Nutrients

14 pages, 3872 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carotenoid Profile in Maternal/Cord Plasma and Changes in Breast Milk along Lactation and Its Association with Dietary Intake: A Longitudinal Study in a Coastal City in Southern China

by Xinyao Dai, Huanhuan Yin, Jing Zhang, Fang Tian, Xiaokun Cai, Yingyi Mao, Hanxiao Sun, He Wang, Xiang Li, Hui-Lian Zhu, Lishi Zhang, Jinyao Chen and Yanrong Zhao

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1989; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091989 - 9 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2617

Abstract

In this study, changes of carotenoids in breast milk were observed longitudinally for up to one year. Our study aimed to analyze the profile of carotenoids in breast milk and maternal/cord plasma and its correlation with dietary intake in Guangzhou. Plasma and breast [...] Read more.

In this study, changes of carotenoids in breast milk were observed longitudinally for up to one year. Our study aimed to analyze the profile of carotenoids in breast milk and maternal/cord plasma and its correlation with dietary intake in Guangzhou. Plasma and breast milk samples of five stages during lactation (i.e., colostrum; transitional milk; and early, medium, and late mature milk) were collected from lactating mothers. The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used for collecting data on dietary intake in the corresponding stages. Levels of lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene, and lycopene were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. We found that the total carotenoid level decreased gradually with the extension of lactation and eventually stabilized. Among them, the content of lutein increased from colostrum to transitional milk and decreased thereafter until it plateaued in the mature milk. Furthermore, lutein was reported as the dominant nutrient in maternal plasma, cord plasma, transitional milk, and mature milk at up to 400 days postpartum, while beta-carotene was predominant in colostrum. The content of β-carotenoid in middle and late mature breast milk was related to dietary intake (r = 1.690, p < 0.05). Carotenoid level in cord blood was lower than that in the mother’s plasma and was related to the carotenoid intake in the mother’s diet. Correlation of carotenoids between maternal and umbilical cord blood, breast milk, and maternal blood could well reflect the transport of carotenoids. These findings may help to guide mothers’ diets during breastfeeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Nutrition during Pregnancy and Lactation: Implications for Maternal and Infant Health)

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15 pages, 1990 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effectiveness of a Combined Healthy Eating, Physical Activity, and Sleep Hygiene Lifestyle Intervention on Health and Fitness of Overweight Airline Pilots: A Controlled Trial

by Daniel Wilson, Matthew Driller, Paul Winwood, Tracey Clissold, Ben Johnston and Nicholas Gill

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1988; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091988 - 9 May 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4700

Abstract

(1) Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a three-component nutrition, sleep, and physical activity (PA) program on cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and health behaviors in overweight airline pilots. (2) Methods: A parallel group study was conducted amongst [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a three-component nutrition, sleep, and physical activity (PA) program on cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and health behaviors in overweight airline pilots. (2) Methods: A parallel group study was conducted amongst 125 airline pilots. The intervention group participated in a 16-week personalized healthy eating, sleep hygiene, and PA program. Outcome measures of objective health (maximal oxygen consumption (VO_2max), body mass, skinfolds, girths, blood pressure, resting heart rate, push-ups, plank hold) and self-reported health (weekly PA, sleep quality and duration, fruit and vegetable intake, and self-rated health) were collected at baseline and post-intervention. The wait-list control completed the same assessments. (3) Results: Significant group main effects in favor of the intervention group were found for all outcome measures (p < 0.001) except for weekly walking (p = 0.163). All objective health measures significantly improved in the intervention group when compared to the control group (p < 0.001, d = 0.41–1.04). Self-report measures (moderate-to-vigorous PA, sleep quality and duration, fruit and vegetable intake, and self-rated health) significantly increased in the intervention group when compared to the control group (p < 0.001, d = 1.00–2.69). (4) Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that a personalized 16-week healthy eating, PA, and sleep hygiene intervention can elicit significant short-term improvements in physical and mental health outcomes among overweight airline pilots. Further research is required to examine whether the observed effects are maintained longitudinally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Combined Nutrition and Exercise Interventions in Community Groups)

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15 pages, 1920 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Serine Metabolism in Health and Disease and as a Conditionally Essential Amino Acid

by Milan Holeček

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1987; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091987 - 9 May 2022

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 11682

Abstract

L-serine plays an essential role in a broad range of cellular functions including protein synthesis, neurotransmission, and folate and methionine cycles and synthesis of sphingolipids, phospholipids, and sulphur containing amino acids. A hydroxyl side-chain of L-serine contributes to polarity of proteins, and serves [...] Read more.

L-serine plays an essential role in a broad range of cellular functions including protein synthesis, neurotransmission, and folate and methionine cycles and synthesis of sphingolipids, phospholipids, and sulphur containing amino acids. A hydroxyl side-chain of L-serine contributes to polarity of proteins, and serves as a primary site for binding a phosphate group to regulate protein function. D-serine, its D-isoform, has a unique role. Recent studies indicate increased requirements for L-serine and its potential therapeutic use in some diseases. L-serine deficiency is associated with impaired function of the nervous system, primarily due to abnormal metabolism of phospholipids and sphingolipids, particularly increased synthesis of deoxysphingolipids. Therapeutic benefits of L-serine have been reported in primary disorders of serine metabolism, diabetic neuropathy, hyperhomocysteinemia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Use of L-serine and its metabolic products, specifically D-serine and phosphatidylserine, has been investigated for the therapy of renal diseases, central nervous system injury, and in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders. It is concluded that there are disorders in which humans cannot synthesize L-serine in sufficient quantities, that L-serine is effective in therapy of disorders associated with its deficiency, and that L-serine should be classified as a “conditionally essential” amino acid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Proteins and Amino Acids)

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15 pages, 1329 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alterations in Bacterial Metabolism Contribute to the Lifespan Extension Exerted by Guarana in Caenorhabditis elegans

by Inés Reigada, Karmen Kapp, Claire Maynard, David Weinkove, Marta Sofía Valero, Elisa Langa, Leena Hanski and Carlota Gómez-Rincón

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1986; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091986 - 9 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3096

Abstract

Guarana (Paullinia cupana) is a widely consumed nutraceutical with various health benefits supported by scientific evidence. However, its indirect health impacts through the gut microbiota have not been studied. Caenorhabditis elegans is a useful model to study both the direct and [...] Read more.

