Plants

13 pages, 2265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Genetic Variability and Population Structure of Alnus glutinosa (Black Alder) in Kazakhstan Using SSR Markers

by Aidana Nurtaza, Damira Dyussembekova, Alexandr Shevtsov, Symbat Islamova, Indira Samatova, Saule Koblanova, Olga Borodulina and Almagul Kakimzhanova

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3032; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213032 (registering DOI) - 30 Oct 2024

Abstract

Alnus glutinosa plays a crucial role in flood control, riverbank stabilization, and water purification. Recognized for its ecological significance, it is listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan. This study investigated the genetic variability of A. glutinosa populations in Kazakhstan, analyzing 78 trees [...] Read more.

Alnus glutinosa plays a crucial role in flood control, riverbank stabilization, and water purification. Recognized for its ecological significance, it is listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan. This study investigated the genetic variability of A. glutinosa populations in Kazakhstan, analyzing 78 trees from seven populations in the Bayanaul mountain forest massif and the northern Turgay regions using 12 SSR markers. The study identified an average of 6.3 alleles and 2.783 effective alleles, as well as observed and expected heterozygosities of 0.570 and 0.562, respectively, reflecting genetic diversity. Among the populations, KS1 (northern Turgay) and PVL3 (Bayanaul) displayed the highest diversity, while PVL5 (Bayanaul) showed slightly lower diversity. The analysis of molecular variance results indicated that 86% of the genetic diversity occurred within populations, with 14% attributed to differences between populations. A UPGMA tree based on Nei’s genetic distance revealed three distinct clusters, suggesting geographically structured genetic variability in A. glutinosa populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2 pages, 713 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Mani et al. Bioassay Guided Fractionation Protocol for Determining Novel Active Compounds in Selected Australian Flora. Plants 2022, 11, 2886

by Janice Mani, Joel Johnson, Holly Hosking, Beatriz E. Hoyos, Kerry B. Walsh, Paul Neilsen and Mani Naiker

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3031; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213031 (registering DOI) - 30 Oct 2024

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Bioactive Compounds and Prospects for Their Use in Beverages)

► Show Figures

Figure 2

16 pages, 10343 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Authentication and Quality Control of the Brazilian Traditional Herb ‘Carquejas’ (Baccharis Species) Using Morpho-Anatomy and Microscopy

by Kevin Alves Antunes, Vijayasankar Raman, Wilmer Hervet Perera, Gustavo Heiden, Roberto Pontarolo, Paulo Vitor Farago, Ikhlas Ahmed Khan and Jane Manfron

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3030; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213030 (registering DOI) - 30 Oct 2024

Abstract

This research investigates the morpho-anatomical characteristics of seven Baccharis species, namely B. articulata, B. milleflora, B. myriocephala, B. pentaptera, B. riograndensis, B. sagittalis and B. trimera. Commonly called carquejas, these species have aerial photosynthetic winged stems known [...] Read more.

This research investigates the morpho-anatomical characteristics of seven Baccharis species, namely B. articulata, B. milleflora, B. myriocephala, B. pentaptera, B. riograndensis, B. sagittalis and B. trimera. Commonly called carquejas, these species have aerial photosynthetic winged stems known as cladodes and are widely used traditionally to treat digestive and diuretic disorders. This study aimed to characterize these commonly misidentified species using morphological and microscopic techniques, including light and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Trichomes, the presence or absence of oil bodies, and a subepidermal collenchyma layer at the wing edge were identified as primary anatomical markers that can help differentiate the studied species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microscopy Techniques in Plant Studies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 17460 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Brassinosteroids Alleviate Salt Stress by Enhancing Sugar and Glycine Betaine in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

by Yujie Jin, Ping Yang, Jian Li, Yongchao Yang, Ruopeng Yang, Hongbo Fu and Jie Li

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3029; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213029 - 29 Oct 2024

Abstract

Salt stress is a major abiotic factor that negatively impacts the growth, performance, and secondary metabolite production in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants. Brassinosteroids (BRs) play a crucial role in enhancing plant tolerance to abiotic stress, yet their potential in mitigating salt [...] Read more.

Salt stress is a major abiotic factor that negatively impacts the growth, performance, and secondary metabolite production in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants. Brassinosteroids (BRs) play a crucial role in enhancing plant tolerance to abiotic stress, yet their potential in mitigating salt stress in pepper plants, particularly by promoting sugar and glycine betaine accumulation, remains underexplored. In this study, we investigated the effects of the foliar application of 2,4-epibrassinolide (EBR) on salt-stressed pepper seedlings. Our findings revealed that EBR treatment significantly increased the levels of proline, sugar, and glycine betaine under salt stress compared to untreated controls. Moreover, EBR enhanced the antioxidant defense mechanisms in pepper seedlings by increasing sugar and glycine betaine levels, which contributed to the reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 972 KiB

Open AccessReview

Wild Lathyrus—A Treasure of Novel Diversity

by Akanksha Singh, Rind Balech, Surendra Barpete, Priyanka Gupta, Outmane Bouhlal, Sawsan Tawkaz, Smita Kaul, Kuldeep Tripathi, Ahmed Amri, Fouad Maalouf, Sanjeev Gupta and Shiv Kumar

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3028; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213028 (registering DOI) - 29 Oct 2024

Abstract

Grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a climate-smart legume crop with adaptation to fragile agroecosystems. The genus Lathyrus is recognized for its vast genetic diversity, encompassing over 160 species, many of which are cultivated for various purposes across different regions of the world. [...] Read more.

Grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a climate-smart legume crop with adaptation to fragile agroecosystems. The genus Lathyrus is recognized for its vast genetic diversity, encompassing over 160 species, many of which are cultivated for various purposes across different regions of the world. Among these, Lathyrus sativus is widely cultivated as food, feed, and fodder in South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the Central and West Asia and North Africa (CWANA) regions. Its global cultivation has declined substantially due to the stigma posed by the presence of neurotoxin β-N-oxalyl-L-α, β-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP) in its seeds and green foliage. Overconsumption for a longer period of grasspea seeds harvested from landraces may lead to a neurological disorder called neurolathyrism in humans. ODAP is an obstacle for grasspea expansion, but crop wild relatives (CWRs) have been found to offer a solution. The incorporation of CWRs, particularly Lathyrus cicera, and landraces into breeding programs may reduce the ODAP content in grasspea varieties to a safer level. Recent advances in genomics-assisted breeding have expanded the potential for utilizing challenging CWRs to develop grasspea varieties that combine ultra-low ODAP levels with improved yield, stability, and adaptability. Further progress in omics technologies—such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics—along with genome sequencing and editing, has greatly accelerated the development of grasspea varieties with reduced or zero ODAP content, while also enhancing the plant’s agronomic value. This review highlights the significance of utilizing CWRs in pre-breeding programs, and harnessing advanced tools and technologies to enhance the performance, adaptability, and resilience of grasspea in response to changing environmental conditions. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 4701 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation and Evaluation of Spring Maize Growth Under Drip Irrigation with Fully Biodegradable Film Mulching Based on the DSSAT Model

by Yanhui Jia, Haibin Shi, Qingfeng Miao, Xiulu Sun and Yayang Feng

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3027; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213027 - 29 Oct 2024

Abstract

Fully biodegradable mulch film enhances temperature and moisture retention during the early stages of maize growth while naturally degrading in the later stages, providing an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional plastic mulch films. However, there is no consensus on its impact on maize [...] Read more.

