Plants

24 pages, 1941 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Effects of Arnica Phytotherapeutic and Homeopathic Formulations on Traumatic Injuries and Inflammatory Conditions: A Systematic Review

by Claudia-Crina Toma, Mariangela Marrelli, Monica Puticiu, Filomena Conforti and Giancarlo Statti

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3112; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213112 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1853

Abstract

Arnica L. genus (Asteraceae) comprises perennial herbs native to the temperate and boreal parts of the northern hemisphere. Arnica montana is the main species. It shows different biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and antitumor effects. The Arnica formulations are mainly [...] Read more.

Arnica L. genus (Asteraceae) comprises perennial herbs native to the temperate and boreal parts of the northern hemisphere. Arnica montana is the main species. It shows different biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and antitumor effects. The Arnica formulations are mainly used for pain management. This systematic review is aimed at summarizing the studies focusing on the use of Arnica products on pain and inflammatory signs due to traumatic injuries related to sport and surgical interventions as well as to arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. Both phytotherapeutic and homeopathic formulations are taken into account. This paper only includes manuscripts published in mainstream journals. A literature search from Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed databases has been carried out using a combination of the keywords “Arnica”, “trauma”, “sport”, “injury”, “injuries”, and “pain”. According to the search strategy and inclusion criteria for this study, 42 eligible papers, focusing on both Arnica alone and formulations containing a mixture of plant extracts, have been finally selected. This review critically discusses the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies dealing with Arnica products, reporting both positive and negative outcomes, thus providing perspectives for future research on the plant pharmacological potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Medicinal Plants: New Advances in Phytochemicals and Their Health Benefits)

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16 pages, 9333 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Salicylic Acid in Salinity Stress Mitigation in Dizygostemon riparius: A Medicinal Species Native to South America

by Irislene Cutrim Albuquerque, Vitória Karla de Oliveira Silva-Moraes, Givago Lopes Alves, Jordanya Ferreira Pinheiro, Juliane Maciel Henschel, Aldilene da Silva Lima, Priscila Marlys Sá Rivas, Jailma Ribeiro de Andrade, Diego Silva Batista, Fabrício de Oliveira Reis, Tiago Massi Ferraz, Fábio Afonso Mazzei Moura de Assis Figueiredo, Paulo Henrique Aragão Catunda, Thais Roseli Corrêa and Sérgio Heitor Sousa Felipe

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3111; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213111 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 773

Abstract

Salicylic acid (SA) is a bioregulator well-known for mitigating salinity damage in plants. However, no studies have examined the interaction between SA and salinity in Dizygostemon riparius, a species rich in bioactive molecules. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effect of SA [...] Read more.

Salicylic acid (SA) is a bioregulator well-known for mitigating salinity damage in plants. However, no studies have examined the interaction between SA and salinity in Dizygostemon riparius, a species rich in bioactive molecules. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effect of SA application on Dizygostemon riparius under different salinity levels. A completely randomized experiment was conducted in a 2 × 3 factorial design (two SA concentrations of 0 and 100 µM and three salinity concentrations of 0, 200, and 400 mM NaCl) with five replicates. At 400 mM NaCl, leaf temperature increased by 11%, while relative water content and total soluble carbohydrates decreased by 30% and 35%, respectively, leading to reduced biomass accumulation. Notably, the SA application mitigated these effects by restoring relative water content under 400 mM NaCl and improving carboxylation efficiency and intrinsic water-use efficiency under 200 mM NaCl. Additionally, dry biomass was maintained under both 200 and 400 mM NaCl with SA treatment. These findings suggest that SA has a promising potential to alleviate salt stress in Dizygostemon riparius. Our results could inform cultivation practices, opening new perspectives on the use of SA as an attenuator of salinity stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Propagation and Cultivation of Medicinal Plants―2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 3150 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Continuous Growth Monitoring and Prediction with 1D Convolutional Neural Network Using Generated Data with Vision Transformer

by Woo-Joo Choi, Se-Hun Jang, Taewon Moon, Kyeong-Su Seo, Da-Seul Choi and Myung-Min Oh

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3110; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213110 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 726

Abstract

Crop growth information is collected through destructive investigation, which inevitably causes discontinuity of the target. Real-time monitoring and estimation of the same target crops can lead to dynamic feedback control, considering immediate crop growth. Images are high-dimensional data containing crop growth and developmental [...] Read more.

Crop growth information is collected through destructive investigation, which inevitably causes discontinuity of the target. Real-time monitoring and estimation of the same target crops can lead to dynamic feedback control, considering immediate crop growth. Images are high-dimensional data containing crop growth and developmental stages and image collection is non-destructive. We propose a non-destructive growth prediction method that uses low-cost RGB images and computer vision. In this study, two methodologies were selected and verified: an image-to-growth model with crop images and a growth simulation model with estimated crop growth. The best models for each case were the vision transformer (ViT) and one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D ConvNet). For shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, and leaf area of lettuce, ViT showed R² values of 0.89, 0.93, and 0.78, respectively, whereas 1D ConvNet showed 0.96, 0.94, and 0.95, respectively. These accuracies indicated that RGB images and deep neural networks can non-destructively interpret the interaction between crops and the environment. Ultimately, growers can enhance resource use efficiency by adapting real-time monitoring and prediction to feedback environmental controls to yield high-quality crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Predicting and Understanding Plant Properties with Data-Driven Approaches)

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17 pages, 1847 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Construction of Freezing Injury Grade Index for Nanfeng Tangerine Plants Based on Physiological and Biochemical Parameters

by Chao Xu, Buchun Liu, Yuting Wang and Zhongdong Hu

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3109; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213109 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 682

Abstract

Low-temperature freezing stress constitutes the most significant meteorological disaster during the overwintering period in the Nanfeng Tangerine (NT) production area, severely impacting the normal growth and development of the plants. Currently, the accuracy of meteorological disaster warnings and forecasts for NT orchards remains [...] Read more.

Low-temperature freezing stress constitutes the most significant meteorological disaster during the overwintering period in the Nanfeng Tangerine (NT) production area, severely impacting the normal growth and development of the plants. Currently, the accuracy of meteorological disaster warnings and forecasts for NT orchards remains suboptimal, primarily due to the absence of quantitative meteorological indicators for low-temperature freezing stress. Therefore, this study employed NT plants as experimental subjects and conducted controlled treatment experiments under varying intensities of low-temperature freezing stress (0 °C, −2 °C, −5 °C, −7 °C, and −9 °C) and durations (1 h, 4 h, and 7 h). Subsequently, physiological and biochemical parameters were measured, including photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, reactive oxygen species, osmoregulatory substances, and antioxidant enzyme activities in NT plants. The results demonstrated that low-temperature freezing stress adversely affected the photosynthetic system of NT plants, disrupted the dynamic equilibrium of the antioxidant system, and compromised cellular stability. The severity of freezing damage increased with decreasing temperature and prolonged exposure. Chlorophyll (a/b) ratio (Chl (a/b)), maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (F_v/F_m), soluble sugar, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were identified as key indicators for assessing physiological and biochemical changes in NT plants. Utilizing these four parameters, a comprehensive score (CS) model of freezing damage was developed to quantitatively evaluate the growth status of NT plants across varying low-temperature freezing damage gradients and durations. Subsequently, the freezing damage grade index for NT plants during the overwintering period was established. Specifically, Level 1 for CS ≤ −0.50, Level 2 for −0.5 < CS ≤ 0, Level 3 for 0 < CS ≤ 0.5, and Level 4 for 0.5 < CS. The research results provide valuable data for agricultural meteorological departments to carry out disaster monitoring, early warning, and prevention and control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments in Sustainable Horticulture: Resilience, Resource Protection and Rewards)

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16 pages, 2313 KiB

Open AccessReview

Plant Growth Regulators: An Overview of WOX Gene Family

by Haroon Rasheed, Lin Shi, Chichi Winarsih, Bello Hassan Jakada, Rusong Chai and Haijiao Huang

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3108; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213108 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1556

Abstract

The adaptation of plants to land requires sophisticated biological processes and signaling. Transcription factors (TFs) regulate several cellular and metabolic activities, as well as signaling pathways in plants during stress and growth and development. The WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) genes are TFs that are [...] Read more.