Guarana (Paullinia cupana) is a widely consumed nutraceutical with various health benefits supported by scientific evidence. However, its indirect health impacts through the gut microbiota have not been studied. Caenorhabditis elegans is a useful model to study both the direct and indirect effects of nutraceuticals, as the intimate association of the worm with the metabolites produced by Escherichia coli is a prototypic simplified model of our gut microbiota. We prepared an ethanoic extract of guarana seeds and assessed its antioxidant capacity in vitro, with a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, and in vivo, utilizing C. elegans. Additionally, we studied the impact of this extract on C. elegans lifespan, utilizing both viable and non-viable E. coli, and assessed the impact of guarana on E. coli folate production. The extract showed high antioxidant capacity, and it extended worm lifespan. However, the antioxidant and life-extending effects did not correlate in terms of the extract concentration. The extract-induced life extension was also less significant when utilizing dead E. coli, which may indicate that the effects of guarana on the worms work partly through modifications on E. coli metabolism. Following this observation, guarana was found to decrease E. coli folate production, revealing one possible route for its beneficial effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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13 pages, 1247 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nutraceuticals/Drugs Promoting Mitophagy and Mitochondrial Biogenesis May Combat the Mitochondrial Dysfunction Driving Progression of Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration

by Lidianys María Lewis Luján, Mark F. McCarty, James J. Di Nicolantonio, Juan Carlos Gálvez Ruiz, Ema Carina Rosas-Burgos, Maribel Plascencia-Jatomea and Simon Bernard Iloki Assanga

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1985; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091985 - 9 May 2022

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 8686

Abstract

In patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the crucial retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are characterized by mitochondria that are structurally and functionally defective. Moreover, deficient expression of the mRNA-editing enzyme Dicer is noted specifically in these cells. This Dicer deficit up-regulates expression [...] Read more.

In patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the crucial retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are characterized by mitochondria that are structurally and functionally defective. Moreover, deficient expression of the mRNA-editing enzyme Dicer is noted specifically in these cells. This Dicer deficit up-regulates expression of Alu RNA, which in turn damages mitochondria—inducing the loss of membrane potential, boosting oxidant generation, and causing mitochondrial DNA to translocate to the cytoplasmic region. The cytoplasmic mtDNA, in conjunction with induced oxidative stress, triggers a non-canonical pathway of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, leading to the production of interleukin-18 that acts in an autocrine manner to induce apoptotic death of RPE cells, thereby driving progression of dry AMD. It is proposed that measures which jointly up-regulate mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis (MB), by replacing damaged mitochondria with “healthy” new ones, may lessen the adverse impact of Alu RNA on RPE cells, enabling the prevention or control of dry AMD. An analysis of the molecular biology underlying mitophagy/MB and inflammasome activation suggests that nutraceuticals or drugs that can activate Sirt1, AMPK, Nrf2, and PPARα may be useful in this regard. These include ferulic acid, melatonin urolithin A and glucosamine (Sirt1), metformin and berberine (AMPK), lipoic acid and broccoli sprout extract (Nrf2), and fibrate drugs and astaxanthin (PPARα). Hence, nutraceutical regimens providing physiologically meaningful doses of several or all of the: ferulic acid, melatonin, glucosamine, berberine, lipoic acid, and astaxanthin, may have potential for control of dry AMD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Support for Chronic Disease)

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10 pages, 1604 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dried Ginger Extract Restores the T Helper Type 1/T Helper Type 2 Balance and Antibody Production in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunocompromised Mice after Flu Vaccination

by Jihyun Kim, Hoyoung Lee and Sooseong You

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1984; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091984 - 9 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2538

Abstract

Dried ginger (Zingiberis Processum Rhizoma (ZR)) is frequently used to prevent or treat common cold and flu. This study aimed to investigate the influence of ZR extracts on influenza-specific antibody production in cyclophosphamide (Cy)-induced immunocompromised mice. Female BALB/c mice were injected three [...] Read more.

Dried ginger (Zingiberis Processum Rhizoma (ZR)) is frequently used to prevent or treat common cold and flu. This study aimed to investigate the influence of ZR extracts on influenza-specific antibody production in cyclophosphamide (Cy)-induced immunocompromised mice. Female BALB/c mice were injected three times with saline or Cy. To investigate the effect of ZR, either distilled water or ZR was administered orally to mice daily for 10 days after Cy injection. After ZR administration, the mice were immunized with the 2017/2018 influenza vaccine. Pretreatment with ZR extracts enhanced influenza-specific antibody production in Cy-induced immunocompromised mice after flu vaccination and restored the influenza antigen-specific T helper (Th) type 1/Th2 balance to the normal state. Further, ZR suppressed the eosinophil enrichment caused by Cy injection in the spleen. We demonstrated that ZR can be used to increase antibody production in immunocompromised individuals before vaccination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Immunology)

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18 pages, 6341 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dioscin Ameliorates Hyperuricemia-Induced Atherosclerosis by Modulating of Cholesterol Metabolism through FXR-Signaling Pathway

by Ruixia Bao, Wei Wang, Beibei Chen, Jujie Pan, Qian Chen, Mengyang Liu, Dan Wang, Yuzheng Wu, Haiyang Yu, Lifeng Han, Yi Zhang and Tao Wang

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1983; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091983 - 9 May 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3239

Abstract

Hyperuricemia is one of the independent risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Herein, we investigate the association between uric acid and cholesterol metabolism and the effect of dioscin on the prevention of hyperuricemia-induced atherosclerosis. In the potassium oxonate-treated ApoE^{−/−−/−} mice, atherosclerosis was [...] Read more.

Hyperuricemia is one of the independent risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Herein, we investigate the association between uric acid and cholesterol metabolism and the effect of dioscin on the prevention of hyperuricemia-induced atherosclerosis. In the potassium oxonate-treated ApoE^{−/−−/−} mice, atherosclerosis was accelerated along with elevated serum cholesterol levels in the hyperuricemic state, which can be ameliorated by dioscin. Together with the in vitro assays, we found that the effect of dioscin was at least partially through the regulation of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) -small heterodimer partner (SHP) -7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) signaling pathway in the liver. Tigogenin (a metabolite of dioscin) suppressed FXR activation and increased CYP7A1, resulting in an increased conversion rate of cholesterols into bile acids. Further clinical study revealed that treatment with a dioscin-enriched preparation decreased serum cholesterol levels in individuals with hyperuricemia. In summary, this study demonstrated a slowdown effect of dioscin on the progression of hyperuricemia-induced atherosclerosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Foods: Regulation of Metabolism from Molecule to System and Disease Control)

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21 pages, 4421 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

n-3 PUFA Improve Emotion and Cognition during Menopause: A Systematic Review

by Davide Decandia, Eugenia Landolfo, Stefano Sacchetti, Francesca Gelfo, Laura Petrosini and Debora Cutuli

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1982; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091982 - 9 May 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5932

Abstract

Women show an increased risk of cognitive impairment and emotional disorders, such as anxiety and depression, when approaching menopause. Data on risk and protection factors have yielded robust evidence on the effects of lifestyle factors, such as diet, in preserving emotional and cognitive [...] Read more.