Fully biodegradable mulch film enhances temperature and moisture retention during the early stages of maize growth while naturally degrading in the later stages, providing an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional plastic mulch films. However, there is no consensus on its impact on maize growth and yield. The present study utilized field test data from spring maize covered with fully biodegradable mulch film in the Xiliaohe Plain, aiming to improve the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) model while focusing on soil temperature, irrigation, rainfall, and evapotranspiration. The parameters of the DSSAT model were calibrated and validated using field test data from 2016 to 2018. The improved DSSAT model accurately simulated the maize growth process under various induction periods of fully biodegradable mulch film. The simulation accuracy of this model was as follows: MRE < 10%, nRMSE < 12%, and R² ≥ 0.80. Moreover, the yield of spring corn covered with fully biodegradable mulch film was predicted using meteorological data from 2019 to 2023. This study suggests that regions such as the Xiliaohe Plain, which share climatic conditions, should opt for fully biodegradable mulch film with an induction period of approximately 80 days to ensure high yields across different hydrological years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies to Improve Water-Use Efficiency in Plant Production)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 3278 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecophysiological Trade-Off Strategies of Three Gramineous Crops in Response to Root Extracts of Phytolacca americana

by Xinyu Wang, Yuting Cao, Yefei Jin, Lifu Sun, Fangping Tang and Lijia Dong

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3026; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213026 - 29 Oct 2024

Abstract

The invasive Phytolacca americana L. poses a significant threat to local agroforestry ecosystems due to its allelopathic toxicity. However, the ecophysiological response mechanisms of crops to allelochemicals remain unclear. This study investigated the seedling growth, physiological, and biochemical responses of three gramineous crops [...] Read more.

The invasive Phytolacca americana L. poses a significant threat to local agroforestry ecosystems due to its allelopathic toxicity. However, the ecophysiological response mechanisms of crops to allelochemicals remain unclear. This study investigated the seedling growth, physiological, and biochemical responses of three gramineous crops to the root extracts of P. americana and identified potential allelochemicals of the invader. The germination and seedling growth of three crops were inhibited by extracts differently, with high-concentration extracts causing more severe inhibition on seedling roots in hydroponic (>57%) than soil culture experiments (>18%). This inhibition may be related to representative secondary metabolites such as fatty acyls, alkaloids, and phenols. Despite the significant inhibition of high-concentration extracts on seedling growth, the levels of soluble sugar, soluble protein, and antioxidant enzymes increased synergistically. Under allelopathic stress, three species enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and metabolite contents at the cost of reducing their shoot, root biomass, and root/shoot ratio. This may be an ecophysiological growth-defense strategy to bolster their resistance to allelopathy. Interestingly, transgenic rice exhibited greater sensitivity to allelochemicals than wild-type rice, resulting in more pronounced growth inhibition and increased levels of most metabolites and antioxidant enzymes. This study highlights the adaptive strategies of three gramineous crops to the allelopathy of invasive P. americana. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2547 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MsFtsH8 Enhances the Tolerance of PEG-Simulated Drought Stress by Boosting Antioxidant Capacity in Medicago sativa L.

by Ruyue Li, Xiangcui Zeng, Xueqian Jiang, Ruicai Long, Fei He, Xue Wang, Lin Chen, Qianwen Yu, Junmei Kang, Qingchuan Yang, Tianhui Yang, Zhongkuan Liu and Mingna Li

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3025; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213025 - 29 Oct 2024

Abstract

Drought is a major abiotic stress that limits the growth and yield of alfalfa, a vital forage legume. The plant metalloproteinase Filamentation temperature-sensitive H (FtsH) is an ATP- and Zn²⁺-dependent enzyme that plays a significant character in the plant’s response to [...] Read more.

Drought is a major abiotic stress that limits the growth and yield of alfalfa, a vital forage legume. The plant metalloproteinase Filamentation temperature-sensitive H (FtsH) is an ATP- and Zn²⁺-dependent enzyme that plays a significant character in the plant’s response to environmental stress. However, its functional role in drought resistance remains largely unexplored. This study investigates the drought tolerance role of alfalfa MsFtsH8 by analyzing the growth, physiology, and gene expression of overexpressing plants under drought conditions. The results demonstrated that both MsFtsH8-overexpressing Arabidopsis and alfalfa plants exhibited superior growth condition and enhanced membrane stability. The overexpressing alfalfa plants also showed reduced MDA levels, higher proline content, lower H₂O₂ accumulation, an increased activity of antioxidant-related enzymes (SOD, POD, and CAT) activity, and an elevated expression of antioxidant-related genes. These results indicated that the overexpression of MsFtsH8 enhanced growth, improved osmotic regulation, reduced ROS levels, and increased antioxidative capacity, ultimately leading to greater drought tolerance in alfalfa. Our findings suggest that MsFtsH8 mitigates oxidative damage caused by drought by modulating the plant’s antioxidant system, thus improving drought tolerance in alfalfa. This study provides a molecular basis and candidate genes for enhancing drought resistance in alfalfa through genetic engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stress Biology of Turfgrass—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 1952 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Rapid Method for Obtaining the Transgenic Roots of Crassulaceae Plants

by Lan Zhou, Yulu Yang, Anket Sharma, Vijay Pratap Singh, Durgesh Kumar Tripathi, Wona Ding, Muhammad Junaid Rao, Bingsong Zheng and Xiaofei Wang

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3024; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213024 - 29 Oct 2024

Abstract

Crassulaceae plants are valued for their horticultural, ecological, and economic significance, but their genetic improvement is hindered by the absence of efficient and stable genetic transformation methods. Therefore, the development of a tailored genetic transformation method is crucial for enhancing the progress of [...] Read more.

