Nutrients

25 pages, 2004 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring the Role of Glycine Metabolism in Coronary Artery Disease: Insights from Human Genetics and Mouse Models

by Subarna Biswas, James R. Hilser, Nicholas C. Woodward, Zeneng Wang, Janet Gukasyan, Ina Nemet, William S. Schwartzman, Pin Huang, Yi Han, Zachary Fouladian, Sarada Charugundla, Neal J. Spencer, Calvin Pan, W. H. Wilson Tang, Aldons J. Lusis, Stanley L. Hazen, Jaana A. Hartiala and Hooman Allayee

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010198 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 2350

Abstract

Background: Circulating glycine levels have been associated with reduced risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in humans but these associations have not been observed in all studies. We evaluated whether the relationship between glycine levels and atherosclerosis was causal using genetic analyses in [...] Read more.

Background: Circulating glycine levels have been associated with reduced risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in humans but these associations have not been observed in all studies. We evaluated whether the relationship between glycine levels and atherosclerosis was causal using genetic analyses in humans and feeding studies in mice. Methods: Serum glycine levels were evaluated for association with risk of CAD in the UK Biobank. Genetic determinants of glycine levels were identified through a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and used to evaluate the causal relationship between glycine and risk of CAD by Mendelian randomization (MR). A dietary supplementation study was carried out with atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E deficient (ApoE^−/−) mice to determine the effects of increased circulating glycine levels on cardiometabolic traits and aortic lesion formation. Results: Among 105,718 UK Biobank subjects, elevated serum glycine levels were associated with significantly reduced risk of prevalent CAD (Quintile 5 vs. Quintile 1 OR = 0.76, 95% CI 0.67–0.87; p < 0.0001) and incident CAD (Quintile 5 vs. Quintile 1 HR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.65–0.77; p < 0.0001) after adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, anti-hypertensive and lipid-lowering medications, blood pressure, kidney function, and diabetes. A GWAS meta-analysis with 230,947 subjects identified 61 loci for glycine levels, of which 26 were novel. MR analyses provided modest evidence that genetically elevated glycine levels were causally associated with reduced systolic blood pressure and risk of type 2 diabetes, but did not provide significant evidence for an association with decreased risk of CAD. Glycine supplementation in mice had no effects on cardiometabolic traits or atherosclerotic lesion development. Conclusions: While expanding the genetic architecture of glycine metabolism, MR analyses and in vivo feeding studies did not provide evidence that the clinical association of this amino acid with atherosclerosis represents a causal relationship. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Proteins and Amino Acids)

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12 pages, 1565 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Novel Effect and Potential Mechanism of Lactoferrin on Organ Fibrosis Prevention

by Yonghui Yu, Juan Fang, Yingying Li, Xueli Wang, Jingjie Zhang, Jing Wang and Baoguo Sun

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010197 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1385

Abstract

Organ fibrosis is gradually becoming a human health and safety problem, and various organs of the body are likely to develop fibrosis. The ultimate pathological feature of numerous chronic diseases is fibrosis, and few interventions are currently available to specifically target the pathogenesis [...] Read more.

Organ fibrosis is gradually becoming a human health and safety problem, and various organs of the body are likely to develop fibrosis. The ultimate pathological feature of numerous chronic diseases is fibrosis, and few interventions are currently available to specifically target the pathogenesis of fibrosis. The medical detection of organ fibrosis has gradually matured. However, there is currently no effective treatment method for these diseases. Therefore, we need to strive for developing effective and reliable drugs or substances to treat and prevent fibrotic diseases. Lactoferrin (LF) is a multifunctional glycoprotein with many pathological and physiologically active effects, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, and it protects against pathological and physiological conditions in various disease models. This review summarizes the effects and underlying mechanisms of LF in preventing organ fibrosis. As a naturally active substance, LF can be used as a promising and effective drug for the prevention and remission of fibrotic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Proteins and Amino Acids)

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16 pages, 1487 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Soft Drink Addiction Scale

by Meryem Kahriman, Murat Baş and Salim Yilmaz

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010196 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 956

Abstract

Background: Considering the increasing consumption of soft drinks and their adverse health effects, identifying addiction to these drinks in the population is significant. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Soft Drink Addiction Scale. [...] Read more.

Background: Considering the increasing consumption of soft drinks and their adverse health effects, identifying addiction to these drinks in the population is significant. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Soft Drink Addiction Scale. Methods: For this purpose, we included 669 participants and distributed them homogeneously for exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. To assess the psychometric properties of the scale, we used the Soft Drink Addiction Scale, the Beverage Intake Questionnaire-15, and a questionnaire that included questions assessing self-efficacy regarding soft drinks and attitudes toward alternatives. Results: The mean age of 669 participants was 34.05 ± 9.26 years. A total of 93.72% were female and 6.28% were male. The scale’s Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.942. An exploratory factor analysis revealed the following three-factor structure: withdrawal syndrome symptoms, persistent desire, and decrease in social and recreational activities, which explained 29.1%, 16%, and 16.9% of the total variance, respectively. A confirmatory factor analysis also confirmed this construct. Moreover, soft drink addiction was associated with self-efficacy and total calories from beverages questioned in the beverage consumption questionnaire. Conclusions: In conclusion, the Turkish version of the Soft Drink Addiction Scale is a reliable and valid tool. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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19 pages, 604 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maternal Perception and Childhood Overweight: Examining Parenting Styles and Eating Behaviors Among Preschoolers: A Cross-Sectional Study from Samsun, Türkiye

by Refia Gözdenur Savcı and Sıddıka Songül Yalçın

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010195 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 3411

Abstract

Background: Accurate maternal perceptions of children’s weight status are crucial for early childhood obesity prevention, with evidence suggesting that maternal misperception may delay timely interventions. This study investigated the accuracy of maternal perceptions of child weight and examined associations with parenting styles and [...] Read more.

Background: Accurate maternal perceptions of children’s weight status are crucial for early childhood obesity prevention, with evidence suggesting that maternal misperception may delay timely interventions. This study investigated the accuracy of maternal perceptions of child weight and examined associations with parenting styles and children’s eating behaviors and demographic factors among preschool-aged children in Samsun, Türkiye. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 318 mother–child pairs recruited from preschools in socio-economically diverse areas of Samsun. Maternal perceptions of child weight status were assessed using a visual scale, while children’s anthropometric measurements (height, weight) were recorded to calculate BMI-for-age Z-scores. Parenting styles and children’s eating behaviors were evaluated using the Parental Attitude Scale (PAS) and the Children’s Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ), respectively. Data analysis involved chi-square tests and multiple logistic regression to explore associations between maternal perception accuracy, parenting styles, and children’s eating behaviors. Results: Among 318 mother–child pairs, 59.7% underestimated their child’s weight status, with this figure being 84.9% among overweight children. Authoritative parenting was the most common style (78%); no significant association was found between parenting style and maternal perception accuracy. Accurate estimators showed significantly higher scores for food responsiveness (median: 9 (7–12), p = 0.028) and the enjoyment of food (mean: 16.3 ± 4.8, p = 0.003), whereas underestimators scored higher for satiety responsiveness (mean: 23.2 ± 5.7, p = 0.042) and slowness in eating (mean: 11.2 ± 4.2, p = 0.004). Conclusions: Maternal underestimations of child weight are prevalent, particularly for overweight children, are associated with children’s specific eating behaviors. Targeted educational interventions focusing on improving maternal awareness and promoting responsive feeding practices are essential to combat childhood obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

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13 pages, 1827 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fecal Calprotectin Determination in a Cohort of Children with Cow’s Milk Allergy

by Caterina Anania, Filippo Mondì, Giulia Brindisi, Alessandra Spagnoli, Daniela De Canditiis, Arianna Gesmini, Lavinia Marchetti, Alessia Fichera, Maria Grazia Piccioni, Anna Maria Zicari and Francesca Olivero

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010194 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1108

Abstract

Cow’s milk allergy (CMA) is the most common food allergy among children. An oral food challenge (OFC) remains a mainstay of the diagnosis of CMA, especially for the non-IgE-mediated type; however, this test can be risky and time-consuming. Hence, there is a need [...] Read more.

