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6 pages, 1345 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Pakistan’s Transport Sector Modeling Using AIM/Enduse

by Waqas Nazir Awan, Sidra Khan, Muhammad Zulfiqar, Ubaid Ur Rehman Zia and Peng Wang

Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075001 - 19 Sep 2024

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Pakistan is actively exploring sustainable transportation solutions, considering environmental impact, and economic development. By adopting more sustainable modes of transport and investing in infrastructure, Pakistan can pave the way toward a greener and more efficient future. Leveraging the AIM/Enduse framework, we analyze the [...] Read more.

Pakistan is actively exploring sustainable transportation solutions, considering environmental impact, and economic development. By adopting more sustainable modes of transport and investing in infrastructure, Pakistan can pave the way toward a greener and more efficient future. Leveraging the AIM/Enduse framework, we analyze the energy and environmental impact using Baseline (BL) and Counter Measure (CM) scenarios. Our findings indicate, with penetration of 30%, 50%, and 100% green vehicles into the existing transport system, Pakistan may save 5 MTOE, 11 MTOE, and 24.6 MTOE of energy in 2030, 2040, and 2050, respectively. Similarly, it will also reduce CO₂ emissions by 22 MtCO2eq, 41 MtCO2eq, and 104 MtCO2eq in respective years. Full article

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6 pages, 2252 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Investigating the Influence of Surface Roughness on Metal Bonding Using Response Surface Methodology

by Mubashir Ali Murtaza, Muhammad Shaban, Muhammad Anwar and Talha Irfan Khan

Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075002 - 19 Sep 2024

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Abstract

The present study deals with the parameters for Stainless Steel 304 and Aluminum 5083 optimized with an emphasis on surface roughness, cure time, and their impact on the tensile strength of single-lap shear joints. Utilizing a central composite design, the effects of these [...] Read more.

The present study deals with the parameters for Stainless Steel 304 and Aluminum 5083 optimized with an emphasis on surface roughness, cure time, and their impact on the tensile strength of single-lap shear joints. Utilizing a central composite design, the effects of these factors were examined. Acetone was used to polish the surfaces, and silicon carbide sheets (P30, P36, and P60) were used to abrade them. Utilizing Henkel Loctite HY4090 glue, testing was conducted in accordance with ASTM D1002 guidelines. The variables were optimized with Design-Expert 11. Maximum tensile strengths were obtained with P30 abrasion and a 48-h cure time for SS304 (Ra = 3.2 µm) and Al5083 (Ra = 5 µm), respectively. Full article

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9 pages, 3115 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Influence of Location of Coanda Surface Ribs on Fluidic Oscillator Performance

by Liaqat Hussain and Muhammad Mahabat Khan

Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075003 - 19 Sep 2024

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Abstract

Double feedback fluidic oscillators, which create oscillating fluid jets, are commonly used in flow control and thermal applications. The geometry of the Coanda surface affects the oscillation frequency, jet deflection angle, and pressure drop in the mixing chamber. This study numerically investigates the [...] Read more.

Double feedback fluidic oscillators, which create oscillating fluid jets, are commonly used in flow control and thermal applications. The geometry of the Coanda surface affects the oscillation frequency, jet deflection angle, and pressure drop in the mixing chamber. This study numerically investigates the impact of rib locations on the Coanda surface on jet characteristics. Air, with an inlet velocity of 55.8 m/s, is used as the working fluid. Three cases—full ribs, upper ribs, and lower ribs—are compared to a smooth Coanda surface. The full ribs case achieves an increased oscillation frequency of 820 Hz, compared to 355 Hz for the smooth case. However, the jet deflection angles decrease when ribs are present. The upper ribs case achieves a larger 41.5° deflection angle, while the full ribs case achieves a relatively lower 33.8° angle. Interestingly, adding ribs to the Coanda surface reduces the pressure drop in the oscillator. Oscillators with upper ribs achieve a 76.1% increase in FDPR compared to smooth cases, making them the best solution for enhancing the combined effect of jet oscillation frequency and deflection angle. Full article

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10 pages, 1354 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Experimental Study on Ultimate Tensile Strength and Impact Energy of Al-2024 Friction Stir-Welded Joints

by Muhammad Waqas Hanif, Feroz Haider, Muhammad Jawad, Asad Ali and Asif Imran

Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075004 - 20 Sep 2024

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Abstract

This paper focuses on the multi-objective optimization of friction stir welding process parameters. Three input variables, including the axial load (AL), tool rotation speed (RS), and tool tilt angle (TA), were selected to optimize the mechanical characteristics of Al-2024 friction stir-welded (FSW) joints. [...] Read more.