Crassulaceae plants are valued for their horticultural, ecological, and economic significance, but their genetic improvement is hindered by the absence of efficient and stable genetic transformation methods. Therefore, the development of a tailored genetic transformation method is crucial for enhancing the progress of the genetic improvement of Crassulaceae plants. The results indicate that, in the transformation experiments conducted on Kalanchoe tetraphylla, the K599 strain exhibited the highest transformation efficiency (76.67%), while C58C1 was least efficient (21.43%). An acetosyringone concentration of 100 μM was optimal for the hairy root transformation, and the immersion method yielded the highest efficiency. Additionally, the Silwet L-77 concentration significantly influenced the transformation efficiency, with 0.05% leading to a decrease. Upon four Crassulaceae species, notable differences were observed, with K. tetraphylla exhibiting the highest efficiency of 100%, and Sedum alfredii displaying the lowest efficiency of 5%. The RUBY reporter gene offers a more distinct advantage over GFP in observing the transformation effects. This study developed a simple, feasible, and cost-effective method for obtaining transgenic roots from leaves of Crassulaceae. The methodology provides technical support for the genetic improvement and gene function research of Crassulaceae plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Molecular Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1901 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wood Anatomical and Demographic Similarities Between Self-Standing Liana and Tree Seedlings in Tropical Dry Forests of Colombia

by Juliana Puentes-Marín, Andrés González-Melo, Beatriz Salgado-Negret, Roy González-M, Julio Abad Ferrer, Juan Pablo Benavides, Juan Manuel Cely, Álvaro Idárraga-Piedrahita, Esteban Moreno, Camila Pizano, Nancy Pulido, Katherine Rivera, Felipe Rojas-Bautista, Juan Felipe Solorzano and María Natalia Umaña

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3023; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213023 - 29 Oct 2024

Abstract

Canopy lianas differ considerably from trees in terms of wood anatomical structure, and they are suggested to have a demographic advantage—faster growth and higher survival—than trees. However, it remains unclear whether these anatomical and demographic differences persist at the seedling stage, when most [...] Read more.

Canopy lianas differ considerably from trees in terms of wood anatomical structure, and they are suggested to have a demographic advantage—faster growth and higher survival—than trees. However, it remains unclear whether these anatomical and demographic differences persist at the seedling stage, when most liana species are self-standing and, consequently, might be ecologically similar to trees. We assessed how self-standing liana and tree seedlings differ in relation to wood anatomy, growth, and survival. We measured 12 wood traits and monitored seedling growth and survival over one year for 10 self-supporting liana and 10 tree seedling species from three tropical dry forests in Colombia. Liana and tree seedlings exhibited similar survival rates and wood anatomies for traits related to water storage and mechanical support. Yet, for traits associated with water transport, liana seedlings showed greater variability in vessel lumen size, while tree seedlings had higher vessel density. Also, the liana relative growth rate was significantly higher than for trees. These results indicate that, while self-supporting liana and tree seedlings are anatomically similar in terms of mechanical support and water storage—likely contributing to their similar survival rates—liana seedlings have a growth advantage, possibly due to more efficient water transport. These findings suggest that the well-documented anatomical and demographic differences between adult lianas and trees may depend on the liana’s developmental stage, with more efficient water transport emerging as a key trait from early stages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives on New World Tropical Forests)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 704 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Agronomic Evaluation and Chemical Characterization of Salvia lavandulifolia Vahl. over 3 Consecutive Years Cultivated Under Harsh Climatic Conditions in Southeast Spain

by Gustavo J. Cáceres-Cevallos, María Quílez, Gonzalo Ortiz de Elguea-Culebras, Enrique Melero-Bravo, Raúl Sánchez-Vioque and María J. Jordán

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3022; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213022 - 29 Oct 2024

Abstract

The cultivation of Salvia lavandulifolia, Spanish sage, makes an important contribution to the economy of many rural areas in Southeastern Spain. This aromatic plant species is characterized by high intraspecific variability, which makes the selection process for the establishment of homogeneous crops [...] Read more.

The cultivation of Salvia lavandulifolia, Spanish sage, makes an important contribution to the economy of many rural areas in Southeastern Spain. This aromatic plant species is characterized by high intraspecific variability, which makes the selection process for the establishment of homogeneous crops difficult. Additionally, imminent climate change threatens to reduce its production, especially when cultivated in drylands. Therefore, to guarantee the continued production of this type of sage, it is essential to study its agronomic behavior and production quality. For this, clones from four ecotypes were cultivated for three years, assessing changes in their biomass production, essential oil yield and quality, and phenolic fraction, as well as the corresponding antioxidant activity. The results suggest that essential oil yield is genetically predetermined, greater biomass not being associated with higher quantities of essential oil. Weather conditions affected both essential oil and phenolic fraction secondary metabolism. Under very harsh conditions, Spanish sage produces higher concentrations of camphor and 1,-8-cineole along with luteolin-7-O-glucoside, and lithospermic, rosmarinic, and salvianolic A acids in its phenolic fraction. The synthesis of these components helps the species to withstand the hot and dry conditions typical of southeast Spain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Propagation and Cultivation of Medicinal Plants―2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1967 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phytoplankton Communities’ Seasonal Fluctuation in Two Neighboring Tropical High-Mountain Lakes

by Rocío Fernández, Javier Alcocer, Luis A. Oseguera, Catriona A. Zuñiga-Ramos and Gloria Vilaclara

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3021; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213021 - 29 Oct 2024

Abstract

High-mountain lakes (HMLs) are remote, extreme, and sensitive ecosystems recognized as sentinels of global change. Lakes El Sol and La Luna are very close to each other inside the crater of the Nevado de Toluca volcano, but they differ morphometrically and limnologically. This [...] Read more.

High-mountain lakes (HMLs) are remote, extreme, and sensitive ecosystems recognized as sentinels of global change. Lakes El Sol and La Luna are very close to each other inside the crater of the Nevado de Toluca volcano, but they differ morphometrically and limnologically. This study aimed to identify the seasonal fluctuation of the phytoplankton communities of these two tropical HMLs. El Sol phytoplankton comprised 50 taxa (chlorophytes, diatoms, charophytes) and La Luna 28 taxa (diatoms, euglenoids). The abundance of phytoplankton in El Sol was three times higher than in La Luna, and the biomass in El Sol was five times higher than in La Luna. Tropical seasonality was reflected differently in each lake. In El Sol, the highest phytoplankton abundance occurred in the rainy season, while the highest biomass was recorded in the dry/warm season. Conversely, in La Luna, abundance and biomass were more prominent in the dry/cold season. The study found that no meteorological or limnological factors could explain the seasonal dynamics of the taxonomic richness, abundance, or biomass of the phytoplankton communities in both lakes. The differences between the lakes are likely due to the more extreme conditions of La Luna, such as lower pH, ultra-oligotrophy, and increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Additionally, the introduction of rainbow trout into El Sol in the 1950s may have also contributed to the differences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology, Biogeography and Evolutionary Biology of Tropical Ecosystems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 5495 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Profile of Phenolic Compounds Identified in Pitaya Fruits, Health Effects, and Food Applications: An Integrative Review

by Vinicius Serafim Coelho, Daniela Gomes de Moura, Lara Louzada Aguiar, Lucas Victor Ribeiro, Viviane Dias Medeiros Silva, Vinícius Tadeu da Veiga Correia, Angelita Cristine Melo, Mauro Ramalho Silva, Ana Cardoso Clemente Filha Ferreira de Paula, Raquel Linhares Bello de Araújo and Julio Onesio Ferreira Melo

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3020; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213020 - 28 Oct 2024

Abstract

Objective: This integrative review aimed to identify the phenolic compounds present in pitayas (dragon fruit). Methods: We employed a comprehensive search strategy, encompassing full-text articles published between 2013 and 2023 in Portuguese, English, and Spanish from databases indexed in ScienceDirect, Capes Periodics, Scielo, [...] Read more.