The adaptation of plants to land requires sophisticated biological processes and signaling. Transcription factors (TFs) regulate several cellular and metabolic activities, as well as signaling pathways in plants during stress and growth and development. The WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) genes are TFs that are part of the homeodomain (HD) family, which is important for the maintenance of apical meristem, stem cell niche, and other cellular processes. The WOX gene family is divided into three clades: ancient, intermediate, and modern (WUS) based on historical evolution linkage. The number of WOX genes in the plant body increases as plants grow more complex and varies in different species. Numerous research studies have discovered that the WOX gene family play a role in the whole plant’s growth and development, such as in the stem, embryo, root, flower, and leaf. This review comprehensively analyzes roles of the WOX gene family across various plant species, highlighting the evolutionary significance and potential biotechnological applications in stress resistance and crop improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)

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18 pages, 3578 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acidic Stress Induces Cytosolic Free Calcium Oscillation, and an Appropriate Low pH Helps Maintain the Circadian Clock in Arabidopsis

by Wei Chen, Jing Xu, Jia Chen, Jun-Feng Wang, Shu Zhang and Zhen-Ming Pei

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3107; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213107 - 4 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 948

Abstract

Acidic stress is a formidable environmental factor that exerts adverse effects on plant growth and development, ultimately leading to a potential reduction in agricultural productivity. A low pH triggers Ca²⁺ influx across the plasma membrane (PM), eliciting distinct responses under various acidic [...] Read more.

Acidic stress is a formidable environmental factor that exerts adverse effects on plant growth and development, ultimately leading to a potential reduction in agricultural productivity. A low pH triggers Ca²⁺ influx across the plasma membrane (PM), eliciting distinct responses under various acidic pH levels. However, the underlying mechanisms by which Arabidopsis plant cells generate stimulus-specific Ca²⁺ signals in response to acidic stress remain largely unexplored. The experimentally induced stimulus may elicit spikes in cytosolic free Ca²⁺ concentration ([Ca²⁺]_i) spikes or complex [Ca²⁺]_i oscillations that persist for 20 min over a long-term of 24 h or even several days within the plant cytosol and chloroplast. This study investigated the increase in [Ca²⁺]_i under a gradient of low pH stress ranging from pH 3.0 to 6.0. Notably, the peak of [Ca²⁺]_i elevation was lower at pH 4.0 than at pH 3.0 during the initial 8 h, while other pH levels did not significantly increase [Ca²⁺]_i compared to low acidic stress conditions. Lanthanum chloride (LaCl₃) can effectively suppress the influx of [Ca²⁺]_i from the apoplastic to the cytoplasm in plants under acid stress, with no discernible difference in intracellular calcium levels observed in Arabidopsis. Following 8 h of acid treatment in the darkness, the intracellular baseline Ca²⁺ levels in Arabidopsis were significantly elevated when exposed to low pH stress. A moderately low pH, specifically 4.0, may function as a spatial-temporal input into the circadian clock system. These findings suggest that acid stimulation can exert a continuous influence on intracellular calcium levels, as well as plant growth and development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress Responses in Plants)

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13 pages, 1326 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Development of a Procedure for the Cryopreservation of the Callus of Anthurium andraeanum by Vitrification

by Yiying Zhang, Shan Deng, Huifeng Lin, Yunxia Chu, Jingyan Huang, Shouguo Li, Fazhuang Lin, Sumei Zhang, Weilan Jiang, Li Ren and Hairong Chen

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3106; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213106 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 641

Abstract

The cryopreservation of Anthurium andraeanum germplasm resources is extremely important for the production and selection of new varieties. At present, the cryopreservation procedure for the callus of A. andraeanum has not been established. In this study, the leaves of A. andraeanum were used [...] Read more.

The cryopreservation of Anthurium andraeanum germplasm resources is extremely important for the production and selection of new varieties. At present, the cryopreservation procedure for the callus of A. andraeanum has not been established. In this study, the leaves of A. andraeanum were used as explants to culture the callus. The cryopreservation procedure of the callus by vitrification was initially established by using the orthogonal experimental method of four factors and three levels in the preculture, loading, and dehydration steps. Furthermore, the vitrification-based cryopreservation was optimized by changing the preculture temperature and loading solution and adding exogenous substances to the plant vitrification solution (PVS2). In this procedure, the callus was precultured at 25 °C for 2 d, and loaded in 50% PVS2 at 25 °C for 60 min. The callus was dehydrated with PVS2 containing 0.08 mM reduced glutathione (GSH) at 0 °C for 60 min. After rapid-cooling in liquid nitrogen for 1 h, it was rapid-warming in a water bath at 40 °C for 90 s and unloaded for 30 min. After 1 d of recovery, the cell relative survival rate of the cryopreserved callus was 64.60%. The results provide a valuable basic and effective method for the long-term conservation of A. andraeanum germplasm resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue In Vitro Propagation and Cryopreservation of Plants)

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13 pages, 2243 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Across-Population Genomic Prediction for Maize Hybrids

by Guangning Yu, Furong Li, Xin Wang, Yuxiang Zhang, Kai Zhou, Wenyan Yang, Xiusheng Guan, Xuecai Zhang, Chenwu Xu and Yang Xu

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3105; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213105 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 751

Abstract

In crop breeding, genomic selection (GS) serves as a powerful tool for predicting unknown phenotypes by using genome-wide markers, aimed at enhancing genetic gain for quantitative traits. However, in practical applications of GS, predictions are not always made within populations or for individuals [...] Read more.