This paper focuses on the multi-objective optimization of friction stir welding process parameters. Three input variables, including the axial load (AL), tool rotation speed (RS), and tool tilt angle (TA), were selected to optimize the mechanical characteristics of Al-2024 friction stir-welded (FSW) joints. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and impact energy (IE) were selected as output responses to measure the mechanical characteristics of Al-2024 FSW joints. A total of nine experiments, using the L9 orthogonal array as part of the Taguchi method, were performed to determine the significance of the process parameters. Gray relational analysis (GRA) was employed to conduct the multi-objective optimization of these combinations of process parameters. The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the AL has the most significant effect on the UTS and IE of Al-2024 FSW joints, followed by the TA and RS. The Taguchi-based GRA analysis revealed that an AL of 10 KN, a TA of 2 degrees, and an RS of 1500 rpm resulted in an optimal UTS of 333.06 MPa and an IE of 40.62 Joules. In these optimal experimental settings, optical microscopy analysis revealed the presence of a recrystallized fine-grain structure in the heat-affected zone of the welded region. Full article

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8 pages, 3830 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comparative Analysis of Adhesive Effectiveness in Kevlar/Aluminum 6061-T6 Hybrid Double-Strap Joints: A Study on Static and Fatigue Strength

by Shahid Iqbal, Adnan Tariq, Manzar Masud, Shahab Khushnood and Waqas Bin Faateh

Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075005 - 20 Sep 2024

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Abstract

This research work experimentally investigates the effectiveness of various adhesives in bonding Kevlar fiber-reinforced polymer with aluminum alloy 6061-T6 in a hybrid double-strap joint. Hybrid double-strap joints were developed using thermosetting epoxy Araldite LY5052 with Aradur H5052 and thermoplastic epoxy polyurethane mixed with [...] Read more.

This research work experimentally investigates the effectiveness of various adhesives in bonding Kevlar fiber-reinforced polymer with aluminum alloy 6061-T6 in a hybrid double-strap joint. Hybrid double-strap joints were developed using thermosetting epoxy Araldite LY5052 with Aradur H5052 and thermoplastic epoxy polyurethane mixed with tetrahydrofuran. These specimens were prepared using a hand layup method. Both adhesives were used to make eighty samples: forty for thermoplastic epoxy polyurethane with tetrahydrofuran and forty for thermosetting epoxy Araldite LY5052 with Aradur H5052. In order to determine the static strength of joints, tensile tests were conducted using a universal testing machine (UTM) where a tension–tension fatigue test was carried out on 50%, 70%, and 80% of the static load at which the joint failed. In the thermosetting double lap strap joint, the findings of both the elongation and fatigue tests showed an increase in strength throughout both the elongation and fatigue cycles. Thermosetting Kevlar hybrid joints have a high static and fatigue strength. Based on the results, thermosetting hybrid joints using Aradur H5052 and epoxy Araldite LY5052 had a static strength of 20.67 KN, whereas a thermoplastic adhesive joint had a static strength of 11.93 KN. Furthermore, the microscopic failure modes revealed that the mode of failure for the joints was cohesive and mixed-mode failure. Full article

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9 pages, 1136 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

An Assessment of the Drinking Water Supply System in Islamabad, Pakistan

by Jamshaid Iqbal, Hussnain Javed and Muhammad Tahir Sajjad

Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075006 - 20 Sep 2024

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Abstract

Presently, the provision of safe drinking water is becoming a big challenge all over the world. In developing countries like Pakistan, many technical, financial and policy-related issues are hindering clean drinking water supply to communities. This study evaluates the performance of the drinking [...] Read more.

Presently, the provision of safe drinking water is becoming a big challenge all over the world. In developing countries like Pakistan, many technical, financial and policy-related issues are hindering clean drinking water supply to communities. This study evaluates the performance of the drinking water supply system in Islamabad, starting from the Khanpur Dam to the consumer end via the Sangjani water treatment plant (SG-WTP). For this purpose, different physicochemical and biological parameters of water quality were analyzed and compared at four different locations in the Islamabad water supply network (also called the Khanpur Dam water supply network) for a period of one year. Statistical analyses such as the t-test, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were performed to observe the variations in water quality parameters at the four locations. The results illustrate that the water quality upstream of the SG-WTP is declining due to various anthropogenic activities adding a variety of organic and inorganic pollutants into the water channel coming from the Khanpur Dam to the Sangjani plant. The water quality at the consumer end is deteriorating mainly due to algal growth and cracks in the water distribution network. As far as the performance of the SG-WTP is concerned, it is currently in good working condition and treating most of the water pollution coming from the Khanpur Dam water. Proper repair, maintenance and regular monitoring are necessary for sustainable operation of the Islamabad water supply system. Full article

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7 pages, 1397 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Decarbonizing Pakistan’s Cement Sector: The Role of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Technologies

by Ubaid Zia, Saleha Qureshi, Hina Aslam and Muhammad Zulfiqar

Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075007 - 20 Sep 2024

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Abstract

The cement industry accounts for 7% of total greenhouse gas emissions, with Pakistan’s industry emitting 8.9 million tons annually. Existing decarbonization efforts are insufficient due to technological and policy constraints. CCS presents several challenges, including high costs and energy requirements, as well as [...] Read more.

The cement industry accounts for 7% of total greenhouse gas emissions, with Pakistan’s industry emitting 8.9 million tons annually. Existing decarbonization efforts are insufficient due to technological and policy constraints. CCS presents several challenges, including high costs and energy requirements, as well as advanced monitoring requirements. Policy challenges include the lack of clear regulatory frameworks and incentives for CCS deployment. This study uses scenario analysis with the Low-Emission Analysis Platform (LEAP) to investigate the viability of CCS in meeting Pakistan’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and net-zero targets. According to the results, CCS has the potential to reduce emissions by 18 Mt under the NDC scenario and attain net-zero status by 2050; however, it will require robust policy support, infrastructure, and regulatory frameworks. Full article

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8 pages, 724 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Building Information Modeling (BIM) Application in Construction Waste Quantification—A Review

by Usman Aftab, Farrokh Jaleel, Mughees Aslam, Muhammad Haroon and Rafiq Mansoor

Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075008 - 20 Sep 2024

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Abstract

The construction industry is known for poor performance, low productivity, high waste generation, and for lagging in the adoption of new technology. A high rate of material wastage in construction projects has economic and environmental implications for concerned stakeholders. Construction waste quantification is [...] Read more.