Women show an increased risk of cognitive impairment and emotional disorders, such as anxiety and depression, when approaching menopause. Data on risk and protection factors have yielded robust evidence on the effects of lifestyle factors, such as diet, in preserving emotional and cognitive functioning. This review focused on the effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) on anxiety, depression, and cognition during the menopausal transition. This systematic review considered all articles published until 31 December 2021, and the search was performed on two databases, PubMed and Scopus. The fields of interest were “menopause”, “n-3 PUFA” and “emotional and cognitive aspects”. Out of the 361 articles found on PubMed and 283 on Scopus, 17 met inclusion criteria. They encompassed 11 human and 6 animal studies. Most studies reported relieved depressive symptoms in relation to n-3 PUFA intake. While controversial results were found on anxiety and cognition in humans, n-3 PUFA consistently reduced anxiety symptoms and improved cognition in animal studies. Taken together, n-3 PUFA intake shows beneficial effects on emotional and cognitive behaviours during menopause transition. However, further investigations could increase knowledge about the effectiveness of n-3 PUFA on psychological well-being in this delicate period of feminine life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Lifestyle and Diet for Older Persons' Health)

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14 pages, 992 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations between Frequency of Culinary Herb Use and Gut Microbiota

by Alexandra Adorno Vita, Ryan McClure, Yuliya Farris, Robert Danczak, Anders Gundersen, Heather Zwickey and Ryan Bradley

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1981; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091981 - 9 May 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3102

Abstract

While evidence suggests that culinary herbs have the potential to modulate gut microbiota, much of the current research investigating the interactions between diet and the human gut microbiome either largely excludes culinary herbs or does not assess use in standard culinary settings. As [...] Read more.

While evidence suggests that culinary herbs have the potential to modulate gut microbiota, much of the current research investigating the interactions between diet and the human gut microbiome either largely excludes culinary herbs or does not assess use in standard culinary settings. As such, the primary objective of this study was to evaluate how the frequency of culinary herb use is related to microbiome diversity and the abundance of certain taxa, measured at the phylum level. In this secondary data analysis of the INCLD Health cohort, we examined survey responses assessing frequency of culinary herb use and microbiome analysis of collected stool samples. We did not observe any associations between frequency of culinary herb use and Shannon Index, a measure of alpha diversity. Regarding the abundance of certain taxa, the frequency of use of polyphenol-rich herbs and herbs with certain quantities of antibacterial compounds was positively associated with Firmicutes abundance, and negatively associated with Proteobacteria abundance. Additionally, the total number of herbs used with high frequency, defined as over three times per week, was also positively associated with Firmicutes abundance, independent of adjustments, and negatively associated with Proteobacteria abundance, after adjusting for dietary factors. Frequency of culinary herb use was not associated with Bacteroidota or Actinobacteria abundance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Perspectives on Phytochemicals in Human Nutrition)

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13 pages, 287 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of the Dietary Inflammatory Index with Depressive Symptoms among Pre- and Post-Menopausal Women: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2010

by Deniz Azarmanesh, Elizabeth R. Bertone-Johnson, Jessica Pearlman, Zhenhua Liu and Elena T. Carbone

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1980; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091980 - 9 May 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5882

Abstract

During their lifetime, 20% of US women experience depression. Studies have indicated that a high Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) score is associated with high C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and depression. No previous study has compared the association of the DII with different measures [...] Read more.

During their lifetime, 20% of US women experience depression. Studies have indicated that a high Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) score is associated with high C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and depression. No previous study has compared the association of the DII with different measures of depression (e.g., somatic, cognitive) among pre- and post-menopausal women. We used data from 2512 pre-menopausal and 2392 post-menopausal women from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2010 database. We ran linear and logistic regression models to compare the association of the DII with survey-measured depression among pre- and post-menopausal women. We further assessed the mediation effect of CRP on the association of the DII and depression, using structural equation modeling. The odds of experiencing depression among pre-menopausal women was higher for all DII quartiles compared to the reference group (i.e., DII Q1), with an odds ratio (OR) of 3.2, 5.0, and 6.3 for Q2, Q3, and Q4, respectively (p < 0.05). Among post-menopausal women, only Q4 had 110% higher odds of experiencing depression compared to Q1 (p = 0.027). No mediation effect of CRP was found between DII and any of our depression outcome measures. Our findings suggest that lifestyle habits, such as diet, may have a stronger influence on mental health among pre-menopausal women than post-menopausal women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)

13 pages, 2937 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isatis tinctoria L. Leaf Extract Inhibits Replicative Senescence in Dermal Fibroblasts by Regulating mTOR-NF-κB-SASP Signaling

by Jieun Woo, Seoungwoo Shin, Hyanggi Ji, Dehun Ryu, Eunae Cho, Youngseok Kim, Junoh Kim, Deokhoon Park and Eunsun Jung

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1979; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091979 - 9 May 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4658

Abstract

Senescent fibroblasts progressively deteriorate the functional properties of skin tissue. Senescent cells secrete senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factor, which causes the aging of surrounding non-senescent cells and accelerates aging in the individuals. Recent findings suggested the senomorphic targeting of the SASP regulation as [...] Read more.

Senescent fibroblasts progressively deteriorate the functional properties of skin tissue. Senescent cells secrete senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factor, which causes the aging of surrounding non-senescent cells and accelerates aging in the individuals. Recent findings suggested the senomorphic targeting of the SASP regulation as a new generation of effective therapeutics. We investigated whether Isatis tinctoria L. leaf extract (ITE) inhibited senescence biomarkers p53, p21^CDKN1A, and p16^INK4A gene expression, and SASP secretions by inhibiting cellular senescence in the replicative senescent human dermal fibroblast (RS-HDF). ITE has been demonstrated to inhibit the secretion of SASP factors in several senomorphic types by regulating the MAPK/NF-κB pathway via its inhibitory effect on mTOR. ITE suppressed the inflammatory response by inhibiting mTOR, MAPK, and IκBα phosphorylation, and blocking the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. In addition, we observed that autophagy pathway was related to inhibitory effect of ITE on cellular senescence. From these results, we concluded that ITE can prevent and restore senescence by blocking the activation and secretion of senescence-related factors generated from RS-HDFs through mTOR-NF-κB regulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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8 pages, 2271 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Recent Information on Vitamin D Deficiency in an Adult Korean Population Visiting Local Clinics and Hospitals

by Rihwa Choi, Sung-Eun Cho, Sang Gon Lee and Eun Hee Lee

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1978; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091978 - 9 May 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2341

Abstract

We retrospectively reviewed serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) test results from an adult Korean population visiting local clinics and hospitals between July 2017 and December 2021 to gather recent information on the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency [...] Read more.