In crop breeding, genomic selection (GS) serves as a powerful tool for predicting unknown phenotypes by using genome-wide markers, aimed at enhancing genetic gain for quantitative traits. However, in practical applications of GS, predictions are not always made within populations or for individuals that are genetically similar to the training population. Therefore, exploring possibilities and effective strategies for across-population prediction becomes an attractive avenue for applying GS technology in breeding practices. In this study, we used an existing maize population of 5820 hybrids as the training population to predict another population of 523 maize hybrids using the GBLUP and BayesB models. We evaluated the impact of optimizing the training population based on the genetic relationship between the training and breeding populations on the accuracy of across-population predictions. The results showed that the prediction accuracy improved to some extent with varying training population sizes. However, the optimal size of the training population differed for various traits. Additionally, we proposed a population structure-based across-population genomic prediction (PSAPGP) strategy, which integrates population structure as a fixed effect in the GS models. Principal component analysis, clustering, and Q-matrix analysis were used to assess the population structure. Notably, when the Q-matrix was used, the across-population prediction exhibited the best performance, with improvements ranging from 8 to 11% for ear weight, ear grain weight and plant height. This is a promising strategy for reducing phenotyping costs and enhancing maize hybrid breeding efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corn Cultivation and Improvement)

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14 pages, 6553 KiB

Open AccessArticle

GmTRAB1, a Basic Leucine Zipper Transcription Factor, Positively Regulates Drought Tolerance in Soybean (Glycine max. L)

by Hui Li, Qiu-Yu Zhang, Ping Xu, Xiao-Hua Wang, Sheng-Jie Dai, Zhen-Ning Liu, Meng Xu, Xue Cao and Xiao-Yu Cui

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3104; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213104 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 912

Abstract

The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors play crucial roles in plant resistance to environmental challenges, but the biological functions of soybean bZIP members are still unclear. In this study, a drought-related soybean bZIP gene, GmTRAB1, was analyzed. The transcript of GmTRAB1 [...] Read more.

The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors play crucial roles in plant resistance to environmental challenges, but the biological functions of soybean bZIP members are still unclear. In this study, a drought-related soybean bZIP gene, GmTRAB1, was analyzed. The transcript of GmTRAB1 was upregulated under drought, ABA, and oxidative stresses. Overexpression of GmTRAB1 improved the osmotic stress tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis and soybean hairy roots associated with increased proline content and activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduced accumulations of malonaldehyde and reactive oxide species. However, RNA interference silencing of GmTRAB1 in the soybean hairy roots improved drought sensitivity. Furthermore, GmTRAB1 increased the sensitivity of transgenic plants to ABA and participated in modulating ABA-regulated stomatal closure upon drought stress. In addition, GmTRAB1 stimulated the transcript accumulation of drought-, ABA-, and antioxidant-related genes to respond to drought. Collectively, this research will contribute to understanding the molecular mechanisms of bZIP transcription factors in soybean’s resistance to drought. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress of Crops: Molecular Genetics and Genomics—2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 3711 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Optimum Mixed Cropping Ratio of Oat and Alfalfa Enhanced Plant Growth, Forage Yield, and Forage Quality in Saline Soil

by Guanglong Zhu, Jiao Liu, Hao Wu, Yiming Zhu, Nimir Eltyb Ahmed Nimir and Guisheng Zhou

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3103; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213103 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 796

Abstract

The forage shortage is more aggravating than ever before, with husbandry development accelerating and meat and dairy product demand increasing. Salinized soils are important reserve land encouraged to be used for forage production in China. However, the salt-tolerant cultivation techniques for forage crops [...] Read more.

The forage shortage is more aggravating than ever before, with husbandry development accelerating and meat and dairy product demand increasing. Salinized soils are important reserve land encouraged to be used for forage production in China. However, the salt-tolerant cultivation techniques for forage crops are still inadequate. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of the mixed cropping ratio of oat and alfalfa on plant growth and physiological traits, forage yield, and forage quality in saline soils. Oat (Avena sativa L.) variety of Canadian Monopoly and alfalfa variety of WL525HQ were used, and five mixed cropping ratios (T1 = 100% oat + 0% alfalfa, CK, T2 = 75% oat + 25% alfalfa, T3 = 50% oat + 50% alfalfa, T4 = 25% oat + 75% alfalfa, and T5 = 0% oat + 100% alfalfa) were evaluated. The results showed that plant height, chlorophyll, soluble sugar, starch, antioxidant enzymes, and crude fat were increased firstly and then decreased prominently with decreased oats and increased alfalfa sowing rate; the maximum values showed under T2 but the minimum value under T5 at evaluated growth periods. On the contrary, malondialdehyde and acid detergent fiber were significantly decreased and then increased; the lowest contents were recorded under T2 and highest under T5. Furthermore, the relative growth rate, forage yield, neutral detergent fiber, and crude ash were decreased prominently with decreased oats and increased alfalfa sowing rate, and the highest and lowest values showed under T1 and T5, respectively. Oppositely, the contents of sucrose, proline, N, P, K, relative feeding value, and crude protein were all increased, with the highest contents generated under T2 and the lowest under T1. On the whole, the mixed cropping treatment of T2 showed the best performance in improving both biomass yield and forage quality by enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity, osmotic regulatory substances, and nutrient uptake and utilization. Therefore, this study indicates that 75% oat mixed cropping with 25% alfalfa can be recommended as a salt-tolerant cultivation technique for forage high-yield and high-quality production in moderately saline soil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Agricultural Technologies and Practices for Improving Crop Physiology, Productivity and Quality)

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15 pages, 3820 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Overexpression of Cassava MeSTP7 Promotes Arabidopsis Seedling Development

by Sha Geng, Xiaotong Wang, Wei Yan, Qian Liu, Na Wang, Jianyu Zhang, Jianchun Guo, Jiao Liu and Lijuan Luo

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3102; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213102 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 719

Abstract

The sugar transporter (STP) gene family is a key regulator of plant development, which is crucial for the efficient transport and utilization of sugars during plant growth and development. In this study, we identified the MeSTP7 gene, which is highly expressed in cassava [...] Read more.

The sugar transporter (STP) gene family is a key regulator of plant development, which is crucial for the efficient transport and utilization of sugars during plant growth and development. In this study, we identified the MeSTP7 gene, which is highly expressed in cassava fibrous roots, early storage roots, and under hormonal treatment, including IAA, MeJA, ABA, and GA₃, and abiotic stressors, such as mannitol and NaCl. A strong response was observed with exoqenous IAA. Transfecting MeSTP7 into Arabidopsis promoted early seedling growth, particularly in lateral root development. The content of endogenous hormones (IAA and MeJA) as well as soluble sugars (sucrose, fructose, and glucose) was elevated in transgenic Arabidopsis. Hormone treatments with IAA, MeJA, GA₃, and ABA on transgenic Arabidopsis revealed that transgenic Arabidopsis responded positively to added 20 μM IAA. They also exhibited co-induced regulation of lateral root formation by GA₃, MeJA, and ABA. qRT-PCR analysis showed that overexpression of MeSTP7 upregulated the expression of IAA14, ARF7, and ARF19 in Arabidopsis. Under IAA treatment, the expression of these genes was similarly upregulated but downregulated under MeJA treatment. These results suggest that MeSTP7 may promote Arabidopsis seedling development by increasing the content of sucrose, glucose, and fructose in roots, which in turn influences IAA-based hormonal signaling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Development and Morphogenesis)

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15 pages, 9053 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Suitable Regions for Danxiaorchis yangii Combined with Pollinators Based on the SDM Model

by Xuedie Liu, Can Gao, Guo Yang and Boyun Yang

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3101; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213101 - 3 Nov 2024

Viewed by 918

Abstract

Danxiaorchis yangii, a newly discovered fully mycoheterotrophic orchid. It relies on Lysimachia alfredii and Dufourea spp. for pollination, and environmental factors closely influence the growth and distribution of these pollinators, which in turn directly affects the growth and reproduction of D. yangii [...] Read more.