Cow’s milk allergy (CMA) is the most common food allergy among children. An oral food challenge (OFC) remains a mainstay of the diagnosis of CMA, especially for the non-IgE-mediated type; however, this test can be risky and time-consuming. Hence, there is a need to identify biomarkers. Fecal calprotectin (FC) showed variable results, with good reliability and reproducibility in CMA patients. In this prospective study, we enrolled 76 children (aged 5–18 months) with CMA-related gastrointestinal and cutaneous symptoms following guidelines from the European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. Clinical assessments included history, physical examination, skin prick tests, and IgE assays. FC levels and the Cow’s Milk Related Symptom Score (CoMiSS) were measured in 51 patients pre (T1) and post-diet (T2), with a subgroup analysis of 15 patients with elevated baseline FC (>50 mg/kg). The results showed that FC levels significantly decreased after the elimination diet (median: 30 mg/kg at T1, 16 mg/kg at T2; p < 0.01). In the subgroup with higher FC levels, median values dropped from 90 mg/kg to 33 mg/kg (p < 0.01). CoMiSS also improved (median: 8.50 at T1, 3.00 at T2; p < 0.01). Linear regression analysis showed no correlation between FC values and the CoMiSS at T1 and T2. In conclusion, the reduction in FC value after an elimination diet suggests that it could be considered a possible biomarker of bowel inflammation in CMA patients. Further studies are necessary to confirm these data and to evaluate and standardize the use of FC for diagnosis and follow-up of CMA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Latest Research on Probiotics: Nourishing Health or Pathways to Disease Resolution)

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14 pages, 2770 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Glucose-Lowering Effect of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum and D-Pinitol: Studies on Insulin Secretion in INS-1 Cells and the Reduction of Blood Glucose in Diabetic Rats

by Dahae Lee, Sung Jin Kim, Yea Jung Choi, Young Ho Rho, Tae Seok Kang, Yoon Geol Kim and Ki Sung Kang

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010193 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1160

Abstract

Background: Ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum) is a vegetable with various therapeutic uses, one of which is its ability to prevent diabetes. The present study examined the insulin secretion effect related to the mechanism of action of ice plant extract (IPE) and [...] Read more.

Background: Ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum) is a vegetable with various therapeutic uses, one of which is its ability to prevent diabetes. The present study examined the insulin secretion effect related to the mechanism of action of ice plant extract (IPE) and its active compound D-pinitol in a rat insulin-secreting β-cell line, INS-1, as well as in diabetic rats. Methods: The glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) test and Western blotting were used to measure GSIS. The glucose-stimulated index (GSI) and expression levels of insulin-related pathway factors, including insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, and pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX-1), were measured in INS-1 cells. Results: The results showed that the GSI values were found to be 8.17 ± 0.22 and 12.21 ± 0.22 for IPE (25 μg/mL) and D-pinitol (100 μM), respectively. GSI values increased statistically significantly. In addition, IPE and D-pinitol upregulated the expression of insulin-related pathway factors. These findings indicate that insulin secretion was significantly stimulated by IPE and D-pinitol in the INS-1 cells, partly by upregulating the expression of IRS-2, PI3K, Akt, and PDX-1. Additionally, IPE administration significantly reduced excessive weight gain and improved glucose tolerance by decreasing the OGTT-AUC. It demonstrated liver-function-improving and lipid-lowering effects by reducing serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglyceride levels, and total cholesterol levels. Mechanistically, IPE enhances insulin signaling by increasing insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) phosphorylation and improving glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Conclusions: These results offer important new information on the potential of D-pinitol and IPE as functional foods for improving insulin secretion and managing metabolic dysregulation associated with diabetes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hypoglycemic Properties and Pathways of Natural Substances)

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12 pages, 728 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations of Serum Homocysteine with Bone Mineral Density and Osteoporosis Incidence in Chinese Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Retrospective Cohort Study

by Jiupeng Zou, Mi Shu, Jiedong Chen, Maierhaba Wusiman, Jialu Ye, Sishi Yang, Si Chen, Zihui Huang, Bixia Huang, Aiping Fang and Huilian Zhu

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010192 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1324

Abstract

Objective: This research investigated the prospective association of serum homocysteine with lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) and the risk of osteoporosis in the Chinese population. Methods: In this cohort, 2551 Chinese individuals aged ≥50 years underwent annual health examinations. Among them, 2551, 1549, [...] Read more.

Objective: This research investigated the prospective association of serum homocysteine with lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) and the risk of osteoporosis in the Chinese population. Methods: In this cohort, 2551 Chinese individuals aged ≥50 years underwent annual health examinations. Among them, 2551, 1549, and 926 completed two, three, and more than three examinations, respectively. We used generalized estimating equations to analyze the connection between serum homocysteine and lumbar BMD. Additionally, we assessed the connection between serum homocysteine and the incidence of osteoporosis using Cox proportional hazard models. Subgroup analyses based on covariates were performed to identify important at-risk populations. Results: Participants with higher homocysteine levels showed decreased lumbar BMD compared to those with lower homocysteine levels (p-trend < 0.05). Specifically, lumbar BMD decreased by −0.002 (−0.003, −0.001) g/cm² for every standard deviation increase in log-transformed serum homocysteine. Compared to the lowest quartile of homocysteine levels, lumbar BMD decreased by −0.006 (−0.010, −0.002) g/cm² in the highest quartile in men. In smokers, lumbar BMD decreased by −0.007 (−0.012, −0.003) g/cm² in the highest quartile. During the follow-up period, 175 incidences of osteoporosis were recorded. Serum homocysteine was linked to an increased risk of osteoporosis (p-trend < 0.05). Furthermore, for every standard deviation rise in log-transformed homocysteine, the HR for osteoporosis was 1.33 (95% CI, 1.12–1.58). Conclusions: Elevated homocysteine levels may be responsible for reduced lumbar BMD in middle-aged and older Chinese people, especially men and smokers. In addition, elevated homocysteine levels may be a risk factor for the development of osteoporosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

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12 pages, 913 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Disordered Eating Among Adult Athletes in Italy and Lebanon

by Valentina Cavedon, Dima Kreidieh, Chiara Milanese, Leila Itani, Massimo Pellegrini, Dana Saadeddine, Elisa Berri and Marwan El Ghoch

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010191 - 5 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1343

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Disordered eating (DE) is a wide-spectrum condition, represented by altered eating patterns, behaviors, and attitudes aimed at controlling food intake, body weight, and shape, which does not necessarily satisfy the diagnostic criteria for an eating disorder of clinical severity. DE is frequently [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Disordered eating (DE) is a wide-spectrum condition, represented by altered eating patterns, behaviors, and attitudes aimed at controlling food intake, body weight, and shape, which does not necessarily satisfy the diagnostic criteria for an eating disorder of clinical severity. DE is frequently reported among athletes, but its prevalence and associated factors have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we intended to assess the prevalence of DE among adult athletes from different sports disciplines in Italy and Lebanon and to identify the factors associated with DE. Methods. A validated questionnaire (Eating Attitude Test [EAT-26]) was administered to determine the prevalence of DE, which was indicated by a score ≥ 17. Sport-related information, such as the type of sport, level of competition, training volume, and years of athletic experience, was also collected. Results: Among the total sample of 881 athletes, 78 were identified as having DE, with a prevalence of 6.1% (7.8% of females and 4.9% of males) in Italian athletes and 21.3% (27.3% of females and 17.0% of males) in Lebanese athletes. In addition, among male athletes, the risk of having DE was more than threefold in those practicing weightlifting or bodybuilding (odds ratio [OR] = 3.23; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03–10.08, and p < 0.05), while females with more athletic experience had almost 10% less risk of having DE (OR = 0.92; 95%CI = 0.86–0.98, and p < 0.05). Conclusions: DE is a prevalent condition among athletes. Therefore, it is crucial that sports federations and committees consider adopting standardized practical guidelines that focus on routinely screening for the early identification of DE in this population and implementing strategies for its timely management. In the future, longitudinal studies are also needed to clarify the impact of DE on athletes’ clinical condition as well as their physical fitness and sports performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Disordered Eating and Mental Health)

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23 pages, 312 KiB

Open AccessReview

Investigation and Assessment of AI’s Role in Nutrition—An Updated Narrative Review of the Evidence

by Hanin Kassem, Aneesha Abida Beevi, Sondos Basheer, Gadeer Lutfi, Leila Cheikh Ismail and Dimitrios Papandreou

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010190 - 5 Jan 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 6758

Abstract

Background: Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies are now essential as the agenda of nutrition research expands its scope to look at the intricate connection between food and health in both an individual and a community context. AI also helps in tracing and offering solutions [...] Read more.