Objective: This integrative review aimed to identify the phenolic compounds present in pitayas (dragon fruit). Methods: We employed a comprehensive search strategy, encompassing full-text articles published between 2013 and 2023 in Portuguese, English, and Spanish from databases indexed in ScienceDirect, Capes Periodics, Scielo, and PubMed. The study’s selection was guided by the question, “What are the main phenolic compounds found in pitaya fruits?”. Results: After screening 601 papers, 57 met the inclusion criteria. The identified phytochemicals have been associated with a range of health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anxiolytic properties. Additionally, they exhibit promising applications in the management of cancer, diabetes, and obesity. These 57 studies encompassed various genera, including Hylocereus, Selenicereus, and Stenocereus. Notably, Hylocereus undatus and Hylocereus polyrhizus emerged as the most extensively characterized species regarding polyphenol content. Analysis revealed that flavonoids, particularly kaempferol and rutin, were the predominant phenolic class within the pulp and peel of these fruits. Additionally, hydroxycinnamic and benzoic acid derivatives, especially chlorogenic acid, caffeic, protocatechuic, synaptic, and ellagic acid, were frequently reported. Furthermore, betalains, specifically betacyanins, were identified, contributing to the characteristic purplish-red color of the pitaya peel and pulp. These betalains hold significant potential as natural colorants in the food industry. Conclusion: Therefore, the different pitayas have promising sources for the extraction of pigments for incorporation in the food industry. We recommend further studies investigate their potential as nutraceuticals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemistry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 1910 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

The Effects of the Selective Removal of Adjacent Trees on the Diversity of Oak-Hosted Epiphytes and Tree-Related Microhabitats

by Agnese Anta Liepiņa, Diāna Jansone, Didzis Elferts, Ilze Barone, Jānis Donis and Āris Jansons

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3019; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213019 - 28 Oct 2024

Abstract

Restoration efforts to maintain oak-dominated habitats and enhance biodiversity often employ selective thinning, but its long-term effect on multiple taxa remains unclear. This study examines the effects of halo thinning around pedunculate oak on epiphytic and tree-related microhabitat (TreM) diversity in the boreal–nemoral [...] Read more.

Restoration efforts to maintain oak-dominated habitats and enhance biodiversity often employ selective thinning, but its long-term effect on multiple taxa remains unclear. This study examines the effects of halo thinning around pedunculate oak on epiphytic and tree-related microhabitat (TreM) diversity in the boreal–nemoral forest zone. We revisited nine sites in Latvia with 150–331-year-old oaks, where thinning was conducted in 2003–2004. Epiphyte species composition and cover were assessed, and TreMs were evaluated using standardised methods. Diversity indices (Hill numbers, q = 0; 1; 2; 3) and statistical models (LMMs, Poisson GLMMs) were used to analyse the effects of thinning on species richness and TreM occurrence. Halo thinning over the past 20 years has not caused significant differences in epiphyte or TreM diversity, though managed trees exhibited a higher occurrence of the most common microhabitats. These findings suggest halo thinning may enhance specific TreM features but do not substantially promote epiphyte and TreM diversity. Future research should implement systematic monitoring, deriving the relationships between the conditions after the thinning and their effects, thus serving as the basis for adaptive habitat management strategies. Expanding the scope of such studies is essential for developing evidence-based forest management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1805 KiB

Open AccessReview

Salt Tolerance in Sugar Beet: From Impact Analysis to Adaptive Mechanisms and Future Research

by Yuetong Wang, Huajun Liu, Maoqian Wang, Jiahui Liu, Gui Geng and Yuguang Wang

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3018; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213018 - 28 Oct 2024

Abstract

The continuous global escalation of soil salinization areas presents severe challenges to the stability and growth of agricultural development across the world. In-depth research on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), an important economic and sugar crop with salt tolerance characteristics, is crucial [...] Read more.

The continuous global escalation of soil salinization areas presents severe challenges to the stability and growth of agricultural development across the world. In-depth research on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), an important economic and sugar crop with salt tolerance characteristics, is crucial for to determine its salt-tolerance mechanisms, which has important practical implications for production. This review summarizes the multifaceted effects of salt stress on sugar beet, ranging from individual plant responses to cellular and molecular adaptations. Sugar beet exhibits robust salt-tolerance mechanisms, including osmotic regulation, ion balance management, and the compartmentalization of toxic ions. Omics technologies, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, post-translational modification omics and metabolomics, have played crucial roles in elucidating these mechanisms. Key genes and pathways involved in salt tolerance in sugar beet have been identified, paving the way for targeted breeding strategies and biotechnological advancements. Understanding these mechanisms not only enhances our knowledge of sugar beet’s adaptation strategies but also provides insights for improving salt tolerance in other crops. Future studies should focus on analyzing gene expression changes in sugar beet under salt stress to gain insight into the molecular aspects of its salt-tolerance mechanisms. Meanwhile, the effects of different environmental conditions on sugar beet adaptation strategies should also be investigated to improve their growth potential in salinized soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Growth and Development of Vegetable Crops)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 18175 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals the Mechanism by Which RpACBP3 Overexpression Contributes to the Response of Robinia pseudoacacia to Pb Stress

by Jian Zhou, Songyan Zhang and Pengxiang Die

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3017; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213017 - 28 Oct 2024

Abstract

Acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP) genes have been implicated in lead enrichment and translocation in plants; however, the mechanisms by which these genes contribute to the response to heavy metal stress in various taxa have not been determined. In this study, the molecular [...] Read more.

Acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP) genes have been implicated in lead enrichment and translocation in plants; however, the mechanisms by which these genes contribute to the response to heavy metal stress in various taxa have not been determined. In this study, the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of Robinia pseudoacacia, an economically important deciduous tree, to Pb stress were examined using transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. RpACBP3 overexpression increased Pb enrichment, translocation, and tolerance. After Pb stress for 3 days, 1125 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 485 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified between wild-type and RpACBP3-overexpressing R. pseudoacacia strains; after Pb stress for 45 days, 1746 DEGs and 341 DAMs were identified. Joint omics analyses showed that the DEGs and DAMs were co-enriched in α-linoleic acid metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. In particular, DEGs and DAMs involved in α-linoleic acid metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis were up- and down-regulated, respectively. Moreover, RpACBP3 overexpression enhanced the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species and repair cell membranes under stress by regulating LOX gene expression and increasing the phosphatidylcholine content, thereby improving the tolerance to Pb stress. These findings lay a theoretical foundation for the future application of RpACBP3 genes in plant germplasm resource creation and phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil in which R. pseudoacacia grow. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

38 pages, 4037 KiB

Open AccessReview

Floral Elegance Meets Medicinal Marvels: Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of the Genus Lagerstroemia L.

by Ziwei Yue, Yan Xu, Ming Cai, Xiaohui Fan, Huitang Pan, Donglin Zhang and Qixiang Zhang

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3016; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213016 - 28 Oct 2024

Abstract

The genus Lagerstroemia L. (Lythraceae), known for its exquisite flowers and prolonged flowering period, is commonly employed in traditional medicinal systems across Asian countries, where it has always been consumed as tea or employed to address ailments such as diabetes, urinary disorders, coughs, [...] Read more.