The construction industry is known for poor performance, low productivity, high waste generation, and for lagging in the adoption of new technology. A high rate of material wastage in construction projects has economic and environmental implications for concerned stakeholders. Construction waste quantification is an essential requirement for formulating waste management strategies. Technological advancements like building information modeling (BIM) and artificial intelligence (AI) provide effective solutions to the construction industry to deal with these prevalent issues. This literature review-based study observes the scarcity of research on the application of BIM in construction waste quantification. The limited number of studies found in the literature confirm the ability of BIM-aided waste quantification models to forecast waste generation. Moreover, the application of these models can also assist in reducing waste to a considerable extent. This study recommends that further studies should be conducted on technology-assisted waste quantification in building and infrastructure projects to evaluate their effectiveness for subsequent implementation in the industry. Full article

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8 pages, 3802 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Optimizing Bottleneck Flow and Enhancing Throughput in Prosthodontic Services Using Additive Manufacturing with Discrete Event Simulation and Central Composite Design

by Ghulam Ameer Mukhtar, Sana Shehzadi, Umair Shahid, Ghufran Shakeel and Raja Asim Mustafa

Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075009 - 23 Sep 2024

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Abstract

This study combines additive manufacturing, discrete event simulation, and central composite design to address the challenges of enhancing throughput and tackling bottlenecks in prosthodontic services Particularly in ambulatory surgical units (ASUs). By performing systematic experiments and optimizing parameters, we aimed to smoothen workflow [...] Read more.

This study combines additive manufacturing, discrete event simulation, and central composite design to address the challenges of enhancing throughput and tackling bottlenecks in prosthodontic services Particularly in ambulatory surgical units (ASUs). By performing systematic experiments and optimizing parameters, we aimed to smoothen workflow and improve bottlenecks. The findings reveal a noticeable increase in throughput, with the optimized model exhibiting a throughput of 2.35833 compared to 0.975 for the base model and 1.03333 for the alternative model. A balanced workload for servers was observed, with utilization rates ranging from 31.1407% to 88.4426%. Our approach significantly improves system performance by increasing the throughput of the system and addresses critical issues of workload distribution in prosthodontic service delivery. Full article

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7 pages, 1212 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Adaptive Sliding Mode Control of DC–DC Buck Converter with Load Fluctuations for Renewable Energy Systems

by Haris Sheh Zad, Abasin Ulasyar, Adil Zohaib, Muhammad Irfan, Samid Ali Haider and Zeeshan Yaqoob

Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075010 - 23 Sep 2024

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Abstract

DC–DC converters are extensively utilized in renewable energy systems because of the flexibility in their output voltage and their good conversion efficiency. The design of an adaptive sliding mode controller is proposed in this paper for a buck converter system in the presence [...] Read more.

DC–DC converters are extensively utilized in renewable energy systems because of the flexibility in their output voltage and their good conversion efficiency. The design of an adaptive sliding mode controller is proposed in this paper for a buck converter system in the presence of load variations, power disturbances, and model uncertainties. The adaptive control law is designed based on the Lyapunov stability criterion and updated online according to variations in the load and external disturbances. The elimination of the chattering mechanism and robustness of the overall system is confirmed. Simulation results indicate better voltage regulation and disturbance rejection for the proposed adaptive controller as compared to the traditional control algorithms. Full article

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8 pages, 1762 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Performance Evaluation of Three-Ply Multi-Oriented Laminate Composite Fabricated via Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding Method under Tensile Loading

by Shafi Ullah, Muhammad Waseem, Babar Ashfaq, Muhmmad Bilal Khan and Muhammad Uzair Shah

Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075011 - 23 Sep 2024

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Abstract

Laminated composites are a key area of research due to their cost-effectiveness and productivity. Fiber-reinforced laminated composite structures are widely used for their excellent strength-to-weight ratio. These composites are typically manufactured using the Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM) method. In laminated composites, [...] Read more.

Laminated composites are a key area of research due to their cost-effectiveness and productivity. Fiber-reinforced laminated composite structures are widely used for their excellent strength-to-weight ratio. These composites are typically manufactured using the Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM) method. In laminated composites, properties are highly dependent on the orientation of the laminates and their proper adhesion with the epoxy matrix. This study focuses on the application of VARTM in fabricating fiberglass laminated composites using three glass fiber laminates oriented at 0°, 45°, and 90°, impregnated with epoxy resin under vacuum assistance. The features of these composites are compared with those of composite with laminates parallel to one other at 0° and 45°. The manufacturing process involved curing the composite sheets for 24 h, followed by cutting tensile specimens according to standard D3039. Results showed that specimens with all laminates oriented at 0° to the loading direction exhibited the highest strength of 253 MPa, while specimens with laminates oriented at 45° showed the lowest strength 69 MPa and highest elongation, i.e., strain of 0.22 mm/mm. Full article

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6 pages, 834 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Actor–Critic Algorithm for the Dynamic Scheduling Problem of Unrelated Parallel Batch Machines

by Xue Zhao, Yarong Chen and Mudassar Rauf

Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075012 - 23 Sep 2024

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Abstract

With the continuous development of the information industry, semiconductor manufacturing has become a key basic industry in the information age. Due to the demands of the process, there are more batch processes in the semiconductor manufacturing process, such as the aging test session [...] Read more.

