Animals

24 pages, 3015 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Survey on Companion Animal Owners’ Perception of Veterinarians’ Communication About Zoonoses and Antimicrobial Resistance in Germany

by Amelie Lisa Arnecke, Stefan Schwarz, Antina Lübke-Becker, Katharina Charlotte Jensen and Mahtab Bahramsoltani

Animals 2024, 14(22), 3346; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223346 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 733

Abstract

The intimate bonds between humans and their pets create favourable conditions that support the mutual transmission of pathogens in either direction. In this context, veterinarians are essential in informing and educating pet owners about health risks linked to zoonotic pathogens and antimicrobial resistance [...] Read more.

The intimate bonds between humans and their pets create favourable conditions that support the mutual transmission of pathogens in either direction. In this context, veterinarians are essential in informing and educating pet owners about health risks linked to zoonotic pathogens and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). To effectively convey this information, veterinarians should have strong communication skills. To gather insights on pet ownership, veterinary consultations, and risk communication, an online questionnaire was used to survey dog and cat owners in Germany. The survey evaluated the frequency and perception of communication concerning zoonotic pathogens and AMR, deriving a communication score. The findings showed that pet owners rated veterinarian communication with a high average score, reflecting a high satisfaction level. The longer pet owners had been clients, the more frequently they received information on zoonoses and AMR, and the better they rated the communication. However, the results also indicated that the amount of information on zoonoses and/or AMR provided by veterinarians was still lower than desired by pet owners. Risk factors, including pathogen detection, vulnerable individuals, owning imported animals, and feeding them raw meat, fish, offal, or uncooked bones, were regularly present. These findings underscore the critical role of risk communication in preventing zoonoses and AMR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)

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19 pages, 478 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

Brighton v RSPCA NSW: Appeals and Lessons Four Years On

by Kathryn Jurd and Sophie Riley

Animals 2024, 14(22), 3345; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223345 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 786

Abstract

Animal law has the potential to initiate improvements for animal wellbeing. However, this largely depends on how effectively the law bridges the legal chasm between animal welfare and animal suffering, a chasm the authors refer to as the welfare gap. When the law [...] Read more.

Animal law has the potential to initiate improvements for animal wellbeing. However, this largely depends on how effectively the law bridges the legal chasm between animal welfare and animal suffering, a chasm the authors refer to as the welfare gap. When the law does not adequately address this gap, where regulation subordinates animal interests to human interests, it results in weak animal protection that does little more than regulate to a standard that avoids a life not worth living. The authors analyse a series of cases involving the RSPCA and Brighton, in which Brighton was charged with serious animal cruelty pursuant to s 530 of the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW). He stabbed a dog with a pitchfork; after failing to kill the dog, he suspended it from a tree branch by a leash attached to its collar and struck the dog several times on the head with a mallet, finally killing him. Brighton was found guilty in the NSW Local Court and appealed to the NSW Supreme Court, where Rothman J allowed the appeal, holding that Brighton had exterminated a pest animal. This led to protracted litigation, including to the NSW Court of Appeal, a second hearing in the Local Court and a further appeal to the Supreme Court. In August 2020, Sophie Riley published a case note and commentary on the litigation up to the Rothman J appeal. This paper evaluates the litigation that followed, identifying how regulatory failures have entrenched the welfare gap. Regulatory failures include inadequate and aged legislative protections for a confined subset of animals. In NSW, animal sentience is not enshrined in legislation; the law limits the types of animals protected by anti-cruelty law; fundamental statutory language remains undefined, for example terms such as “pest animal” and “exterminate”; and challenges abound for adducing sufficient evidence to prove subjective criminal intent. These deficiencies pose significant challenges for practitioners and judicial officers, particularly when complex statutory interpretation is required in the busy and fast-paced summary jurisdiction. This paper concludes that legislators should consider modernising the law, removing ambiguity, and settling minimum standards for a good life for animals, taking into account the welfare aspects described in Mellor’s Five Domains model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Public Policy, Politics and Law)

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12 pages, 1500 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Occurrence and Genotypic Identification of Blastocystis spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Bamaxiang Pigs in Bama Yao Autonomous County of Guangxi Province, China

by Xingang Yu, Xuanru Mu, Kaijian Yuan, Sifan Wang, Yilong Li, Hui Xu, Qiaoyu Li, Wenjing Zeng, Zhili Li, Jianchao Guo and Yang Hong

Animals 2024, 14(22), 3344; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223344 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 473

Abstract

Blastocystis spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are common intestinal pathogens capable of infecting both humans and animals, which lead to severe diarrhea and other intestinal diseases, posing a threat to public health. The Bamaxiang pig, a specialty of Bama Yao Autonomous County in Guangxi [...] Read more.

Blastocystis spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are common intestinal pathogens capable of infecting both humans and animals, which lead to severe diarrhea and other intestinal diseases, posing a threat to public health. The Bamaxiang pig, a specialty of Bama Yao Autonomous County in Guangxi Province, China, is an important local breed in the regional pork market and an excellent model animal for biomedical research. Currently, no data is available on the prevalence or genotype distribution of these pathogens in Bamaxiang pigs. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and genetic characteristics of Blastocystis spp. and E. bieneusi in three Bamaxiang pig farms located in Bama Yao Autonomous County, using molecular techniques based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene fragment of Blastocystis spp. and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of E. bieneusi. All positive PCR products from the 311 fecal samples were sequenced to identify the species and genotypes of these organisms. The overall infection rates of Blastocystis spp. and E. bieneusi were 34.08% (106/311) and 18.32% (57/311), respectively. Three subtypes of Blastocystis spp. were detected: ST1 (n = 8), ST3 (n = 3), and ST5 (n = 95). Among them, zoonotic ST5 was the dominant genotype, accounting for 89.62% (95/106) of strains, followed by the genotypes ST1 (7.54%, 8/106) and ST3 (2.83%, 3/106). Two genotypes of E. bieneusi were detected: EbpC (n = 52) and CHG23 (n = 5), with EbpC being the dominant genotype. The human-pathogenic subtypes (ST1, ST3, and ST5) and genotypes (EbpC, CHG23) that were observed in this study indicate a potential threat to public health. Our findings offer basic information for preventing and controlling these zoonotic pathogens in the study area. Additional investigations are necessary to better understand their genetic characteristics and zoonotic potential within Guangxi Province. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasite Epidemiology and Molecules Identification in Wild and Domestic Animals)

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13 pages, 760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Apparent Metabolizable Energy and Apparent Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) in Broiler Chickens and Laying Hens

by Taylor K. O’Lear Reid, Katherine E. Gardner, Kayla L. Paglia, Alexandra C. M. Ulans, Ruth E. Spierling, Mark S. Edwards, Tryg J. Lundquist, Zach D. McFarlane, Siroj Pokharel and Darin C. Bennett

Animals 2024, 14(22), 3343; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223343 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 588

Abstract

Our study objective was to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility (AIAAD) of spirulina fed to broiler chickens and laying hens using the difference method. In both experiments, birds were either fed corn-soybean meal basal diets, containing [...] Read more.