The genus Lagerstroemia L. (Lythraceae), known for its exquisite flowers and prolonged flowering period, is commonly employed in traditional medicinal systems across Asian countries, where it has always been consumed as tea or employed to address ailments such as diabetes, urinary disorders, coughs, fevers, inflammation, pain, and anesthesia. Its diverse uses may be attributed to its rich active ingredients. Currently, at least 364 biological compounds have been identified from Lagerstroemia extracts, encompassing various types such as terpenes, flavonoids, phenolic acids, alkaloids, and phenylpropanoids. Extensive in vitro and in vivo experiments have examined the pharmacological activities of different extracts, revealing their potential in various domains, including but not limited to antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antitumor, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and hepatoprotective effects. Additionally, 20 core components have been proven to be associated with antidiabetic and hypoglycemic effects of Lagerstroemia. Overall, Lagerstroemia exhibit substantial medicinal potential, and the alignment between its traditional applications and contemporary pharmacological findings present promising opportunities for further investigation, particularly in food and health products, drug development, herbal teas, and cosmetics. However, evidence-based pharmacological research has largely been confined to in vitro screening and animal model, lacking clinical trials and bioactive compound isolations. Consequently, future endeavors should adopt a more holistic approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Research on Natural Products of Medical Plants)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

37 pages, 3352 KiB

Open AccessReview

Photosynthetic Electron Flows and Networks of Metabolite Trafficking to Sustain Metabolism in Photosynthetic Systems

by Neda Fakhimi and Arthur R. Grossman

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3015; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213015 - 28 Oct 2024

Abstract

Photosynthetic eukaryotes have metabolic pathways that occur in distinct subcellular compartments. However, because metabolites synthesized in one compartment, including fixed carbon compounds and reductant generated by photosynthetic electron flows, may be integral to processes in other compartments, the cells must efficiently move metabolites [...] Read more.

Photosynthetic eukaryotes have metabolic pathways that occur in distinct subcellular compartments. However, because metabolites synthesized in one compartment, including fixed carbon compounds and reductant generated by photosynthetic electron flows, may be integral to processes in other compartments, the cells must efficiently move metabolites among the different compartments. This review examines the various photosynthetic electron flows used to generate ATP and fixed carbon and the trafficking of metabolites in the green alga Chlamydomomas reinhardtii; information on other algae and plants is provided to add depth and nuance to the discussion. We emphasized the trafficking of metabolites across the envelope membranes of the two energy powerhouse organelles of the cell, the chloroplast and mitochondrion, the nature and roles of the major mobile metabolites that move among these compartments, and the specific or presumed transporters involved in that trafficking. These transporters include sugar-phosphate (sugar-P)/inorganic phosphate (Pi) transporters and dicarboxylate transporters, although, in many cases, we know little about the substrate specificities of these transporters, how their activities are regulated/coordinated, compensatory responses among transporters when specific transporters are compromised, associations between transporters and other cellular proteins, and the possibilities for forming specific ‘megacomplexes’ involving interactions between enzymes of central metabolism with specific transport proteins. Finally, we discuss metabolite trafficking associated with specific biological processes that occur under various environmental conditions to help to maintain the cell’s fitness. These processes include C4 metabolism in plants and the carbon concentrating mechanism, photorespiration, and fermentation metabolism in algae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Signaling Events in Algae in Response to Abiotic Factors and Biotic Interactions)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2157 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Biostimulants on the Eco-Physiological Traits and Fruit Quality of Black Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa L.)

by Anastasia Giannakoula, Georgia Ouzounidou, Stefanos Stefanou, George Daskas and Olga Dichala

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3014; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213014 - 28 Oct 2024

Abstract

Biostimulants contribute to the physiological growth of plants by enhancing the quality characteristics of fruit without harming the environment. In addition, biostimulants applied to plants strengthen nutritional efficiency, abiotic stress tolerance, and fruit biochemical traits. We investigated the effectiveness of specific organic biostimulants. [...] Read more.

Biostimulants contribute to the physiological growth of plants by enhancing the quality characteristics of fruit without harming the environment. In addition, biostimulants applied to plants strengthen nutritional efficiency, abiotic stress tolerance, and fruit biochemical traits. We investigated the effectiveness of specific organic biostimulants. Five treatments were tested: (1) control (H₂O, no biostimulants); (2) Magnablue + Keyplex 350 (Mgl + Kpl350); (3) Cropobiolife + Keyplex 120 (Cpl + Kpl120); (4) Keyplex 120 (Kpl120); and (5) Magnablue + Cropobiolife + Keyplex 120 (Mgl + Cpl + Kpl120) on the mineral uptake and physiology in black chokeberry (Aronia) plants, as well as the quality of their berries. The different treatments were applied to three-year-old chokeberry plants, and the experimental process in the field lasted from May to September 2022 until the harvest of ripe fruits. Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) revealed that the fifth treatment significantly increased concentrations of P, Ca, and K. Additionally, the fifth treatment enhanced photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), water-splitting efficiency (Fv/Fo) in PSII, and the performance index (PI) of both PSI and PSII in chokeberry leaves. Improvements in photosynthesis, such as CO₂ assimilation (A), transpiration (E), and water-use efficiency (A/E), were also noted under biostimulant applications. Upon harvesting the ripe fruits, part of them was placed at room temperature at 25 °C, while the rest were stored at 4 °C, RH 90% for 7 days. The cultivation with biostimulants had beneficial effects on the maintenance of flesh consistency, ascorbic acid concentration, and weight of berries at 4 and 25 °C, especially in the 5th treatment. Moreover, the total antioxidant capacity, anthocyanin concentration, and total phenols of the berries were notably higher in the third and fifth treatments compared to the control. These data suggest that selecting appropriate biostimulants can enhance plant yield and fruit quality by potentially activating secondary metabolite pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Biostimulants: Exploring Sustainable Sources and their Applications in Agriculture Production)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 383 KiB

Open AccessReview

Physiological and Genetic Aspects of Resistance to Abiotic Stresses in Capsicum Species

by Xiaolin Zhang, Xiuming Ma, Shihui Wang, Shumei Liu and Shaochuan Shi

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3013; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213013 - 28 Oct 2024

Abstract

Abiotic stress is one of the key factors harming global agriculture today, seriously affecting the growth and yield of vegetables. Pepper is the most widely grown vegetable in the world, with both high nutritional and economic values. Currently, the increase in global extreme [...] Read more.