With the continuous development of the information industry, semiconductor manufacturing has become a key basic industry in the information age. Due to the demands of the process, there are more batch processes in the semiconductor manufacturing process, such as the aging test session of chips. In this paper, in the context of semiconductor manufacturing, we consider the unrelated parallel batch processing machine (UPBPM) scheduling problem in which jobs have different processing times, arrival times, sizes, and processing eligibility constraints, where the machines have different capacity constraints and the objective of minimizing the makespan. We propose the actor–critic algorithm, incorporating the Rolling Time Window (R-AC algorithm) to solve the UPBPM scheduling problem. Through simulation experiments, the R-AC algorithm outperforms the separate heuristic scheduling rules. Full article

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9 pages, 2392 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Experimental Evaluation of Thermal Performance in Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers Using Al₂O₃-γ Nanofluids

by Shahid Iqbal, Muhammad Faisal Naveed, Manzar Masud, Adnan Tariq, Taimoor Kausar, Zohaib Nasir and Moazzam Ali Babar

Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075013 - 24 Sep 2024

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Abstract

Shell and tube heat exchangers (H.Xs) are being used broadly in the generation of power, refrigeration, nuclear, chemical, and petroleum industries due to their high cooling and heating capacity. In this research paper, an experimental test bench for a shell and tube H.X [...] Read more.

Shell and tube heat exchangers (H.Xs) are being used broadly in the generation of power, refrigeration, nuclear, chemical, and petroleum industries due to their high cooling and heating capacity. In this research paper, an experimental test bench for a shell and tube H.X was fabricated according to the standard. This study aimed to test the thermal performance of shell and tube H.Xs using Al₂O₃-γ nanofluid with different concentrations in counter flow configurations. Nanoparticles of 12 nm of size and 99% purity were used in this investigation. These nanoparticles were dispersed in distilled water to prepare nanofluids at three different concentrations: 0.11%, 0.22%, and 0.34%. Nanofluids of different concentrations were heated and passed through H.X tubes while water was passed through the shell side. The experiments were performed at three different flow rates: 6, 8, and 10 L per minute (L/min). It was observed from the experimentation that nanofluid has higher efficiency as compared to simple distilled water. Experimental investigations showed higher values of overall heat transfer coefficient (U), convective heat transfer coefficient (h), and heat transfer rate (

\dot{Q}

) at 0.22%, noted as 33.33%, 48%, and 30%, respectively. The lowest value for U was noted 47% for distilled water. The hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers were also determined, and when the flow rate increased it led to thinning of the thermal boundary layer and improved heat transfer; however, increased concentrations of nanoparticles thickened the boundary layer by increasing viscosity and boosting thermal conductivity (k) simultaneously. It was revealed that the best concentration for maximizing heat transfer was 0.22%. The findings show that heat transmission efficiency was improved at both 0.11% and 0.22% of nanofluids compared to simple distilled water; when the concentration was raised to 0.34%, the results decreased due to increasing viscosity. Therefore, there is a need to precisely adjust the nanoparticle loading rate for maximum heat transfer enhancement without affecting fluid properties. Full article

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10 pages, 4381 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Incorporating KPIs in the Quantification of Overall Efficiency of Rolling Stock of Railways

by Qamar Mahboob, Muhammad Aftab Aalam, Sanan Tahir, Zhiwen Wang, Qiyuan Mao and Zidong Tan

Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075014 - 24 Sep 2024

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Abstract

The overall efficiency of the rolling stock of railways can be calculated by taking into account three parameters: availability, performance, and quality. The operator and maintainer (O&M) companies of railway engineering systems are contractually bound to deliver KPIs (key performance indicators) associated with [...] Read more.

The overall efficiency of the rolling stock of railways can be calculated by taking into account three parameters: availability, performance, and quality. The operator and maintainer (O&M) companies of railway engineering systems are contractually bound to deliver KPIs (key performance indicators) associated with the operation and maintenance of systems and sub-systems. O&M-level KPIs have links and overlaps with the three parameters of overall efficiency. The incorporation of KPIs is important for the assessment of the overall efficiency of equipment such as rolling stock (RS). This paper (1) presents modified definitions of the parameters of the overall efficiency of RS and (2) shows a method on how to combine the KPIs of RS of railways for the quantification of three parameters regarding the overall efficiency of RS. Using a new KPI-based method, the overall efficiency of the RS of a metro railway was calculated as 99.07%, which is realistically justifiable and verifiable for transit operators. Application of this method is shown according to a real-world system, and the advantages and limitations of the method are presented. Full article

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10 pages, 1079 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Pakistan’s Electric Vehicle Market: Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Pathways

by Muhammad Zulfiqar, Adal Farooq, Zona Usmani, Ubaid Ur Rehman Zia, Sibghat Ullah and Zaeem Bin Babar

Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075015 - 24 Sep 2024

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Abstract

The electric vehicle (EV) market in Pakistan faces a blend of challenges and opportunities as it transitions towards a more sustainable future. The transport sector, a significant consumer of carbon-intensive fuels (gasoline, diesel, CNG), contributes substantially to global GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions. In [...] Read more.