Background: Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies are now essential as the agenda of nutrition research expands its scope to look at the intricate connection between food and health in both an individual and a community context. AI also helps in tracing and offering solutions in dietary assessment, personalized and clinical nutrition, as well as disease prediction and management, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, and obesity. This review aims to investigate and assess the different applications and roles of AI in nutrition and research and understand its potential future impact. Methods: We used PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and EBSCO databases for our search. Results: Our findings indicate that AI is reshaping the field of nutrition in ways that were previously unimaginable. By enhancing how we assess diets, customize nutrition plans, and manage complex health conditions, AI has become an essential tool. Technologies like machine learning models, wearable devices, and chatbot applications are revolutionizing the accuracy of dietary tracking, making it easier than ever to provide tailored solutions for individuals and communities. These innovations are proving invaluable in combating diet-related illnesses and encouraging healthier eating habits. One breakthrough has been in dietary assessment, where AI has significantly reduced errors that are common in traditional methods. Tools that use visual recognition, deep learning, and mobile applications have made it possible to analyze the nutrient content of meals with incredible precision. Conclusions: Moving forward, collaboration between tech developers, healthcare professionals, policymakers, and researchers will be essential. By focusing on high-quality data, addressing ethical challenges, and keeping user needs at the forefront, AI can truly revolutionize nutrition science. The potential is enormous. AI is set to make healthcare not only more effective and personalized but also more equitable and accessible for everyone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Strategies for Preventing Nutrition-Related Chronic Diseases)

8 pages, 215 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reduction in Remnant Cholesterol in Obese Individuals After Bariatric Surgery with Gastric Bypass or Sleeve Gastrectomy

by Jan O. Aaseth, Kjetil Retterstøl, Helge Rootwelt and Per G. Farup

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010189 - 5 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1207

Abstract

Background: The effectiveness of bariatric surgery in reducing remnant cholesterol (RC) levels, particularly when obesity is accompanied by elevated glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), is insufficiently investigated. In this study, we aimed to examine the impacts of two common bariatric procedures, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) [...] Read more.

Background: The effectiveness of bariatric surgery in reducing remnant cholesterol (RC) levels, particularly when obesity is accompanied by elevated glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), is insufficiently investigated. In this study, we aimed to examine the impacts of two common bariatric procedures, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG), as regards their effects on RC and HbA1c levels. Methods: Adult morbidly obese subjects were included and assigned to receive either RYGB or SG. The levels of RC and HbA1c were determined 6 and 12 months after surgery and compared to preoperative levels to assess the efficacy of these surgical methods. In the statistical evaluation of covariations between RC and other biomarkers, previously determined C-reactive protein (CRP), triglycerides, apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein A1, and low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol 6 and 12 months after surgery were included. A linear mixed regression model for repeated analyses was used. Results: The RC levels were markedly reduced both after RYGB and SG but without significant differences between the RYGB and the SG surgery. Furthermore, the RC values were strongly associated with the levels of CRP and HbA1c. Conclusions: A significant lowering of RC values after bariatric surgery appeared paralleled by concomitant reductions in HbA1c values and CRP levels. Together, these effects lead to a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

12 pages, 1585 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Progress and Challenges in Integrating Nutritional Care into Oncology Practice: Results from a National Survey on Behalf of the NutriOnc Research Group

by Francesca De Felice, Silvia Malerba, Valerio Nardone, Viola Salvestrini, Natale Calomino, Mario Testini, Virginia Boccardi, Isacco Desideri, Carolina Gentili, Raffaele De Luca and Luigi Marano

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010188 - 5 Jan 2025

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 1865

Abstract

Introduction: Nutritional care is a cornerstone of cancer treatment, with the potential to significantly improve patient outcomes by addressing malnutrition and enhancing recovery. Despite growing awareness, the integration of evidence-based nutritional strategies into oncology remains inconsistent. Following a 2020 survey that highlighted critical [...] Read more.

Introduction: Nutritional care is a cornerstone of cancer treatment, with the potential to significantly improve patient outcomes by addressing malnutrition and enhancing recovery. Despite growing awareness, the integration of evidence-based nutritional strategies into oncology remains inconsistent. Following a 2020 survey that highlighted critical gaps, the NutriOnc Research Group launched targeted initiatives to raise awareness and improve practices. This study reassesses progress in integrating nutritional care and identifies persistent challenges. Methods: A 29-question survey was conducted in 2024 among 73 early-career oncologists, surgeons, radiation oncologists, and nutrition specialists across Italy. Respondents provided insights into clinical nutrition program availability, multidisciplinary team composition, screening practices, and educational needs. Results: Encouraging advancements were noted, with 80.8% of respondents reporting the presence of clinical nutrition programs, compared to fewer structured efforts in 2020. However, only 26.0% included nutrition specialists in multidisciplinary teams, and barriers such as financial constraints, limited product availability, and the absence of trained professionals persisted. While 82.2% performed nutritional screening, variability in tools and practices highlighted the need for standardization. Strikingly, 98.6% expressed a strong demand for advanced education on clinical nutrition, emphasizing the need for innovative and accessible training programs. Conclusions: This study reveals a landscape of progress tempered by persistent inequities. To close the gap, oncology must embrace standardized protocols, expand access to trained nutrition specialists, and invest in educational initiatives. The findings offer actionable insights for transforming cancer care through nutrition, underscoring its potential to improve survival, quality of life, and overall treatment success. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients: 15th Anniversary)

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17 pages, 832 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Power of Movement: Linking Physical Activity with Nutritional Health and Blood Sugar Balance in a Dalmatian Type 2 Diabetic Population

by Josipa Radić, Andrej Belančić, Hana Đogaš, Marijana Vučković, Tina Đogaš, Leida Tandara, Marina Grubić, Lucija Šolić Šegvić, Ivana Novak and Mislav Radić

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010187 - 4 Jan 2025

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Abstract

Background and Objectives: Regular physical activity (PA) and Mediterranean diet (MeDi) adherence independently improve glycemic control and clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study examined the associations between PA, body composition (BC), MeDi adherence, and glycemic control in Dalmatian T2DM [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Regular physical activity (PA) and Mediterranean diet (MeDi) adherence independently improve glycemic control and clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study examined the associations between PA, body composition (BC), MeDi adherence, and glycemic control in Dalmatian T2DM patients. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the University Hospital of Split (November–December 2023) during an open call for T2DM patients. Data collected included blood/urine samples, blood pressure, BC, and anthropometrics. MeDi adherence and PA were assessed via the Mediterranean Diet Service Score and the International PA Questionnaire-Short Form. Results: Among 252 participants (median age: 67 years, IQR: 60–73; 51.6% women; median T2DM duration: 10 years, IQR: 6–20), PA levels were low (31.4%, N = 79), moderate (45.2%, N = 114), and high (23.4%, N = 59), with uniformly low MeDi adherence across groups. Low PA was associated with higher body mass index (BMI) and lower phase angle (PhA). PA negatively correlated with fat mass (FM; %) and visceral adiposity. Positive BMI predictors included FM (kg), total body water, visceral fat level, and PhA, while fat-free mass, intracellular water, and FM (%) were negative predictors. The estimated glomerular filtration rate was the only positive predictor of the total metabolic equivalent of the task score. Conclusions: PA enhances BC and metabolic health, but inadequate MeDi adherence limits these benefits in the T2DM population. To optimize glucose control and health outcomes, public health initiatives must emphasize MeDi adherence and a combination of aerobic and resistance training. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Intervention in Glycaemic Control and Diabetes)

