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Veterinary Sciences
Volume 12
Issue 3
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Vet. Sci., Volume 12, Issue 3 (March 2025) – 101 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Marmoset wasting syndrome (MWS) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in captive callitrichids. Unfortunately, MWS is still not well understood. We provide a comprehensive review concerning recent advances in the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of marmoset wasting syndrome. These advances should be considered by all staff working with and caring for animals with MWS, in order to foster optimal health and welfare and promote further research. In addition, this review reveals large gaps in our overall comprehension of MWS and its causes, prevention, and cure, and it will serve as a guide for further studies. View this paper
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15 pages, 5071 KiB  
Article
A Live-Attenuated Chimeric Vaccine Candidate Against the Emerging NADC34-Like PRRSV
by Zhengqin Ye, Zhendong Zhang, Zhenbang Zhu, Zhe Sun, Kegong Tian and Xiangdong Li
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030290 - 19 Mar 2025
Viewed by 313
Abstract
NADC34-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been circulating in China for several years, causing substantial economic losses to the local pig industry. Current commercial vaccines have failed to provide complete protection against NADC34-like PRRSV infection. Additionally, the poor adaptation of [...] Read more.
NADC34-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been circulating in China for several years, causing substantial economic losses to the local pig industry. Current commercial vaccines have failed to provide complete protection against NADC34-like PRRSV infection. Additionally, the poor adaptation of NADC34-like strains to Marc-145 cells presents a considerable challenge for developing effective vaccines against these strains. This study addresses these challenges by developing a novel vaccine candidate against NADC34-like PRRSV. We engineered a recombinant PRRSV, rNADC34-CHSps, by replacing the structural protein region of the JS2021NADC34 strain with that of the CHR6 strain to improve its adaptation to Marc-145 cells. The rescued strain could proliferate well in Marc-145 cells, maintaining high titers and stable growth kinetics even at high passage numbers. Piglets were vaccinated with rNADC34-CHSps at passage 80 and then challenged with the virulent NADC34-like PRRSV strain, JS2021NADC34, at 28 days post-vaccination. All vaccinated piglets developed specific antibodies against PRRSV at 14 dpv and showed no significant clinical symptoms, even after exposure to PRRSV JS2021NADC34. Furthermore, the vaccinated piglets gained significantly more weight, displayed much less severe pathological lesions, and reduced viremia compared to the challenge control piglets. These results indicate that rNADC34-CHSps is a promising vaccine candidate against NADC34-like PRRSV infection, highlighting the potential of targeted genomic modifications to enhance vaccine efficacy. Full article
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32 pages, 5087 KiB  
Review
Clinical-Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances in Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
by Felipe Gaia de Sousa, Ana Cristina Ribeiro Mendes, Luisa Pimenta de Carvalho and Suzane Lilian Beier
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030289 - 19 Mar 2025
Viewed by 552
Abstract
A comprehensive literature review was conducted to summarise existing evidence and the latest therapeutic advancements in feline HCM. The disease phenotype is characterised by the development of concentric hypertrophy, which is variable but often asymmetric, primarily affecting the left ventricle. The HCM is [...] Read more.
A comprehensive literature review was conducted to summarise existing evidence and the latest therapeutic advancements in feline HCM. The disease phenotype is characterised by the development of concentric hypertrophy, which is variable but often asymmetric, primarily affecting the left ventricle. The HCM is marked by diastolic dysfunction, resulting in a reduced intracavitary internal diameter due to the disordered alignment of cardiomyocytes and excessive collagen deposition, which thickens the myocardial tissue and impairs relaxation. There is strong evidence supporting the role of genetic mutations in sarcomeric genes in the development of HCM. Clinical signs vary but are frequently associated with congestive heart failure (CHF) and ATE. Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies, although certain aspects of the disease remain insufficiently understood and require further research. Therapeutic management focuses on controlling clinical signs, slowing disease progression, and improving both quality of life and life expectancy. However, ongoing studies are essential to refine diagnostic strategies and explore novel treatment options for better disease management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Companion Animal Cardiology: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches)
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56 pages, 3368 KiB  
Review
West Nile Virus (WNV): One-Health and Eco-Health Global Risks
by Luigi Bruno, Maria Anna Nappo, Raffaele Frontoso, Maria Gabriella Perrotta, Rosanna Di Lecce, Chiara Guarnieri, Luca Ferrari and Attilio Corradi
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030288 - 19 Mar 2025
Viewed by 442
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an important zoonotic pathogen belonging to the Flaviviridae family, which is endemic in some areas and emerging in others. WNV is transmitted by blood-sucking mosquitoes of the genus Culicoides, Aedes, and Anopheles, and the infection can cause different [...] Read more.
West Nile virus (WNV) is an important zoonotic pathogen belonging to the Flaviviridae family, which is endemic in some areas and emerging in others. WNV is transmitted by blood-sucking mosquitoes of the genus Culicoides, Aedes, and Anopheles, and the infection can cause different clinical symptoms. The most common and benign illness in humans is West Nile fever (WNF), but a lethal neurological disease (WNND), related to the neuro-invasiveness of WNV lineage 2, represents the highest health risk of WNV infection. The neuro-clinical form is recognized in mammals (land and cetaceans), particularly in humans (elderly or immunosuppressed) and in horses, avian species, and wildlife animals ranging free or in a zoological setting. This review highlights the most relevant data regarding epidemiology, virology, pathogenesis and immunity, clinical signs and differential diagnosis, pathology and imaging, histopathology and gross pathology, economic impact, influence of climate change, and surveillance of WNV. Climate change has favored the wide spread of WNV in many areas of the globe and consequent One-Health and Eco-Health emergencies, influencing the health of human beings, animals, and ecosystems. Full article
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16 pages, 1248 KiB  
Article
A Comparative Analysis of Clinical Presentation, Prognosis and Outcomes in Paralytic Dogs with a Compressive and a Contusive Intervertebral Disc Disease
by Anna Kurtscheidt, Stefan Rupp, Ute Müller and Franck Forterre
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030287 - 19 Mar 2025
Viewed by 538
Abstract
This retrospective study aims to investigate whether dogs with a contusive and dogs with a compressive intervertebral disc disease share comparable outcomes and prognoses when presenting with the same neurological grade. A total of 50 dogs with IVDE (compression group) and 45 dogs [...] Read more.