We retrospectively reviewed serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) test results from an adult Korean population visiting local clinics and hospitals between July 2017 and December 2021 to gather recent information on the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency status was investigated according to criteria offered by various clinical guidelines. During the study period, 180,289 subjects (29,658 men and 150,631 women) were tested for 25(OH)D. The overall prevalence rates of vitamin D deficiency status based on 25(OH)D level were as follows: 0.4% for <5 ng/mL, 12.5% for <10 ng/mL, 20.6% for <12 ng/mL, 49.4% for <20 ng/mL, and <75.3% for <30 ng/mL. Women tested their 25(OH)D level more frequently than men, and the overall prevalence of 25(OH)D < 10 ng/mL was higher among women than men, while that of 25(OH)D <30 ng/mL was lower among women than men. Among age groups, the prevalence of 25(OH)D <30 ng/mL was higher in younger patients (20s–40s, 79.6–85.5%) than older ones (≥50 years, 62.6–69.2%). The overall prevalence of vitamin D deficiency decreased over time from 2018 to 2021. Future studies are needed to clarify the clinical impact of this change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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15 pages, 1546 KiB

Open AccessReview

Intestinal Microbiota-Derived Short Chain Fatty Acids in Host Health and Disease

by Jing Cong, Ping Zhou and Ruiyan Zhang

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1977; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091977 - 9 May 2022

Cited by 97 | Viewed by 5536

Abstract

Intestinal microbiota has its role as an important component of human physiology. It produces metabolites that module key functions to establish a symbiotic crosstalk with their host. Among them, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), produced by intestinal bacteria during the fermentation of partially [...] Read more.

Intestinal microbiota has its role as an important component of human physiology. It produces metabolites that module key functions to establish a symbiotic crosstalk with their host. Among them, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), produced by intestinal bacteria during the fermentation of partially and non-digestible polysaccharides, play key roles in regulating colon physiology and changing intestinal environment. Recent research has found that SCFAs not only influence the signal transduction pathway in the gut, but they also reach tissues and organs outside of the gut, through their circulation in the blood. Growing evidence highlights the importance of SCFAs level in influencing health maintenance and disease development. SCFAs are probably involved in the management of host health in a complicated (positive or negative) way. Here, we review the current understanding of SCFAs effects on host physiology and discuss the potential prevention and therapeutics of SCFAs in a variety of disorders. It provides a systematic theoretical basis for the study of mechanisms and precise intake level of SCFAs to promote human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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10 pages, 842 KiB

Open AccessConcept Paper

The Pre-Analytical CEN/TS Standard for Microbiome Diagnostics—How Can Research and Development Benefit?

by Conny Stumptner, Vanessa Stadlbauer, Dominic O’Neil, André Gessner, Andreas Hiergeist, Kurt Zatloukal and Peter M. Abuja

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1976; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091976 - 9 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3196

Abstract

Recently, CEN/TS 17626:2021, the European pre-analytical standard for human specimens intended for microbiome DNA analysis, was published. Although this standard relates to diagnostic procedures for microbiome analysis and is relevant for in vitro diagnostic (IVD) manufacturers and diagnostic laboratories, it also has implications [...] Read more.

Recently, CEN/TS 17626:2021, the European pre-analytical standard for human specimens intended for microbiome DNA analysis, was published. Although this standard relates to diagnostic procedures for microbiome analysis and is relevant for in vitro diagnostic (IVD) manufacturers and diagnostic laboratories, it also has implications for research and development (R&D). We present here why standards are needed in biomedical research, what pre-analytical standards can accomplish, and which elements of the pre-analytical workflow they cover. The benefits of standardization for the generation of FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable) data and to support innovation are briefly discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Connection between Microbiome, Lifestyle and Diet)

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11 pages, 2632 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A High-Fat Diet Induces Muscle Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Impairs Swimming Capacity in Zebrafish: A New Model of Sarcopenic Obesity

by Yun-Yi Zou, Zhang-Lin Chen, Chen-Chen Sun, Dong Yang, Zuo-Qiong Zhou, Qin Xiao, Xi-Yang Peng and Chang-Fa Tang

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1975; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091975 - 9 May 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4486

Abstract

Obesity is a highly prevalent disease that can induce metabolic syndrome and is associated with a greater risk of muscular atrophy. Mitochondria play central roles in regulating the physiological metabolism of skeletal muscle; however, whether a decreased mitochondrial function is associated with impaired [...] Read more.

Obesity is a highly prevalent disease that can induce metabolic syndrome and is associated with a greater risk of muscular atrophy. Mitochondria play central roles in regulating the physiological metabolism of skeletal muscle; however, whether a decreased mitochondrial function is associated with impaired muscle function is unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effects of a high-fat diet on muscle mitochondrial function in a zebrafish model of sarcopenic obesity (SOB). In SOB zebrafish, a significant decrease in exercise capacity and skeletal muscle fiber cross-sectional area was detected, accompanied by high expression of the atrophy-related markers Atrogin-1 and muscle RING-finger protein-1. Zebrafish with SOB exhibited inhibition of mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid oxidation as well as disruption of mitochondrial fusion and fission in atrophic muscle. Thus, our findings showed that muscle atrophy was associated with SOB-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Overall, these results showed that the SOB zebrafish model established in this study may provide new insights into the development of therapeutic strategies to manage mitochondria-related muscular atrophy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Fat Diet with Chronic Diseases)

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16 pages, 5305 KiB

Open AccessArticle

RNA-Seq Analysis of Protection against Chronic Alcohol Liver Injury by Rosa roxburghii Fruit Juice (Cili) in Mice

by Shan Yang, Xian-Yu Huang, Nian Zhou, Qin Wu, Jie Liu and Jing-Shan Shi

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1974; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091974 - 9 May 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3366

Abstract

Rosa roxburghii Tratt. fruit juice (Cili) is used as a medicinal and edible resource in China due to its antioxidant and hypolipidemic potentials. The efficacy of Cili in protecting alcohol-induced liver injury and its underlying mechanism was investigated. C57BL/6J mice received a Lieber-DeCarli [...] Read more.