Our study objective was to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility (AIAAD) of spirulina fed to broiler chickens and laying hens using the difference method. In both experiments, birds were either fed corn-soybean meal basal diets, containing no spirulina and formulated to provide the nutrient requirements of either broilers or layers, or fed test diets consisting of 25% spirulina and 75% of the appropriate basal diet. Titanium dioxide was added to all diets as an indigestible marker. The diets were fed to 10 replicate cages/treatment of broilers and 15 replicate cages/treatment of laying hens. The AME of spirulina for broilers was significantly lower (p < 0.05) (2368 ± 104 kcal/kg, as fed) than for laying hens (3144 ± 173 kcal/kg, as fed), suggesting bird type and age may influence energy utilization. The AIAAD of spirulina fed to broiler chickens did not differ from that of laying hens (p > 0.05), except for valine, alanine, and glycine, which were all significantly higher in laying hens (p < 0.05). Overall, the AIAAD for nonessential amino acids averaged 81.1%, with no significant difference between essential and nonessential amino acids. Differences in spirulina nutrient content cited in the literature support further research to determine the optimal inclusion of this alternative ingredient in broiler and layer diets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)

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21 pages, 7032 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Modulation of Canine Gut Microbiota by Prebiotic and Probiotic Supplements: A Long-Term In Vitro Study Using a Novel Colonic Fermentation Model

by Alessandro Gramenzi, Luana Clerico, Benedetta Belà, Meri Di Leonardo, Isa Fusaro and Giulia Pignataro

Animals 2024, 14(22), 3342; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223342 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 661

Abstract

The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in dogs’ health, influencing immune function, digestion, and protection against pathogens. This study evaluates the effects of three canine dietary supplements—Microbiotal (prebiotic), Lactobacillus reuteri (probiotic), and a combination of both—on the gut microbiota composition of a [...] Read more.

The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in dogs’ health, influencing immune function, digestion, and protection against pathogens. This study evaluates the effects of three canine dietary supplements—Microbiotal (prebiotic), Lactobacillus reuteri (probiotic), and a combination of both—on the gut microbiota composition of a healthy canine donor using an in vitro colonic fermentation model. The SCIME™ platform, adapted to simulate the canine gastrointestinal tract, was used to monitor microbial shifts in the luminal and mucosal environments of the proximal and distal colon over a 2-week treatment period. The microbial communities were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing to assess changes at various taxonomic levels. Alpha- and beta-diversity indices were calculated, while LEfSe and treeclimbR were employed to identify taxa-driving microbial shifts. Results indicated that all treatments led to significant modulations in key microbial groups, with enrichment of Limosilactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Prevotella, and Faecalibacterium. These changes suggest improved saccharolytic fermentation and butyrate production, particularly when prebiotics and probiotics were co-administered. This study highlights the promising benefits of combined prebiotic and probiotic supplementation in promoting gut health and microbial diversity, providing a basis for future studies targeting the metabolic activity of the gut microbiota using the same supplements and technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)

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17 pages, 3194 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Genetic Diversity, Runs of Homozygosity, and Selection Signatures in Native Japanese Chickens: Insights from Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms

by Vanessa V. Velasco, Masaoki Tsudzuki, Norikazu Hashimoto, Naoki Goto and Akira Ishikawa

Animals 2024, 14(22), 3341; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223341 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 588

Abstract

Understanding genetic diversity, runs of homozygosity (ROH), and selection signatures is critical for the conservation and breeding management of native Japanese chickens. In this study, genetic diversity, ROH, and selection signatures in 11 populations of seven native Japanese breeds and three foreign breeds [...] Read more.

Understanding genetic diversity, runs of homozygosity (ROH), and selection signatures is critical for the conservation and breeding management of native Japanese chickens. In this study, genetic diversity, ROH, and selection signatures in 11 populations of seven native Japanese breeds and three foreign breeds with different genetic and behavioral backgrounds were investigated using 11,493 SNPs identified through restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing. The Oh-Shamo (OSM), an aggressive cockfighting breed, exhibited the highest genetic diversity. Six native Japanese breeds, Ingie (IG), Ryujin-Jidori (RYU), Tosa-Jidori (TJI), Tosa-Kukin (TKU), Nagoya (NAG), and Ukkokei (UK), showed intermediate levels of genetic diversity and ROH. Population analyses grouped the 11 populations into four distinct clusters: (1) five populations comprising three foreign breeds (the Fayoumi inbred line, closed-colony G line of White Leghorn, commercial T line of WL, and White Plymouth Rock) and the IG Japanese breed; (2) OSM and two old Jidori breeds (RYU and TJI); (3) TKU and UK; and (4) the meat-type Nagoya breed. ROH and Fst analyses identified seven SNPs on chromosomes 13, 17, 20, 24, and 26, five of which were candidate genetic variants for fear-related behavior. These findings provide insights into genetic diversity and conserved genomic segments valuable for breeding and conservation in Japanese chicken breeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)

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17 pages, 556 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Different Dietary Doses of Black Soldier Fly Meal on Performance and Egg Quality in Free-Range Reared Laying Hens

by Carlos Romero, Juan Carlos Cenalmor, Susana Chamorro and César Redondo

Animals 2024, 14(22), 3340; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223340 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 749

Abstract

(1) Background: Given the problems currently posed by the use of soybean meal in poultry feeding, its replacement with black soldier fly (BSF) meal may be a suitable strategy. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of this dietary replacement on laying performance, egg [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Given the problems currently posed by the use of soybean meal in poultry feeding, its replacement with black soldier fly (BSF) meal may be a suitable strategy. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of this dietary replacement on laying performance, egg quality, and yolk nutritional composition in free-range reared hens. (2) Methods: Three diets were formulated: a control diet with 210 g/kg of soybean meal, a diet with 105 g/kg of soybean meal and 80 g/kg of BSF meal, and a diet with 160 g/kg of BSF meal. This eight-week-long study was performed with 126 Bovans Brown hens aged 36 weeks (six replicates of seven hens each per dietary treatment); (3) Results: The laying performance of hens was not influenced by the diet consumed. Neither was the yolk content in fat, protein, cholesterol, choline, B vitamins, and cholecalciferol affected. The dietary inclusion of BSF meal made yolk colour score and albumen Haugh units decrease (p < 0.001) by 51.1% and 12.0%, respectively. It also reduced the yolk content in retinol (by 10.1%, p = 0.0037), but it increased that of α- and γ-tocopherol (by 27.6%, p = 0.014, and 25.8%, p = 0.0077, respectively). A negative linear effect (p < 0.001) was observed on yolk zinc concentration and on the proportions of polyunsaturated and ω-3 fatty acids with increasing dietary dose of BSF meal; (4) Conclusions: Soybean meal could be fully replaced by BSF meal in the diet of hens without affecting the laying rate or the egg weight. However, the dietary inclusion of BSF meal led to paler yolks and impaired albumen quality, while it decreased the content of retinol and zinc and the proportions of polyunsaturated and ω-3 fatty acids in egg yolk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)

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18 pages, 2613 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Measuring and Modeling Mechanical Ventilation for Long-Term Environmental Monitoring in Large Commercial Laying Hen House

by Ji-Qin Ni

Animals 2024, 14(22), 3339; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223339 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 409

Abstract

Determining ventilation rates in commercial animal buildings has been technically challenging. This study aimed to develop an innovative method and a ventilation model and provide new insights into animal building ventilation. A layer house with 46 fans was studied over six months. A [...] Read more.