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17 pages, 697 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Associations of Dietary Polyamines with Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Large Prospective Cohort Study

by Xiaohong Zhang, Mingxia Qian, Min Liu, Mengyao He, Fu-Rong Li and Liqiang Zheng

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010186 - 4 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1778

Abstract

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the associations between dietary polyamine intake and incident T2DM. Methods: This prospective analysis included 168,137 participants from the UK Biobank who did not have T2DM at baseline. Dietary polyamines were calculated based on portion sizes of food [...] Read more.

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the associations between dietary polyamine intake and incident T2DM. Methods: This prospective analysis included 168,137 participants from the UK Biobank who did not have T2DM at baseline. Dietary polyamines were calculated based on portion sizes of food items and a nutrient database. Incident T2DM was defined by hospital admissions with ICD10 codes E11–E14. Cox proportional hazard regression models and restricted cubic splines were used to examine the associations between dietary polyamine intake and incident T2DM. Results: During a median follow-up of 11.2 years (IQR, 11.8–13.2), 4422 (2.6%) participants developed T2DM. The average (SD) daily dietary intake was 10.5 (11.8) mg/day for spermidine, 4.3 (2.1) mg/day for spermine, and 12.7 (6.9) mg/day for putrescine. Compared to quintile 1, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) for quintiles 2–5 of dietary spermidine were 0.87 (0.79 to 0.96), 0.87 (0.79 to 0.96), 0.91 (0.82 to 0.99), and 0.96 (0.88 to 1.06); for dietary spermine, they were 1.01 (0.91 to 1.11), 1.03 (0.93 to 1.13), 1.07 (0.97 to 1.18), and 1.11 (1.01 to 1.23); and for dietary putrescine, they were 0.84 (0.76 to 0.92), 0.83 (0.79 to 0.91), 0.82 (0.74 to 0.90), and 0.87 (0.80 to 0.96). Conclusions: Higher dietary spermidine and putrescine were associated with a lower risk of T2DM, while higher dietary spermine appeared to be associated with a higher risk of T2DM. These findings suggest optimal levels of dietary polyamine intake and indicate that polyamines may be promising targets for nutritional interventions in the prevention and management of T2DM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Update on Diet, Nutrition and Type 2 Diabetes: Separating the Science from the Hype)

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12 pages, 884 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Randomized Pilot Study of Time-Restricted Eating Shows Minimal Microbiome Changes

by Abigail J. Johnson, Alison Alvear, Dan Knights, Lisa S. Chow and Anne E. Bantle

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010185 - 4 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1575

Abstract

Objective: TRE is an emerging approach in obesity treatment, yet there is limited data on how it influences gut microbiome composition in humans. Our objective was to characterize the gut microbiome of human participants before and after a TRE intervention. This is a [...] Read more.

Objective: TRE is an emerging approach in obesity treatment, yet there is limited data on how it influences gut microbiome composition in humans. Our objective was to characterize the gut microbiome of human participants before and after a TRE intervention. This is a secondary analysis of a previously published clinical trial examining the effects of time-restricted eating (TRE). Methods: In a previously published, 12-week randomized controlled trial, Chow et al. evaluated the effects of an 8-h TRE intervention on body composition in human participants. Chow et al. demonstrated significant reductions in weight, lean mass, and visceral fat in the TRE group compared to those following time-unrestricted eating (non-TRE). Stool samples were collected by a subset of those participants using home kits at both baseline and post-intervention for shotgun metagenomic sequencing for this secondary analysis. Microbiome community composition was compared before and after intervention as alpha and beta diversity. Results: Sixteen participants provided stool samples (eight in the TRE group and eight in the non-TRE group). Stool samples were collected from all participants at at least one time point, but both pre- and post-treatment samples were available from only five participants who completed both baseline and post-treatment collections. In alignment with the findings of Chow et al., the participants in the TRE group of the secondary analysis who collected microbiome sample(s) successfully reduced their eating window from an average of 15.3 ± 0.8 h at baseline to 9.3 ± 1.7 h during the intervention (mean ± SD, p < 0.001) and the non-TRE group’s eating window remained unchanged. While the TRE group lost weight and visceral fat mass, no effect of the TRE intervention was observed on alpha diversity (Shannon index, Simpson index, and number of taxa, linear mixed models), beta diversity (Bray–Curtis, PERMANOVA), even after controlling for weight and visceral fat changes. Conclusions: Our analysis did not detect any significant differences in gut microbiome composition or diversity indices between participants undergoing a TRE intervention and those in the control group. The study’s findings are limited by a small sample size, short duration, and the collection of stool samples at only two time points. Future studies with larger sample sizes, longer durations, and more frequent sampling, and collection of detailed dietary data are needed to better understand the relationship between TRE and gut microbiome dynamics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Relationship between Diet, Gut Microbes and Human Health)

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20 pages, 2257 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vegetable-Enriched Brownies: A Healthier Twist on a Classic Treat

by Katarzyna Petka and Kinga Topolska

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010184 - 3 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1922

Abstract

Background/Objectives: In response to concerns about high-fat and low-fiber diets, this study modified a traditional brownie recipe by replacing butter with plant-based ingredients, including sweet potatoes, red beans, beetroot, zucchini, pumpkin, lentils, and spinach. The goal was to increase vegetable consumption while identifying [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: In response to concerns about high-fat and low-fiber diets, this study modified a traditional brownie recipe by replacing butter with plant-based ingredients, including sweet potatoes, red beans, beetroot, zucchini, pumpkin, lentils, and spinach. The goal was to increase vegetable consumption while identifying the best vegetable fat replacer using sensory and instrumental analyses. Methods: Chemical analyses were conducted to measure dry matter, protein, fat, ash, and dietary fiber, alongside texture, color, and sensory evaluations. Results: The butter replacement led to a significant reduction in fat content, up to three-fold, and a decrease in caloric value by 57% while increasing dietary fiber and ash levels. Sweet potato brownies (SPB) had the highest fiber and ash content, while zucchini brownies (ZB) exhibited improved texture due to greater moisture retention. Sensory assessments showed that classic brownies (CB) ranked highest in appearance, taste, and texture, while lentil (LB) and spinach brownies (SB) had lower acceptability. Conclusions: Incorporating plant-based ingredients into brownies significantly improves their nutritional profile but can affect sensory attributes. Further optimization is needed to balance nutritional benefits with consumer preferences, offering a promising approach to increasing vegetable intake through a popular dessert. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Food Choices, and Food Neophobia on Health and the Quality of Life)

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17 pages, 3198 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Disruptors in Romania: Seasonality, Traditions, and the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Adrian Pană, Ștefan Strilciuc and Bogdan-Vasile Ileanu

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010183 - 3 Jan 2025

Viewed by 911

Abstract

Background: The global rise in obesity has been significantly influenced by shifts in dietary habits that have been exacerbated by external factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to analyze the trends in Romanian dietary habits from 2015 to 2023, focusing [...] Read more.