Rosa roxburghii Tratt. fruit juice (Cili) is used as a medicinal and edible resource in China due to its antioxidant and hypolipidemic potentials. The efficacy of Cili in protecting alcohol-induced liver injury and its underlying mechanism was investigated. C57BL/6J mice received a Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet containing alcohol to produce liver injury. After the mice were adapted gradually to 5% alcohol, Cili (4 mL and 8 mL/kg/day for 4 weeks) were gavaged for treatment. The serum enzyme activities, triglyceride levels, histopathology and Oil-red O staining were examined. The RNA-Seq and qPCR analyses were performed to determine the protection mechanisms. Cili decreased serum and liver triglyceride levels in mice receiving alcohol. Hepatocyte degeneration and steatosis were improved by Cili. The RNA-Seq analyses showed Cili brought the alcohol-induced aberrant gene pattern towards normal. The qPCR analysis verified that over-activation of CAR and PXR (Cyp2a4, Cyp2b10 and Abcc4) was attenuated by Cili. Cili alleviated overexpression of oxidative stress responsive genes (Hmox1, Gsta1, Gstm3, Nqo1, Gclc, Vldlr, and Cdkn1a), and rescued alcohol-downregulated metabolism genes (Angptl8, Slc10a2, Ces3b, Serpina12, C6, and Selenbp2). Overall, Cili was effective against chronic alcohol liver injury, and the mechanisms were associated with decreased oxidative stress, improved lipid metabolism through modulating nuclear receptor CAR-, PXR-and Nrf2-mediated pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Liver Disease)

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14 pages, 523 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Impact of Flavonols on Cardiovascular Risk

by Joanna Popiolek-Kalisz and Emilia Fornal

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1973; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091973 - 9 May 2022

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4124

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of deaths globally. The main target for prevention of cardiovascular (CV) risk are lifestyle changes, including particular dietary recommendations, involving high intake of fruits and vegetables. Flavonols are a subgroup of flavonoids—compounds present in fruits, vegetables, [...] Read more.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of deaths globally. The main target for prevention of cardiovascular (CV) risk are lifestyle changes, including particular dietary recommendations, involving high intake of fruits and vegetables. Flavonols are a subgroup of flavonoids—compounds present in fruits, vegetables, and tea—known for their antioxidative properties. There are many findings about the beneficial impact of flavonols on general CV risk and its factors, but mainly from in vitro and animal model studies. This paper summarizes data from human studies about flavonols’ impact on general CV risk and its factors. A high dietary intake of flavonols could decrease CVD mortality directly or through impact on selected CV factors; however, available data are inconsistent. Nonetheless, specific groups of patients (smoking men, hypertensive and diabetic patients) can potentially benefit from selected dietary modifications or flavonols (quercetin) supplementation. Future investigations about kaempferol and myricetin are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Interventions for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction)

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10 pages, 1307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Timing of Graves’ Hyperthyroidism Management in Pregnant Women: Impact on the Infant Thyroid Volume

by Aleksandra Mikołajczak and Renata Bokiniec

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1972; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091972 - 9 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5064

Abstract

The thyroid of the fetus of a mother with Graves’ disease (GD) is affected by the transplacental passage of both antithyroid drugs (ATDs) and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies (TRAb). Thyroid hormone imbalances are harmful for the developing brain. This study aimed to evaluate [...] Read more.

The thyroid of the fetus of a mother with Graves’ disease (GD) is affected by the transplacental passage of both antithyroid drugs (ATDs) and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies (TRAb). Thyroid hormone imbalances are harmful for the developing brain. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the duration of antithyroid drug treatment in hyperthyroid pregnant women with GD on infants’ thyroid volume. Twenty-nine neonates born to mothers with GD were divided into two groups depending on the duration of ATDs treatment. The ultrasound thyroid volumes of the infants were measured within the first week of life. Thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxine, and TRAb values were recorded. There was no difference between groups in the thyroid hormones’ values. The median thyroid volume for the entire group of neonates with mothers with GD, for the groups of neonates of mothers with long- and short-treated GD, and for the control group were 1.539, 1.816, 1.347 and 1.014 mL, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the thyroid volume between the GD group and the control group, as well as between the groups of neonates of mothers with long- and short-treated GD (p < 0.05). Studies have shown that the longer the duration of ATDs administration to mothers, the greater the thyroid volume of the neonate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Insight in Thyroid Diseases and Endocrinology)

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11 pages, 1880 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Serum Levels of Ketone Bodies and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin during Pregnancy in Relation to the Neonatal Body Shape: A Retrospective Analysis

by Kiwamu Noshiro, Takeshi Umazume, Rifumi Hattori, Soromon Kataoka, Takashi Yamada and Hidemichi Watari

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1971; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091971 - 9 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2887

Abstract

Among the physiological changes occurring during pregnancy, the benefits of morning sickness, which is likely mediated by human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and induces serum ketone production, are unclear. We investigated the relationship between serum levels of ketone bodies and HCG in the first, [...] Read more.

Among the physiological changes occurring during pregnancy, the benefits of morning sickness, which is likely mediated by human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and induces serum ketone production, are unclear. We investigated the relationship between serum levels of ketone bodies and HCG in the first, second, and third trimesters and neonatal body shape (i.e., birth weight, length, head circumference, and chest circumference) in 245 pregnant women. Serum levels of 3-hydroxybutyric acid peaked in late-stage compared with early stage pregnancy (27.8 [5.0–821] vs. 42.2 [5.0–1420] μmol/L, median [range], p < 0.001). However, serum levels of ketone bodies and HCG did not correlate with neonatal body shape. When weight loss during pregnancy was used as an index of morning sickness, a higher pre-pregnancy body mass index was associated with greater weight loss. This study is the first to show that serum ketone body levels are maximal in the third trimester of pregnancy. As the elevation of serum ketone bodies in the third trimester is a physiological change, high serum levels of ketone bodies may be beneficial for mothers and children. One of the possible biological benefits of morning sickness is the prevention of diseases that have an increased incidence due to weight gain during pregnancy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)

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16 pages, 644 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Family Food Environments and Their Association with Primary and Secondary Students’ Food Consumption in Beijing, China: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Rong Zhang, Xiaohui Yu, Yingjie Yu, Dandan Guo, Hairong He, Yao Zhao and Wenli Zhu

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1970; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091970 - 8 May 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3243

Abstract

Family is the most fundamental and proximal context for children, and children’s eating behavior occurs mostly in the home or together with family members. With this study, we aimed to evaluate the distribution of family food environment dimensions and their relationship with healthy [...] Read more.