Determining ventilation rates in commercial animal buildings has been technically challenging. This study aimed to develop an innovative method and a ventilation model and provide new insights into animal building ventilation. A layer house with 46 fans was studied over six months. A full-size and fast-response portable fan tester was developed for on-site fan ventilation measurement. Results indicated that the house differential pressures (dP) varied from +10.4 to <−100.0 Pa but remained between −10 and −30 Pa for 75.7% of the time. The mean house dP was −18.1 ± 8.9 Pa (mean ± standard deviation). Fan rotational speeds ranged from 495 to 580 rpm, with an average of 555 ± 14 rpm. Daily mean house ventilation rates ranged from 1800 to 22,142 m³ min⁻¹, averaging 4.68 m³ h⁻¹ per hen. This study concluded that house dP can be greatly affected by strong winds in addition to fan operations and air inlet openings. Fan rotational speeds are influenced by pulley sizes and fan belt maintenance. On-site fan tests with the fan tester can generate reliable data for fan ventilation characterization. Fan models that incorporate both fan rotational speeds and differential pressures considerably improve ventilation rate calculations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal System and Management)

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18 pages, 6774 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Ecology of a Resident Avian Predator During the Non-Breeding Period in Managed Habitats of Southeastern Europe

by Draženko Z. Rajković, Daliborka Stanković, Jelena Šeat, Dejan S. Stevanović, Miona V. Andrejević Stošović and Stefan Skorić

Animals 2024, 14(22), 3338; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223338 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 492

Abstract

Describing home range and resource selection is crucial for understanding ecological needs and creating conservation programs. Still, our knowledge of spatial and behavioural ecology for most species remains limited. Here, we used satellite transmitters to investigate core and home range sizes, habitat selection, [...] Read more.

Describing home range and resource selection is crucial for understanding ecological needs and creating conservation programs. Still, our knowledge of spatial and behavioural ecology for most species remains limited. Here, we used satellite transmitters to investigate core and home range sizes, habitat selection, and roost characteristics in seven tawny owl males in Western Serbia during the autumn–winter period 2023. Using minimum convex polygon (MCP) and autocorrelated kernel density estimation (AKDE), we found clear variability in core area and home range sizes. Also, adult and heavier males have smaller core area and home ranges than juvenile and lightweight individuals. The Bhattacharyya coefficient showed minor home range overlap in tagged males. The final model for evaluation of habitat selection suggests that the likelihood of owl occurrence was positively correlated with the share of anthropogenic infrastructure and negatively associated with the increase in the proportion of cultivated land within the home range. However, scores of model performance metrics showed moderate predictive accuracy, implying that other unmeasured variables may dictate species presence. Our study illustrates the ecological plasticity and ability of the tawny owl to adapt to a human-modified environment while providing new information about the spatial ecology of this widespread predator in Europe. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecology and Conservation)

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14 pages, 3042 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The Vaginal Microbiome of Mares on the Post-Foaling Day Under Field Conditions

by Katarzyna Płoneczka-Janeczko, Marcin Magdziarz and Marta Siemieniuch-Tartanus

Animals 2024, 14(22), 3337; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223337 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 542

Abstract

The vaginal bacteria are critical for neonatal immunity, as well as for further infections and pathologies in foals and mares during the postpartum period. The vaginal microbiota was examined in six mares. Swabs were taken from the vaginal caudal wall within 12 h [...] Read more.

The vaginal bacteria are critical for neonatal immunity, as well as for further infections and pathologies in foals and mares during the postpartum period. The vaginal microbiota was examined in six mares. Swabs were taken from the vaginal caudal wall within 12 h after natural delivery. Next-generation sequencing was used to analyze the composition of the vaginal microbiota and identify shared bacterial taxa. The post-delivery vaginal microbiome of mares included 18 identified families, 25 genera, and 33 species. The core families of the mares’ microbiome comprised Leptotrichiaceae (21.72%), Peptostreptococcaceae/Tisserellales (15.54%), Corynebacteriaceae (13.32%), Aerococcaceae (10.84%), and Campylobacteraceae (4.26%). Shared bacterial species included Corynebacterium kutsheri, Campylobacter spp., Facklamia spp., and Oceanivirga uncultured bacteria. We found the presence of various Corynebacterium and Streptococcus species that could be involved in uterine disorders. Further research should focus on the possible pathogenicity of these bacteria for mares in the postpartum period and newborn foals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Equids)

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15 pages, 1961 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effect of the Lactation Phases on the Amplitude of Variation in Blood Serum Steroid Hormones and Some Hematochemical Analytes in Three Dairy Cow Breeds

by Esterina Fazio, Arianna Bionda, George Attard, Pietro Medica, Deborah La Fauci, Annalisa Amato, Luigi Liotta and Vincenzo Lopreiato

Animals 2024, 14(22), 3336; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223336 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 618

Abstract

Lactation in dairy cows implies comprehensive endocrine and metabolic changes including a systemic electrolytic reaction. Previous studies have rarely considered these specific demands due to the influence of lactation periods. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effects of early, middle, and late [...] Read more.

Lactation in dairy cows implies comprehensive endocrine and metabolic changes including a systemic electrolytic reaction. Previous studies have rarely considered these specific demands due to the influence of lactation periods. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effects of early, middle, and late lactation phases on the dynamic changes in serum concentrations of progesterone (P4), 17β-oestradiol (E2), cortisol, and some electrolytes (Ca⁺⁺, Mg⁺⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, Pi) and biochemical parameters (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), total bilirubin, urea, and iron (Fe⁺⁺) in 10 Holstein, 10 Brown Swiss, and 10 Modicana multiparous healthy dairy cows (4.2 ± 1.7 years of age) sampled at 60-day intervals throughout lactation. Lactation induced significant changes in the concentrations of P4, which peaked at >120–180 days, decreased at >240–300 days, and increased again after 300 days. Cortisol showed an opposite trend to P4, with concentrations progressively decreasing, except for the phase between >240 and 300 days, and a steep drop at >300 days compared to previous phases. Na⁺ concentrations showed the lowest values at 0–60 d and the highest ones at >180–240 days, whereas Mg⁺⁺ showed the highest values at >60–120 d and the lowest at >300 d. Significant correlations were found between P4 with cortisol, Cl⁻ and K⁺, and cortisol with Ca⁺⁺ and LDH. Significant differences in average concentrations of AST, ALT, LDH, Ca⁺⁺, Mg⁺⁺, and Fe⁺⁺ were observed among different dairy cow breeds. Understanding the dynamic changes in hormone levels, electrolytes, and biochemical parameters during different lactation phases, while considering breed differences in dairy cows, is crucial for improving herd health management and milk production in commercial dairy farms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Sustainability of Ruminant Agriculture: New Strategies and Tools)

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15 pages, 2700 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Ameliorated Morphological Damage and Barrier Dysfunction and Reduced Apoptosis and Ferroptosis in the Jejunum of Oxidatively Stressed Piglets

by Yu Liu, Junmeng Yuan, Wenshuo Xi, Zhisheng Wang, Huawei Liu, Kai Zhang, Jinshan Zhao and Yang Wang

Animals 2024, 14(22), 3335; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223335 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 599