Background: The global rise in obesity has been significantly influenced by shifts in dietary habits that have been exacerbated by external factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to analyze the trends in Romanian dietary habits from 2015 to 2023, focusing on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the role of socio-economic factors, seasonality, and cultural practices. Methods: For dietary habits, we used nationally representative data from the Romanian Household Budget Survey provided by the Romanian National Institute of Statistics. The survey includes 30,000 households annually. From the same provider, we downloaded data about potential drivers of food consumption, such as income, the consumer price index, and the unemployment rate. The analysis mixes descriptive statistics and panel data analysis. Among the main drivers, the econometric models include seasonality and regional factors, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the changes in dietary behavior. Results: During the COVID-19 pandemic, daily calorie consumption increased to over 3000 calories per person, representing a 20% increase compared to the pre-pandemic period. Post-pandemic, food consumption remains elevated, averaging 2500–2600 calories per person daily. The pandemic also led to a shift in dietary composition, with significant changes. Thus, we mark an increase in fat (p < 0.001) and carbohydrate intake (p < 0.01) and a decrease in protein intake (p < 0.001). Beyond the presence of health disruptors, we confirm the significant impact of income (p < 0.001) and seasonality (p < 0.001). Other factors like unemployment, the consumer price index, and hidden regional factors have a minor role. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a lasting impact on Romanian dietary habits, reinforcing unhealthy eating patterns that were already prevalent. The sustained increase in calorie consumption, particularly of nutrient-poor, energy-dense foods, poses a significant public health challenge. The study also highlights significant seasonal variations, with a marked increase in food intake during the last quarter of the year, driven by cultural and religious traditions. These findings underscore the need for targeted public health interventions and policies that address economic factors and cultural and regional influences to promote healthier dietary behaviors in Romania. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Policies and Education for Health Promotion)

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15 pages, 1307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between Physical Fitness and Cardiovascular Health in Chilean Schoolchildren from the Metropolitan Region

by Fabian Vasquez, Gabriela Salazar, Sofia Vasquez and Jorge Torres

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010182 - 3 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1031

Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular diseases increasingly impact youth, with early development of risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, and inadequate nutrient intake. Proper nutrient intake and physical fitness are vital for reducing these risks, especially in pediatric populations. This study explores the connection between physical [...] Read more.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases increasingly impact youth, with early development of risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, and inadequate nutrient intake. Proper nutrient intake and physical fitness are vital for reducing these risks, especially in pediatric populations. This study explores the connection between physical fitness, metabolic risk, and nutrient status among 1656 Chilean schoolchildren from diverse socio-economic backgrounds. Methods: Anthropometric measures included weight, height, skinfold thickness, waist circumference, and blood pressure. Physical fitness was assessed via handgrip strength, standing long jump, and a six-minute walk test. Nutrient intake was also evaluated, and a composite metabolic risk score was calculated based on waist circumference, skinfolds, and blood pressure. Results: Boys consistently outperformed girls in physical fitness tests, including grip strength and horizontal jump, with differences becoming more pronounced in higher grades and Tanner stages. Girls exhibited higher subcutaneous fat levels and obesity prevalence during later grades, highlighting gender-specific patterns in body composition. Better physical fitness was associated with lower waist circumference, skinfold thickness, and metabolic risk scores. A moderate correlation between aerobic fitness (distance/height) and blood pressure (r = 0.27, p = 0.01) was observed. Z-Score MR analysis revealed that students in the lowest fitness tertile exhibited significantly higher cardiovascular risk profiles compared to their fitter peers. Conclusions: Physical fitness plays a critical role in reducing cardiovascular risk in children. The findings underscore the importance of promoting gender- and age-specific interventions that include both aerobic and strength-based physical activities. Comprehensive school programs focusing on nutrition and physical activity are essential to mitigating cardiovascular risk and promoting long-term health outcomes. Future longitudinal studies are recommended to establish causal relationships and evaluate the impact of targeted interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2024 Collection: Dietary, Lifestyle and Children Health)

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15 pages, 2031 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Population Pharmacokinetic Model Characterizing the Tissue Distribution of Resveratrol After Administration by Different Routes and Doses in Rats

by Cássia Cerqueira, Valdeene Santos, Jackeline Araújo, Laiz Pereira, Fabiana Batista, Denis Soares, Francine Azeredo and Ederlan Ferreira

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010181 - 3 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1001

Abstract

Background: Studies have demonstrated that resveratrol exerts several pharmacological effects. However, the pharmacokinetic parameters are not completely established. Objectives: This study describes the plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of resveratrol after administration by different routes and doses in rats. Methods: A reliable, simple, [...] Read more.

Background: Studies have demonstrated that resveratrol exerts several pharmacological effects. However, the pharmacokinetic parameters are not completely established. Objectives: This study describes the plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of resveratrol after administration by different routes and doses in rats. Methods: A reliable, simple, and sensitive HPLC method using UV detection for the quantification of resveratrol in rat plasma and tissues was developed and validated. In addition, a pharmacokinetic analysis using non-compartmental and population modeling was performed. Results: The pharmacokinetic parameters of resveratrol after the administration of 5 mg/kg via i.v. bolus calculated by non-compartmental analysis were a constant of elimination (ke) of 0.09 h⁻¹ ± 0.04, a half-life (t1/2) of 9.5 h ± 3.7, an apparent volume of distribution (Vd) of 5.8 L/kg ± 4.7, a clearance (Cl) of 0.39 L/h/Kg ± 0.26, and an area under the curve (AUC) of 6076 ng/h/mL ± 2959. The results obtained after the administration of 100 mg/kg p.o. were an elimination constant (ke) of 0.12 ± 0.07 h⁻¹, a half-life (t1/2) of 7.9 ± 4.2 h, the apparent volume distribution (Vd) of 13.3 ± 3.3 L/kg, a clearance (Cl) of 1.76 ± 0.49 L/h/Kg ± 0.26, and an area under the curve (AUC) of 6519 ± 1592 ng/h/mL. For the tissue distribution analysis, 10 mg/kg of resveratrol was intravenously administered to rats and the molecule was quantified in the liver, lung, kidney, heart, stomach, spleen, adipose tissue, and brain of the animals. Conclusions: The population pharmacokinetic modeling showed that resveratrol has a two-compartment model in both routes of administration and has a higher volume of distribution when it is given orally. In addition, resveratrol showed a high brain concentration after iv administration, which indicates that this molecule is capable of crossing the blood–brain barrier of animals, a crucial capacity for its neuroprotective activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products in Human Health and Diseases: Basic, Preclinical and Clinical Studies—2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 407 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Social Media on Disordered Eating: Insights from Israel

by Keren Dopelt and Nourit Houminer-Klepar

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010180 - 3 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2542

Abstract

Background: Social media platforms have become integral to daily life and increasingly disseminate health, nutrition, and food information. While these platforms can offer evidence-based nutrition education and meal planning guidance, a significant portion of content promotes unrealistic beauty standards and unhealthy weight-loss practices, [...] Read more.

