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-inspired and Bio-based Polymers)
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Review

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10725 KiB  
Review
Vesicles from Amphiphilic Dumbbells and Janus Dendrimers: Bioinspired Self-Assembled Structures for Biomedical Applications
by Soraya Taabache and Annabelle Bertin
Polymers 2017, 9(7), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9070280 - 12 Jul 2017
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 10985
Abstract
The current review focuses on vesicles obtained from the self-assembly of two types of dendritic macromolecules, namely amphiphilic Janus dendrimers (forming dendrimersomes) and amphiphilic dumbbells. In the first part, we will present some synthetic strategies and the various building blocks that can be [...] Read more.
The current review focuses on vesicles obtained from the self-assembly of two types of dendritic macromolecules, namely amphiphilic Janus dendrimers (forming dendrimersomes) and amphiphilic dumbbells. In the first part, we will present some synthetic strategies and the various building blocks that can be used to obtain dendritic-based macromolecules, thereby showing their structural versatility. We put our focus on amphiphilic Janus dendrimers and amphiphilic dumbbells that form vesicles in water but we also encompass vesicles formed thereof in organic solvents. The second part of this review deals with the production methods of these vesicles at the nanoscale but also at the microscale. Furthermore, the influence of various parameters (intrinsic to the amphiphilic JD and extrinsic—from the environment) on the type of vesicle formed will be discussed. In the third part, we will review the numerous biomedical applications of these vesicles of nano- or micron-size. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-inspired and Bio-based Polymers)
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3748 KiB  
Review
Role of Bio-Based Polymers on Improving Turbulent Flow Characteristics: Materials and Application
by Wen Jiao Han and Hyoung Jin Choi
Polymers 2017, 9(6), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9060209 - 06 Jun 2017
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 8437
Abstract
The remarkable ability of polymeric additives to reduce the level of frictional drag significantly in turbulent flow, even under extremely low dilutions, is known as turbulent drag-reduction behavior. Several bio-polymers have been assessed as promising drag-reducing agents for the potential replacement of high [...] Read more.
The remarkable ability of polymeric additives to reduce the level of frictional drag significantly in turbulent flow, even under extremely low dilutions, is known as turbulent drag-reduction behavior. Several bio-polymers have been assessed as promising drag-reducing agents for the potential replacement of high molecular weight synthetic polymers to improve safety and ameliorate environmental concerns. This article reviews the recent advances regarding the impact of several bio-polymer additives on turbulent drag reduction in either pipe or rotating disk flow systems, and their potential applications in the petroleum, biomedical, and agricultural industries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-inspired and Bio-based Polymers)
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4670 KiB  
Review
Micelles Formed by Polypeptide Containing Polymers Synthesized Via N-Carboxy Anhydrides and Their Application for Cancer Treatment
by Dimitrios Skoulas, Panagiotis Christakopoulos, Dimitra Stavroulaki, Konstantinos Santorinaios, Varvara Athanasiou and Hermis Iatrou
Polymers 2017, 9(6), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9060208 - 04 Jun 2017
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 10246
Abstract
The development of multifunctional polymeric materials for biological applications is mainly guided by the goal of achieving the encapsulation of pharmaceutical compounds through a self-assembly process to form nanoconstructs that control the biodistribution of the active compounds, and therefore minimize systemic side effects. [...] Read more.
The development of multifunctional polymeric materials for biological applications is mainly guided by the goal of achieving the encapsulation of pharmaceutical compounds through a self-assembly process to form nanoconstructs that control the biodistribution of the active compounds, and therefore minimize systemic side effects. Micelles are formed from amphiphilic polymers in a selective solvent. In biological applications, micelles are formed in water, and their cores are loaded with hydrophobic pharmaceutics, where they are solubilized and are usually delivered through the blood compartment. Even though a large number of polymeric materials that form nanocarrier delivery systems has been investigated, a surprisingly small subset of these technologies has demonstrated potentially curative preclinical results, and fewer have progressed towards commercialization. One of the most promising classes of polymeric materials for drug delivery applications is polypeptides, which combine the properties of the conventional polymers with the 3D structure of natural proteins, i.e., α-helices and β-sheets. In this article, the synthetic pathways followed to develop well-defined polymeric micelles based on polypeptides prepared through ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of N-carboxy anhydrides are reviewed. Among these works, we focus on studies performed on micellar delivery systems to treat cancer. The review is limited to systems presented from 2000–2017. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-inspired and Bio-based Polymers)
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