Danxiaorchis yangii, a newly discovered fully mycoheterotrophic orchid. It relies on Lysimachia alfredii and Dufourea spp. for pollination, and environmental factors closely influence the growth and distribution of these pollinators, which in turn directly affects the growth and reproduction of D. yangii. Climate change threatens the suitable habitats for these three species, emphasizing the need to understand D. yangii’s response. This study comprehensively utilized the field distribution of D. yangii and related climatic data, along with future climate predictions from global models, to predict the climate suitability areas of D. yangii under two greenhouse gas emission scenarios (SSP245 and SSP370) using species distribution models (SDMs), which encompassed a random forest (RF) model. Additionally, we selected the optimal ensemble model (OEM) for Dufourea spp. and applied generalized boosted models (GBMs) and RF for L. alfredii in our predictions. The study found that precipitation of the driest quarter plays a pivotal role in determining the distribution of D. yangii, with an optimal range of 159 to 730 mm being most conducive to its growth. Comparative analysis further indicated that precipitation exerts a greater influence on D. yangii than temperature. Historically, D. yangii has been predominantly distributed across Jiangxi, Hunan, Zhejiang, and the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, with Jiangxi Province containing the largest area of highly suitable habitat, and this distribution largely overlaps with the suitable regions of its pollinators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orchid Conservation and Biodiversity)

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22 pages, 2794 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Oligopeptide and Free Tryptophan Release from Chickpea and Lentil Proteins: A Comparative Study of Enzymatic Modification with Bromelain, Ficin, and Papain

by Éva Domokos-Szabolcsy, Tarek Alshaal, Nevien Elhawat, Zoltán Kovács, László Kaszás, Áron Béni and Attila Kiss

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3100; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213100 - 3 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1081

Abstract

Plant-based foods offer a sustainable alternative to meet the growing protein demand. Legumes are the most promising of these, as they contain relatively high concentrations of protein, low digestible starch, and dietary fiber, as well as them possibly featuring low levels of fat. [...] Read more.

Plant-based foods offer a sustainable alternative to meet the growing protein demand. Legumes are the most promising of these, as they contain relatively high concentrations of protein, low digestible starch, and dietary fiber, as well as them possibly featuring low levels of fat. Enzymatically modified legume proteins provide us with tempting perspectives in terms of enhancing foods’ biological values. However, their bioavailability and digestibility are generally less sufficient than that of proteins of animal origin, which may be improved by well-tailored enzyme modification. In this study, the efficacy of three plant-based proteases (bromelain, ficin, and papain) were evaluated at two distinct concentrations (2.5% and 10%) and three hydrolysis durations (1, 2, and 12 h) when transforming chickpea and lentil proteins. The degree of hydrolysis (DH), peptide profiles, and free amino acid content were analyzed to determine the efficiency of each enzyme. Results showed significant variations in DH, which was influenced by enzyme type, concentration, and hydrolysis duration. Papain exhibited the highest DH, particularly at a 10% concentration, reaching 27.8% efficiency in chickpea and 34.8% in lentils after 12 h. Bromelain and ficin were proven to be less effective, with ficin showing the least hydrolytic activity. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed substantial protein degradation, especially subsequent to papain treatment, pointing out that most proteins were cleaved into smaller peptides. SEC-HPLC indicated a predominant release of peptides within the 200–1000 Da range, suggesting enhanced bioavailability. Papain and bromelain treatments resulted in a significant release of oligopeptides and dipeptides. UHPLC analysis highlighted a marked post-hydrolysis increase in total free amino acids, with arginine, leucine, and lysine being the most abundant ones. Notably, tryptophan, being undetectable in untreated samples, was released in measurable amounts post-hydrolysis. These findings demonstrate papain’s superior performance in protein hydrolysis and its potential in producing bioactive peptides, highlighting its applicability in food processing and the development of both nutraceuticals and functional foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Value and Phytochemical Composition of Plant Foods)

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21 pages, 1496 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Foliar Application of Methyl Jasmonate and Chitosan Improve Growth, Yield, and Quality of Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) Under Water-Deficit Stress

by Sara Khurizadeh, Ruhollah Naderi, Heidar Meftahizadeh, Saeid Hazrati and Silvana Nicola

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3099; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213099 - 3 Nov 2024

Viewed by 733

Abstract

Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.), a summer legume, is becoming increasingly important as an industrial crop due to its high gum and viscosity content. This study investigated the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA), chitosan (CH), and their combination on the growth, yield, and [...] Read more.

Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.), a summer legume, is becoming increasingly important as an industrial crop due to its high gum and viscosity content. This study investigated the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA), chitosan (CH), and their combination on the growth, yield, and quality of guar under irrigation regimes. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using a factorial design to evaluate the effect of foliar spraying with MeJA (5, 25, and 50 µM), CH (100, 150, and 200 mg/L), their combination (25 µM MeJA + 150 mg/L CH), and control on two commercial guar varieties (RGC-986 and BR-2017) under different irrigation regimes (100%, 70%, and 40% field capacity). The results showed that the exogenous application of MeJA and CH, individually and in combination, significantly enhanced various morphological traits and yield components in guar, including plant height, pod characteristics, seed yield, and root development. Additionally, the combination treatments improved seed quality parameters, such as gum percentage and viscosity content. Leaf analysis revealed increased levels of total phenolic content, total flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents. The BR-2017 variety showed superior performance in most morphological and qualitative traits, demonstrating greater resistance to irrigation regimes. It maintained yield and quality characteristics under water-deficit conditions, particularly when treated with 25 µM MeJA and 150 mg/L CH. The highest gum percentage (33.67%) and viscosity (4768.5 cP) were observed in the RGC-986 variety, along with enhanced levels of secondary metabolites. This study provides new insights into how MeJA, CH, and their combination can improve the yield and quality of guar under water deficit stress conditions. The results suggest that the use of these elicitors, especially in combination, represents an innovative strategy for improving guar production and quality, with potential variety-specific responses to water-deficit stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic New Trends and Innovations in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, and Specialty Crops)

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13 pages, 2351 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Selenium Nanoparticles Regulate Antioxidant Enzymes and Flavonoid Compounds in Fagopyrum dibotrys

by Ting Hu, Sasa Zhang, Kui Li and Yanbin Guo

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3098; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213098 - 3 Nov 2024

Viewed by 793

Abstract

Fagopyrum dibotrys is a herbal plant. Selenium (Se) is a beneficial element for plants; selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are gaining importance in food and agriculture due to their low toxicity and high activity. This study revealed that foliar application of SeNPs enhanced superoxide dismutase, [...] Read more.