The electric vehicle (EV) market in Pakistan faces a blend of challenges and opportunities as it transitions towards a more sustainable future. The transport sector, a significant consumer of carbon-intensive fuels (gasoline, diesel, CNG), contributes substantially to global GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions. In Pakistan, the shift to EVs is driven by the need to curtail the high cost of imported fossil fuels and the need to reduce carbon emissions. In this backdrop, this study conducts a market assessment of major challenges and opportunities that exist for EV uptake while also developing decarbonization pathways through scenario-based modeling using the Low Emission Analysis Platform (LEAP). Through a mixed-method approach, this study reveals that the key hurdles include the lack of charging infrastructure, the high costs of EVs, limited domestic production, and insufficient public awareness. Overcoming these challenges requires coordinated efforts in policymaking, infrastructure development, and public education. The successful adoption of EVs promises enhanced energy security, reduced environmental impacts, and economic benefits through decreased oil imports and lower operational costs. Full article

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7 pages, 1339 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Optimization of Multi-Operator Human–Robot Collaborative Disassembly Line Balancing Problem Using Hybrid Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm

by Hansen Su, Gaofei Wang and Mudassar Rauf

Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075016 - 24 Sep 2024

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Abstract

This paper addresses the multi-operator human–robot collaborative disassembly line balancing problem aimed at minimizing the number of workstations, workstation idle time, and disassembly costs, considering the diversity of end-of-life products and the characteristics of their components. A hybrid artificial fish swarm algorithm (HAFSA) [...] Read more.

This paper addresses the multi-operator human–robot collaborative disassembly line balancing problem aimed at minimizing the number of workstations, workstation idle time, and disassembly costs, considering the diversity of end-of-life products and the characteristics of their components. A hybrid artificial fish swarm algorithm (HAFSA) is designed in accordance with the problem characteristics and applied to a disassembly case of a hybrid refrigerator. Comparative experiments with the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) and teaching–learning-based optimization (TLBO) algorithms demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm. Finally, the performance of the three algorithms is evaluated based on non-dominated rate (NR), generational distance (GD), and inverted generational distance (IGD) metrics. Full article

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9 pages, 1480 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Optimal Condition-Based Maintenance Strategies for a Self-Repairable Component under Fixed-Interval Detection

by Yinghao Meng, Keyu Shi, Wei Wang, Zhen Yin and Haosen Zhang

Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075017 - 24 Sep 2024

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Abstract

This paper investigates the optimal maintenance strategies for a self-repairable component under detection at fixed time intervals. The failure process of a component is considered as two parallel and competing degradation processes: an internal degradation process and an external shock degradation process. Unscheduled [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the optimal maintenance strategies for a self-repairable component under detection at fixed time intervals. The failure process of a component is considered as two parallel and competing degradation processes: an internal degradation process and an external shock degradation process. Unscheduled maintenance from unofficial sources after each shock to a component is regarded as a self-repairable behavior of the component, and its effectiveness is well evaluated. The official maintenances are preventive maintenance (PM) and corrective maintenance (CM), and two thresholds are set based on reliability values to represent the minimum points for performing PM and CM, respectively. The approximately optimal PM and CM thresholds are found by minimizing the overall maintenance cost rate of a component over a specified operating time. Finally, we demonstrate the feasibility of the model through a numerical case study, give a summary, and suggest possible future research directions. Full article

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8 pages, 2606 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Simulation-Based Hierarchical Heuristic for Printed Circuit Board Assembly Optimization in a Spin-Head Surface Mounter

by Longlong Xu and Yarong Chen

Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075018 - 24 Sep 2024

Viewed by 89

Abstract

This article proposes a simulation-based hierarchical heuristic (SHH) method to optimize nozzle assignment, feeder assignment, and component sequencing in a single spin-head gantry type surface mounter. Spin-head surface mounters are widely used in assembling printed circuit boards (PCBs) for consumer electronics but present [...] Read more.

This article proposes a simulation-based hierarchical heuristic (SHH) method to optimize nozzle assignment, feeder assignment, and component sequencing in a single spin-head gantry type surface mounter. Spin-head surface mounters are widely used in assembling printed circuit boards (PCBs) for consumer electronics but present a challenging non-deterministic polynomial-time hard (NP-hard) problem. The SHH method introduces multiple heuristics for the three sub-problems and evaluates their combinations in the FlexSim simulation environment. Through case studies using industrial and artificial PCB samples, the optimal combination scheme is identified, demonstrating significant improvements in the operational efficiency. This research not only provides a novel solution for optimizing spin-head surface mounters but also contributes to operations research by addressing complex NP-hard problems. Full article

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7 pages, 799 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Neuro-Evolution of Augmenting Topologies for Dynamic Scheduling of Flexible Job Shop Problem

by Jian Huang, Yarong Chen, Jabir Mumtaz and Liuyan Zhong

Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075019 - 24 Sep 2024

Viewed by 72

Abstract

In flexible production environments, challenges such as fluctuating customer demands and machine performance degradation significantly complicate production scheduling. This study introduces a neuro-evolution of augmenting topologies (NEAT) algorithm aimed at optimizing the scheduling efficiency in flexible job shops by minimizing both maximum completion [...] Read more.