Abstract

Oxidative stress induces apoptosis and ferroptosis, leading to intestinal injury of piglets. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum P8 (P8) has antioxidant capacity, but its roles in intestinal apoptosis and ferroptosis remain unclear. Here, 24 weaned piglets were assigned to three treatments: control (Con), diquat injection (DQ), [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress induces apoptosis and ferroptosis, leading to intestinal injury of piglets. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum P8 (P8) has antioxidant capacity, but its roles in intestinal apoptosis and ferroptosis remain unclear. Here, 24 weaned piglets were assigned to three treatments: control (Con), diquat injection (DQ), and P8 supplementation + DQ injection (DQ + P8). The results showed that the increased jejunal oxidative stress, jejunal morphology impairment, and barrier dysfunction in the DQ-treated piglets were decreased by P8 supplementation. TUNEL and apoptosis-related gene expressions showed increased jejunal apoptosis of DQ-treated piglets; however, reduced apoptosis was observed in the DQ + P8 group. In addition, the mitochondrial morphology and ferroptosis-related gene expressions indicated elevated jejunal ferroptosis in the DQ-treated piglets, and the DQ + P8 treatment attenuated the ferroptosis. Transcriptome identified various differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between different treatments. KEGG analysis indicated that the DEGs were enriched in the PI3K-AKT, NF-κB, and apoptosis pathways. The expressions of key DEGs and key proteins in the PI3K-AKT and NF-κB pathways were further verified. In summary, our results indicate that P8 supplementation ameliorated jejunal oxidative stress, morphological damage, barrier dysfunction, apoptosis, and ferroptosis in the DQ-treated piglets. Moreover, the beneficial effect of P8 may be related to the regulation of PI3K/AKT and NF-κB pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastrointestinal Tract Health in Pigs – 2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 1601 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Computed Tomographic Arthrography Protocol for Stifle Ligamentous Structure and Menisci in Dogs

by Jiwon Yoon, Gunha Hwang, Soyon An, Young Joo Kim, Tae Sung Hwang and Hee Chun Lee

Animals 2024, 14(22), 3334; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223334 - 19 Nov 2024

Viewed by 503

Abstract

This study aims to establish an optimized CTA protocol for qualitatively evaluating the ligamentous structures and menisci of the canine stifle. CTA of the stifle joint was conducted on six healthy beagle dogs. Each dog underwent a total of nine scans to evaluate [...] Read more.

This study aims to establish an optimized CTA protocol for qualitatively evaluating the ligamentous structures and menisci of the canine stifle. CTA of the stifle joint was conducted on six healthy beagle dogs. Each dog underwent a total of nine scans to evaluate various contrast protocols. These protocols involved three different concentrations of iodine (50, 100, and 150 mgI/mL) and three different volumes of contrast media injection (0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 mL/kg). Subsequently, the acquired arthrographic images were qualitatively assessed to determine the visibility of the stifle ligaments. The quantitative evaluation of CTA revealed that the cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments were more clearly visible in groups M2 (100 mgI/mL, 0.3 mL/kg) and M3 (100 mgI/mL, 0.4 mL/kg) in comparison to S1 (50 mgI/mL, 0.2 mL/kg) and L3 (150 mgI/mL, 0.4 mL/kg). The visibility of the medial meniscus was notably lower in S1 and S2 (50 mgI/mL, 0.3 mL/kg), while the lateral meniscus exhibited reduced visibility in S1. Overall, the high contrast settings (M2, M3) generally improved the visualization of the meniscofemoral ligament, meniscotibial ligament, and the intermeniscal ligament. For optimal evaluation of the canine stifle ligament using CTA, it is recommended to use 100 mgI/mL iodine at a dosage of 0.3 mL/kg or 0.4 mL/kg. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)

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11 pages, 1267 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Barriers to the Implementation of Max-Profit and Stochastic Feed Formulation Strategies: A Survey of the Australian Poultry Industry

by Amy Moss, Anh Chung, Hiep Dao, Greg Parkinson and Tamsyn Crowley

Animals 2024, 14(22), 3333; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223333 - 19 Nov 2024

Viewed by 490

Abstract

A survey of industry groups including nutritionists, producers, feed manufacturers, and technical personnel in broiler and layer operations within the Australian poultry industry was completed to determine the industry’s present views of max-profit and stochastic feed formulation and the barriers they see to [...] Read more.

A survey of industry groups including nutritionists, producers, feed manufacturers, and technical personnel in broiler and layer operations within the Australian poultry industry was completed to determine the industry’s present views of max-profit and stochastic feed formulation and the barriers they see to implementing these techniques. A total of 32 responses were collected, made up of 17 nutritionists, 4 feed manufacturers, 5 producers, and 6 technical personnel. The survey revealed interest and need to implement stochastic and max-profit feed formulation techniques and identified the key barriers to the implementation of these feed formulation techniques. Barriers identified included limited software to assist nutritionists in using these feed formulation techniques, less data collection than in other animal industries, insufficient training, and possible restrictions on nutritionists via KPIs to minimise diet cost. It was identified that layer farms did not routinely use near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to estimate the nutrient content of feed ingredients and so mostly relied on book values and historical data. Thus, stochastic feed formulation may be particularly useful to buffer the uncertainty and ensure the minimum nutrient requirements of flocks are met. Recommendations were drawn to improve the adoption of max-profit and stochastic feed formulations of Australian layer diets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)

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9 pages, 221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a Gastroscopic Procedure on Salivary Cortisol Release and Fecal Cortisol Metabolites in Young Racehorses

by Sabina Ostermeier, Rupert Palme, Ingrid Vervuert, Barbara Glomm, Karsten Feige, Sabine Macho-Maschler, Uta König von Borstel and Monica Venner

Animals 2024, 14(22), 3332; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223332 - 19 Nov 2024

Viewed by 633

Abstract

In this study, gastroscopy was performed twice in 31 two-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses in training. Salivary cortisol (SC) and fecal cortisol metabolite (FCM) concentrations were determined to measure the stress impact. One gastroscopy was performed at the beginning and one six months later at [...] Read more.

In this study, gastroscopy was performed twice in 31 two-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses in training. Salivary cortisol (SC) and fecal cortisol metabolite (FCM) concentrations were determined to measure the stress impact. One gastroscopy was performed at the beginning and one six months later at the end of the horses’ first training season. According to the Wilcoxon signed rank test, a mild but significant increase of SC (1st gastroscopy: p = 0.0045, 2nd gastroscopy: p < 0.0001) and FCM (1st gastroscopy: p < 0.0001, 2nd gastroscopy: p = 0.0006) values after gastroscopy compared to basal values was detected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Equids)

19 pages, 321 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Growth Performance, Carcass Quality, and Lipid Metabolism in Krškopolje Pigs and Modern Hybrid Pigs: Comparison of Genotypes and Evaluation of Dietary Protein Reduction

by Martin Škrlep, Klavdija Poklukar, Milka Vrecl, Jana Brankovič and Marjeta Čandek-Potokar

Animals 2024, 14(22), 3331; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223331 - 19 Nov 2024

Viewed by 661

Abstract

This study compared the performance, meat quality and adipose tissue characteristics of Krškopolje pigs and modern hybrid pigs under identical rearing conditions, besides examining the effects of dietary protein reduction in both genotypes. A total of 29 pigs (14 Krškopolje and 15 hybrids) [...] Read more.