Background: Social media platforms have become integral to daily life and increasingly disseminate health, nutrition, and food information. While these platforms can offer evidence-based nutrition education and meal planning guidance, a significant portion of content promotes unrealistic beauty standards and unhealthy weight-loss practices, potentially contributing to disordered eating behaviors. The increasing prevalence of disordered eating, characterized by abnormal eating behaviors and attitudes, has become a global public health concern. This study examines whether social media consumption correlates with disordered eating symptoms in Israeli college students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among college students at Ashkelon Academic College in Israel. The questionnaire assessed demographics, social media usage (platforms used, frequency, and content followed), body satisfaction, and disordered eating symptoms, measured via the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26). Results: The study sample comprised 580 students (73% were female and 27% were male) with a mean age of 27.87 years. Participants predominantly used multiple social media platforms, with a majority following food-, eating-, and health-related content. Despite having a normal BMI, a substantial number of participants reported body dissatisfaction. The results indicated a positive correlation between social media use and disordered eating symptoms. Individuals who frequently engaged with food-related content on social media exhibited higher levels of disordered eating. Moreover, body satisfaction emerged as a significant mediator in the relationship between social media use and disordered eating symptoms. Conclusions: The findings of this study support the growing body of evidence linking social media use to disordered eating behaviors among young adults. Developing targeted interventions that promote media literacy and foster body positivity is essential. Additionally, future research should explore the long-term effects of social media on eating behaviors and the effectiveness of different prevention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Disordered Eating and Mental Health)

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14 pages, 1008 KiB

Open AccessReview

Targeting Asparagine Metabolism in Solid Tumors

by Keita Hanada, Kenji Kawada and Kazutaka Obama

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010179 - 3 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1432

Abstract

Reprogramming of energy metabolism to support cellular growth is a “hallmark” of cancer, allowing cancer cells to balance the catabolic demands with the anabolic needs of producing the nucleotides, amino acids, and lipids necessary for tumor growth. Metabolic alterations, or “addiction”, are promising [...] Read more.

Reprogramming of energy metabolism to support cellular growth is a “hallmark” of cancer, allowing cancer cells to balance the catabolic demands with the anabolic needs of producing the nucleotides, amino acids, and lipids necessary for tumor growth. Metabolic alterations, or “addiction”, are promising therapeutic targets and the focus of many drug discovery programs. Asparagine metabolism has gained much attention in recent years as a novel target for cancer therapy. Asparagine is widely used in the production of other nutrients and plays an important role in cancer development. Nutritional inhibition therapy targeting asparagine has been used as an anticancer strategy and has shown success in the treatment of leukemia. However, in solid tumors, asparagine restriction alone does not provide ideal therapeutic efficacy. Tumor cells initiate reprogramming processes in response to asparagine deprivation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of asparagine metabolism in cancers. We highlight the physiological role of asparagine and current advances in improving survival and overcoming therapeutic resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Proteins and Amino Acids)

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20 pages, 1367 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sarcopenia in MASLD—Eat to Beat Steatosis, Move to Prove Strength

by Dana Crişan, Lucreţia Avram, Andreea Morariu-Barb, Cristiana Grapa, Ioana Hirişcau, Rareş Crăciun, Valer Donca and Andrada Nemeş

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010178 - 2 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1701

Abstract

The connections between sarcopenia and various chronic conditions, including type 2 diabetes (T2DM), metabolic syndrome (MetS), and liver disease have been highlighted recently. There is also a high occurrence of sarcopenia in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) patients, who are often disregarded. [...] Read more.

The connections between sarcopenia and various chronic conditions, including type 2 diabetes (T2DM), metabolic syndrome (MetS), and liver disease have been highlighted recently. There is also a high occurrence of sarcopenia in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) patients, who are often disregarded. Both experimental and clinical findings suggest a complex, bidirectional relationship between MASLD and sarcopenia. While vitamin D, testosterone, and specific drug therapies show promise in mitigating sarcopenia, consensus on effective treatments is lacking. Recent focus on lifestyle interventions emphasizes dietary therapy and exercise for sarcopenic obesity in MASLD. Challenges arise as weight loss, a primary MASLD treatment, may lead to muscle mass reduction. The therapeutic approach to sarcopenia in morbidly obese MASLD patients also includes bariatric surgery (BS). BS induces weight loss and stabilizes metabolic imbalances, but its impact on sarcopenia is nuanced, underscoring the need for further research. Our aim is to provide a comprehensive review of the interplay between sarcopenia and MASLD and offer insight into the most recent therapeutic challenges and discoveries, as sarcopenia is often overlooked or unrecognized and poses significant challenges for managing these patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

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16 pages, 1317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Do Maternal Gestational Diabetes and Other Concomitant Maternal Factors Determine the Perinatal Outcomes of Pregnancy?—A Retrospective Analysis

by Karolina Karcz and Barbara Królak-Olejnik

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010177 - 2 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1142

Abstract

Objectives: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with an increased risk of both neonatal and maternal morbidity. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the frequency of perinatal complications due to GDM in the Department of Neonatology at the Medical University [...] Read more.

Objectives: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with an increased risk of both neonatal and maternal morbidity. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the frequency of perinatal complications due to GDM in the Department of Neonatology at the Medical University of Wroclaw, Poland, considering the treatment of GDM—diet and physical activity versus insulin therapy. The influence of maternal comorbidities and the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnancy outcomes was assessed. Methods: A retrospective analysis of medical records was conducted. Statistics were calculated using a range of methods, with p < 0.05 considered significant. A sample of n = 625 mothers with n = 646 newborns were included in this study. Results: The newborns of insulin-treated mothers had cardiovascular defects more often (p < 0.05). A higher prevalence of vaginal infections was found in the diet-treated mothers (p < 0.05), while insulin-treated mothers had a higher prevalence of pregnancy-induced hypertension, pregnancy-induced hypothyroidism and obesity (p < 0.05). The mode of delivery, maternal age and maternal pregnancy-induced hypertension, obesity and cholestasis were found to influence neonatal outcomes (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The maternal management of GDM is not the main determinant of pregnancy outcomes, which might be affected by other maternal comorbidities. Effective initiatives are needed to control GDM, support breastfeeding and prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maternal Gestational Diabetes and Its Impact on Fetal Health)

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17 pages, 608 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Correlation Study Between Dietary Behaviors, Lifestyle, and Psychological Problems in Chinese Children Aged 3–7

by Zixuan Huang, Jiamin Han, Ying Jiang, Shiming Li, Gang Wang, Zhenhe Zhou and Haohao Zhu

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010176 - 2 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1154

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to assess the psychological health status of children aged 3–7 years in Wuxi and analyze the correlation between dietary behaviors, lifestyle, and psychological problems. Methods: Using a stratified cluster random sampling method, 3–7-year-old children from 18 kindergartens across Wuxi [...] Read more.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the psychological health status of children aged 3–7 years in Wuxi and analyze the correlation between dietary behaviors, lifestyle, and psychological problems. Methods: Using a stratified cluster random sampling method, 3–7-year-old children from 18 kindergartens across Wuxi were selected as the survey subjects. An online survey was conducted to collect demographic information about children and their parents, dietary information, lifestyle data, and family backgrounds. Psychological assessments were conducted using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Results: A total of 3727 preschool children were included. The average SDQ score was 16.12 ± 4.00, with an abnormal rate of 40.81% (1521/3727). After adjusting for various confounding factors, logistic regression analysis indicated that low dietary diversity (OR = 1.299, 95% CI: 1.131–1.492), daily consumption of ultra-processed foods (OR = 1.202, 95% CI: 1.051–1.376), picky eating behavior or ideas occurring more than twice per week (OR = 1.405, 95% CI: 1.227–1.608), engaging in other activities while eating (such as watching TV or playing with toys) more than twice per week (OR = 1.742, 95% CI: 1.510–2.011), lack of a fixed dining position (OR = 1.222, 95% CI: 1.012–1.476), daily screen time exceeding 1 h (OR = 1.353, 95% CI: 1.152–1.590), and daily sleep duration of less than 9 h or more than 13 h (OR = 1.535, 95% CI: 1.262–1.866) were risk factors for psychological problems. Conclusions: The findings highlight the urgent need for targeted interventions addressing insufficient dietary diversity, distracted eating, excessive screen time, and unhealthy sleep habits to improve the psychological well-being of preschool children. Future studies should explore the effectiveness of tailored health and lifestyle interventions for children and their families to mitigate these risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional & Lifestyle Psychiatry: The Role of Nutrition and Lifestyle in the Onset, Prevention and Management of Mental Disorders)

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21 pages, 2103 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reducing Agricultural Land Use Through Plant-Based Diets: A Case Study of Romania

by Ioana Mihaela Balan and Teodor Ioan Trasca

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010175 - 2 Jan 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2522