Fagopyrum dibotrys is a herbal plant. Selenium (Se) is a beneficial element for plants; selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are gaining importance in food and agriculture due to their low toxicity and high activity. This study revealed that foliar application of SeNPs enhanced superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and peroxisome activities and significantly enhanced the flavonoid compound content in F. dibotrys. SeNPs with a concentration of 5.0 mg L⁻¹ also promoted the growth of F. dibotrys. The foliar application of SeNPs could be absorbed by pores in leaves of F. dibotrys and mainly transformed to selenomethionine (32.5–43.2%) and selenocysteine (23.4–38.4%) in leaves and tubers of F. dibotrys. Consequently, this study offers a profound understanding of plants’ uptake and biotransformation of SeNPs. Furthermore, the findings of this study have suggested that SeNPs can be applied to improve the quantity and quality of the herbal plant of F. dibotrys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Macronutrients and Micronutrients in Plant Growth and Development)

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17 pages, 3402 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distinct Ecological Habits and Habitat Responses to Future Climate Change in Two Subspecies of Magnolia sieboldii K. Koch, a Tree Endemic to East Asia

by Meng Li, Chang-Fei Zheng, Xiang-Qian Gao, Chang-Hong Li, Yong-Xiang Li, Xin-He Xia, Jun Yang, Yong-Qi Zheng and Ping Huang

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3097; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213097 - 3 Nov 2024

Viewed by 744

Abstract

Magnolia sieboldii, an important ornamental tree native to East Asia, comprises two subspecies in distinct regions, with wild populations facing suboptimal survival. This study aimed to understand the potential habitat distribution of these subspecies under future climate-change conditions to support climate-adaptive conservation. [...] Read more.

Magnolia sieboldii, an important ornamental tree native to East Asia, comprises two subspecies in distinct regions, with wild populations facing suboptimal survival. This study aimed to understand the potential habitat distribution of these subspecies under future climate-change conditions to support climate-adaptive conservation. The maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model was used with occurrence and environmental data to simulate the current and future suitable habitats under various climate scenarios. Precipitation in the warmest quarter played a crucial role in shaping the potential habitats of both subspecies; however, they exhibited different sensitivities to temperature-related variables and altitude. Magnolia sieboldii subsp. sieboldii is more sensitive to temperature seasonality and annual mean temperature, whereas Magnolia sieboldii subsp. japonica is more affected by altitude, mean temperature in the driest quarter, and isothermality. Currently, the subsp. sieboldii is predicted to have larger, more contiguous suitable habitats across northeastern China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan, whereas the subsp. japonica occupies smaller, more disjunct habitats scattered in central and western Japan and the southern Chinese mountains. These two subspecies will respond differently to future climate change. Potentially suitable habitats for subsp. sieboldii are expected to expand significantly northward over time, especially under the SSP585 scenario compared with the SSP126 scenario. In contrast, moderately and highly suitable habitats for the subsp. japonica are projected to contract southward significantly. Therefore, we recommend prioritizing the conservation of the subsp. japonica over that of the subsp. sieboldii. Strategies include in situ and ex situ protection, introduction and cultivation, regional hybridization, and international cooperation. Our study offers valuable insights for the development of targeted conservation strategies for both subspecies of M. sieboldii to counteract the effects of climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology)

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15 pages, 4094 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aegilops crassa Cytotypes in Some Regions of Türkiye

by Solmaz Najafi

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3096; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213096 - 3 Nov 2024

Viewed by 591

Abstract

A new hexaploid cytotype of Aegilops crassa has been identified in Türkiye. To assess the ploidy levels of native populations, 50 samples from Adıyaman, Batman, Bitlis, Diyarbakır, Hakkari, Mardin, Siirt, Şanlıurfa, Şırnak, and Van were analyzed using flow cytometry and cytogenetic techniques. DNA [...] Read more.

A new hexaploid cytotype of Aegilops crassa has been identified in Türkiye. To assess the ploidy levels of native populations, 50 samples from Adıyaman, Batman, Bitlis, Diyarbakır, Hakkari, Mardin, Siirt, Şanlıurfa, Şırnak, and Van were analyzed using flow cytometry and cytogenetic techniques. DNA content was determined by comparison with standard plants. Results confirmed two cytotypes in Türkiye: tetraploid populations from Batman, Bitlis, Diyarbakır, Hakkari, Mardin, Siirt, Şanlıurfa, and Şırnak, and hexaploid accessions from Adıyaman and Van. Ten metaphase plates were analyzed. The tetraploid cytotype exhibited chromosome lengths of 8.95 ± 0.27 to 13.96 ± 0.13 µm, a total genome length of 165.51 ± 0.34 µm, and nuclear DNA content of 18.53 ± 0.29 to 20.37 ± 0.49 pg. Most chromosomes were metacentric, except for chromosomes 7, 8, 10, and 12, which were submetacentric. Two satellite pairs were found on chromosomes 4 and 10. The hexaploid cytotype showed chromosome lengths of 8.90 ± 0.16 to 14.06 ± 0.06 µm, a total genome length of 230.47 ± 0.23 µm, and nuclear DNA content of 33.40 ± 0.52 to 35.01 ± 0.31 pg. Most chromosomes were also metacentric, with three satellite pairs on chromosomes 3, 6, and 10. In conclusion, both tetraploid (2n = 2x = 28) and hexaploid (2n = 6x = 42) cytotypes of Ae. crassa exist in Türkiye, with the hexaploid cytotype having potential for wheat breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chromosome Changes and Karyotype Evolution in Plants)

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21 pages, 8277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Expression Analysis of TCP Transcription Factors Under Abiotic Stress in Phoebe bournei

by Wenzhuo Lv, Hao Yang, Qiumian Zheng, Wenhai Liao, Li Chen, Yiran Lian, Qinmin Lin, Shuhao Huo, Obaid Ur Rehman, Wei Liu, Kehui Zheng, Yanzi Zhang and Shijiang Cao

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3095; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213095 - 3 Nov 2024

Viewed by 821

Abstract

The TCP gene family encodes plant transcription factors crucial for regulating growth and development. While TCP genes have been identified in various species, they have not been studied in Phoebe bournei (Hemsl.). This study identified 29 TCP genes in the P. bournei genome, [...] Read more.

The TCP gene family encodes plant transcription factors crucial for regulating growth and development. While TCP genes have been identified in various species, they have not been studied in Phoebe bournei (Hemsl.). This study identified 29 TCP genes in the P. bournei genome, categorizing them into Class I (PCF) and Class II (CYC/TB1 and CIN). We conducted analyses on the PbTCP gene at both the protein level (physicochemical properties) and the gene sequence level (subcellular localization, chromosomal distribution, phylogenetic relationships, conserved motifs, and gene structure). Most P. bournei TCP genes are localized in the nucleus, except PbTCP9 in the mitochondria and PbTCP8 in both the chloroplast and nucleus. Chromosomal mapping showed 29 TCP genes unevenly distributed across 10 chromosomes, except chromosome 8 and 9. We also analyzed the promoter cis-regulatory elements, which are mainly involved in plant growth and development and hormone responses. Notably, most PbTCP transcription factors respond highly to light. Further analysis revealed three subfamily genes expressed in five P. bournei tissues: leaves, root bark, root xylem, stem xylem, and stem bark, with predominant PCF genes. Using qRT-PCR, we examined six representative genes—PbTCP16, PbTCP23, PbTCP7, PbTCP29, PbTCP14, and PbTCP15—under stress conditions such as high temperature, drought, light exposure, and dark. PbTCP14 and PbTCP15 showed significantly higher expression under heat, drought, light and dark stress. We hypothesize that TCP transcription factors play a key role in growth under varying light conditions, possibly mediated by auxin hormones. This work provides insights into the TCP gene family’s functional characteristics and stress resistance regulation in P. bournei. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics of Forest Trees)

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21 pages, 5021 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trees Are a Major Foraging Resource for Honeybees in the City

by Karen Koelzer, Alexandra Ribarits, Karin Weyermair, Johannes M. Bouchal, Josef Mayr and Martina Weber

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3094; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213094 - 3 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1202

Abstract

Large cities are typically characterized by a mosaic of green spaces that hold a remarkable variety of native and “exotic” plants. Urban beekeeping has gained increasing popularity. In order to characterize the “urban” in the honey, pollen diversity in 50 honey samples from [...] Read more.