This study compared the performance, meat quality and adipose tissue characteristics of Krškopolje pigs and modern hybrid pigs under identical rearing conditions, besides examining the effects of dietary protein reduction in both genotypes. A total of 29 pigs (14 Krškopolje and 15 hybrids) were assigned to litter into two dietary groups (high and low protein). The low-protein diet for hybrid pigs corresponded to the high-protein diet for Krškopolje pigs. All diets were iso-energetic. Dietary protein reduction decreased growth rate and muscle development in modern hybrids but had no significant impact on performance, quality or metabolic traits in Krškopolje pigs. Genotype differences revealed that Krškopolje pigs had lower growth rates, less lean and more fat deposition, as reflected in thicker subcutaneous and higher intramuscular fat compared to modern hybrids. Krškopolje pigs also exhibited higher myoglobin concentration and fatty acid saturation. Lipogenic enzyme activity and histo-morphological traits behaved in a tissue-specific manner but still indicated a greater lipogenic potential in Krškopolje pigs. This study provides valuable insights into breed-specific responses to dietary changes and highlights the unique characteristics of Krškopolje pigs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Genetics and Feeding on Growth Performance of Pigs)

23 pages, 609 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Impact of Growth Rate on the Welfare of Broilers

by Anja B. Riber and Kaitlin E. Wurtz

Animals 2024, 14(22), 3330; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223330 - 19 Nov 2024

Viewed by 731

Abstract

Selection for the more efficient production of broilers has resulted in rapid growth rates. The aim was to review the existing knowledge on the effect of growth rate on broiler welfare. Genotypes with faster growth rates consistently demonstrate poorer gait scores and increased [...] Read more.

Selection for the more efficient production of broilers has resulted in rapid growth rates. The aim was to review the existing knowledge on the effect of growth rate on broiler welfare. Genotypes with faster growth rates consistently demonstrate poorer gait scores and increased prevalence of disorders affecting their legs than slower-growing genotypes. Reduced mobility places faster-growing broilers at an increased risk of developing contact dermatitis, as they spend increased durations sitting in contact with litter. Poor walking ability, heavy body weights, and conformational differences such as proportionally larger breast muscle in genotypes with faster growth can impact a bird’s ability to walk and navigate the environment, making it difficult to access resources and express natural behaviors. Faster growth has also been associated with poor cardiovascular health, increased susceptibility to heat stress, increased prevalence of mortality, ascites, as well as multiple breast muscle myopathies. Feed restriction, a practice associated with hunger and frustration, may be used to control the growth of broiler breeders, with birds having higher growth potential typically experiencing higher restriction levels. Overall, there is strong evidence that fast growth rates negatively impact welfare, and that slower-growing genotypes show significantly improved welfare. Furthermore, some evidence suggests that even minor reductions in growth rate can lead to welfare improvements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)

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24 pages, 6439 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Oat Hay as a Substitute for Alfalfa Hay on the Gut Microbiome and Metabolites of Yak Calves

by Yingchao Gu, Lele An, Yanan Zhou, Guoliang Xue, Yang Jiao, Deyu Yang, Shujie Liu and Zhanhong Cui

Animals 2024, 14(22), 3329; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223329 - 19 Nov 2024

Viewed by 533

Abstract

To evaluate the impact of different roughages on the intestinal microbiota of yak calves, we fed them oat hay in substitution of alfalfa hay, in addition to milk replacer and starter powder. Twenty-one 45-day-old male yak calves were selected and randomly assigned to [...] Read more.

To evaluate the impact of different roughages on the intestinal microbiota of yak calves, we fed them oat hay in substitution of alfalfa hay, in addition to milk replacer and starter powder. Twenty-one 45-day-old male yak calves were selected and randomly assigned to three groups: the milk replacer + starter + alfalfa hay group (AH), the milk replacer + starter + oat hay group (OH), and the milk replacer + starter + mixed hay group (AO), in which the alfalfa hay and oat hay were administered in a 1:1 ratio. All calves in the three groups were fed the same milk replacer and an equivalent amount of dry matter. The formal experiment commenced after a 21-day pre-test period and lasted for 120 days. Following the experiment, the contents of the jejunum and colon were collected to investigate the intestinal microbiota and metabolites using 16S rRNA sequencing and LC-MS metabolomics. The result showed that the AO group had greater final body weights overall than the AH group and OH group (p < 0.05). The AH group and OH group had considerably greater feed-to-gain ratios than the AO group (p < 0.05). At the phylum level, the OH group exhibited an increased relative abundance of Bacteroidota and Spirochaetota in the jejunum (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Actinobacteriota in the colon was increased in the AO group (p < 0.05). At the genus level, the AO group exhibited a decreased abundance of Clostridium sensu_stricto_1 (p < 0.05), and the OH group showed an increased abundance UCG-005 and Alistipes in the jejunum. There were many differential metabolites in the OH group and AO group compared to the AH group, and the different metabolites of the OH group were associated with the metabolic pathways of the nervous system, sensory system, amino acid metabolism, and lipid metabolism in the jejunum and with lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and the nervous system in the colon. In the AO group, these metabolites were associated with the digestive system and the translation and metabolism of cofactors in the jejunum and with the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins in the colon. In summary, it is feasible to replace alfalfa hay with oat hay based on milk replacer and starter. The combination of the two forages enhanced nutrient absorption, improved immune function, maintained the internal homeostasis of yak calves, and was more beneficial to their growth and development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

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13 pages, 1576 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Pharmacokinetics of Δ⁹-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Sheep

by Sarah A. Stevens, Scott H. Edwards, Glenys K. Noble, Colin J. Scrivener, Gaye L. Krebs, Christopher E. Petzel, Christopher D. May, Zi Xuan Tai, Bronwyn L. Blake, Kenneth C. Dods and Leon N. Warne

Animals 2024, 14(22), 3328; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223328 - 19 Nov 2024

Viewed by 628

Abstract

The pharmacokinetics of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC) has not been established in ruminants. Pharmacokinetic knowledge is important given feeding industrial hemp biomass has been shown to result in tissue residues post feeding in sheep. Due to a lack of testing and [...] Read more.

The pharmacokinetics of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC) has not been established in ruminants. Pharmacokinetic knowledge is important given feeding industrial hemp biomass has been shown to result in tissue residues post feeding in sheep. Due to a lack of testing and available data, a ‘maximum’ concentration of Δ⁹-THC has not been currently set for foods of animal origin. Consequently, this study was designed to gain a better understanding of how ruminants process Δ⁹-THC. Eight Merino ewes were administered with two per os (PO) doses of 88.5 mg Δ⁹-THC/kg bodyweight (BW) 12 h apart. Blood samples were collected periodically post dosing to determine the pharmacokinetics of Δ⁹-THC and subcutaneous fat biopsies were taken to investigate the deposition and elimination of Δ⁹-THC from sheep. An elimination half-life of 31.40 ± 13.87 h was identified, with residues persisting in the subcutaneous fat for 28 d in five of the eight sheep, before decreasing below the limit of detection in all sheep by 91 d. These results support the prolonged presence of Δ⁹-THC residues previously identified. Thus, imposing a practical withholding period for ruminants involved in the food chain may not be possible, with further research required to investigate how iHemp biomass may be safely fed to ruminants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Understanding the Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Animal Pharmaceuticals: A Focus on Effectiveness and Safety)

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16 pages, 589 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Farm and Animal Factors Associated with Morbidity, Mortality, and Growth of Pre-Weaned Heifer Dairy Calves in Southern Brazil

by Gabriela Olmos Antillón, Vilmar Fruscalso and Maria José Hötzel

Animals 2024, 14(22), 3327; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223327 - 19 Nov 2024

Viewed by 614

Abstract

This study investigates morbidity, mortality, and weight gain in pre-weaned female dairy calves, which pose economic and animal welfare challenges for farms, particularly in family-run operations in southern Brazil. We aimed to identify the rates and factors associated with these outcomes in Alto [...] Read more.