Family is the most fundamental and proximal context for children, and children’s eating behavior occurs mostly in the home or together with family members. With this study, we aimed to evaluate the distribution of family food environment dimensions and their relationship with healthy and unhealthy food consumption in primary and secondary students in order to provide evidence in the Chinese context and explore environmental solutions for improved child nutrition. Multi-stage stratified cluster sampling was used to conduct a cross-sectional survey among students in Beijing, China, from September 2020 to June 2021. Family food environment (FFE) was measured by the validated Family Food Environment Questionnaire for Chinese School-age Children, which was self-administered by the children’s caregivers. The students were asked to answer questions about food consumption frequencies in the past 7 days. Binary logistic regression models were used to investigate the relationships between food consumption frequency and FFE, and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed for independent variables. Among the study population, 9686 students in grades 3–12 and their caregivers completed the survey. The mean score of FFE was 65.7 (±8.4) out of a total possible score of 100, with 76.6% of students categorized as relatively healthier according to their FFE score (≥ 60). Compared with the reference group, students in primary schools and those cared for principally by parents were more likely to be in a healthy FFE category (p < 0.05). Daily consumption of fruits and vegetables was reported by 62.6% and 71.6% of students, respectively, and weekly sugared soft drink consumption was reported by 70.9% of the students. Students with a healthier FFE score (≥60) were more likely to consume fruits (OR = 1.578, 95% CI: 1.428~1.744) and vegetables (OR = 1.402, 95% CI: 1.263~1.556) but less likely to consume sugared soft drinks (OR = 0.592, 95% CI: 0.526~0.667). Family food availability (β = 0.137), caregivers’ nutritional literacy (β = 0.093), meal practices (β = 0.079) and food rules (β = 0.050) were positively correlated with food consumption behavior (p < 0.05). The students with healthier FFE scores (OR = 1.130, 95% CI: 1.014~1.258) and whose caregiver was obese (OR = 2.278, 95% CI: 1.973~2.631) were more likely to be overweight. The family food environment plays an important role in shaping food consumption in children. Provision of healthy foods instead of unhealthy foods, positive meal practices and food rules, and nutrition education for parents can promote healthy eating in children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)

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29 pages, 2251 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Poultry Meat and Eggs as an Alternative Source of n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for Human Nutrition

by Alice Cartoni Mancinelli, Simona Mattioli, Cornelia Twining, Alessandro Dal Bosco, Ann M. Donoghue, Komala Arsi, Elisa Angelucci, Diletta Chiattelli and Cesare Castellini

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1969; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091969 - 8 May 2022

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 5814

Abstract

The beneficial effects of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) on human health are widely known. Humans are rather inefficient in synthesizing n-3 LC-PUFA; thus, these compounds should be supplemented in the diet. However, most Western human diets have unbalanced n-6/n-3 ratios [...] Read more.

The beneficial effects of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) on human health are widely known. Humans are rather inefficient in synthesizing n-3 LC-PUFA; thus, these compounds should be supplemented in the diet. However, most Western human diets have unbalanced n-6/n-3 ratios resulting from eating habits and the fact that fish sources (rich in n-3 LC-PUFA) are not sufficient (worldwide deficit ~347,956 t/y) to meet the world requirements. In this context, it is necessary to find new and sustainable sources of n-3 LC-PUFA. Poultry products can provide humans n-3 LC-PUFA due to physiological characteristics and the wide consumption of meat and eggs. The present work aims to provide a general overview of the main strategies that should be adopted during rearing and postproduction to enrich and preserve n-3 LC-PUFA in poultry products. The strategies include dietary supplementation of α-Linolenic acid (ALA) or n-3 LC-PUFA, or enhancing n-3 LC-PUFA by improving the LA (Linoleic acid)/ALA ratio and antioxidant concentrations. Moreover, factors such as genotype, rearing system, transport, and cooking processes can impact the n-3 LC-PUFA in poultry products. The use of a multifactorial view in the entire production chain allows the relevant enrichment and preservation of n-3 LC-PUFA in poultry products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplementation with Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Health and Disease)

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14 pages, 332 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determinants of Acceptance of Weight Management Applications in Overweight and Obese Individuals: Using an Extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology Model

by Alexander Bäuerle, Anna-Lena Frewer, Vanessa Rentrop, Lynik Chantal Schüren, Marco Niedergethmann, Julia Lortz, Eva-Maria Skoda and Martin Teufel

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1968; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091968 - 8 May 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2750

Abstract

Overweight and obesity carry a tremendous burden in terms of physiological and psychological comorbidities. There is a great variety of weight management applications to support weight reduction, but a systematical analysis of individuals’ needs and requirements to adopt sustaining lifestyle changes is missing [...] Read more.

Overweight and obesity carry a tremendous burden in terms of physiological and psychological comorbidities. There is a great variety of weight management applications to support weight reduction, but a systematical analysis of individuals’ needs and requirements to adopt sustaining lifestyle changes is missing so far. This study aimed to assess the acceptance of such applications and its underlying predictors in individuals with overweight/obesity. A cross-sectional study was conducted, including 439 overweight/obese individuals. Health-related internet use and acceptance of weight management applications were examined using a modified questionnaire based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). The general acceptance of weight management applications was high, with significant age differences. Compared to older individuals, younger ones showed a higher acceptance. BMI was not significantly associated with acceptance. Besides psychometric data and eHealth-related data, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and social influence proved to be significant predictors for acceptance. The total variance explanation provided by the extended UTAUT model was 61.2%. The knowledge of the influencing factors on acceptance might be useful in developing, optimizing, and establishing weight management applications. For determining acceptance and its predictors of weight management applications, the UTAUT model is a valid approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Weight Management Interventions: Predictors and Outcomes)

15 pages, 1728 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Enriched Camel Milk Attenuated Colitis Symptoms in Mice Model

by Ashraf Khalifa, Abdullah Sheikh and Hairul Islam Mohamed Ibrahim

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1967; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091967 - 8 May 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3129

Abstract

Fermented camel’s milk has various health beneficial prebiotics and probiotics. This study aimed to evaluate the preventive efficacy of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens enriched camel milk (BEY) in 2-, 4- and 6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis mice models. To this end, the immune modulatory effects of [...] Read more.

Fermented camel’s milk has various health beneficial prebiotics and probiotics. This study aimed to evaluate the preventive efficacy of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens enriched camel milk (BEY) in 2-, 4- and 6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis mice models. To this end, the immune modulatory effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BA) on TNF-α challenged HT29 colon cells were estimated using the cell proliferation and cytokines ELISA method. BEY was prepared using the incubation method and nutritional value was quantified by comparing it to commercial yogurt. Furthermore, TNBS-induced colitis was established and the level of disease index, pathological scores, and inflammatory markers of BEY-treated mice using macroscopic and microscopic examinations, qPCR and immunoblot were investigated. The results demonstrate that BA is non-toxic to HT29 colon cells and balanced the inflammatory cytokines. BEY reduced the colitis disease index, and improved the body weight and colon length of the TNBS-induced mice. Additionally, Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1β, IL6, IL8 and TNF-α) were attenuated by BEY treatment. Moreover, the inflammatory progress mRNA and protein markers nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and occludin were significantly down-regulated by BEY treatment. Interestingly, significant suppression of PCNA was observed in colonic tissues using the immunohistochemical examination. Treatment with BEY increased the epigenetic (microRNA217) interactions with PCNA. In conclusion, the BEY clearly alleviated the colitis symptoms and in the future could be used to formulate a probiotic-based diet for the host gut health and control the inflammatory bowel syndrome in mammals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Probiotics, Prebiotics and Postbiotics in Human Health)

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15 pages, 315 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Children’s School-Day Nutrient Intake in Ontario: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study Comparing Students’ Packed Lunches from Two School Schedules

by Lisa J. Neilson, Lesley A. Macaskill, Jonathan M. H. Luk, Navreeti Sharma, Marina I. Salvadori, Jamie A. Seabrook and Paula D. N. Dworatzek

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1966; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091966 - 8 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4077

Abstract

This study compared the caloric and nutrient values of packed lunch contents and consumption in the Balanced School Day (BSD) (two 20 min eating periods) versus the Traditional Schedule (TS) (one 20 min lunch). Foods consumed during school were assessed by direct food [...] Read more.