In flexible production environments, challenges such as fluctuating customer demands and machine performance degradation significantly complicate production scheduling. This study introduces a neuro-evolution of augmenting topologies (NEAT) algorithm aimed at optimizing the scheduling efficiency in flexible job shops by minimizing both maximum completion and average lag times, taking into account variables like sporadic job arrivals, variable machining durations, tool wear, preventive maintenance, and equipment failures. The NEAT algorithm harnesses the features of dynamic flexible job shop scheduling problems (DFJSPs) to devise heuristic rules for job selection and machine allocation, synthesizing these rules into coherent scheduling strategies. Employing the entropy weight method, a fitness function for multiobjective optimization is formulated, facilitating the enhancement of the neural network’s structural and nodal parameters through genetic algorithms. Comparative analysis with four conventional scheduling rules indicates that the NEAT approach consistently surpasses traditional methods, especially in managing complex disturbances. For example, in a scenario involving 50 jobs and 20 machines, NEAT dramatically reduced the average completion time to 142.14 s, markedly outperforming the 644.36 s achieved by the minimum operation completion rate/shortest processing time (MOCR/SPT) approach. These findings underscore the superiority of NEAT in dynamic scheduling contexts. Full article

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7 pages, 696 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Using SABC Algorithm for Scheduling Unrelated Parallel Batch Processing Machines Considering Deterioration Effects and Variable Maintenance

by Ziyang Ji, Jabir Mumtaz and Ke Ke

Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075020 - 24 Sep 2024

Viewed by 54

Abstract

This paper investigates the problem of processing jobs on unrelated parallel batch machines, taking into account job arrival times, machine deterioration effects, and variable preventive maintenance (VPM). To address this complex scheduling problem, this paper proposes a Self-Adaptive Artificial Bee Colony (SABC) algorithm, [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the problem of processing jobs on unrelated parallel batch machines, taking into account job arrival times, machine deterioration effects, and variable preventive maintenance (VPM). To address this complex scheduling problem, this paper proposes a Self-Adaptive Artificial Bee Colony (SABC) algorithm, incorporating an adaptive variable neighborhood search mechanism into the algorithm. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, we designed comparative experiments, comparing the SABC algorithm with the NSGA-III algorithm on problem instances of different scales. The results indicate that the SABC algorithm outperforms the NSGA-III algorithm in terms of solution quality and diversity, and this advantage becomes more pronounced as the problem scale increases. Full article

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8 pages, 3398 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Investigation of Bluff Body Size Effects on Piezoelectric Performance Using Flow-Induced Vibration

by Muhammad Mahad Shah, Moeen Mahboob, Usman Latif, Emad Uddin, Muhammad Rizwan Siddiqui and Muhammad Zulfiqar

Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075021 - 24 Sep 2024

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Abstract

An experimental analysis of the effect of size variation for a cylindrical-shaped bluff body in flow-induced vibration (FIV) for the purposes of harvesting ambient energy is explored in this study. The research was conducted at a very low Reynold’s number in a closed-loop [...] Read more.

An experimental analysis of the effect of size variation for a cylindrical-shaped bluff body in flow-induced vibration (FIV) for the purposes of harvesting ambient energy is explored in this study. The research was conducted at a very low Reynold’s number in a closed-loop tunnel operating at a very low speed. An investigation of the power generation potential achieved by varying the size of the bluff body was conducted. A comparative study is also presented for varying the diameter configuration against the distance of the energy-harvesting piezoelectric flag from the cylindrical bluff body. At distances other than the optimal distance of the piezoelectric harvester from the bluff body, reduced efficacy of the power generation is observed. The results show a 17% increase in power with the use of 2x the size of the reference bluff body. Full article

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6 pages, 805 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Improved Evolutionary Strategy Reinforcement Learning for Multi-Objective Dynamic Scheduling of Hybrid Flow Shop Problem

by Junjie Zhang, Yarong Chen and Jabir Mumtaz

Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075022 - 24 Sep 2024

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Abstract

This paper introduces the Improved Evolution Strategy Reinforcement Learning (I-ES) algorithm. The I-ES algorithm is designed to minimize the makespan and total energy consumption (TEC) in a multi-objective dynamic scheduling problem within a hybrid flow shop. It addresses key challenges such as flexible [...] Read more.

This paper introduces the Improved Evolution Strategy Reinforcement Learning (I-ES) algorithm. The I-ES algorithm is designed to minimize the makespan and total energy consumption (TEC) in a multi-objective dynamic scheduling problem within a hybrid flow shop. It addresses key challenges such as flexible preventive maintenance for machines, random job arrivals, uncertain processing times, and the setup time. An experimental comparison of the I-ES-based approach with Evolution Strategy Reinforcement Learning (ES) algorithms and scheduling rules, which are a combination of job selection rules and machine selection rules, has been carried out by designing problem examples. The Generational Distance (GD) and Inverted Generational Distance (IGD) metrics of the I-ES algorithm are obtained by averaging all the instances as 389.14 and 1476.25, respectively, which are smaller than the other compared algorithms, so the results show that the I-ES algorithm can obtain solutions with superior convergence compared to that of the ES algorithm and dispatching rules. Full article

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9 pages, 1047 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Tree-Based Machine Learning Approach for Predicting the Impact Behavior of Carbon/Flax Bio-Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Laminates

by Manzar Masud, Aamir Mubashar, Shahid Iqbal, Hassan Ejaz and Saad Abdul Raheem

Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075023 - 24 Sep 2024

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Abstract

In this research, the effect of change in stacking sequences on the impact performance of bio-hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer (bio-HFRP) composite materials was analyzed and evaluated. The methodology was developed, based on the mechanical testing and utilization of tree-based machine learning regression models. Low-velocity [...] Read more.