This study investigates morbidity, mortality, and weight gain in pre-weaned female dairy calves, which pose economic and animal welfare challenges for farms, particularly in family-run operations in southern Brazil. We aimed to identify the rates and factors associated with these outcomes in Alto Uruguai, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, tracking 547 calves from 70 farms across 27 municipalities from July 2015 to September 2016. We assessed calf-rearing practices, nutrition, health, and the environment using farmer questionnaires, direct observations, and systematic weight and health monitoring of female calves from birth to weaning. The association between predictors and perinatal mortality (stillbirths and deaths within 24 h), postnatal mortality (deaths from 25 h after birth to weaning), calf morbidity, and weight gain was analysed through regression models. The participating farms had 25 (9–70) (median and range) lactating cows and produced 411 (96–1631) L/d of milk (median and range). Total mortality rate was 6.8% (median 0, range 0–50%/range), of which 2.4% (median 0, range 0–50%/range) was perinatal and 4.5% (median 0, range 0–40%/range) postnatal. Average morbidity was one case for every five calves born alive (106/538), 83% of which were reported as diarrhoea cases. Weight gain was 570 ± 212 g/d (mean and standard deviation). The postnatal mortality rate was highest in the first few weeks of life and among calves with at least one case of diarrhoea. Younger and winter/spring-born calves became sick more frequently. The calves of purebred bulls, fed with cow’s milk, which received at least 4 L of milk and 0.5 kg of feed daily, had greater weight gain. The calf mortality rate was at the lower end of the range reported in international research. The main disease affecting calves was diarrhoea, and weight gain was insufficient for calves to double their weight by the time they were weaned. The results of the present study suggest that the quality of the management adopted in calf rearing in many of the family-run dairy farms of southern Brazil may be compromising the welfare, health, performance, and survival of the calves and possibly the productivity of dairy herds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)

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15 pages, 3023 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Metabolite, Immunity, Antioxidant Capacity, and Rumen Microbiota Differences Between Ewes in Late Gestation Carrying Single, Twin, and Triplet Fetuses

by Jiaxin Chen, Chunhui Duan, Sicong Yue, Xiaona Liu, Jinhui Li, Yingjie Zhang and Yueqin Liu

Animals 2024, 14(22), 3326; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223326 - 19 Nov 2024

Viewed by 624

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the differences in the energy metabolites, immunity, antioxidant capacity, and rumen microbiota of ewes with different numbers of fetuses. Thirty healthy ewes were selected and divided into single- (SL, n = 10), twin- (TL, n [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to investigate the differences in the energy metabolites, immunity, antioxidant capacity, and rumen microbiota of ewes with different numbers of fetuses. Thirty healthy ewes were selected and divided into single- (SL, n = 10), twin- (TL, n = 10), and triplet-fetal (PL, n = 10) ewes according to the number of fetuses. Sampling was carried out on days 21 (Q21) and 7 (Q7) before lambing. The results show no differences (p > 0.05) in the DMI and BW of ewes with different numbers of fetuses, and the body condition score (BCS) of PL ewes was lower (p < 0.05) than that of SL ewes. The concentrations of β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in the PL ewes were higher (p < 0.05), while the glucose (Glu), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) values were lower (p < 0.05) than those of the SL ewes. ANOSIM analysis showed that the rumen bacterial structure of the SL, TL, and PL ewes was different on days Q21 and Q7. The relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidota in the rumen was affected (p < 0.05) by the number of fetuses: the relative abundance of Firmicutes (Ruminococcus, Butyrivibrio, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group, Lachnospiraceae_XPB1014_group, and Anaeroplasma) was higher (p < 0.05), while that of Bacteroidota (Prevotella, Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, and Prevotellaceae_UCG-001) was lower (p < 0.05) in the SL ewes than in the PL ewes. In summary, the rumen microbial structure and energy metabolites of ewes in late gestation with different numbers of fetuses were different. Triplet-fetal ewes were characterized by lower BCS and antioxidant capacity and were prone to the triggering of inflammatory responses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Utilization, Requirements and Nutrigenomics in Sheep and Goats)

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4 pages, 178 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Antimicrobial Usage Monitoring Systems and Stewardship of Antimicrobials in Animal Health

by Carla Miranda

Animals 2024, 14(22), 3325; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223325 - 19 Nov 2024

Viewed by 508

Abstract

Antimicrobials, especially antibiotics, have transformed modern medicine; significantly impacted the health of humans, animals, and plants; and enhanced food safety and security [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Usage Monitoring Systems and Stewardship of Antimicrobials in Animal Health)

13 pages, 2342 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Nutritional and Health Status in Captive Eastern Indigo Snakes (Drymarchon couperi) in Response to Formulated Sausage Diet

by Peyton R. Jackson, James E. Bogan, Jr., Ellen S. Dierenfeld and Zachary J. Loughman

Animals 2024, 14(22), 3324; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223324 - 19 Nov 2024

Viewed by 713

Abstract

The federally threatened eastern indigo snake (EIS; Drymarchon couperi) is an active ophiophagous snake once found throughout the southeastern US that is now restricted to southeastern Georgia and peninsular Florida. There are concerns regarding the potential impact of overconditioning or nutrient imbalances [...] Read more.

The federally threatened eastern indigo snake (EIS; Drymarchon couperi) is an active ophiophagous snake once found throughout the southeastern US that is now restricted to southeastern Georgia and peninsular Florida. There are concerns regarding the potential impact of overconditioning or nutrient imbalances on the reproductive fitness of breeding programs due to the occurrence of dystocia in nulliparous dams and the differing nutritional profiles of domestic and free-range prey species. We examined the blood cell counts, plasma biochemistry, and circulating plasma levels of nutrients in snakes consuming standard or experimental diets over a one-year period. Treatments included mixed whole laboratory animal prey (rodents, birds), whole prey ground into sausage, or a sausage with similar nutrient profiles measured in prey found in free-ranging EIS stomach contents. Plasma concentrations of vitamin E (maximum = 0.80 mg/mL) and selenium (maximum = 371 ng/mL) were within range of and exceeded values reported in free-ranging EIS (0.0365 mg/mL and 107.45 ng/mL), while plasma vitamin D₃ concentrations (maximum = 64.1 ng/mL) were typically below minimum values observed in free-ranging EIS (46 ng/mL). Additional dietary studies initiated on juvenile subjects throughout reproductive maturity would provide an ideal experimental design for studying the linkage between reproductive health and nutrition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

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20 pages, 4295 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effective Survey Methods for the Elusive Data Deficient Black Flying Squirrel (Aeromys tephromelas) in Sabah, Malaysia Facilitate First Vocalisation Record

by Sapphire Hampshire and Priscillia Miard

Animals 2024, 14(22), 3323; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223323 - 19 Nov 2024

Viewed by 904

Abstract

Flying squirrels are nocturnal, gliding relatives of tree and ground squirrels (order Sciuridae). Despite 49 species existing, literature on Asiatic flying squirrels is scarce, thus they are overlooked in conservation action plans. Recently, three species of giant flying squirrel (Aeromys tephromelas, [...] Read more.