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Agricultural systems face increasing global pressure to address sustainability challenges, particularly regarding land use and environmental protection. In Romania, where traditional diets are heavily dependent on animal-based products, optimizing land use is critical. This study investigates the potential of plant-based diets to [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Agricultural systems face increasing global pressure to address sustainability challenges, particularly regarding land use and environmental protection. In Romania, where traditional diets are heavily dependent on animal-based products, optimizing land use is critical. This study investigates the potential of plant-based diets to reduce agricultural land use, examining scenarios of partial and complete replacement of animal protein with plant protein sources (soy, peas, and potatoes). Methods: The research modeled three dietary transition scenarios—replacing 33%, 50%, and 100% of animal protein with plant-based protein—using data from the Romanian National Institute of Statistics, the FAO, and international sources. Land use was calculated for each scenario using formulas that take into account protein content and land use intensity for animal and plant protein sources. The simulations quantify the reduction in agricultural land use at the per capita and national levels. Results: The study reveals significant land-saving potential across all scenarios. At the national level, land use reductions ranged from 84,020 hectares (33% replacement) to 1,067,443 hectares (100% replacement). High-impact products such as beef and dairy continue to dominate land use, even in partial replacement scenarios. Conversely, replacing pork and chicken proteins shows substantial savings. The findings highlight the inefficiency of animal-based protein production and the ecological benefits of transitioning to plant-based diets. Conclusions: A dietary shift towards plant-based protein in Romania could achieve significant reductions in agricultural land use, contributing to the Sustainable Development Goals. This transition not only supports environmental conservation and resource optimization, but also provides public health benefits by reducing consumption of red and processed meat. These results provide a basis for policies to promote sustainable and nutritionally balanced food systems Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 4th International Electronic Conference on Nutrients—Plant-Based Nutrition Focusing on Innovation, Health and Sustainable Food Systems)

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24 pages, 558 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reason’s Triumph over Passion? Chinese Adults’ Attention to Information on Ultra-Processed Foods’ Fat and Sodium Contents in Nutrition Facts Tables

by Zeying Huang

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010174 - 2 Jan 2025

Viewed by 856

Abstract

Background: It is common for consumers to purchase ultra-processed foods that are perceived to have health risks, and this phenomenon is rarely explained in the existing literature from the perspective of consumers’ responses to the intuitive marketing of flavor labels and the packaging. [...] Read more.

Background: It is common for consumers to purchase ultra-processed foods that are perceived to have health risks, and this phenomenon is rarely explained in the existing literature from the perspective of consumers’ responses to the intuitive marketing of flavor labels and the packaging. Methods: This study aimed to fill this knowledge gap and investigated the attention of 920 participants aged 18~59 across China toward fat and sodium content information for six ultra-processed foods (pastry foods, quick-frozen foods, dessert foods, puffed foods, beverages, and sauces) presented in nutrition facts tables based on the theoretical analysis framework for purchasing decisions on ultra-processed foods by using the binary logit model. Results: It was found that the respondent’ s attention to fat and sodium content information was positively influenced by health risk perception levels and levels of knowledge about fat and sodium but negatively influenced by the interaction term between flavor labels (or the packaging) that stimulated the purchase desire and health risk perception levels (or levels of knowledge about fat and sodium). Conclusions: The stimulation of purchase desire by flavor labels and the packaging weakened the consumer’ s increased attention to fat and sodium content information being enhanced by the health risk perception level and the level of knowledge about fat and sodium, especially the probability of attention to such information for dessert foods, puffed foods, quick-frozen foods, and sauces, which dropped the most. Additionally, the attention of females, youth, low-income individuals, those with below-college education, and non-overweight and obese individuals to such information dropped more, and the decrease was the largest for dessert foods, puffed foods, quick-frozen foods, and sauces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Policies and Education for Health Promotion)

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13 pages, 254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship Between Amino Acid Intake in Maternal Diet and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Results from the BORN 2020 Pregnant Cohort in Northern Greece

by Antigoni Tranidou, Antonios Siargkas, Emmanuela Magriplis, Ioannis Tsakiridis, Aikaterini Apostolopoulou, Michail Chourdakis and Themistoklis Dagklis

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010173 - 2 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1004

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Maternal amino acid intake and its biological value may influence glucose regulation and insulin sensitivity, impacting the risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This study aimed to evaluate the association between amino acid intake from maternal diet before and during pregnancy [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Maternal amino acid intake and its biological value may influence glucose regulation and insulin sensitivity, impacting the risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This study aimed to evaluate the association between amino acid intake from maternal diet before and during pregnancy and the risk of GDM. Methods: This study is part of the ongoing BORN2020 epidemiological Greek cohort. A validated semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was used. Amino acid intakes were quantified from the FFQ responses. A multinomial logistic regression model, with adjustments made for maternal characteristics, lifestyle habits, and pregnancy-specific factors, was used. Results: A total of 797 pregnant women were recruited, of which 14.7% developed GDM. Higher cysteine intake during pregnancy was associated with an increase in GDM risk (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 5.75; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.42–23.46), corresponding to a 476% increase in risk. Additionally, higher intakes of aspartic acid (aOR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.05–1.66), isoleucine (aOR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.03–2.14), phenylalanine (aOR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.04–2.45), and threonine (aOR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.0–2.43) during pregnancy were also associated with increased GDM risk. Furthermore, total essential amino acid (EAA) (aOR: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.0–1.09) and non-essential amino acid (NEAA) (aOR: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.0–1.1) intakes during pregnancy were also linked to an increased risk of GDM. A secondary dose–response analysis affected by timing of assessment revealed that higher intake levels of specific amino acids showed a more pronounced risk. Conclusions: Optimizing the balance of certain amino acids during pregnancy may guide personalized nutritional interventions to mitigate GDM risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)

16 pages, 472 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role of Medical Nutrition Therapy as Treatment of Sarcopenia in Older People with Type 2 Diabetes

by Alessia Gaglio, Valeria Grancini, Federico Giacchetti, Marco Mirani, Emanuela Orsi and Veronica Resi

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010172 - 2 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1486

Abstract

Background: Globally, the progressive increase in the aging population has led to social and health problems associated with age-related chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and sarcopenia. Recent studies have highlighted that sarcopenia and diabetes have a bidirectional relationship. Nutritional [...] Read more.

Background: Globally, the progressive increase in the aging population has led to social and health problems associated with age-related chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and sarcopenia. Recent studies have highlighted that sarcopenia and diabetes have a bidirectional relationship. Nutritional therapy is a key element in the treatment of both sarcopenia and diabetes. To date, there are no nutritional guidelines for the management of sarcopenia in T2DM. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a muscle-targeted nutritional intervention in older people with sarcopenia and type 2 diabetes based on the Italian nutrition guidelines. Methods: A total of 211 subjects (117 M and 94 F) affected by T2DM with a mean age of 74 ± 6.0 years were screened for sarcopenia, using EWGSOP2 diagnosis criteria, and enrolled to receive personalized dietary plans with two main targets: a daily energy intake of 25–30 kcal/kg body weight and a daily protein intake of at least 1.1–1.2 g/kg body weight. Results: In total, 34 subjects (24 M and 10 F) were sarcopenic with a prevalence of 16%, which was higher in men. After six months of treatment, handgrip strength increased by 0.83 kg (19.57 ± 5.70 kg vs. 20.40 ± 6.10 kg, p = 0.649), protein intake improved (0.91 ± 0.28 g/kg body weight vs. 1.03 ± 0.40 g/kg body weight, p = 0.115), and the glycated hemoglobin decreased (7.39 ± 0.49% to 6.82 ± 0.98%, p = 0.010). Seven younger subjects had an improvement of sarcopenia with a decrease in HbA1c (7.50 ± 0.59% vs. 6.91 ± 0.79, p = 0.19). The difference over time in the consumption of saturated fatty acids (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.33–1.09, p = 0.096) and simple sugars (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.80–1.01, p = 0.090) appeared to be associated with an improvement of sarcopenia status. A total of 177 subjects did not meet the criteria for a diagnosis of sarcopenia, and 148 subjects were assessed. The handgrip strength (26.22 ± 9.36 vs. 26.18 ± 9.24 kg, p0.974) and the glycated hemoglobin (7.21 ± 1.07 vs. 7.27 ± 0.98%, p = 0.735) remained stable over time, while protein intake at six months increased (0.81 ± 0.29 vs. 0.91 ± 0.29 g/kg body weight, p = 0.024). Four people were diagnosed with sarcopenia at follow-up, with a lower handgrip strength test result. These subjects were older and had worse glycemic control (HbA1c + 0.5%). Conclusions: Lifestyle modification is important to prevent or reverse the development of the disease. Nutritional therapy in this population is therefore aimed at meeting all nutritional needs and promoting better glycemic control, in terms of glycated hemoglobin, in order to reduce the development of sarcopenia. Although promising, the intervention requires validation in larger studies with control groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Intervention in Glycaemic Control and Diabetes)