In this research, the effect of change in stacking sequences on the impact performance of bio-hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer (bio-HFRP) composite materials was analyzed and evaluated. The methodology was developed, based on the mechanical testing and utilization of tree-based machine learning regression models. Low-velocity impact (LVI) testing was performed on five distinct stacking sequences of carbon/flax bio-HFRP at energies ranging from 15 J to 90 J. For all tests, peak impact force was recorded and compared. Symmetric configurations with a uniform distribution of flax layers across the composite laminate exhibited better impact performance. Additionally, two tree-based machine learning (ML) algorithms were used: random forest (RF) and decision tree (DT). The performance metrics used to assess and compare the efficiency were the coefficient of determination (R²), mean square error (MSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). The most accurate model for the prediction of peak impact force was DT with the R² training and test dataset values of 0.9920 and 0.9045, respectively. Furthermore, lower MSE and MAE values were attained using the DT model as compared to the RF model. The developed methodology and the model serve as powerful tools to predict the damage-induced properties of bio-HFRP composite laminates utilizing minimal resources and saving time as well. Full article

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8 pages, 3343 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effects of Feed Rates on Deformation Forces and Thickness Distribution in an Ultrasonic-Assisted Incremental Sheet Forming Process

by Ky-Thanh Ho, Thi-Luong Le, Nguyen-Thuan and Ngoc-Tuan La

Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075024 - 24 Sep 2024

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Abstract

The ultrasonic vibration-assisted incremental sheet forming (UISF) process already indicates its potential in reducing forming forces and increasing the material formability. However, most of previous studies focused on easy-to-deform materials (e.g., Al 1050 and Al 1060 aluminum alloys). It is necessary to investigate [...] Read more.

The ultrasonic vibration-assisted incremental sheet forming (UISF) process already indicates its potential in reducing forming forces and increasing the material formability. However, most of previous studies focused on easy-to-deform materials (e.g., Al 1050 and Al 1060 aluminum alloys). It is necessary to investigate its effectiveness with harder materials to further understanding this process. The experiments conducted in this work employed the UISF process with a 0.5 mm step depth size, and the high feed rates vary from 1200 mm/min to 2400 mm/min to form truncated cones with a wall angle of 45°, a depth of 20 mm, and thicknesses of 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm. The effect of feed rates on the reduction in component force was experimentally investigated, as well as the distribution of wall thickness after forming process with and without ultrasonic vibration. The results show that ultrasonic vibration not only reduces deformation force but also contributes to more uniform plate thickness distribution. Full article

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7 pages, 300 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Women Empowerment through Clean Energy Transition in Pakistan: Prospects and Opportunities

by Sadia Satti, Adal Farooq, Ubaid ur Rehman Zia, Muhammad Zulfiqar, Sibghat Ullah and Ummama Naeem

Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075025 - 25 Sep 2024

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Abstract

This study explores the multifaceted approach required to promote womens empowerment through micro-hydropower projects (MHPPs) in the northern regions of Pakistan. By integrating education, skill development, economic opportunities, healthcare access, community engagement, infrastructure development, and legal support, the research outlines how MHPPs can [...] Read more.

This study explores the multifaceted approach required to promote womens empowerment through micro-hydropower projects (MHPPs) in the northern regions of Pakistan. By integrating education, skill development, economic opportunities, healthcare access, community engagement, infrastructure development, and legal support, the research outlines how MHPPs can significantly enhance women’s socio-economic status. Using both quantitative data from surveys and qualitative insights from consultative discussions, the findings highlight the positive impacts and challenges faced by women. The results demonstrate the potential of MHPPs to empower women, improve their livelihoods, and contribute to sustainable development. The study emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive strategy that includes education, healthcare, and community engagement to maximize the benefits of MHPPs for women empowerment. Full article

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8 pages, 1440 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Robust & Optimal Predictive Current Control for Bi-Directional DC-DC Converter in Distributed Energy Storage Systems

by Haris Sheh Zad, Abasin Ulasyar, Adil Zohaib, Muhammad Irfan, Zeeshan Yaqoob and Samid Ali Haider

Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075026 - 25 Sep 2024

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Abstract

This article proposes the development of an optimal and robust control approach for the voltage regulation of a bi-directional DC-DC converter for its integration in battery energy storage and electric vehicle charging station applications. The objective of the proposed controller is to enhance [...] Read more.

This article proposes the development of an optimal and robust control approach for the voltage regulation of a bi-directional DC-DC converter for its integration in battery energy storage and electric vehicle charging station applications. The objective of the proposed controller is to enhance the robustness and disturbance rejection capability of the bidirectional buck-boost converter. The inner current control loop adopts the optimal model predictive control (MPC) scheme while the outer voltage control loop has been developed utilizing the robust sliding mode control (SMC) approach. The results of the proposed robust & optimal control approach show better voltage conversion capabilities with improved transient response and steady-state characteristics in the presence of variations in load and disturbances. Full article

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7 pages, 2115 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Optimizing Impact Toughness in 3D-Printed PLA Structures Using Hilbert Curve and Honeycomb Infill Patterns

by Muhammad Usman Ali, Azka Nadeem, Babar Ashfaq, Shafi Ullah, Muhammad Waseem, Muhammad Arbab Aslam and Qazi Amaan Alam

Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075027 - 24 Sep 2024

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Abstract

This study investigates the impact toughness of 3D-printed PLA structures with Hilbert curve and honeycomb infill patterns at various raster angles. Samples were fabricated using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and tested for impact energy absorption using the Charpy test. The results showed that [...] Read more.