Flying squirrels are nocturnal, gliding relatives of tree and ground squirrels (order Sciuridae). Despite 49 species existing, literature on Asiatic flying squirrels is scarce, thus they are overlooked in conservation action plans. Recently, three species of giant flying squirrel (Aeromys tephromelas, Petaurista petaurista and Aeromys thomasi) were observed during a nocturnal mammal survey at the Rainforest Discovery Centre (RDC), an Eco centre at the edge of the Kabili-Sepilok forest reserve in Sepilok, Sabah (Malaysia, Borneo). The survey (February–March 2023) incorporated the use of red LED spotlighting, thermal imaging and bioacoustic recording during systematic along-line point counts. This is the first report on flying squirrel ecology in Sabah and the first focused publication on the ‘giant’ black flying squirrel (A. tephromelas), categorised by the IUCN as Data Deficient. The most notable result was the first documentation of a black flying squirrel vocalisation event (106 calls at a frequency range of 0.75–2.69 kHz and mean duration of 1.4 s). Although call function was not determined, this result sheds light on a previously unknown part of their ecology. These results stress the urgency for further research on the black flying squirrel to evaluate their current extinction risk, considering deforestation is prevalent across most of their distribution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surviving in the Dark: The Complexities of Nocturnal Animal Behavior and Adaptation)

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16 pages, 2770 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison Between Medetomidine and a Medetomidine–Vatinoxan Combination on Cardiorespiratory Variables in Dogs Undergoing Ovariectomy Anesthetized with Butorphanol, Propofol and Sevoflurane or Desflurane

by Francesca Cubeddu, Gerolamo Masala, Francesca Corda, Andrea Corda and Giovanni Mario Careddu

Animals 2024, 14(22), 3322; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223322 - 19 Nov 2024

Viewed by 641

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a medetomidine–vatinoxan combination versus medetomidine alone on heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in a short-term surgery in dogs. Four groups of 10 dogs were administered as follows: medetomidine and [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a medetomidine–vatinoxan combination versus medetomidine alone on heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in a short-term surgery in dogs. Four groups of 10 dogs were administered as follows: medetomidine and sevoflurane; medetomidine and desflurane; medetomidine–vatinoxan and sevoflurane; and medetomidine–vatinoxan and desflurane. After administration, the increase in MAP soon stopped at 102–104 mmHg in the two groups administered medetomidine–vatinoxan, compared with significantly higher values of 143–126 mmHg achieved in the two groups administered medetomidine alone. The lowest MAPs in the two medetomidine–vatinoxan groups were 46–50 mmHg, while in the medetomidine groups, they were 58–79 mmHg. From 3 min onwards after administration, in the medetomidine–vatinoxan treatments, HR remained at values very close to those of pre-administration, between 83 and 118 beats min⁻¹, while in the medetomidine treatments, it dropped to 36–43 beats min⁻¹ and then slowly rose to reach 71–90 beats min⁻¹. These results encourage the use of vatinoxan in clinical settings, particularly in anesthetic protocols for dogs when bradycardia and an increase in systemic pressure should be avoided. Further clinical studies are needed to manage the short periods of hypotension, as well as the slight reduction in sedative and pain-relieving medetomidine effects found, particularly when vatinoxan is in combination with desflurane rather than sevoflurane. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Animal Anesthesiology)

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12 pages, 705 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Molecular and Serological Findings in Sheep During Two Coxiella burnetii Outbreaks in Sicily (Southern Italy)

by Valeria Blanda, Giuseppina Chiarenza, Ilenia Giacchino, Sergio Migliore, Santina Di Bella, Francesco La Russa, Valeria Vaglica, Rosalia D’Agostino, Francesca Arcuri, Carmela Sciacca, Marilena Alfano, Natalia Sciortino, Alessandra Torina, Francesca Grippi and Domenico Vicari

Animals 2024, 14(22), 3321; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223321 - 19 Nov 2024

Viewed by 729

Abstract

Q fever is a widespread zoonotic disease caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii, primarily transmitted through the inhalation of contaminated aerosols. This study aimed to detect C. burnetii in two Sicilian sheep flocks, with no better defined reproductive disorders reported [...] Read more.

Q fever is a widespread zoonotic disease caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii, primarily transmitted through the inhalation of contaminated aerosols. This study aimed to detect C. burnetii in two Sicilian sheep flocks, with no better defined reproductive disorders reported by the farmers. Blood, individual and bulk milk, ticks, and conjunctival swabs were collected from both flocks (A and B). Real-time and traditional PCRs were carried out to detect C. burnetii DNA and anti-C. burnetii antibodies were searched using an ELISA. In terms of Farm A, C. burnetii DNA was detected in 7.1% of blood samples, 20% of individual milk samples, bulk milk, 66.6% of conjunctival swabs, and in all the examined tick pools. Anti-C. burnetii antibodies were found in 77.0% of sera, 92.5% of individual milk samples, and bulk milk. In terms of Farm B, C. burnetii DNA was detected in 3.8% of blood samples, 39.4% of individual milk samples, bulk milk, 100% of conjunctival swabs, and in all tick pools; anti-C. burnetii antibodies were present in 53.6% of sera, 73.2% of milk samples, and in bulk milk. Our results highlight the high diffusion of C. burnetii in the two outbreaks, with widespread pathogen circulation, significant shedding in dairy products, and high environmental contamination, highlighting the need for enhanced surveillance and control measures in dairy sheep farms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Small Ruminants)

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13 pages, 1184 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differences in the Impact of Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction on Intraventricular Pressure Gradient in Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

by Miki Hirose, Momoko Watanabe, Aki Takeuchi, Aimi Yokoi, Kazuyuki Terai, Katsuhiro Matsuura, Ken Takahashi and Ryou Tanaka

Animals 2024, 14(22), 3320; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223320 - 19 Nov 2024

Viewed by 653

Abstract

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common form of cardiomyopathy in cats, and heart failure occurs as diastolic dysfunction progresses. HCM in cats is broadly classified as non-obstructive and obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, depending on the presence or absence of outflow tract obstruction. Measurement of [...] Read more.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common form of cardiomyopathy in cats, and heart failure occurs as diastolic dysfunction progresses. HCM in cats is broadly classified as non-obstructive and obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, depending on the presence or absence of outflow tract obstruction. Measurement of the intraventricular pressure differences (IVPD) using color M-mode (CMM) has attracted attention as a reliable diastolic index as it correlates with catheterization, the gold standard for the assessment of diastolic performance. Because IVPD is affected by the size of the heart, the intraventricular pressure gradient (IVPG) index, which is unaffected by heart size, is by calculated by dividing IVPD by LV length. In the present study, CMM IVPG was used to non-invasively assess diastolic impairment in cats with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This study was conducted on 10 control cats and 18 cats in the HCM group. Although no severe left atrial enlargement was observed in the HCM group, the basal IVPG was significantly increased in the HOCM group compared to the control group. Although IVPD typically suggests impaired diastolic function and reduced ventricular compliance, the significant increase observed in the HOCM group compared to controls may suggest an indirect elevation in left atrial pressure, likely secondary to left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. The increase in IVPG in HOCM, as shown in this study, is a pathological effect of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction that cannot be detected by conventional echocardiographic indices, and evaluating IVPG is useful to evaluate cardiac function from a perspective that differs from conventional methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Diagnostic Imaging in Small Animal Cardiology)