Abiotic stress is one of the key factors harming global agriculture today, seriously affecting the growth and yield of vegetables. Pepper is the most widely grown vegetable in the world, with both high nutritional and economic values. Currently, the increase in global extreme weather events has heightened the frequency of abiotic stresses, such as drought, high and low temperatures, waterlogging, and high salt levels, which impairs pepper growth and development, leading to its reduced yield and quality. In this review, we summarize the research progress on the responses of pepper to abiotic stress in recent years in terms of physiology, biochemistry, molecular level, and mitigation measures. We then explore the existing problems and propose future research directions. This work provides a reference for the cultivation and development of new pepper varieties resistant to abiotic stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Horticultural Science and Ornamental Plants)

19 pages, 4021 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological Effects and Mechanisms of Chlorella vulgaris as a Biostimulant on the Growth and Drought Tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana

by Jinyoung Moon, Yun Ji Park, Yeong Bin Choi, To Quyen Truong, Phuong Kim Huynh, Yeon Bok Kim and Sang Min Kim

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3012; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213012 - 28 Oct 2024

Abstract

Microalgae have demonstrated biostimulant potential owing to their ability to produce various plant growth-promoting substances, such as amino acids, phytohormones, polysaccharides, and vitamins. Most previous studies have primarily focused on the effects of microalgal biostimulants on plant growth. While biomass extracts are commonly [...] Read more.

Microalgae have demonstrated biostimulant potential owing to their ability to produce various plant growth-promoting substances, such as amino acids, phytohormones, polysaccharides, and vitamins. Most previous studies have primarily focused on the effects of microalgal biostimulants on plant growth. While biomass extracts are commonly used as biostimulants, research on the use of culture supernatant, a byproduct of microalgal culture, is scarce. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the potential of Chlorella vulgaris culture as a biostimulant and assess its effects on the growth and drought tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana, addressing the gap in current knowledge. Our results demonstrated that the Chlorella cell-free supernatant (CFS) significantly enhanced root growth and shoot development in both seedlings and mature Arabidopsis plants, suggesting the presence of specific growth-promoting compounds in CFS. Notably, CFS appeared to improve drought tolerance in Arabidopsis plants by increasing glucosinolate biosynthesis, inducing stomatal closure, and reducing water loss. Gene expression analysis revealed considerable changes in the expression of drought-responsive genes, such as IAA5, which is involved in auxin signaling, as well as glucosinolate biosynthetic genes, including WRKY63, MYB28, and MYB29. Overall, C. vulgaris culture-derived CFS could serve as a biostimulant alternative to chemical products, enhancing plant growth and drought tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 3024 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mn₃O₄ Nanoenzyme Seed Soaking Enhanced Salt Tolerance in Soybean Through Modulating Homeostasis of Reactive Oxygen Species and ATPase Activities

by Tingyong Mao, Linfeng Bao, Hengbin Zhang, Zhilin Shi, Jiahao Liu, Desheng Wang, Chan Liu, Yong Zhan and Yunlong Zhai

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3011; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213011 - 28 Oct 2024

Abstract

Soybean, an important cash crop, is often affected by soil salinity, which is one of the important types of abiotic stress that affects its growth. Poly (acrylic) acid coated Mn₃O₄ (PMO) has been reported to play a vital role in [...] Read more.

Soybean, an important cash crop, is often affected by soil salinity, which is one of the important types of abiotic stress that affects its growth. Poly (acrylic) acid coated Mn₃O₄ (PMO) has been reported to play a vital role in defending against a variety of abiotic stresses in plants. To date, the effects of PMOs on soybean have not been reported; this study explored the mechanism of PMO-enhanced soybean germination under salt stress. In this experiment, 100 mg/L PMO was used as an immersion agent with a salt treatment of 150 mM NaCl. The results showed that when compared with the PMO treatment, salt stress significantly decreased the germination rate, fresh weight, carbohydrate content, and antioxidant enzyme activity of soybean and significantly increased the contents of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and osmoregulatory substances. However, PMO treatment enhanced the antioxidant defense system and significantly reduced the malondialdehyde content of soybean. Moreover, the activities of H⁺-ATPase and Ca²⁺-ATPase were significantly higher in treated soybean than in the control, and the content of ATP was also higher in treated soybean than in the control. Generally, PMO regulates the homeostasis of reactive oxygen species and reduces ATP consumption, thereby improving the ability of soybeans to germinate under salt stress. This study provides new insights into how nanomaterials improve plant salt tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Approaches of Plant Nutrient and Environment Management to Plant Production)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 9790 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Hidden Connections: Endophytic System and Flower Meristem Development of Pilostyles berteroi (Apodanthaceae) and Interaction with Its Host Adesmia trijuga (Fabaceae)

by Ana Maria Gonzalez, María Florencia Romero and Héctor A. Sato

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3010; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213010 - 28 Oct 2024

Abstract

Pilostyles, an endoparasitic genus within the Apodanthaceae family, grows inside host stems with flowers and fruits being the only external manifestations. Previous studies of P. berteroi growing on Adesmia trijuga provided limited details of the endophyte and omitted the origin of flowers [...] Read more.

Pilostyles, an endoparasitic genus within the Apodanthaceae family, grows inside host stems with flowers and fruits being the only external manifestations. Previous studies of P. berteroi growing on Adesmia trijuga provided limited details of the endophyte and omitted the origin of flowers and sinker structure. This study, using classical methods of optical microscopy applied to the analysis with scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy, expands the understanding of the P. berteroi/A. trijuga complex. We find that P. berteroi develops isophasically with its host, forming endophytic patches between the host’s secondary phloem cells. The parasitized Adesmia stem’s cambium primarily produces xylem parenchyma, with limited vessel production and halting fiber formation. The radial polarization of endophytic patches led to the formation of floral meristems. Flowers develop endogenously and emerge by the breakthrough of the host stem. Flowers are connected to the host cambium via chimeric sinkers, combining P. berteroi parenchyma and tracheoids with Adesmia vessels. Unlike previous studies that show uniformity among Pilostyles species, our analysis reveals new insights into the structural interaction between P. berteroi and A. trijuga. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Plant Anatomy and Cell Biology)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 4369 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cathepsin B- and L-like Protease Activities Are Induced During Developmental Barley Leaf Senescence

by Igor A. Schepetkin and Andreas M. Fischer

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3009; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213009 - 28 Oct 2024

Abstract

Leaf senescence is a developmental process allowing nutrient remobilization to sink organs. Previously cysteine proteases have been found to be highly expressed during leaf senescence in different plant species. Using biochemical and immunoblotting approaches, we characterized developmental senescence of barley (Hordeum vulgare [...] Read more.