This study compared the caloric and nutrient values of packed lunch contents and consumption in the Balanced School Day (BSD) (two 20 min eating periods) versus the Traditional Schedule (TS) (one 20 min lunch). Foods consumed during school were assessed by direct food observation in 321 grade 3 and 4 students, aged 7–10 years, at 9 BSD and 10 TS elementary schools in Ontario. Packed lunch contents in the BSD were significantly higher than the TS in energy (3128.14 ± 1100.36 vs. 2658.98 ± 951.34 kJ, p < 0.001, respectively). Similarly, carbohydrates, total sugar, protein, fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA), calcium, iron, and sodium were significantly higher in the BSD versus TS packed lunches. Correspondingly, students in the BSD consumed significantly more energy, carbohydrates, total sugar, and SFA compared to the TS. Overall, lunches brought by students in the BSD schedule provided more energy across all macronutrients, with only a few micronutrients showing increased amounts, suggesting two 20 min eating opportunities could contribute to excess caloric intake during school, potentially contributing to the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity in Canada. Furthermore, packed lunches in both schedules had excess amounts of nutrients of concern and much work is needed to ensure that children in Canada receive nutritious lunches at school. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

11 pages, 1861 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis MG741 Reduces Body Weight and Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease via Improving the Gut Permeability and Amelioration of Inflammatory Cytokines

by Moon Ho Do, Mi-Jin Oh, Hye-Bin Lee, Chang-Ho Kang, Guijae Yoo and Ho-Young Park

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1965; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091965 - 7 May 2022

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3684

Abstract

Diet-induced obesity is one of the major causes of the development of metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Recently, specific probiotic strains have been found to improve the symptoms of NAFLD. We examined the effects of Bifidobacterium [...] Read more.

Diet-induced obesity is one of the major causes of the development of metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Recently, specific probiotic strains have been found to improve the symptoms of NAFLD. We examined the effects of Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis MG741 (MG741) on NAFLD and weight gain, using a mouse model of high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity. HFD-fed mice were supplemented daily with MG741. After 12 weeks, MG741-administered mice exhibited reduced fat deposition, and serum metabolic alterations, including fasting hyperinsulinemia, were modulated. In addition, MG741 regulated Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1), and carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP) expression and lipid accumulation in the liver, thereby reducing the hepatic steatosis score. To determine whether the effects of MG741 were related to improvements in gut health, MG741 improved the HFD-induced deterioration in gut permeability by reducing toxic substances and inflammatory cytokine expression, and upregulating tight junctions. These results collectively demonstrate that the oral administration of MG741 could prevent NAFLD and obesity, thereby improving metabolic health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Probiotics, Prebiotics and Postbiotics in Human Health)

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14 pages, 2513 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Food Insecurity and the Association between Perceptions and Trust of Food Advertisements and Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods among U.S. Parents and Adolescents

by Reah Chiong and Roger Figueroa

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1964; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091964 - 7 May 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3821

Abstract

Adolescents exposed to food and beverage advertisements (FBAs) typically low in nutrient density can be influenced in their food choices, eating behaviors, and health. This study examines the association between perceptions and trust of FBAs (key predictor) and the outcome of daily consumption [...] Read more.

Adolescents exposed to food and beverage advertisements (FBAs) typically low in nutrient density can be influenced in their food choices, eating behaviors, and health. This study examines the association between perceptions and trust of FBAs (key predictor) and the outcome of daily consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) in parent-adolescent dyads, with risk of food insecurity as a potential moderator. Cross-sectional data from the Family, Life, Activity, Sun, Health and Eating (FLASHE) study was used to test actor and partner effects using structural equation modeling. The final model was adjusted for parent sex and education level, and effects were compared between dyads at risk of food insecurity (n = 605) and dyads not at risk (n = 1008). In the unadjusted model, actor effects (parent: b = 0.23, p = 0.001; adolescent b = 0.12, p = 0.001) and parent-partner effects were found (b = 0.08, p = 0.004). The final comparative model produced similar results for dyads not at risk of food insecurity (parent actor: b = 0.27, p = 0.001; parent partner: b = 0.10, p = 0.01; adolescent actor: b = 0.11, p = 0.003). For dyads at risk of food insecurity, only actor effects were significant (parent: b = 0.22, p = 0.001; adolescent: b = 0.11, p = 0.013). These findings suggest that parents’ favorability towards FBAs influence parent-adolescent unhealthy food consumption, and that this association is different when accounting for risk of food insecurity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Insecurity, Nutrition and Obesity Outcomes in Adolescents and Young Adults)

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13 pages, 727 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Behavioral Health Risk Factors and Motivation to Change among Cardiovascular General Hospital Patients Aged 50 to 79 Years

by Ulrike Siewert-Markus, Sabina Ulbricht, Beate Gaertner, Birgit-Christiane Zyriax, Marcus Dörr, Stefanie Tobschall, Sophie Baumann, Ulrich John and Jennis Freyer-Adam

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1963; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091963 - 7 May 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2242

Abstract

Little is known about the (co-)occurrence of smoking, alcohol at-risk drinking, physical inactivity and overweight, and the motivation to change these behavioral health risk factors (HRFs) in older general hospital patients with cardiovascular disease. Between October and December 2016, all consecutively admitted patients [...] Read more.

Little is known about the (co-)occurrence of smoking, alcohol at-risk drinking, physical inactivity and overweight, and the motivation to change these behavioral health risk factors (HRFs) in older general hospital patients with cardiovascular disease. Between October and December 2016, all consecutively admitted patients aged 50 to 79 years were proactively recruited on 3 cardiology wards and asked to participate in a survey on HRFs and behavior change motivation. Of the eligible patients, 80.4% participated in the survey (n = 328). The mean age was 66.5 years (standard deviation 9.0), and 65.5% were male. At least 1 HRF was present in 91.8% (n = 280), at least 2 HRFs in 54.4% (n = 166), and 3 or 4 HRFs in 12.1% (n = 37) of participants. The proportion of older adults who contemplated or were changing or planning to change their behavior to meet health behavior recommendations ranged between 66.0% (smoking) and 93.2% (alcohol consumption). The results indicate a notable co-occurrence of behavioral HRFs in older patients with cardiovascular disease. The majority of older adults were at least considering changing the respective behavior. To prevent and treat diseases efficiently, hospitalization may be a suitable moment for systematic multiple HRF screening and intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary and Lifestyle-Related Behaviours in Community-Dwelling Older Adults)

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13 pages, 2271 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Allergens in White- and Red-Fleshed Pitaya (Selenicereus undatus and Selenicereus costaricensis) Seeds Using Bottom-Up Proteomics Coupled with Immunoinformatics

by Mengzhen Hao, Xijiri, Ziyi Zhao and Huilian Che

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1962; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091962 - 7 May 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3230

Abstract

White-fleshed pitaya (Selenicereus undatus) and red-fleshed pitaya (Selenicereus costaricensis) are becoming increasingly popular because of their nutritional and medicinal benefits. However, in addition to their beneficial properties, allergy to pitaya fruits has occurred in daily life. In this study, [...] Read more.