Large cities are typically characterized by a mosaic of green spaces that hold a remarkable variety of native and “exotic” plants. Urban beekeeping has gained increasing popularity. In order to characterize the “urban” in the honey, pollen diversity in 50 honey samples from 18 apiary locations in Vienna, Austria, was microscopically analyzed. The relative abundances of each plant taxon were determined by counting out 500 individual pollen grains per sample. In total, 202 taxa could be identified, with a median of 46 per sample. Taxa richness and diversity differed significantly across three years but did not so between urban and suburban apiaries. Despite trees comprising only roughly a quarter of all taxa, the amount of tree pollen was disproportionally high. The invasive Ailanthus altissima was predominant in 15 out of 50 samples. Other important non-native and/or ornamental trees included Sophora japonica, Gleditsia triacanthos, Castanea sativa, Koelreuteria paniculata, and Liriodendron tulipifera. Urban honey from Central Europe may typically comprise pollen taxa from Europe, East Asia, and North America alike. The results of this study show that intentionally planted, managed urban green spaces can support stable foraging resources for pollinators in cities. Full article

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15 pages, 3244 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diaspore Dimorphism, Awn Hygroscopicity and Adaptive Significance in a Winter Annual Bromus tectorum (Poaceae)

by Jiayue Yan, Qian Li and Bo Zhang

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3093; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213093 - 3 Nov 2024

Viewed by 647

Abstract

Bromus tectorum, a winter annual plant, produces dimorphic diaspores: complex diaspores with multi-awns and simple diaspores with one awn. However, there is no information available about the role of awns and the germination characteristics of dimorphic diaspores. Dispersal germination and awns hygroscopicity [...] Read more.

Bromus tectorum, a winter annual plant, produces dimorphic diaspores: complex diaspores with multi-awns and simple diaspores with one awn. However, there is no information available about the role of awns and the germination characteristics of dimorphic diaspores. Dispersal germination and awns hygroscopicity of the dimorphic diaspores were assessed. The complex diaspore with multi-awns can easily be dispersed long distances from the mother plant by mammals. The simple diaspores with one awn are tightly attached to the mother plant. Caryopses from the two types of diaspores exhibited non-deep physiological dormancy at maturity, which can be released by dry storage and GA₃ treatment. The awns have hygroscopic activity and can move in response to changes in moisture, moving the complex diaspore (the seed) into the soil. The seedling emergence from complex diaspores was significantly higher than those from simple diaspores at all burial depths. Germination of caryopses on the soil surface was poor. The optimal planting depth for both types of diaspores’ emergence is 1–2 cm. The distinct characteristics of dimorphic diaspores and the beneficial influence of hygroscopic awns on dispersal, germination, and seedling establishment have significant ecological implications for B. tectorum’s successful reproduction in unpredictable cold deserts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Post-dispersal Seed Behavior: Dormancy, Germination, Viability, and Mortality)

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24 pages, 9624 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Expression Profiling Analysis of the SWEET Gene Family in In Vitro Pitaya Under Low-Temperature Stress and Study of Its Cold Resistance Mechanism

by Youjie Liu, Hanyao Zhang, Ke Zhao, Xiuqing Wei, Liang Li, Yajun Tang, Yueming Xiong and Jiahui Xu

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3092; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213092 - 2 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1056

Abstract

Pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) fruit is an attractive, nutrient-rich tropical fruit with commercial value. However, low-temperature stress severely affects the yield and quality of pitaya. The relevant mechanisms involved in the response of pitaya to low-temperature stress remain unclear. To study whether [...] Read more.

Pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) fruit is an attractive, nutrient-rich tropical fruit with commercial value. However, low-temperature stress severely affects the yield and quality of pitaya. The relevant mechanisms involved in the response of pitaya to low-temperature stress remain unclear. To study whether the SWEET gene family mediates the response of H. undatus to low-temperature stress and the related mechanisms, we performed genome-wide identification of the SWEET gene family in pitaya, and we used ‘Baiyulong’ tissue-cultured plantlets as material in the present study. We identified 28 members of the SWEET gene family from the H. undatus genome and divided these family members into four groups. Members of this gene family presented some differences in the sequences of introns and exons, but the gene structure, especially the motifs, presented relatively conserved characteristics. The promoter regions of most HuSWEETs have multiple stress- or hormone-related cis-elements. Three duplicated gene pairs were identified, including one tandem duplication gene and two fragment duplication gene pairs. The results revealed that the SWEET genes may regulate the transport and distribution of soluble sugars in plants; indirectly regulate the enzyme activities of CAT, POD, and T-SOD through its expression products; and are involved in the response of pitaya to low-temperature stress and play vital roles in this process. After ABA and MeJA treatment, the expression of HuSWEETs changed significantly, and the cold stress was also alleviated. This study elucidated the molecular mechanism and physiological changes in the SWEET gene in sugar metabolism and distribution of pitaya when it experiences low-temperature stress and provided a theoretical basis for cold-resistant pitaya variety breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Horticultural Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology)

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16 pages, 3213 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Winter Cover Cropping in Sustainable Production Systems: Effects on Soybean and Synergistic Implications for Rhizosphere Microorganisms

by Marjana Vasiljević, Srđan Šeremešić, Dragana Miljaković, Vuk Đorđević, Jelena Marinković, Bojan Vojnov and Vladimir Aćin

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3091; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213091 - 2 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1145

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of winter cover crops (CCs) on soybean agronomic performance and their implications for different physiological groups of rhizosphere microorganisms in two sustainable production systems. The production techniques for rye, peas, and oats are [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of winter cover crops (CCs) on soybean agronomic performance and their implications for different physiological groups of rhizosphere microorganisms in two sustainable production systems. The production techniques for rye, peas, and oats are well known, but their suitability as CCs for soybean (organic and low-input) production needs to be examined. After two years of trials, soybean yields among the two tested winter CCs (peas and oats (P + O) and rye (R)) were statistically significant only for P + O. The soybean yield in succession to P + O as winter CCs was 3.0 t ha⁻¹, whereas in succession to R, it was 2.7 t ha⁻¹, and in the control plot, it was 2.6 t ha⁻¹. The average soybean grain protein content was in the range of 40 to 41% dry matter (DM), while the oil content ranged from 20 to 22% DM. Protein and oil content primarily depends on the selected soybean variety and it is confirmed through this study that, in the studied system, we can obtain adequate grain nutritional quality. The results indicate an increase in the abundance of total bacteria, ammonifiers, and free N₂-fixing bacteria in the rhizosphere, depending on the selected CCs, and differences between the tested production systems. According to this study, winter cover crops (CCs), including peas and oats (P + O) and rye (R), can be included in crop rotation for soybean. CCs can be the answer to agro-biodiversity empowerment in less diverse soybean cropping systems, along with other benefits that CCs can provide at the level of crop rotation. In addition, in almost all aspects of the study, organic production was ahead of low input. Low input is an adequate production system if there are no opportunities for organic certification and for producers who are aware of the advantages of sustainable systems, and it can also represent a transitional path towards regenerative agriculture or organic production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop and Soil Management for Sustainable Agriculture)

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15 pages, 4344 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring the Dynamics of Aquatic Vegetation in a Typical Shallow Lake Using the Water Bloom Index Algorithm—A Case Study in Bao’ an Lake in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River

by Shixing Song, Xiaodong Wu, Jianjun Hou, Shuang Peng, Xiaowen Lin, Xuguang Ge, Dongming Yan and Guiying Lin

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3090; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213090 - 2 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1015

Abstract

Understanding changes in the distribution and coverage of aquatic vegetation (AV) is of great significance for the restoration of lake ecosystems. In this study, the vegetation and bloom indices (VBI) algorithm were used to interpret submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), floating/emergent aquatic vegetation (FEAV), [...] Read more.

Understanding changes in the distribution and coverage of aquatic vegetation (AV) is of great significance for the restoration of lake ecosystems. In this study, the vegetation and bloom indices (VBI) algorithm were used to interpret submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), floating/emergent aquatic vegetation (FEAV), and algal bloom (AB). The dynamics of AV and their influencing factors in Bao’ an Lake, in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in China, were studied from 2000 to 2023. The results showed that (1) the VBI algorithm can accurately distinguish AV and AB of different life forms with an overall accuracy of 93% and a kappa coefficient of 0.86. (2) Macrophyte coverage decreases. AV grew vigorously in spring, and SAV was the dominant type within it, whereas AV coverage was low in summer, and SAV had no summer species for a long time. In 2000, the coverage of AV was the highest, reaching 64.5%, but a gradual decrease that followed in the coming years finally led to a coverage percentage of less than 5% by 2023. (3) The correlation between SAV coverage and total phosphorus (p < 0.01), total nitrogen (p < 0.05), and water depth/transparency (p < 0.05) in Bao’ an Lake were 0.23, 0.28, and 0.32, respectively. (4) The SAV species experienced three stages: richness (before 2003), monotonicity (2004–2020), and final disappearance (2021–present). This study shows that the coverage of AV in Bao’ an Lake is too low and the number of SAV species is one (2010–now). Therefore, it is necessary to implement measures to improve vegetation coverage and diversity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology)

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17 pages, 6728 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptome Profiling of Two Camellia japonica Cultivars with Different Heat Tolerance Reveals Heat Stress Response Mechanisms

by Yue Tan, Yinzhu Cao, Fenglian Mou, Bin Liu, Huafeng Wu, Shihui Zou, Lijiao Ai and Shunzhao Sui

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3089; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213089 - 2 Nov 2024

Viewed by 982

Abstract

Camellia (Camellia japonica) is a semi-shaded plant that is highly vulnerable to heat stress. To investigate the mechanisms underlying heat stress in C. japonica, two C. japonica cultivars, “Xiaotaohong” and “Zhuapolian”, which exhibit significant differences in heat tolerance, were selected [...] Read more.

Camellia (Camellia japonica) is a semi-shaded plant that is highly vulnerable to heat stress. To investigate the mechanisms underlying heat stress in C. japonica, two C. japonica cultivars, “Xiaotaohong” and “Zhuapolian”, which exhibit significant differences in heat tolerance, were selected from four common cultivars. The selection methods included phenotypic observations and physiological index detection, including relative electric conductivity (REC), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity, relative water content (RWC), and chlorophyll content. RNA-seq analysis yielded 980 million reads and identified 68,455 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the two C. japonica cultivars during heat stress compared to the control samples. Totals of 12,565 and 16,046 DEGs were differentially expressed at 16 h and 32 h, respectively, in “Xiaotaohong” during heat stress. In “Zhuapolian”, 40,280 and 37,539 DEGs were found at 16 h and 32 h, respectively. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that both cultivars were enriched in the “plant hormone signal transduction” and “circadian rhythm” pathways at two stages, indicating the critical role these pathways play in the heat stress response. The differences in the tolerance between the two cultivars are likely linked to pathways such as “plant hormone signal transduction”, “photosynthesis”, and “circadian rhythm”. Some members of heat shock proteins (HSPs) are associated with the heat stress response. It is speculated that transcription factor families contributing to the tolerance differences include AP2/ERF, C3H, bHLH, bZIP, and MYB-related with a small number of heat shock factors (HSFs) also induced by the stress. In conclusion, these results reveal the changes in the physiological indices and molecular networks of two C. japonica cultivars under heat stress. This study lays the foundation for the breeding of superior heat-resistant C. japonica cultivars and for further molecular research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

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19 pages, 3085 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress of Spectral Imaging Techniques in Plant Phenotype Studies

by Qian Zhang, Rupeng Luan, Ming Wang, Jinmeng Zhang, Feng Yu, Yang Ping and Lin Qiu

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3088; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213088 - 2 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1196

Abstract

Spectral imaging technique has been widely applied in plant phenotype analysis to improve plant trait selection and genetic advantages. The latest developments and applications of various optical imaging techniques in plant phenotypes were reviewed, and their advantages and applicability were compared. X-ray computed [...] Read more.

Spectral imaging technique has been widely applied in plant phenotype analysis to improve plant trait selection and genetic advantages. The latest developments and applications of various optical imaging techniques in plant phenotypes were reviewed, and their advantages and applicability were compared. X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) are more suitable for the three-dimensional reconstruction of plant surfaces, tissues, and organs. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging (ChlF) and thermal imaging (TI) can be used to measure the physiological phenotype characteristics of plants. Specific symptoms caused by nutrient deficiency can be detected by hyperspectral and multispectral imaging, LiDAR, and ChlF. Future plant phenotype research based on spectral imaging can be more closely integrated with plant physiological processes. It can more effectively support the research in related disciplines, such as metabolomics and genomics, and focus on micro-scale activities, such as oxygen transport and intercellular chlorophyll transmission. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Modeling)

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17 pages, 2312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Natural Bioactive Compounds from Greek Oregano Accessions Subjected to Advanced Extraction Techniques

by Christina Panagiotidou, Elisavet Bouloumpasi, Maria Irakli and Paschalina Chatzopoulou

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3087; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213087 - 2 Nov 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 837

Abstract

Nowadays, eco-friendly extraction techniques are often used to develop natural plant extracts for commercial use. In the current investigation, Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare) phenolic extracts from different cultivated accessions were recovered employing ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and accelerated solvent [...] Read more.