Leaf senescence is a developmental process allowing nutrient remobilization to sink organs. Previously cysteine proteases have been found to be highly expressed during leaf senescence in different plant species. Using biochemical and immunoblotting approaches, we characterized developmental senescence of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. ‘GemCraft’) leaves collected from 0 to 6 weeks after the onset of flowering. A decrease in total protein and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) large subunits occurred in parallel with an increase in proteolytic activity measured using the fluorogenic substrates Z-RR-AMC, Z-FR-AMC, and casein labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (casein-FITC). Aminopeptidase activity detected with R-AMC peaked at week 3 and then decreased, reaching a low level by week 6. Maximal proteolytic activity with Z-FR-AMC and Z-RR-AMC was detected from pH 4.0 to pH 5.5 and pH 6.5 to pH 7.4, respectively, while two pH optima (pH 3.6 to pH 4.5 and pH 6.5 to pH 7.4) were found for casein-FITC. Compound E-64, an irreversible cysteine protease inhibitor, and CAA0225, a selective cathepsin L inhibitor, effectively inhibited proteolytic activity with IC₅₀ values in the nanomolar range. CA-074, a selective cathepsin B inhibitor, was less potent under the same experimental conditions, with IC₅₀ in the micromolar range. Inhibition by leupeptin and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) was weak, and pepstatin A, an inhibitor of aspartic acid proteases, had no effect at the concentrations studied (up to 0.2 mM). Maximal proteolytic activity with the aminopeptidase substrate R-AMC was detected from pH 7.0 to pH 8.0. The pH profile of DCG-04 (a biotinylated activity probe derived from E-64) binding corresponded to that found with Z-FR-AMC, suggesting that the major active proteases are related to cathepsins B and L. Moreover, immunoblotting detected increased levels of barley SAG12 orthologs and aleurain, confirming a possible role of these enzymes in senescing leaves. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Barley: A Versatile Crop for Sustainable Food Production)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 4246 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Taxonomic, Physiological, and Biochemical Characterization of Asterarcys quadricellularis AQYS21 as a Promising Sustainable Feedstock for Biofuels and ω-3 Fatty Acids

by Nam Seon Kang, Sung Min An, Chang Rak Jo, Hyunji Ki, Sun Young Kim, Hyeon Gyeong Jeong, Grace Choi, Ji Won Hong and Kichul Cho

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3008; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213008 - 28 Oct 2024

Abstract

Asterarcys quadricellularis strain AQYS21, a green microalga isolated from the brackish waters near Manseong-ri Black Sand Beach in Korea, shows considerable potential as a source of bioactive compounds and biofuels. Therefore, this study analyzed the morphological, molecular, and biochemical characteristics of this strain; [...] Read more.

Asterarcys quadricellularis strain AQYS21, a green microalga isolated from the brackish waters near Manseong-ri Black Sand Beach in Korea, shows considerable potential as a source of bioactive compounds and biofuels. Therefore, this study analyzed the morphological, molecular, and biochemical characteristics of this strain; optimized its cultivation conditions; and evaluated its suitability for biodiesel production. Morphological analysis revealed characteristics typical of the Asterarcys genus: spherical to ellipsoidal cells with pyrenoid starch plates and mucilage-embedded coenobia. Additionally, features not previously reported in other A. quadricellularis strains were observed. These included young cells with meridional ribs and an asymmetric spindle-shaped form with one or two pointed ends. Molecular analysis using small-subunit rDNA and tufA sequences confirmed the identification of the strain AQYS21. This strain showed robust growth across a wide temperature range, with optimal conditions at 24 °C and 88 µmol m⁻²s⁻¹ photon flux density. It was particularly rich in ω-3 α-linolenic acid and palmitic acid. Furthermore, its biodiesel properties indicated its suitability for biodiesel formulations. The biomass of this microalga may serve as a viable feedstock for biodiesel production and a valuable source of ω-3 fatty acids. These findings reveal new morphological characteristics of A. quadricellularis, enhancing our understanding of the species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Taxonomy of Cyanobacteria and Microalgae)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 3729 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rehmannia glutinosa RgMATE35 Participates in the Root Secretion of Phenolic Acids and Modulates the Development of Plant Replant Disease

by Yanhui Yang, Bingyang Guo, Yan Jin, Mingjie Li, Zichao Wang, Jiaqi Zhao, Haiqin Ma, Tongyu Wu and Zhongyi Zhang

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3007; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213007 - 28 Oct 2024

Abstract

Phenolic allelochemicals from root exudates dominate rhizosphere formation, lead to autotoxicity in plants subjected to continuous monoculture (CM) stress and induce the emergence of replant disease. However, the regulatory mechanisms governing the transport of phenolics from plant roots to the rhizosphere remain poorly [...] Read more.

Phenolic allelochemicals from root exudates dominate rhizosphere formation, lead to autotoxicity in plants subjected to continuous monoculture (CM) stress and induce the emergence of replant disease. However, the regulatory mechanisms governing the transport of phenolics from plant roots to the rhizosphere remain poorly understood. A potential phenolic efflux transporter from Rehmannia glutinosa, designated RgMATE35, has been preliminarily characterized. The objective of this study was to elucidate the molecular function of RgMATE35 in the secretion of phenolics and to investigate its role in the development of plant replant disease using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), genetic transformation, HPLC-Q-TOF-MS and other analytical techniques. A tissue expression pattern analysis of RgMATE35 revealed that it is highly expressed in plant roots. Transient expression analysis confirmed the localization of the protein in plasma membranes. An assessment of the transport activity of RgMATE35 in Xenopus oocytes indicated that it plays a role in facilitating the efflux of labeled ferulic acid ([²H₃]-FA) and trans-p-coumaric acid [²H₆]-pCA. The results of functional studies in R. glutinosa demonstrated that RgMATE35 positively mediates the secretion of FA and pCA from plant roots into the rhizosphere. A molecular and physiological analysis of RgMATE35 transgenic plants subjected to CM stress revealed that the overexpression or repression of RgMATE35 resulted in notable changes in the degree of autotoxic injury in plants. These findings demonstrate that RgMATE35 plays a positive role in the development of replant disease through the secretion of phenolic acids from plant roots. They also provide a fundamental framework for elucidating the molecular regulatory mechanism through which MATEs regulate replant disease through the root secretion of allelochemicals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Function of Protein Signal Pathways in the Regulation of Plant Growth and Stress)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 1608 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phytoplasma DNA Enrichment from Sugarcane White Leaves for Shotgun Sequencing Improvement

by Karan Lohmaneeratana, Gabriel Gutiérrez, Arinthip Thamchaipenet and Ralf Erik Wellinger

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3006; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213006 - 28 Oct 2024

Abstract

Sugarcane white leaf (SCWL) disease, caused by Candidatus Phytoplasma sacchari, poses a significant threat to sugarcane cultivation. An obligate parasite, phytoplasma is difficult to culture in laboratory conditions, making the isolation of its DNA from the massive amount of plant host DNA extremely [...] Read more.