White-fleshed pitaya (Selenicereus undatus) and red-fleshed pitaya (Selenicereus costaricensis) are becoming increasingly popular because of their nutritional and medicinal benefits. However, in addition to their beneficial properties, allergy to pitaya fruits has occurred in daily life. In this study, we investigated the protein profile of pitaya fruit seeds and focused on the most reactive proteins against immunoglobulin E (IgE) in sera from allergic patients by immunoblotting. A protein band of approximately 20 kDa displayed a clear reaction with the serum IgE. The protein bands of interest were excised, in-gel digested, and analyzed using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), followed by data searching against a restricted database (Caryophyllales in UniProtKB) for protein identification. Immunoinformatic tools were used to predict protein allergenicity. The potential allergens included cupin_1 and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in white-fleshed pitaya seeds, and cupin_1, heat shock protein 70, and heat shock protein sti1-like in red-fleshed pitaya seeds are potential allergens. The expression of potential allergens was further verified at the transcriptional level in the species of S. undatus and S. costaricensis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 'Protein Matters and Proteins Matter': Proteomics and Peptidomics in Nutrition and Health)

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15 pages, 2993 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Fatty Diet Induces a Jejunal Ketogenesis Which Inhibits Local SGLT1-Based Glucose Transport via an Acetylation Mechanism—Results from a Randomized Cross-Over Study between Iso-Caloric High-Fat versus High-Carbohydrate Diets in Healthy Volunteers

by Erik Elebring, Ville Wallenius, Anna Casselbrant, Neil G. Docherty, Carel W. le Roux, Hanns-Ulrich Marschall and Lars Fändriks

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1961; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091961 - 7 May 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3510

Abstract

Background and aims: Insights into the nature of gut adaptation after different diets enhance the understanding of how food modifications can be used to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity. The aim was to understand how diets, enriched in fat or carbohydrates, affect [...] Read more.

Background and aims: Insights into the nature of gut adaptation after different diets enhance the understanding of how food modifications can be used to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity. The aim was to understand how diets, enriched in fat or carbohydrates, affect glucose absorption in the human healthy jejunum, and what mechanisms are involved. Methods: Fifteen healthy subjects received, in randomised order and a crossover study design, two weeks of iso-caloric high-fat diet (HFD) and high-carbohydrate diet (HCD). Following each dietary period, jejunal mucosa samples were retrieved and assessed for protein expression using immunofluorescence and western blotting. Functional characterisation of epithelial glucose transport was assessed ex vivo using Ussing chambers. Regulation of SGLT1 through histone acetylation was studied in vitro in Caco-2 and human jejunal enteroid monolayer cultures. Results: HFD, compared to HCD, decreased jejunal Ussing chamber epithelial glucose transport and the expression of apical transporters for glucose (SGLT1) and fructose (GLUT5), while expression of the basolateral glucose transporter GLUT2 was increased. HFD also increased protein expression of the ketogenesis rate-limiting enzyme mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMGCS2) and decreased the acetylation of histone 3 at lysine 9 (H3K9ac). Studies in Caco-2 and human jejunal enteroid monolayer cultures indicated a ketogenesis-induced activation of sirtuins, in turn decreasing SGLT1 expression. Conclusion: Jejunal glucose absorption is decreased by a fat-enriched diet, via a ketogenesis-induced alteration of histone acetylation responsible for the silencing of SGLT1 transcription. The work relates to a secondary outcome in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02088853). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Carbohydrates)

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14 pages, 1640 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of the 24 h Dietary Recall of Two Consecutive Days, Two Non-Consecutive Days, Three Consecutive Days, and Three Non-Consecutive Days for Estimating Dietary Intake of Chinese Adult

by Kun Huang, Liyun Zhao, Qiya Guo, Dongmei Yu, Yuxiang Yang, Qiuye Cao, Xiaolin Yuan, Lahong Ju, Shujuan Li, Xue Cheng, Xiaoli Xu and Hongyun Fang

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1960; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091960 - 7 May 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3817

Abstract

The specific forms of 24 h dietary recall used by national nutrition surveys differ, such as two non-consecutive days and three consecutive days. However, it is unclear which form of 24 h dietary recall is more accurate in the Chinese population. The purpose [...] Read more.

The specific forms of 24 h dietary recall used by national nutrition surveys differ, such as two non-consecutive days and three consecutive days. However, it is unclear which form of 24 h dietary recall is more accurate in the Chinese population. The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of 24 h recalls on two consecutive days (C2), three consecutive days (C3), two non-consecutive days (NC2), and three non-consecutive days (NC3) in estimating Chinese adult dietary intake. A total of 595 participants completed more than twenty-three 24 h recalls. The average of all completed 24 h recalls of each subject was defined as the individual’s true dietary intake. The dietary intake in the four scenarios of 24 h recalls was calculated using the within-person mean (WPM) method and National Cancer Institute (NCI) method and compared with the true values. Equivalent testing was used to evaluate whether scenarios NC2 and C3 were equivalent. Bias and mean bias were used as a measure of precision and accuracy, respectively. For the WPM method, the precision between the four scenarios was similar. For mean, the accuracy between the four scenarios was similar, yielding estimates that were close to the true intakes. However, for percentiles, the accuracy in descending order was scenario NC3, C3, NC2, and C2. Furthermore, the difference between two and three days was greater than that between consecutive and non-consecutive days. In most case, the distribution of dietary intakes calculated from scenarios NC2 and C3 was equivalent with equivalence margins of 5% (p < 0.05). Usually, the NCI method was significantly more accurate than the WPM method. We concluded that three non-consecutive 24 h recalls relative to three consecutive days increases accuracy. Two non-consecutive days can be substituted to some extent for three consecutive days. The new form of 24 h recall needs to be used with caution when applied practically in the China nutrition surveys. Furthermore, using the NCI method to calculate dietary intake from 24 h recall may be a way to reduce costs and increase accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue China National Nutrition Survey)

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