Nowadays, eco-friendly extraction techniques are often used to develop natural plant extracts for commercial use. In the current investigation, Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare) phenolic extracts from different cultivated accessions were recovered employing ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). The phytochemical profile of the oregano extracts, as determined by spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques, as well as antioxidant activity (ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays), was used to compare the three extraction approaches. The results showed that oregano phenolic extracts obtained by MAE held the highest total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and also a higher content of the main phenolic compounds identified, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B and carvacrol, as determined by LC-MS analysis, followed by those extracted by UAE and ASE. All of the tested extracts exhibited relatively high antioxidant activities, especially the MAE extracts. Oregano extracts produced by various extraction techniques were subjected to a multivariate data analysis to highlight differences in phytochemical profiles, and their correlation to antioxidant activity. According to our findings, it was evident that MAE offers more efficient and effective extraction of bioactive compounds in terms of obtaining phytochemical-rich oregano extracts, with applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation)

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21 pages, 3284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomic Profile of Tef (Eragrostis tef) in Response to Drought

by Lorena Ramirez-Gonzales, Gina Cannarozzi, Abiel Rindisbacher, Lea Jäggi, Regula Schneider, Annett Weichert, Sonia Plaza-Wüthrich, Solomon Chanyalew, Kebebew Assefa and Zerihun Tadele

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3086; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213086 - 2 Nov 2024

Viewed by 839

Abstract

The threat to world food security posed by drought is ever increasing. Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] is an allotetraploid cereal crop that is a staple food for a large population in the Horn of Africa. While the grain of tef provides [...] Read more.

The threat to world food security posed by drought is ever increasing. Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] is an allotetraploid cereal crop that is a staple food for a large population in the Horn of Africa. While the grain of tef provides quality food for humans, its straw is the most palatable and nutritious feed for livestock. In addition, the tef plant is resilient to several biotic and abiotic stresses, especially to drought, making it an ideal candidate to study the molecular mechanisms conferring these properties. The transcriptome expression of tef leaf collected from plants grown under drought conditions was profiled using RNA-Seq and key genes were verified using RT-qPCR. This study revealed that tef exhibits a complex molecular network involving membrane receptors and transcription factors that regulate drought responses. We identified target genes related to hormones like ABA, auxin, and brassinosteroids and genes involved in antioxidant activity. The findings were compared to physiological measurements such as changes in stomatal conductance and contents of proline, chlorophyll and carotenoid. The insights gained from this work could play vital role in enhancing drought tolerance in other economically important cereals such as maize and rice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Breeding for Food and Nutrition Security)

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24 pages, 4643 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rapeseed—An Important Oleaginous Plant in the Oil Industry and the Resulting Meal a Valuable Source of Bioactive Compounds

by Ancuţa Petraru and Sonia Amariei

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3085; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213085 - 1 Nov 2024

Viewed by 826

Abstract

Rapeseeds (Brassica napus), cultivated widely as a source of oil, generate substantial by-products after oil extraction. Unfortunately, rapeseed meal is considered a waste product and as such is discharged into environment as compost or used as animal feed. However, this meal [...] Read more.

Rapeseeds (Brassica napus), cultivated widely as a source of oil, generate substantial by-products after oil extraction. Unfortunately, rapeseed meal is considered a waste product and as such is discharged into environment as compost or used as animal feed. However, this meal is rich in bioactive compounds (proteins, minerals, fibers and polyphenols), indicating its potential for the development of value-added products. The meal shows a higher content of minerals, total dietary fibers and proteins. Rapeseed meal contains a proportion of oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, predominately linoleic and α-linolenic acid. The amino acid proportion in the meal is higher than that in the seeds and contains essential amino acids, predominately valine. The analyses show the presence of valuable components in the cake, which makes it suitable for use in obtaining value-added products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemicals in Plants: Recent Developments on the Occurrence, Composition, Stability, Health, Food and Pharmaceutical Applications—2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 2640 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Image-Based Quantitative Analysis of Epidermal Morphology in Wild Potato Leaves

by Ulyana S. Zubairova, Ivan N. Fomin, Kristina A. Koloshina, Alisa I. Barchuk, Tatyana V. Erst, Nadezhda A. Chalaya, Sophia V. Gerasimova and Alexey V. Doroshkov

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3084; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213084 - 1 Nov 2024

Viewed by 848

Abstract

The epidermal leaf patterns of plants exhibit remarkable diversity in cell shapes, sizes, and arrangements, driven by environmental interactions that lead to significant adaptive changes even among closely related species. The Solanaceae family, known for its high diversity of adaptive epidermal structures, has [...] Read more.

The epidermal leaf patterns of plants exhibit remarkable diversity in cell shapes, sizes, and arrangements, driven by environmental interactions that lead to significant adaptive changes even among closely related species. The Solanaceae family, known for its high diversity of adaptive epidermal structures, has traditionally been studied using qualitative phenotypic descriptions. To advance this, we developed a workflow combining multi-scale computer vision, image processing, and data analysis to extract digital descriptors for leaf epidermal cell morphology. Applied to nine wild potato species, this workflow quantified key morphological parameters, identifying descriptors for trichomes, stomata, and pavement cells, and revealing interdependencies among these traits. Principal component analysis (PCA) highlighted two main axes, accounting for 45% and 21% of variance, corresponding to features such as guard cell shape, trichome length, stomatal density, and trichome density. These axes aligned well with the historical and geographical origins of the species, separating southern from Central American species, and forming distinct clusters for monophyletic groups. This workflow thus establishes a quantitative foundation for investigating leaf epidermal cell morphology within phylogenetic and geographic contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microscopy Techniques in Plant Studies—2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 5043 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Secretory Proteins Are Involved in the Parasitism of Melon by Phelipanche aegyptiaca During the Attachment Stage

by Lifeng Xiao, Qiuyue Zhao, Xiaolei Cao, Zhaoqun Yao and Sifeng Zhao

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3083; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213083 - 1 Nov 2024

Viewed by 798

Abstract

Parasitic plants represent a significant challenge in global agriculture, with Broomrape (Orobanche/Phelipanche spp.) being a notable example of a holoparasitic species that targets the roots of host plants. This study employed comparative transcriptomics to investigate the mechanisms underlying the parasitism [...] Read more.

Parasitic plants represent a significant challenge in global agriculture, with Broomrape (Orobanche/Phelipanche spp.) being a notable example of a holoparasitic species that targets the roots of host plants. This study employed comparative transcriptomics to investigate the mechanisms underlying the parasitism of P. aegyptiaca on melon, focusing on both resistant and susceptible interactions. The findings indicate that the critical phase of P. aegyptiaca parasitism occurs during the post-attachment stage. It is suggested that peptidases may play a role in the development of invasive cells, while cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) are likely involved in cell wall modification and degradation, and transferases, elicitors, and effectors may play a role in immune regulation. In this study, 25 tobacco rattle virus (TRV) recombinant vectors were successfully constructed and functionally validated using a host-induced gene silencing assay to explore the functions of candidate-secreted effector proteins. The results revealed that silencing Cluster-107894.0, Cluster-11592.0, and Cluster-12482.0 significantly decreased the parasitism rate of P. aegyptiaca on Nicotiana benthamiana. Notably, Cluster-107849.0 encodes a cellulase with hydrolase activity, Cluster-11592.0 encodes a periodic-dependent kinase inhibitor with phosphoprotein activity, and Cluster-12482.0 encodes a glucan 1,3-β-glucosidase with hydrolase activity. These findings potentially offer a novel theoretical framework and justification for understanding host–parasite plant interactions, and suggest new avenues for developing crop varieties resistant to parasitic infestation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)

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Plants, Volume 13, Issue 21 (November-1 2024) – 166 articles

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