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14 pages, 12323 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of 1-Deoxynojirimycin Extracts of Mulberry Leaves on Oxidative Stress and the Function of the Intestinal Tract in Broilers Induced by H₂O₂

by Chengfeng Zhao, Mingzhu Wang, Tao Li, Dehui Li, Yuan Feng, Yuhua Wang, Liang Qu, Adileidys Ruiz Barcenas, Boris Ramos Serrano, Manman Shen and Weiguo Zhao

Animals 2024, 14(22), 3319; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223319 - 18 Nov 2024

Viewed by 780

Abstract

The poultry industry struggles with oxidative stress affecting gut health and productivity. This study examined using 1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) extracts from mulberry leaves as an antioxidant in broilers feed to combat this issue. We divided 240 broilers, aged 16 days, into six groups, including [...] Read more.

The poultry industry struggles with oxidative stress affecting gut health and productivity. This study examined using 1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) extracts from mulberry leaves as an antioxidant in broilers feed to combat this issue. We divided 240 broilers, aged 16 days, into six groups, including a control and groups exposed to oxidative stress through H₂O₂ injections, with different supplement levels of DNJ-E (40, 80, 120, and 160 mg/kg of the basal diet) lasting until the broilers reached 42 days old. We evaluated intestinal morphology, ultrastructure, oxidative stress markers, the tight junction, and inflammatory cytokines. Adding 40 mg/kg DNJ-E improved villus height, the villus-to-crypt ratio, and cellular ultrastructure, and increased SOD levels in the jejunum and ileum, as well as CAT levels in the duodenum and jejunum (p < 0.05), compared to the H₂O₂ group. The addition of DNJ had differential effects on oxidative stress, the intestinal barrier, and immune-related genes. Importantly, the dosages of 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg resulted in an upregulation of MUC2 mRNA expression (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that DNJ-E holds potential as a beneficial feed additive for enhancing broiler health, particularly at supplementation levels below 80 mg/kg, as higher concentrations may negatively influence intestinal health. Future investigations should aim to elucidate the underlying mechanisms through which DNJ-E operates within the avian gastrointestinal system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

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14 pages, 6903 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Gene to Protein: Unraveling the Reproductive Blueprint of Male Grey Squirrels via Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Cognate Receptors

by Francesca Mercati, Gabriella Guelfi, Antonello Bufalari, Cecilia Dall’Aglio, Chiara Suvieri, Paolo Cocci, Francesco Alessandro Palermo, Polina Anipchenko, Camilla Capaccia, Beniamino Cenci-Goga, Massimo Zerani and Margherita Maranesi

Animals 2024, 14(22), 3318; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223318 - 18 Nov 2024

Viewed by 556

Abstract

The grey squirrel, an invasive species, threatens the Eurasian red squirrel’s conservation, particularly in Umbria, Italy. Understanding its reproductive biology is essential to limiting its reproductive success. This study investigates the NGF system and its receptors (NTRK1 and p75NTR) in the testes of [...] Read more.

The grey squirrel, an invasive species, threatens the Eurasian red squirrel’s conservation, particularly in Umbria, Italy. Understanding its reproductive biology is essential to limiting its reproductive success. This study investigates the NGF system and its receptors (NTRK1 and p75NTR) in the testes of male grey squirrels, following prior research on female reproductive biology. NGF plays a role in testicular morphogenesis and spermiogenesis in animals and humans. As part of the LIFE Project U-SAVEREDS, eighteen squirrels were captured and classified into three morphotypes (immature, pubertal, and active spermatogenesis). NGF and its receptors were analyzed using real-time PCR, western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and plasma levels measured via ELISA. NGF qPCR expression levels were significantly higher during puberty compared to the immature and spermatogenesis stages (p < 0.01). Immunohistochemistry revealed NGF in Leydig cells, with stronger staining in pubertal and mature squirrels, while NTRK1 was found in Leydig cells in immature squirrels and germ cells in pubertal and mature ones. NGF receptors were observed in Sertoli cells in pubertal and mature squirrels. Plasma NGF levels showed a significant upregulation in pubertal squirrels (135.80 ± 12 pg/mL) compared to those in the immature (25.60 ± 9.32 pg/mL) and spermatogenesis stages (34.20 ± 6.06 pg/mL), with a p value < 0.01. The co-localization of NGF and its receptors suggests that NGF, produced by Leydig cells, regulates testis development and reproductive success through autocrine or paracrine mechanisms, potentially involving an unidentified pathway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Physiology)

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12 pages, 1824 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Linkage Disequilibrium Decay in Selected Cattle Breeds

by Farhad Bordbar, Just Jensen, Armughan Ahmed Wadood and Zipei Yao

Animals 2024, 14(22), 3317; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223317 - 18 Nov 2024

Viewed by 803

Abstract

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) maps are fundamental tools for exploring the genetic basis of traits of interest in any species. Quantifying LD patterns in cattle breeds has been made possible due to the availability of huge quantities of SNPs through modern sequencing technology. The [...] Read more.

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) maps are fundamental tools for exploring the genetic basis of traits of interest in any species. Quantifying LD patterns in cattle breeds has been made possible due to the availability of huge quantities of SNPs through modern sequencing technology. The present research aims to determine and compare linkage disequilibrium levels at different distances on the genome of Sistani domestic cattle and subspecies of Bos taurus and Bos indicus based on genome SNP data. A total of 60 Bos indicus Sahiwal (dairy) and Nellore (beef), Bos taurus Hereford (beef) and Holstein (dairy), and Sistani cattle were sampled and genotyped using Illumina Bovine HD 770 k chip. To ensure the caliber of the sequencing, 10 samples (genetically sequenced cattle) were randomly chosen among all breeds represented. LD was evaluated at distances of 1–50 Kb, 50–100 Kb, 100–500 Kb, and 0.5–1 Mb, and average r² values for all autosomes were calculated within distance classes. For all breeds, the average r² was over 0.2 at distances less than 100 Kb, while for Sistani, Nellore, and Sahiwal, the average r² was above 0.2 between 100 and 500 Kb. Furthermore, for all breeds, the average r² exceeding 0.3 was noted at distances smaller than 50 Kb, while this amount for Holstein and Hereford was observed at distances between 50 and 100 Kb. In various breeds, greater changes in LD levels were observed (at <10 Kb distance). In this study, the Sistani breed showed LD decay patterns similar to indicine cattle (Nellore and Sahiwal), which may be due to the geographic proximity of the Sistan and Baluchestan province to Pakistan, the origin of indicine breeds (they may have had genetic or kinship relationships over a long historical period), or due to ascertainment bias in the SNP chips used. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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Animals, Volume 14, Issue 22 (November-2 2024) – 183 articles

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