This study investigates the impact toughness of 3D-printed PLA structures with Hilbert curve and honeycomb infill patterns at various raster angles. Samples were fabricated using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and tested for impact energy absorption using the Charpy test. The results showed that specimens printed at a 90° raster angle exhibited the highest impact absorption. Hilbert curve patterns demonstrated 20.6% less energy absorption than plain samples with 40% infill and 11% higher energy absorption than plain samples with 100% infill, highlighting the significant role of material utilization in enhancing structural integrity. Full article

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9 pages, 2128 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

GEB-YOLO: Optimized YOLOv7 Model for Surface Defect Detection on Aluminum Profiles

by Zihao Xu, Jinran Hu, Xingyi Xiao and Yujian Xu

Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075028 - 25 Sep 2024

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Abstract

In recent years, achieving high-precision and high-speed target detection of surface defects on aluminum profiles to meet the requirements of industrial applications has been challenging. In this paper, the GEB-YOLO is proposed based on the YOLOv7 algorithm. First, the global attention mechanism (GAM) [...] Read more.

In recent years, achieving high-precision and high-speed target detection of surface defects on aluminum profiles to meet the requirements of industrial applications has been challenging. In this paper, the GEB-YOLO is proposed based on the YOLOv7 algorithm. First, the global attention mechanism (GAM) is introduced, highlighting defect features. Second, the Explicit Visual Center Block (EVCBlock) is integrated into the network for key information extraction. Meanwhile, the BiFPN network structure is adopted to enhance feature fusion. The ablation experiments have demonstrated that the defect detection accuracy of the GEB-YOLO model is improved by 6.3%, and the speed is increased by 15% compared to the YOLOv7 model. Full article

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7 pages, 3365 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Melting Performance Enhancement of Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage Unit by Changing the Angular Orientation

by Muhammad Huzaifa, Muhammad Haider Ali, Muhammad Taha Hashmi, Sarmad Ali, Muhammad Mahabat Khan and Muhammad Shahid Shafiq

Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075029 - 25 Sep 2024

Abstract

Thermal energy is very crucial, and Phase Change Materials (PCM) provide methods to store it. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of changing the angle of the Latent Thermal Energy Storage Unit (LTESU) on the amount of time required [...] Read more.

Thermal energy is very crucial, and Phase Change Materials (PCM) provide methods to store it. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of changing the angle of the Latent Thermal Energy Storage Unit (LTESU) on the amount of time required to melt the PCM. Stearic acid (PCM) was enclosed in a housing to subject it to thermal energy at different orientations. Changing the angle enhances the buoyancy force exerted on melted PCM as thermal energy is added, causing a difference in density. This density difference produces flow currents that circulate the melted PCM in the enclosure due to the hot PCM rising and surrounding the cold PCM that occupies the space left by the hot PCM. These currents are responsible for the distribution of thermal energy throughout the enclosure so that naturally turbulent flow will transfer more heat energy as compared to laminar flow. It was noted that the least amount of time needed to charge the stearic acid was at 60°. An improvement of 16.67% in terms of melting time was observed with respect to the reference case. Full article

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7 pages, 1154 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Rapid Prototyping in Pakistan: A Technical Feasibility Study with Analytical Hierarchy Process Analysis, Bridging Civil and Industrial Engineering Perspectives

by Ghulam Ameer Mukhtar, Sana Shehzadi, Muhammad Moazzam Ali, Abdul Ahad Malik and Muhammad Mohsin Arshad

Eng. Proc. 2024, 75(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075030 - 25 Sep 2024

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Abstract

This study investigates the prospect of using rapid prototyping, particularly additive manufacturing, in Pakistan’s construction and manufacturing sectors, aiming to encourage R&D by the analysis of technical feasibility of this technology and collaboration between civil and industrial engineering. To solve this puzzle, we [...] Read more.

This study investigates the prospect of using rapid prototyping, particularly additive manufacturing, in Pakistan’s construction and manufacturing sectors, aiming to encourage R&D by the analysis of technical feasibility of this technology and collaboration between civil and industrial engineering. To solve this puzzle, we collected data from field experts, academia researchers, and license holders of this technology. Further, analytical hierarchy process (AHP), a sub-branch of multicriteria decision-making method (MCDM), was used to gauge the systematically by prioritizing selection criteria for solving the problem. AHP makes the methodical process more accurate and organized, which helped us to proposed a feasibility study for the technology’s success in Pakistan’s construction and manufacturing industries. The findings show a 79.4% probability, which indicates interaction among both engineering disciplines. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to enhance the dependability of the AHP model, which assists in sound decision making during ambiguous conditions. Apart from economic technical aspects, sustainability plays a very crucial role in the evaluation process. This text shows the environmental effects and sustainability implications associated with the assimilation of rapid prototyping technologies. This supports the integration of rapid prototyping in Pakistan, contributing to discussions on technological innovations in emerging nations. This will also lay a foundation for future interdisciplinary collaboration and technological enrichments in both engineering domains. Full article

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