This retrospective study aims to investigate whether dogs with a contusive and dogs with a compressive intervertebral disc disease share comparable outcomes and prognoses when presenting with the same neurological grade. A total of 50 dogs with IVDE (compression group) and 45 dogs with ANNPE (contusion group) were included in this study. The protocol involved a thorough review of the medical records and CT/MRI images of the included dogs. Data encompassing signalment, initial clinical signs, post-diagnosis treatment and short-term outcomes (less than 8 months) were collected from the patient records. Information on long-term outcomes (more than 8 months) was obtained through interviews with the owners. Dogs in the compression group displayed clinical signs at a statistically significant younger age and were more likely to experience deteriorating neurological deficits compared to the contusion group. Conversely, dogs with contusions had a significantly higher incidence of external trauma history and vocalization at the onset of clinical signs. In both groups, the most affected spinal cord segment was T3-L3. The overall recovery rate to regain independent ambulation was 71% in the contusion group vs. 80% in the compression group. While some of the examined parameters revealed differences, most did not significantly differ between the groups. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Surgery)
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10 pages, 2487 KiB  
Case Report
Subclinical Mastitis Related to Streptococcus canis Infection in Dairy Cattle
by Alessio Sposato, Laura Del Sambro, Stefano Castellana, Elisabetta Catalano, Michela Galgano, Antonella Castellana, Annamaria Caffò, Viviana Manzulli, Marta Caruso, Leonardo Marino, Angelica Milano and Luciana Addante
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030286 - 19 Mar 2025
Viewed by 361
Abstract
In the present study, we isolated S. canis from milk samples in a dairy farm with suspicions of subclinical mastitis. Milk samples testing positive on California Mastitis Test (CMT) were collected from different cows for bacteriological and genomic analyses to identify the causative [...] Read more.
In the present study, we isolated S. canis from milk samples in a dairy farm with suspicions of subclinical mastitis. Milk samples testing positive on California Mastitis Test (CMT) were collected from different cows for bacteriological and genomic analyses to identify the causative pathogen, and somatic cell counts (SCC) were determined. A multiplex qPCR assay was conducted to detect 15 potential pathogens, and all samples showed negative results. Conventional bacteriology procedures were performed; DNA of the bacterial strains was extracted, sequenced, and submitted to bioinformatic analysis. Three CMT positive milk samples showed SCC > 200 × 103 cell/mL. However, these same three samples were positive for bacteria phenotypically identified as Streptococci, and the strains were confirmed as S. canis using MS MALDI-TOF methodology. In susceptibility testing, resistance against tetracycline was detected, revealing a potential chronic infection in one cow, while the presence of the same bacteria was observed in two other cows. Genomic DNA from four S. canis isolates, obtained in the first and second sampling, was sequenced. Genetic relationships revealed a unique sequence type (ST24). The gene (tetM) related with resistance to TE was highlighted. Although the association between S. canis and mastitis is not routinely detected, early diagnosis of bacterial infections and the study of the antimicrobial profile are crucial for effective therapy. Pets could act as a potential reservoir, so improving hygienic conditions is needed to prevent new infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spotlight on Cattle Infectious Diseases)
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16 pages, 291 KiB  
Review
Leptospirosis in Unconventional Mammal Pets
by Fabrizio Bertelloni and Valentina Virginia Ebani
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030285 - 19 Mar 2025
Viewed by 408
Abstract
The demand for unconventional pets has markedly increased in recent years worldwide. Among them, many species of mammals are frequently kept in domestic environments in close contact with their owners. Pets often harbor zoonotic microorganisms without showing clinical signs; therefore, owners do not [...] Read more.
The demand for unconventional pets has markedly increased in recent years worldwide. Among them, many species of mammals are frequently kept in domestic environments in close contact with their owners. Pets often harbor zoonotic microorganisms without showing clinical signs; therefore, owners do not suspect that they can be a source of pathogens. Pets of several unconventional species may act mainly as maintenance hosts for leptospires; they are clinically silent but shed the spirochetes in their urine representing a serious risk of infection for people living in the same domestic area. However, their role as maintenance or incidental hosts seems variable in relation to the animal species, and it has not always been elucidated. No vaccines against Leptospira spp. are available for unconventional mammal pets, and so prophylaxis is based on rigorous hygienic measures and the identification of infected animals through indirect and/or direct diagnosis for leptospirosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bacterial Infectious Diseases of Companion Animals—2nd Edition)
12 pages, 2245 KiB  
Article
Morbidity and Mortality of Eastern Barn Owls (Tyto javanica) Admitted to a Southeast Queensland Wildlife Hospital
by Robert Doneley, Ashleigh Hicks and Andrew Hill
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030284 - 18 Mar 2025
Viewed by 292
Abstract
The eastern barn owl (Tyto javanica), a sub-group of Tyto alba, the most common species of owl in the world, is classified as “of least concern” under Queensland (Australia) legislation but appears to be affected by urban development. Between August [...] Read more.
The eastern barn owl (Tyto javanica), a sub-group of Tyto alba, the most common species of owl in the world, is classified as “of least concern” under Queensland (Australia) legislation but appears to be affected by urban development. Between August 2010 and December 2021, 412 wild eastern barn owls were presented for treatment to the Currumbin Wildlife Hospital. A retrospective study of their medical records shows a strong association between the season and the number of admissions, with a combined total of 80% of admissions occurring in winter and spring (the breeding season for this species) in southeast Queensland. There was no significant association between age and admissions. The most common diagnosis was traumatic injuries, especially in winter and spring. Of all admissions, 46.61% died or were euthanized, 36.17% were transferred to wildlife carers, and 13.83% were discharged from the hospital. We postulate that the breeding season results in an increase in the owls’ activity, in turn resulting in greater risk exposure and increased admissions to veterinary clinics. These findings confirm that and thus provide information about the vulnerability of this species to anthropogenic activities and the implications for outcomes of injured owls. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wildlife Health and Disease in Conservation)
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20 pages, 3226 KiB  
Article
Identification and Analysis of InDel Variants in Key Hippo Pathway Genes and Their Association with Growth Traits in Four Chinese Sheep Breeds
by Beibei Zhang, Wanxia Zhao, Xiaoqin Tang, Meng Zhou, Yanbo Qiu, Shuhui Wang and Xiuzhu Sun
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030283 - 18 Mar 2025
Viewed by 289
Abstract
This study aimed to identify insertion–deletion (InDel) variants in key genes of the Hippo signaling pathway in four Chinese sheep breeds: Tong sheep (TS), Hu sheep (HS), Small Tail Han sheep (STHS), and Lanzhou large-tailed sheep (LLTS). InDel variants in MST1/2, LATS1/2 [...] Read more.
This study aimed to identify insertion–deletion (InDel) variants in key genes of the Hippo signaling pathway in four Chinese sheep breeds: Tong sheep (TS), Hu sheep (HS), Small Tail Han sheep (STHS), and Lanzhou large-tailed sheep (LLTS). InDel variants in MST1/2, LATS1/2, SAV1, MOB1A/B, and YAP/TAZ genes were screened using public databases and identified through PCR amplification, gel electrophoresis, and sequencing. This study identified significant associations between InDel variants and growth traits across the four breeds. Specifically, three loci in the MST1 gene were significantly associated with chest circumference, body height, and body weight in STHS, HS, and TS. Four loci in MST2 influenced hip height, body weight, and chest circumference across all breeds (p < 0.05). Additionally, two loci in YAP significantly affected body height, chest circumference, and body length in LLTS, STHS, and TS, while three loci in the MOB1A gene strongly impacted cannon circumference in all breeds (p < 0.05). These InDel variants may serve as potential molecular markers for breeding. These findings highlight the potential of these InDel variants as molecular markers for sheep breeding and provide valuable resources for improving growth traits in sheep through molecular breeding. Full article
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11 pages, 819 KiB  
Article
Assessment of the Nutritional Impact of the 10% Snack Recommendation in Pet Diets
by Leonardo de Andrade Príncipe, Pedro Henrique Marchi, Andressa Rodrigues Amaral, Vivian Pedrinelli, Rafael Vessecchi Amorim Zafalon, Felipe Saab Romano, Júlio Cesar de Carvalho Balieiro and Thiago Henrique Annibale Vendramini
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030282 - 18 Mar 2025
Viewed by 548
Abstract
The World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) and the American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) recommend that treats make up no more than 10% of daily energy intake for dogs and cats. This study assessed whether replacing 10% of maintenance energy requirements with commercial [...] Read more.
The World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) and the American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) recommend that treats make up no more than 10% of daily energy intake for dogs and cats. This study assessed whether replacing 10% of maintenance energy requirements with commercial treats affects the nutritional adequacy of diets. Labels from 226 dry extruded diets for adult dogs and 124 for adult cats in the Brazilian market were analyzed, along with 170 dog treats and 114 cat treats (dry, wet, or liquid). Maintenance energy requirement calculations followed FEDIAF (2024) guidelines. All diets for active and inactive dogs met protein and fat requirements after a 10% intake reduction and the inclusion of any type of snacks. Regarding protein intake, all diets met the minimum requirement for active cats. However, for inactive cats, some diets failed to provide enough crude protein after restriction (36.29% of diets with dry snacks, 16.12% with wet snacks, and 2.41% with liquid snacks). Concerning fat content, only 1.61% of diets failed to meet the minimum when liquid snacks were included. On the other hand, when considering the equation and the needs of inactive cats, 29.03% of diets with dry snacks, 28.22% with wet snacks, and 44.77% with liquid snacks did not meet the minimum. Reducing food intake to accommodate treats may not be ideal, depending on diet composition and treat selection, particularly for neutered and indoor cats. Full article
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2 pages, 146 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Cañizares-Cooz et al. Voriconazole Pharmacokinetics Administered at 4 mg/kg IM and IV in Nursehound Sharks (Scyliorhinus stellaris) Under Human Care. Vet. Sci. 2025, 12, 17
by Daniela Cañizares-Cooz, Daniel García-Párraga, Sonia Rubio-Langre, Teresa Encinas and Pablo Morón-Elorza
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030281 - 18 Mar 2025
Viewed by 612
Abstract
There is an error in the reference order in the original publication [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology)
9 pages, 1078 KiB  
Brief Report
Genomic Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Five Avian Influenza H5N1 Subtypes from Wild Anser indicus in Yunnan, China
by Lingsi Yang, Rui Wang, Qi Liu, Taif Shah, Jiuxuan Zhou, Wenhua Zhao, Yixuan Wang, Lulu Deng and Binghui Wang
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030280 - 17 Mar 2025
Viewed by 432
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 viruses have been found to have a substantial geographic distribution since they were first reported in Guangdong Province, China. The emergence of new genotypes threatens the poultry industry and human health worldwide. Here, we report five HPAI [...] Read more.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 viruses have been found to have a substantial geographic distribution since they were first reported in Guangdong Province, China. The emergence of new genotypes threatens the poultry industry and human health worldwide. Here, we report five HPAI H5N1 variants isolated from Anser indicus in Yunnan Province, China. A phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene showed that all isolates belong to the highly pathogenic H5 clade 2.3.4.4b and formed two distinct genetic clusters. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis also revealed that the viruses were initially disseminated from wild birds to Anser indicus, implying that infected birds most likely contributed to viral transmission in the region. Genomic sequence analysis revealed several amino acid substitutions, also implying that the infected birds contributed to the spread of the virus throughout the region. Substitutions in the HA glycoprotein increased the virus’s binding affinity to human α-2,6 sialic acid residues. Substitutions in the PB1, PA, and PB2 motifs increased viral polymerase activity and replication in hosts, whereas substitutions in the NP, M1, and NS motifs increased viral pathogenicity in chickens and mice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Evolution Analysis of Virus Infection in Poultry and Wild Birds)
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23 pages, 8736 KiB  
Article
Selection for Improved Water Efficiency in Broiler Breeder Lines Does Not Negatively Impact Immune Response Capabilities to Gram− and Gram+ Bacterial Components and a Killed-Salmonella Enteritidis Vaccine
by Jossie M. Santamaria, Chrysta N. Beck, Sara K. Orlowski, Maricela Maqueda, Walter G. Bottje and Gisela F. Erf
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030279 - 16 Mar 2025
Viewed by 745
Abstract
Selection for water consumption could impact broiler breeders’ immune capabilities. To assess these impacts of selection based on the water conversion ratio (WCR), three trials were conducted using broiler breeders from the modern random bred (MRB), low (L)WCR, and high (H)WCR lines. Ten- [...] Read more.
Selection for water consumption could impact broiler breeders’ immune capabilities. To assess these impacts of selection based on the water conversion ratio (WCR), three trials were conducted using broiler breeders from the modern random bred (MRB), low (L)WCR, and high (H)WCR lines. Ten- to 11-week-old male broilers received intradermal (i.d.) growing feather (GF)-pulp injections of LPS (Trial 1) or PGN (Trial 2), to assess local (GF-pulp) and systemic (blood) inflammatory responses over 24 h and 72 h p.i., respectively. Measurements included leukocyte profiles in GF-pulps and blood, GF cytokine mRNA expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and plasma concentrations of α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP-1). In Trial 3, 14-week-old pullets were immunized by i.d. GF-pulp injection of SEV (108 CFU/mL). Leukocyte profiles in the GF-pulp and blood were measured over 72 h and plasma levels of SEV-specific IgM, IgY(G), and IgA antibodies over 4 weeks p.i. Independent of the line, phagocytes infiltrated GF-pulps by 6 h post-LPS injection (p ≤ 0.05), while lymphocytes were the major leukocyte recruited in response to PGN (p ≤ 0.05). However, with both LPS and PGN, HWCR broilers were less effective in recruiting lymphocytes than MRB and LWCR broilers, which had similar lymphocyte infiltration levels. There were no line differences in GF-pulp cytokine mRNA expression and ROS generation, nor in blood leukocyte and AGP-1 concentrations, following LPS injections. Independent of the line, SEV immunization stimulated similar phagocyte recruitment profiles; however, the LWCR and MRB lines had a higher infiltration of lymphocytes (esp. B cells) than the HWCR line (p ≤ 0.05). Independent of the line, SEV immunization triggered a robust, high-quality, primary SE-specific antibody response (p ≤ 0.05). Collectively, selection for improved water efficiency in the LWCR broiler breeder lines did not negatively impact immune response capabilities to LPS, PGN, and a killed SEV. Full article
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16 pages, 4690 KiB  
Article
Novel Soluble apxIVA-Truncated Protein and Its Application to Rapid Detection and Distinction of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Wild-Strain-Infected Samples from Those Vaccinated with apxIV-Partially Deleted Vaccine
by Jing Rao, Xiaoyu Liu, Xi Zhu, Yongle Qi, Huanchun Chen and Weicheng Bei
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030278 - 16 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 446
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is a bacterial pathogen causing porcine pleuropneumonia, causing great economic loss to the global pig industry. Although natural apxIV contributes to the prevention and control of porcine pleuropneumonia, its isolation poses a great challenge, and recombinant soluble apxIV proteins tend [...] Read more.
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is a bacterial pathogen causing porcine pleuropneumonia, causing great economic loss to the global pig industry. Although natural apxIV contributes to the prevention and control of porcine pleuropneumonia, its isolation poses a great challenge, and recombinant soluble apxIV proteins tend to carry large molecular weight tags. The traditional serologic methods tend not to accurately detect the apxIV-partially deleted vaccine (GDV). In this study, we screened the soluble protein apxIVA N2 (756 bp) from six apxIV-truncated proteins and applied it to the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and colloidal gold immunochromatographic strip for detecting the samples vaccinated with APP GDV. The results indicate that N2 was close to the natural apxIV protein in terms of structure and function as it only contained a single His (0.86 kDa) tag and a single S (2 kDa) tag. Among the six candidate proteins, N2 exhibited the best performance in distinguishing APP-infected samples from those vaccinated with the APP GDV. Both ELISA and colloidal gold immunochromatographic strips based on this protein exhibited an excellent performance in detecting and distinguishing wild-strain-infected samples from those vaccinated with the subunit vaccine or the GDV. In addition, three monoclonal antibodies against different antigenic epitopes were identified using these truncated proteins. Our studies are of great significance for further research on APP, the differential diagnosis of wild strains and vaccine strains, and pig control breeding, exhibiting a broad application prospect in the on-site diagnosis of APP, particularly in remote areas lacking detection instruments and professionals. Full article
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14 pages, 1912 KiB  
Article
Use of an In Vitro Digestibility Approach to Assess Bombyx mori and Camelina sativa as Alternative Feed Ingredients for Poultry Species
by Yazavinder Singh, Antonella Dalle Zotte, Marco Cullere, Pipatpong Chundang, Penpicha Kongsup and Attawit Kovitvadhi
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030277 - 15 Mar 2025
Viewed by 426
Abstract
The present study investigated the in vitro digestibility of diets for broiler chickens (Ross308) and broiler and laying Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica). The diets contained unconventional feedstuffs such as silkworm (Bombyx mori) meal (SWM) and meals obtained from different [...] Read more.
The present study investigated the in vitro digestibility of diets for broiler chickens (Ross308) and broiler and laying Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica). The diets contained unconventional feedstuffs such as silkworm (Bombyx mori) meal (SWM) and meals obtained from different Camelina sativa lines (Pearl and Alan, characterized by reduced linoleic acid and glucosinolates content, respectively). An in vitro technique was tested in order to assess its potential for replacing in vivo studies. To test this, the digestive tracts of fifty broiler chickens and four hundred Japanese quails were sampled to extract digestive enzymes to be used for in vitro digestibility assessments, including dry matter digestibility (DMd), organic matter digestibility (OMd), and crude protein digestibility (CPd). Diets including SWM exhibited comparable digestibility values to those of Control diet for broiler chickens, highlighting its potential as a valuable protein source in poultry nutrition. The study also found strong correlations between DMd and OMd (p < 0.01), indicating a logical relationship in nutrient breakdown. A 5% or 10% inclusion of the two camelina lines in the diet for broiler quails did not significantly alter the digestibility parameters (p ≥ 0.05), whereas in laying quails, diets with a 15% inclusion level of camelina resulted in a significant difference in digestibility (p < 0.05). Specifically, oil diets provided the best outcomes, while the diet Pearl Spring 15 showed the lowest DMd, CPd, and OMd (p < 0.05). Overall, results from the present study indicate that the tested alternative feedstuffs (SWM and camelina) have a good potential for poultry feed formulations. In addition, the tested in vitro technique was shown to be more suitable to predict the digestibility of single feedstuffs (i.e., SWM) rather than complete diets, which is consistent with the existing literature. For this reason, this in vitro technique is not adequate to replace in vivo digestibility experiments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Poultry Science: Nutritional Aspects of Poultry Production)
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13 pages, 6349 KiB  
Article
Isolation and Characterization of a Porcine Getah Virus Strain from Sichuan Province
by Lina Shao, Mincai Nie, Baoling Liu, Fengqin Li, Tong Xu, Lei Xu, Lishuang Deng, Hanyu Li, Lei Zhao, Youyou Li, Leyi Zhang, Yixin Yan, Zhiwen Xu and Ling Zhu
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030276 - 15 Mar 2025
Viewed by 430
Abstract
Following its initial documented emergence in Hunan’s swine facilities in 2017, GETV has inflicted considerable financial damage upon China’s pork production sector. Beyond its impact on swine, GETV also poses a potential risk to other animal species and public health, primarily due to [...] Read more.
Following its initial documented emergence in Hunan’s swine facilities in 2017, GETV has inflicted considerable financial damage upon China’s pork production sector. Beyond its impact on swine, GETV also poses a potential risk to other animal species and public health, primarily due to its mosquito-borne transmission. Between September 2020 and May 2021, a GETV outbreak occurred on a commercial swine farm in Sichuan Province, where affected animals exhibited movement disorders, neurological symptoms, and mild diarrhea, with severe cases resulting in mortality. To elucidate the genetic characteristics and transmission dynamics of the virus, a comprehensive investigation of this outbreak was conducted. Clinical samples from diseased or deceased swine were collected and analyzed by PCR, confirming the presence of GETV infection. Additionally, differential diagnostic assays were performed for other common swine pathogens, including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), pseudorabies virus (PRV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV). All tests yielded negative results, confirming GETV as the sole etiological agent of the outbreak. The GETV-positive samples were inoculated into BHK-21 cells, leading to the isolation of a GETV strain (SC202009). Whole-genome sequence analysis revealed that SC202009 belongs to the GIII genotype of GETV, with a nucleotide sequence identity ranging from 95.1% to 99.8% compared to reference sequences in GenBank. This high level of sequence identity suggests that SC202009 is closely related to other circulating strains in the region, indicating potential local transmission networks and endemic viral circulation. The nucleotide sequence identity of the E2 gene ranged from 94.2% to 99.6%, while the E2 protein amino acid sequence identity ranged from 97.2% to 99.5%. Phylogenetic analysis further indicated that SC202009 is genetically distant from the original Malaysian prototype strain (MM2021) but shares high sequence identity with several strains isolated in Sichuan Province, including SC266, SC201807, and SC483. Notably, NMJA_F2_18-8L-NH-Cxp-Y-1-1 was isolated from Culex pipiens, suggesting a mosquito-borne transmission route. These findings provide novel insights into the regional dissemination patterns and genetic diversity of GETV in China. These results also highlight the importance of the continuous surveillance of viral genetic variations and the elucidation of transmission dynamics to develop effective control strategies and mitigate potential public health risks. Future studies should focus on the ecological and environmental factors influencing GETV transmission, particularly the role of mosquito vectors in cross-species viral spread, to enhance targeted prevention and control measures for this emerging arboviral threat. Full article
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12 pages, 2815 KiB  
Article
High-Throughput Sequencing of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Flora and Mycobacterium abscessus in Cattle
by Siqi Chen, Mengda Liu, Yan Li, Jiarui Zhang, Yanfang Li, Yan Liang, Xiaoxu Fan and Yonggang Qu
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030275 - 14 Mar 2025
Viewed by 391
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are environmental organisms that can cause opportunistic infections in humans and animals. Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab) is a rapidly growing Mycobacterium known for its resistance to multiple antibiotics and ability to cause respiratory, skin, and mucosal infections. Understanding the distribution and [...] Read more.
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are environmental organisms that can cause opportunistic infections in humans and animals. Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab) is a rapidly growing Mycobacterium known for its resistance to multiple antibiotics and ability to cause respiratory, skin, and mucosal infections. Understanding the distribution and prevalence of NTM, particularly Mab, in cattle farms and slaughterhouses is crucial for developing effective prevention and control measures. We collected environmental swabs from various surfaces (e.g., feed troughs, sinks, walls, floors, feces, and padding) in cattle farms and slaughterhouses across multiple provinces. High-throughput sequencing technology was utilized to analyze the 16S rDNA V3–V4 region of bacterial DNA extracted from the samples, and qPCR methods were employed to detect and quantify Mycobacterium abscessus in the collected samples. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to identify and classify the NTM species present in the samples. This study compared the abundance and diversity of NTM in different environments and assessed the potential zoonotic risk. A total of 1648 environmental swabs were collected from cattle farms and slaughterhouses in 12 provinces of China in 2023, of which 12 samples tested positive for Mab qPCR detection, yielding a detection rate of 0.73% (12/1648). Among them, the detection rate of environmental samples from cattle farms and slaughterhouses was 0.42% (3/720) and 0.87% (9/928), respectively. This study provides valuable information on the epidemiology of NTM in cattle farms and slaughterhouses, contributing to developing effective strategies for preventing and controlling NTM infections. It also enhances our understanding of the zoonotic potential of Mycobacterium abscessus and other NTM species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spotlight on Cattle Infectious Diseases)
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11 pages, 858 KiB  
Article
Non-Melibiose Fermentation and Tellurite Resistance by Shigatoxigenic and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O80:H2 from Diseased Calves: Comparison with Human Shigatoxigenic E. coli O80:H2
by Rie Ikeda, Keiji Nakamura, Nicolas Korsak, Jean-Noël Duprez, Tetsuya Hayashi, Damien Thiry and Jacques G. Mainil
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030274 - 14 Mar 2025
Viewed by 406
Abstract
Despite their prevalence in Europe, the source of contamination of humans by Attaching-Effacing Shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli (AE-STEC) O80:H2 remains unidentified. This study aimed to assess a procedure based on non-melibiose fermentation and resistance to tellurite to isolate AE-STEC and enteropathogenic (EPEC) O80:H2 from [...] Read more.
Despite their prevalence in Europe, the source of contamination of humans by Attaching-Effacing Shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli (AE-STEC) O80:H2 remains unidentified. This study aimed to assess a procedure based on non-melibiose fermentation and resistance to tellurite to isolate AE-STEC and enteropathogenic (EPEC) O80:H2 from healthy cattle. The genome sequences of 40 calf and human AE-STEC and EPEC O80:H2 were analyzed: (i) none harbored the mel operon, but the 70mel DNA sequence instead; (ii) the ter-type 1 operon was detected in 16 EPEC and stx1a or stx2a AE-STEC, while no ter-type 1 operon was detected in the remaining 24 EPEC and stx2d AE-STEC. The 21 calf AE-STEC and EPEC O80:H2 were tested phenotypically: (i) none fermented melibiose on melibiose-MacConkey agar plates; (ii) ten of the 11 ter-type 1-positive strains had Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) ≥ 128 µg/mL to potassium tellurite; (iii) conversely, the ten ter-negative strains had MIC of two µg/mL. Accordingly, enrichment broths containing two µg/mL of potassium tellurite and inoculated with one high MIC (≥256 µg/mL) stx1a AE-STEC O80:H2 tested positive with the O80 PCR after overnight growth, but not the enrichment broths inoculated with one low MIC (two µg/mL) EPEC. Nevertheless, neither AE-STEC nor EPEC O80:H2 were recovered from 96 rectal fecal samples collected from healthy cattle at one slaughterhouse after overnight growth under the same conditions. In conclusion, this procedure may help to isolate stx1a and stx2a AE-STEC and EPEC O80:H2, but not stx2d AE-STEC that are tellurite sensitive, and new surveys using different procedures are necessary to identify their animal source, if any. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)
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14 pages, 5075 KiB  
Article
Time-Dependent Changes in Performance, Biochemistry, and Histology in Dairy Calves with Acute Aflatoxicosis
by María Carolina de Luna-López, Arturo G. Valdivia-Flores, Erika Janet Rangel-Muñoz, Emmanuel Hernández-Valdivia, Teódulo Quezada-Tristán, Fernando Jaramillo-Juárez and Raúl Ortiz-Martínez
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030273 - 14 Mar 2025
Viewed by 458
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are secondary metabolites of Aspergillus spp. They are highly toxic, carcinogenic, and immunosuppressive; AFs cause nonspecific disorders in humans and animals, which makes their diagnosis complex. The objective was to describe the time course of toxic effects of a single exposure [...] Read more.
Aflatoxins (AFs) are secondary metabolites of Aspergillus spp. They are highly toxic, carcinogenic, and immunosuppressive; AFs cause nonspecific disorders in humans and animals, which makes their diagnosis complex. The objective was to describe the time course of toxic effects of a single exposure to AFs-contaminated feed. Fifteen male calves (2 weeks old) were examined over 30 days for clinical, biochemical, and pathological changes resulting from the ingestion of AF-contaminated feed (1.0 mg/kg BW). Compared with 15 unexposed calves, exposed calves showed transient depression and rough coat; BW gain, dry matter intake, albumin, total plasma protein, and hepatic and renal glutathione-S-transferase concentrations progressively decreased. However, conversion ratio (feed/BW), total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, reduced glutathione, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and alanine and aspartate aminotransferases progressively increased. Necropsy and histology at 7 days postexposure (dpe) showed liver with multifocal hemorrhages, yellowish coloration, friable consistency, periportal fibrosis, and steatosis. Kidneys were hemorrhagic, with brush border losses, glomerular atrophy, sclerotic glomerulonephritis, and lymphocytic infiltration. However, at 30 dpe, the liver showed pale discoloration, diffuse macrovesicular steatosis, and periportal fibrosis. The kidneys had mottled appearance and firm consistency, fibrosis, loss of normal architecture, and thickening of Bowman’s capsule. These results suggest that the identification of alterations in animal performance and biochemical and histological characteristics could be useful for integrating a proper diagnosis of bovine aflatoxicosis. Full article
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20 pages, 2695 KiB  
Article
Attitudes of Australian Veterinary Professionals to Diagnosing and Managing Canine Cognitive Dysfunction
by Auréa Brisset, Tracey L. Taylor, Tiphaine Blanchard, Eduardo J. Fernandez and Susan J. Hazel
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030272 - 13 Mar 2025
Viewed by 981
Abstract
Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) is a neurodegenerative disease likely to affect 14% to 35% of dogs over the age of eight years. Although it can be associated with a high burden of care in owners of affected dogs, there is a lack of [...] Read more.
Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) is a neurodegenerative disease likely to affect 14% to 35% of dogs over the age of eight years. Although it can be associated with a high burden of care in owners of affected dogs, there is a lack of knowledge of how veterinarians diagnose and manage the disease. The aim of this study was to determine how veterinary professionals (veterinarians and veterinary nurses/technicians) manage CCD and their attitudes towards the disease using an anonymous online survey. Chi-square tests were used to assess differences according to years of experience, and multiple correspondence analysis was used to analyze clusters according to age, gender, and experience. One hundred and four responses were obtained: 73 veterinarians and 31 veterinary nurses/technicians. Veterinarians diagnosed CCD based on their own experience or by excluding other diseases (27/73, 37% and 25/73, 34%, respectively) and mostly diagnosed a few cases/year (34/73, 47%) or a few in their career (19/73, 26%). CCD was managed using specific medication or environmental changes (57/73, 78% and 58/73, 79%, respectively). Over half of veterinarians agreed/strongly agreed that they were confident in diagnosing CCD (49/73, 67%) and in giving advice on symptom management (53/73, 71%), but only 14/31 (45%) of veterinary nurses/technicians agreed that veterinarians in their practice actively treated dogs with CCD. Participants mostly agreed that CCD is associated with a large burden of care for owners, but less than half measured this burden of care. Although veterinary professionals are aware of CCD, the low rate of diagnosis suggests many dogs are undiagnosed. Increased awareness of the disease by the veterinary profession will enhance human and dog welfare. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Education, Veterinary Communication and Animal Behavior)
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16 pages, 1069 KiB  
Article
Metabolic Bone Disease in Captive Flying Foxes: A Comprehensive Survey Across Zoological Parks
by Diana Faim, Filipe Silva, Anton Weissenbacher, Iris Starnberger and Isabel Pires
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030271 - 13 Mar 2025
Viewed by 457
Abstract
Metabolic bone disease (MBD) is clinically characterized by bone deformities and is associated with vitamin D3 deficiency in diurnal animals. However, the pathogenesis and etiology of this condition in flying foxes, considered nocturnal animals, are poorly understood. Therefore, we conducted a survey aimed [...] Read more.
Metabolic bone disease (MBD) is clinically characterized by bone deformities and is associated with vitamin D3 deficiency in diurnal animals. However, the pathogenesis and etiology of this condition in flying foxes, considered nocturnal animals, are poorly understood. Therefore, we conducted a survey aimed at various zoological parks housing flying foxes to elucidate the pathogenesis and etiology of MBD in these animals. Our results indicate that vitamin D3 may play a role in preventing metabolic bone disease in flying foxes due to its involvement in calcium absorption. However, these nocturnal animals seem to obtain vitamin D3 primarily through dietary sources in contrast to the cutaneous absorption described in diurnal species. Additionally, our results suggest that an appropriate diet for this species, including fruits, green vegetables, and other protein sources such as animal products and mineral supplementation, could contribute to preventing metabolic bone disease. Full article
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9 pages, 566 KiB  
Communication
In Vitro Adhesion and Invasion Rates of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Mastitic Cows Are Modulated by the agr System and MSCRAMM Genes
by Erika Carolina Romão Bonsaglia, Bruna Fernanda Rossi, Fabio Sossai Possebon, Nathalia Cristina Cirone Silva, Juliano Leonel Gonçalves, Ivana Giovannetti Castilho, Ary Fernandes Junior, Marcos Veiga dos Santos and Vera Lúcia Mores Rall
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030270 - 13 Mar 2025
Viewed by 400
Abstract
Mastitis, an inflammatory condition of the udder, can be caused by the entry of Staphylococcus aureus, whose adhesion to the mammary epithelial cells is influenced by virulence factors such as microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs) and the accessory gene [...] Read more.
Mastitis, an inflammatory condition of the udder, can be caused by the entry of Staphylococcus aureus, whose adhesion to the mammary epithelial cells is influenced by virulence factors such as microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs) and the accessory gene regulator (agr) system. Our goal was to determine the adhesion and invasion rates of S. aureus isolates from clinical (mild and moderate) and subclinical mastitis and to assess the impact of MSCRAMM genes and agr types on disease severity. Clinical isolates predominantly carried agrII (p < 0.0083) and multiple MSCRAMM genes, correlating with high adhesion capacity but reduced invasion capacity regardless of clinical severity. Remarkably, subclinical isolates, mainly agr-negative (85.7%), showed increased cellular invasion (p < 0.0001), possibly due to reduced expression of agr-mediated virulence factors. These findings contribute to the understanding of the pathogen–host dynamics in bovine mastitis and highlight the importance of both MSCRAMMs and the agr system in modulating disease severity. These insights can inform targeted interventions for mastitis prevention and treatment. Full article
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11 pages, 528 KiB  
Article
Physicochemical Characteristics of Dual-Purpose Cow’s Milk During the Dry and Rainy Seasons in a Tropical Environment
by Maricela Ruiz-Ortega, Ethel Caterina García y González, Aurora Matilde Guevara-Arroyo, Alfonso J. Chay-Canul, Edgar Valencia-Franco, Marcos Pérez-Sato, José Vicente Velázquez-Morales, José del Carmen Rodríguez-Castillo, José Manuel Robles-Robles, Jorge Alberto Vázquez-Diosdado and José Luis Ponce-Covarrubias
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030269 - 13 Mar 2025
Viewed by 825
Abstract
Using an Ekomilk Bond Total Ultrasonic Milk Analyzer, the physicochemical characteristics of milk from 10 herds and 237 samples were analyzed during the rainy season (July and August; 109 samples) and dry season (January and February; 128 samples), providing the following measures: fat [...] Read more.
Using an Ekomilk Bond Total Ultrasonic Milk Analyzer, the physicochemical characteristics of milk from 10 herds and 237 samples were analyzed during the rainy season (July and August; 109 samples) and dry season (January and February; 128 samples), providing the following measures: fat (%), non-fat solids (NFSs; %), density (g/mL), freezing point (°C), acidity (%), temperature (°C), lactose (%), conductivity (mS/cm), pH and water (%). In this study, there was a higher percentage of fat (2.975 vs. 5.001%) and a higher density (1033.692 vs. 1035.45 g/mL) in milk during the dry season compared to during the rainy season (p < 0.05). The rest of the milk characteristics were not significantly different relative to the study season (p > 0.05). The variables of fat and temperature of milk presented higher values in the dry season than in the rainy season, whereas the variables of density, freezing point and conductivity presented higher values in the rainy season than in the dry season (p < 0.001). Regarding the variables of NFSs, protein, acidity, lactose, pH and water percentage, the results were similar in the two study seasons (p > 0.05). Finally, density maintained significant positive correlations with the variables of protein, freezing point and lactose (p < 0.05). However, fat showed significant negative correlations with density, freezing point, acidity and conductivity (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the physicochemical characteristics of raw milk from dual-purpose cows per herd are better during the rainy season. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Feeding Livestock for Health Improvement)
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11 pages, 42519 KiB  
Case Report
Pregnancy in an SRY-Negative XX Developmental Sex Disorder Pig After Removing an Ovotestis
by Jewel Toenges, Ahmed Tibary, Jon Michael Oatley, Muhammad Salman Waqas, Colton Robbins and Michela Ciccarelli
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030268 - 13 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1436
Abstract
A 2-year-old Large White research gilt was presented to the Comparative Theriogenology service at WSU for infertility. She was produced from the transfer of genetically modified embryos obtained via in vitro fertilization (IVF) that had been treated with CRISPR-Cas9 reagents to mutate the [...] Read more.
A 2-year-old Large White research gilt was presented to the Comparative Theriogenology service at WSU for infertility. She was produced from the transfer of genetically modified embryos obtained via in vitro fertilization (IVF) that had been treated with CRISPR-Cas9 reagents to mutate the NANOS2 gene. Since birth, the gilt showed a so-called “skyhook” vulva and abnormal estrous cycles. She was artificially inseminated multiple times, starting at 5 months of age, with semen from a proven fertile boar, but never conceived. On transabdominal ultrasonography of the reproductive tract, a unilateral ovotestis was suspected. An exploratory laparotomy was performed and confirmed the presence of ovarian and testicular tissue on her right gonad. The diagnosis was confirmed by histology following unilateral gonadectomy. The cytogenic evaluation revealed the gilt to be XX 38, SRY-negative. The gilt showed estrus signs 4 months after surgery, and artificial insemination was performed, which resulted in pregnancy. She delivered six piglets. Necropsy was performed following humane euthanasia. Several abnormalities of the reproductive tract were discovered, including a unilateral mucometra due to a complete septum, preventing communication between the right uterine horn and the body of the uterus. This case is novel because it demonstrates that surgical removal is an effective treatment for fertility in SRY-negative XX DSD gilts with partial masculinization, posing the presence of a normal ovary and a developed oviduct and uterine horn. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics)
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14 pages, 4863 KiB  
Article
Hong-Bai-Lan-Shen Extract Alleviates the CoCl2-Induced Apoptosis in H9C2 Cells by Regulating the AMPK Pathway
by Jinxue Ding, Jinwu Meng, Wenjia Wang, Bolin Gu, Mengxin Hu and Jiaguo Liu
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030267 - 13 Mar 2025
Viewed by 378
Abstract
This study aims to explore the protective effects of Hong-bai-lan-shen (HBLS) extract, a traditional Chinese medicine compound, on myocardial injury based on metabolomics. H9C2 cells were cultured with HBLS extract for 12 h, and then the cells were cultured in a CoCl2 [...] Read more.
This study aims to explore the protective effects of Hong-bai-lan-shen (HBLS) extract, a traditional Chinese medicine compound, on myocardial injury based on metabolomics. H9C2 cells were cultured with HBLS extract for 12 h, and then the cells were cultured in a CoCl2-containing medium, a model simulating the ischemic-hypoxic damage in myocardial cells, for an additional 12 h. The cell viability, cytotoxicity, intracellular metabolite and reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential, apoptosis, and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signal pathway were determined. The results showed that HBLS extract significantly increased cell viability, stabilized cell morphology, reduced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and ROS production, blocked cysteine-aspartic acid protease 3 (caspase-3) and bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) expression and decreased apoptotic cell numbers. Meanwhile, HBLS increased membrane potential and the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2). Additionally, HBLS extract upregulated the expression of AMPK, PI3K, and protein kinase B (AKT) (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). These findings suggest that HBLS extract has a protective effect on myocardial cells by regulating the AMPK signal pathway and may be a promising therapeutic candidate for ischemic heart disease. Full article
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5 pages, 169 KiB  
Editorial
Focus on Tumours in Pet Animals
by Louise van der Weyden
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030266 - 12 Mar 2025
Viewed by 454
Abstract
Pet animals, in particular dogs and cats, are often regarded as family members, and, as such, most owners want the best care possible for their companions [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Tumours in Pet Animals)
14 pages, 3597 KiB  
Article
Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Enhances the Quality of Postovulatory Aged Oocytes by Alleviating Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Pigs
by Yan Wang, Jiayu Yuan, Chenran Sun, Ling Sun and Tao Lin
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030265 - 12 Mar 2025
Viewed by 524
Abstract
One of the major factors causing reduced developmental capacity of aged porcine oocytes is the induction of oxidative stress during oocyte aging. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) supports cellular function by acting as an antioxidant and free radical scavenger. The aim of this study is [...] Read more.
One of the major factors causing reduced developmental capacity of aged porcine oocytes is the induction of oxidative stress during oocyte aging. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) supports cellular function by acting as an antioxidant and free radical scavenger. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether exogenous supplementation of TUDCA to the porcine in vitro maturation system can ameliorate the compromised quality of aged oocytes by mitigating free radical production. We found that TUDCA was able to effectively maintain normal oocyte morphology, cortical granule distribution, and spindle structure during postovulatory aging. Additionally, the blastocyst rate and total cell number in blastocysts were significantly increased in aged porcine oocytes treated with TUDCA. Importantly, aged porcine oocytes treated with TUDCA reduced ROS levels, increased the expression levels of GSH and SOD1 genes, and improved the mitochondrial membrane potential ratio. Further study demonstrated that TUDCA significantly alleviated apoptosis in aged porcine oocytes, confirmed by the decreased Caspase 3 levels and ratio of BAX to BCL2. Interestingly, TUDCA could effectively alleviate the phenomenon of endoplasmic reticulum stress triggered during the oocyte aging process. Taking these findings together, our study demonstrates that TUDCA supplementation beneficially affects the quality of aged porcine oocytes by suppressing oxidative stress, apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics)
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18 pages, 324 KiB  
Review
Development of Recombinant Follicle-Stimulating Hormone for the Superovulation of Cattle: A Review
by Jiawei Zhang and Haoshu Luo
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030264 - 12 Mar 2025
Viewed by 554
Abstract
Embryo transfer technology is extensively utilized in cattle breeding, with superovulation serving as its foundation. Superovulation currently relies on the administration of exogenous hormones to stimulate follicular development and maturation in the ovaries, with porcine pituitary-derived follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) being the most commonly [...] Read more.
Embryo transfer technology is extensively utilized in cattle breeding, with superovulation serving as its foundation. Superovulation currently relies on the administration of exogenous hormones to stimulate follicular development and maturation in the ovaries, with porcine pituitary-derived follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) being the most commonly used. However, pituitary-derived FSH requires multiple injections, contains luteinizing hormone (LH) and other proteins, and carries a risk of disease transmission. The development of recombinant FSH proteins through protein recombinant technology represents a significant research direction for addressing the aforementioned challenges. Over the past 30 years, extensive studies have been conducted on the development of recombinant bovine, ovine, or porcine FSH. Nevertheless, to date, no commercially recombinant FSH has been widely applied in the superovulation of cattle. This review provides an overview of the molecular design, selection of expression systems, and biological activity of recombinant bovine, ovine, or porcine FSH. This review also summarizes the results of utilizing recombinant FSH in superovulation protocols for cattle. The utilization of recombinant proteins as an alternative to traditionally extracted products in livestock production represents an irreversible trend. The livestock industry is highly sensitive to costs; therefore, it is essential to develop high-quality and cost-effective recombinant FSH products through appropriate molecular design and the use of suitable expression systems. Full article
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18 pages, 3668 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Farming: Nanofiber from the Pupunha Heart of Palm Sheath (Bactris gasipaes)-Enhanced Diets for Growing Rabbits and Their Health Impacts
by Geovane Rosa de Oliveira, Carla de Andrade, Celina Tie Nishimori Duque, Antonio Diego Brandão Melo, Cristina Santos Sotomaior, Washington Luiz Esteves Magalhães, Saulo Henrique Weber, Fernando Bittencourt Luciano and Leandro Batista Costa
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030263 - 12 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1440
Abstract
The use of nanofibers in farm animal diets can enhance nutrient absorption, minimize environmental problems, and generate a sustainable source of income. In this study, we investigated the effects of the partial inclusion of nanofibers produced from the pupunha heart of the palm [...] Read more.
The use of nanofibers in farm animal diets can enhance nutrient absorption, minimize environmental problems, and generate a sustainable source of income. In this study, we investigated the effects of the partial inclusion of nanofibers produced from the pupunha heart of the palm sheath (nanopupunha) in the diet of growing New Zealand White rabbits on zootechnical performance, organ morphometry, digestive content pH, intestinal histology, biochemical and immunological parameters, and cecum microbiota. Twenty-four male and female New Zealand White rabbits were distributed into the control group fed a basal diet with 14% crude fiber and treatment groups with the basal diet supplemented with 3.5% or 10.5% of nanopupunha, according to their initial weight. After euthanasia on day 42, we analyzed the pH of the stomach contents, jejunum, and cecum, and the relative weights of the digestive tract, liver, kidneys, and spleen. Duodenal and jejunal samples were collected for structural and ultrastructural analyses of the intestinal villi. Additionally, blood samples were collected to analyze blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and immunological analysis (IgG and IgM), and digesta samples from the cecum were collected to count enterobacteria and lactic acid bacteria. The inclusion of dietary nanopupunha did not affect the zootechnical performance of animals, but resulted in a linear decrease in the relative weight of the stomach and a linear increase in the relative weight of the spleen. No significant differences were observed in the pH of the digestive tract. Nanopupunha inclusion also resulted in a linear increase in the crypt depth of the duodenum, total mucosal thickness, and total cholesterol levels in growing rabbits. Including 10.5% of nanopupunha added to the diet showed the best results in terms of the intestinal health of the growing rabbits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Diet on Small Animal Health—2nd Edition)
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14 pages, 246 KiB  
Article
A Retrospective Study on Pre- and Intraoperative Predictors on the Recovery Quality of Horses After General Anesthesia
by Bienvenida Román Durá, Oliver Dunham, Sigrid Grulke, Alexandra Salciccia, Julien Dupont and Charlotte Sandersen
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030262 - 11 Mar 2025
Viewed by 603
Abstract
Equine anesthesia is related to high morbidity and mortality rates and recent studies suggested that the period of recovery remains the phase associated with the greatest risk of mortality in horses. Intraoperative hypotension, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia are recognized as potential determinants of recovery [...] Read more.
Equine anesthesia is related to high morbidity and mortality rates and recent studies suggested that the period of recovery remains the phase associated with the greatest risk of mortality in horses. Intraoperative hypotension, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia are recognized as potential determinants of recovery quality. This study, conducted at the Equine University Hospital of Liege, aimed to explore how these factors influence recovery outcomes and compare complications between non-emergency and emergency procedures. We analyzed data from 1057 horses, with a mean weight of 498 kg (ranging from 150 to 850 kg) and a mean age of 10.7 (ranging from 0.5 to 37 years), undergoing standardized general anesthesia for non-emergency and emergency procedures to assess which factors influence recovery quality. Recoveries were graded as ‘good’ or ‘bad’ and age, sex, breed, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification, weight, anesthesia duration, presence of hypotension, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia were compared with a logistic regression analysis. Our findings highlight the multifactorial nature of anesthetic recovery in horses, with breed, age, anesthesia and recovery duration, and emergency status emerging as significant influencing factors. Additionally, monitoring and managing hypoxemia and hypotension remain critical due to their recognized impact on recovery quality. However, despite their clinical relevance, the specific effects of these variables on anesthetic recovery in horses remain insufficiently studied, emphasizing the need for further research to refine perioperative management strategies and improve outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Surgery)
8 pages, 350 KiB  
Article
Effects of Exogenous Supplementation of Progesterone on Conception Rates in Lactating Murrah Buffaloes
by Rajesh Kumar, Jagat Bir Phogat, Rakesh Kumar Sharma, Sushil Kumar Phulia and Jerome Andonissamy
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030261 - 11 Mar 2025
Viewed by 462
Abstract
The objective of this study was to deduce the effect of exogenous supplementation of progesterone as an intramuscular injection at the time of artificial insemination (AI) on time of ovulation and conception rate in lactating Murrah buffaloes. A total of 30 buffaloes were [...] Read more.
The objective of this study was to deduce the effect of exogenous supplementation of progesterone as an intramuscular injection at the time of artificial insemination (AI) on time of ovulation and conception rate in lactating Murrah buffaloes. A total of 30 buffaloes were included in the experiment and randomly divided into two groups (Treatment, n = 13 and Control, n = 17). Only those buffaloes which were in heat according to visual observation and had clear vaginal discharge, good uterine tone and a large follicle (>12 mm on ultrasound scanning) were reported. Ultrasound scanning was carried out at 6 h intervals after insemination until ovulation. The results revealed that significantly higher numbers of buffaloes ovulated within 24 h post AI in the control group (82.4%) as compared to only 15.4% in the treatment group. In the treatment group, 53.8% of ovulations occurred after 24 h post AI, whereas in the control group only 11.8% of ovulations occurred after 24 h post AI. Up to 96 h post AI, 30.8% of buffaloes in the treatment group and only 5.9% of buffaloes in the control group remained anovulatory. No significant difference was found in CL size between the treatment (226.5 ± 17.4 mm2) and control (238.9 ± 7.9 mm2) groups. Following insemination, 52.9% of buffaloes in the control group conceived, whereas in the treatment group, only 38.5% of buffaloes conceived. Full article
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