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7 pages, 218 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Unplanned Weight Loss and Sarcopenia Across Body Mass Index Categories in Nursing Homes—A Cross-Sectional Study

by Laura Klaassen, Tenna Christoffersen, Margit Dall Aaslyng and Inge Tetens

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010171 - 2 Jan 2025

Viewed by 894

Abstract

Background: Nutritional risks in older adults, such as malnutrition and sarcopenia, are often underdiagnosed. Screening practices frequently rely on Unplanned Weight Loss (UPWL), potentially overlooking at-risk individuals. This study aims to assess the prevalence of nutritional risk, identified by UPWL and sarcopenia, [...] Read more.

Background: Nutritional risks in older adults, such as malnutrition and sarcopenia, are often underdiagnosed. Screening practices frequently rely on Unplanned Weight Loss (UPWL), potentially overlooking at-risk individuals. This study aims to assess the prevalence of nutritional risk, identified by UPWL and sarcopenia, across different body mass index categories in a nursing home (NH) population. Methods: Cross-sectional data were collected from an NH in a Danish municipality, including those of all self-reliant participants who consented and excluding those of terminally ill older adults. Data on age, sex, height, weight, and chronic diseases were extracted from medical records. Nutritional risk was assessed using two markers: a UPWL of ≥1 kg during the last six months and muscle strength via a modified 30 s chair stand test as a marker of sarcopenia. An ANOVA and Fisher’s Exact Test were used to assess differences, followed by a post hoc Tukey test. Results: In our study of older adults (n = 93, mean age 83.2 ± 9.12 years, 63% female), 17 individuals (19%) had UPWL, and 27 (29%) had sarcopenia. Among those with obesity, twelve (48%) had sarcopenia, but only two (8%) had UPWL. In contrast, seven (21%) of those with normal weight had sarcopenia, while eleven (33%) experienced UPWL. Conclusions: Older adults in NHs are at nutritional risk, but the prevalence varies significantly depending on whether UPWL or sarcopenia markers are applied for categorization. Sarcopenia prevalence was the highest in the obesity group, suggesting a need for integrating muscle strength or quantity assessments into community care to identify older adults at nutritional risk better. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

15 pages, 823 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maternal Omega-6/Omega-3 Concentration Ratio During Pregnancy and Infant Neurodevelopment: The ECLIPSES Study

by Behnaz Shahabi, Carmen Hernández-Martínez, Cristina Jardí, Estefanía Aparicio and Victoria Arija

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010170 - 2 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1727

Abstract

Background: The balance of omega-6/omega-3 (n-6/n-3) is crucial for proper brain function as they have opposite physiological roles. Objectives: To analyze the association between maternal serum ratios of n-6/n-3 in the first and third trimesters of [...] Read more.

Background: The balance of omega-6/omega-3 (n-6/n-3) is crucial for proper brain function as they have opposite physiological roles. Objectives: To analyze the association between maternal serum ratios of n-6/n-3 in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy and the neurodevelopment of their children in the early days after birth in the population of Northern Spain’s Mediterranean region. Methods: Longitudinal study in which 336 mother–child pairs participated. Mother serum concentrations of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and arachidonic acid (ARA) were determined. Sociodemographic, clinical, lifestyle habits, and obstetrical variables were collected. The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID-III) was used to assess infant neurodevelopment. Multiple linear regression models adjusting for confounding factors were performed. Results: In the third trimester, a higher maternal n-6/n-3 ratio was negatively associated with infant motor development (β = −0.124, p = 0.023). Similarly, higher ARA/DHA ratios were negatively associated with total motor (β = −2.005, p = 0.002) and fine motor development (β = −0.389, p = 0.001). No significant associations were observed in the first trimester nor for the ARA/EPA ratio in the third trimester. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that an elevated n-6/n-3 ratio and ARA/DHA ratio in the third trimester of pregnancy are associated with poorer motor development outcomes in infants. These results highlight the importance of optimizing maternal fatty acid balance during pregnancy to support fetal neurodevelopment, suggesting a need for further research to verify these associations and elucidate underlying mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)

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18 pages, 2405 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of Early Versus Late Time-Restricted Eating Combined with Physical Activity in Overweight or Obese Women

by Sarra Miladi, Tarak Driss, Ranya Ameur, Sirine C. Miladi, Samar J. Miladi, Mohamed Fadhel Najjar, Fadoua Neffati and Omar Hammouda

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010169 - 2 Jan 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2922

Abstract

Aims: To evaluate the effectiveness of a dual approach involving time-restricted eating (TRE) at different times of the day combined with physical activity (PA) on functional capacity and metabolic health in overweight or obese women. Methods: Random allocation of sixty-one participants into four [...] Read more.

Aims: To evaluate the effectiveness of a dual approach involving time-restricted eating (TRE) at different times of the day combined with physical activity (PA) on functional capacity and metabolic health in overweight or obese women. Methods: Random allocation of sixty-one participants into four groups: early time-restricted eating plus physical activity (ETRE-PA, n = 15, 31.8 ± 10.76 years, 89.68 ± 13.40 kg, 33.5 ± 5.53 kg/m²), late time-restricted eating with physical activity (LTRE-PA, n = 15, 30.60 ± 7.94 years, 94.45 ± 15.36 kg, 34.37 ± 7.09 kg/m²), late time-restricted eating only (LTRE, n = 15, 27.93 ± 9.79 years, 88.32 ± 10.36 kg, 32.71 ± 5.15 kg/m²) and a control group (CG, n = 15, 36.25 ± 11.52 years, 89.01 ± 11.68 kg, 33.66 ± 6.18 kg/m²). The intervention lasted for 12 weeks in all groups. Both the ETRE-PA and LTRE-PA groups engaged in a rigorous combined aerobic and resistance-training program. Results: Significant reductions in body weight and body mass index were observed in the ETRE-PA and LTRE-PA groups compared to the CG and LTRE groups post-intervention (p < 0.0005). Only the ETRE-PA group exhibited a significant decrease in fat mass (p = 0.02), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.01), and aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0.002). Significant reductions in alanine aminotransferase levels were observed in the ETRE-PA (p = 0.004) and LTRE-PA (p = 0.02) groups. These two latter groups achieved higher performances in the 6-min walking test, bench press, 30-s squat, crunch test, vertical jump (p < 0.0005 for both), and leg extension (p < 0.02 for both) when compared to the LTRE and CG groups. Conclusion: The integration of TRE with PA leads to greater improvements in body composition, lipid profile, and physical performance, with no significant differences between the ETRE-PA and LTRE-PA approaches. This combined strategy offers a promising solution for overweight and obese women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Strategies for Preserving Fat-Free Mass during Intentional Weight Loss)

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Nutrients, Volume 17, Issue 1 (January-1 2025) – 198 articles

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