Sugarcane white leaf (SCWL) disease, caused by Candidatus Phytoplasma sacchari, poses a significant threat to sugarcane cultivation. An obligate parasite, phytoplasma is difficult to culture in laboratory conditions, making the isolation of its DNA from the massive amount of plant host DNA extremely challenging. Yet, the appropriate amount and quality of plant microbiome-derived DNA are key for high-quality DNA sequencing data. Here, a simple, cost-effective, alternative method for DNA isolation was applied using a guanidine-HCl-hydroxylated silica (GuHCl-Silica)-based method and microbiome DNA enrichment based on size-selective low-molecular-weight (LMW) DNA by PEG/NaCl precipitation. qPCR analysis revealed a significant enrichment of phytoplasma DNA in the LMW fraction. Additionally, the NEBNext Microbiome DNA enrichment kit was utilized to further enrich microbial DNA, demonstrating a remarkable increase in the relative abundance of phytoplasma DNA to host DNA. Shotgun sequencing of the isolated DNA gave high-quality data on the metagenome assembly genome (MAG) of Ca. Phytoplasma sacchari SCWL with completeness at 95.85 and 215× coverage. The results indicate that this combined approach of PEG/NaCl size selection and microbiome enrichment is effective for obtaining high-quality genomic data from phytoplasma, surpassing previous methods in efficiency and resource utilization. This low-cost method not only enhances the recovery of microbiome DNA from plant hosts but also provides a robust framework for studying plant pathogens in complex plant models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Viruses, Viroids and Phytoplasmas: Insight into Evolutionary, Pathogenicity, and Epidemiology Studies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 4179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intraspecific Variability of Xylem Hydraulic Traits of Calligonum mongolicum Growing in the Desert of Northern Xinjiang, China

by Quanling Zhang, Hui Shen, Lan Peng, Ye Tao, Xiaobing Zhou, Benfeng Yin, Zhiqiang Fan and Jing Zhang

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3005; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213005 - 28 Oct 2024

Abstract

Plant hydraulic traits are essential for understanding and predicting plant drought resistance. Investigations into the mechanisms of the xylem anatomical traits of desert shrubs in response to climate can help us to understand plant survival strategies in extreme environments. This study examined the [...] Read more.

Plant hydraulic traits are essential for understanding and predicting plant drought resistance. Investigations into the mechanisms of the xylem anatomical traits of desert shrubs in response to climate can help us to understand plant survival strategies in extreme environments. This study examined the xylem anatomical traits and related functional traits of the branches of seven Calligonum mongolicum populations along a precipitation gradient, to explore their adaptive responses to climatic factors. We found that (1) the vessel diameter (D), vessel diameter contributing to 95% of hydraulic conductivity (D₉₅), hydraulic weighted vessel diameter (Dh), vessel density (VD), percentage of conductive area (CA), thickness-to-span ratio of vessels ((t/b)²), and theoretical hydraulic conductivity (K_th) varied significantly across sites, while the vessel group index (V_g), wood density (WD), and vulnerability index (VI) showed no significant differences. (2) Principal component analysis revealed that efficiency-related traits (K_th, D_h, D₉₅) and safety-related traits (VI, VD, inter-wall thickness of the vessel (t)) were the primary factors driving trait variation. (3) Precipitation during the wettest month (PWM) had the strongest influence, positively correlating with (t/b)² and negatively with D, D₉₅, D_h, CA, and K_th. (4) Structural equation modeling confirmed PWM as the main driver of K_th, with indirect effects through CA. These findings indicate that C. mongolicum displays high plasticity in xylem traits, enabling adaptation to changing environments, and providing insight into the hydraulic strategies of desert shrubs under climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anatomical, Ontogenetic, and Embryological Studies of Plants)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 4110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation on the Efficacy of Farrerol in Inhibiting Shoot Blight of Larch (Neofusicoccum laricinum)

by Evaristo A. Bruda, Rui Xia, Ruizhi Zhang, Haoru Wang, Qi Yu, Mengyao Hu and Feng Wang

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3004; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213004 - 28 Oct 2024

Abstract

Neofusicoccum laricinum is the causal agent of larch shoot blight, a fungal disease affecting several species of larch. It causes severe damage, including stunting and mortality. This study aims to address the severe impact of larch shoot blight by evaluating the effect of [...] Read more.

Neofusicoccum laricinum is the causal agent of larch shoot blight, a fungal disease affecting several species of larch. It causes severe damage, including stunting and mortality. This study aims to address the severe impact of larch shoot blight by evaluating the effect of farrerol on the inhibition of Neofusicoccum laricinum in Larix olgensis. We used LC-MS/MS and weighted gene co-expression network analysis to investigate farrerol’s effects on Neofusicoccum laricinum and identify associated genes in resistant and susceptible larch. Our study identified significant differences in metabolite profiles between resistant and susceptible cultivars, with higher concentrations of farrerol showing complete inhibition of N. laricinum. Additionally, specific genes associated with farrerol content were up-regulated in resistant larch. Farrerol at higher concentrations completely inhibited N. laricinum, showing a strong correlation with increased disease resistance. This research suggests that farrerol enhances disease resistance in larch and provides a foundation for developing disease-resistant larch varieties based on antifungal metabolite traits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Pest Management and Plants Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 6827 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Commercialized “Smudge Sticks” Used as Incense in the Netherlands: An Inventory of Plants and Trends Behind a New Age Fashion

by Isabela Pombo Geertsma, Berber E. Zandstra, Anastasia Stefanaki and Tinde R. van Andel

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3003; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213003 - 27 Oct 2024

Abstract

Incense is essential in religious ceremonies, even in relatively new religious and spiritual movements such as New Age and Neopaganism. These garner little attention from ethnobotanists, although they trigger an international trade in wild-harvested plants. In this paper, we studied the botanical ingredients [...] Read more.

Incense is essential in religious ceremonies, even in relatively new religious and spiritual movements such as New Age and Neopaganism. These garner little attention from ethnobotanists, although they trigger an international trade in wild-harvested plants. In this paper, we studied the botanical ingredients of smudge sticks (dried plant bundles burned for purification) in the Netherlands, and people’s motivations to use them posing the following questions: what plant species are included in smudge sticks? what are they used for? and are exotic plants preferred over native Dutch plant species? We visited online and physical shops in Dutch cities, acquiring a total of 29 different smudge sticks containing at least 15 species. We held semi-structured interviews with 11 users, vendors, and herbal experts, and collected data from 33 questionnaires. Salvia apiana L. was most frequently found, along with North American species of the genus Artemisia. The rise of the New Age movement resulted in North American ritual plant species being easily available in (online) shops in the Netherlands and smudge sticks being used for personal protection and cleansing. Despite the smudge sticks’ commercial demand, there is no data regarding the pressure on wild populations of species used in these bundles. For the preservation of these species it is crucial that scientific monitoring of their harvest is undertaken in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Ethnobotany and Ethnoecology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Plants, Volume 13, Issue 21 (November-1 2024) – 86 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI