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A special issue of Antioxidants (ISSN 2076-3921). This special issue belongs to the section "Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 September 2024 | Viewed by 10434

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Dr. Hao-Kun Liu

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Guest Editor

State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
Interests: study on nutrition technology and mechanism of quality formation and improvement of cultured fish; molecular mechanism of nutrient regulation on health of cultured fish

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The aquaculture sector is one of the fastest animal production fields that plays a significant role in ensuring the supply of nutrition and food security; however, intensive aquaculture practices can subject cultured animals to stress from environmental, nutritional, and microbial factors, ultimately leading to oxidative stress. The maintenance of the redox balance is fundamental to animal welfare and health. An imbalance towards oxidative stress, resulting from a decline in antioxidant defenses or an increase in oxidants, can have deleterious effects on both health and productivity. Early interventions targeting the redox system can effectively promote the well-being and welfare of aquatic animals.

All organisms have the ability to maintain the redox balance, which primarily relies on two antioxidant systems: One is the enzyme antioxidant system. The other is the non-enzymatic antioxidant system, consisting of vitamin C, vitamin E, glutathione, melatonin, alpha-lipoic acid, carotenoids, and trace elements, such as copper, zinc, and selenium (Se). These antioxidants suggest that nutritional recommendations must consider the modulation of responses to oxidative stress. Recent discoveries have revealed that extracts from plants, herbs, fruits, seeds, and novel compounds possess antioxidative properties or can regulate the redox balance.

Although the diet serves as a primary source of exogenous antioxidants for cultured animals, there are currently numerous ingredients whose antioxidant activity, effects on animals, and mechanisms of action remain unknown. As the Guest Editor, I would like to extend an invitation for you to submit your latest research findings or review articles to this Special Issue. This Special Issue aims to bring together the most current research on antioxidants in aquaculture nutrition.

Dr. Hao-Kun Liu
Guest Editor

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antioxidants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

nutrients
plant extract
active substance
feed additives
redox balance
aquaculture

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 2614 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influences of Stocking Density on Antioxidant Status, Nutrients Composition, and Lipid Metabolism in the Muscles of Cyprinus carpio under Rice–Fish Co-Culture

by Yongrong Rong, Bing Li, Yiran Hou, Liqiang Zhang, Rui Jia and Jian Zhu

Antioxidants 2024, 13(7), 849; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13070849 - 15 Jul 2024

Viewed by 580

Abstract

Cyprinus carpio is a significant freshwater species with substantial nutritional and economic value. Rice–carp co-culture represents one of its principal cultivation methods. However, in the system, the optimal farming density for carp and the impact of high stocking density on their muscle nutritional composition have yet to be explored. Thus, the objective of the current study was to investigate the influences of stocking density on the muscle nutrient profiles and metabolism of C. carpio in rice–fish co-culture systems. Common carp were cultured at three stocking densities, low density (LD), medium density (MD), and high density (HD), over a period of 60 days. Following this, comprehensive analyses incorporating physiological, biochemical, and multi-omics sequencing were conducted on the muscle tissue of C. carpio. The results demonstrated that HD treatment led to a reduction in the antioxidant capacity of C. carpio, while resulting in elevated levels of various fatty acids in muscle tissue, including saturated fatty acids (SFAs), omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFAs). The metabolome analysis showed that HD treatment caused a marked reduction in 43 metabolites and a significant elevation in 30 metabolites, primarily linked to lipid and amino acid metabolism. Additionally, transcriptomic analysis revealed that the abnormalities in lipid metabolism induced by high-stocking-density treatment may be associated with significant alterations in the PPAR signaling pathway and adipokine signaling pathway. Overall, our findings indicate that in rice–fish co-culture systems, high stocking density disrupted the balance of antioxidant status and lipid metabolism in the muscles of C. carpio. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Nutrition in Aquatic Animals)

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16 pages, 1573 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vitamin E Regulates the Collagen Contents in the Body Wall of Sea Cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) via Its Antioxidant Effects and the TGF-β/Smads Pathway

by Zitong Wang, Rujian Xu, Hongbing Yang, Ruixue Li, Jun Ding, Yaqing Chang and Rantao Zuo

Antioxidants 2024, 13(7), 847; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13070847 - 15 Jul 2024

Viewed by 581

Abstract

A 70-day feeding experiment was performed to investigate the effects of dietary vitamin E at different addition levels (0, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) on the growth, collagen content, antioxidant capacity, and expressions of genes related to the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)/Sma- and Mad-related protein (SMAD) signaling pathway in sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicus). The results showed that the A. japonicus in the group with 200 mg/kg vitamin E exhibited significantly higher growth rates, hydroxyproline (Hyp) and type III collagen contents, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, as well as the upregulation of genes related to Tenascin, SMAD1, and TGF-β. Additionally, the A. japonicus in the group with 100 mg/kg vitamin E exhibited significantly higher body-wall indexes, denser collagen arrangements, improved texture quality, higher activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and peroxidase (POD), as well as the upregulation of genes related to collagen type I alpha 2 chain (COL1A2), collagen type III alpha 1 chain (COL3A1), and Sp-Smad2/3 (SMAD2/3). In contrast, the A. japonicus in the group with 400 mg/kg vitamin E showed a decrease in the growth rates, reduced Hyp contents, increased type I collagen contents, collagen fiber aggregation and a harder texture, along with the downregulation of genes related to the TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway. Furthermore, the A. japonicus in the group with 400 mg/kg exhibited oxidative stress, reflected by the lower activities of SOD, GSH-Px, and POD. These results indicated that A. japonicus fed diets with the addition of 100–200 mg/kg vitamin E had improved collagen retention and texture quality by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the expressions of genes in the TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway. However, the excessive addition of vitamin E (400 mg/kg) induced oxidative stress, which could increase the collagen degradation and fibrosis and pose a threat to the growth and texture quality of A. japonicus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Nutrition in Aquatic Animals)

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15 pages, 3452 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Growth, Antioxidant Capacity, and Liver Health in Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) Fed Multi-Strain Yeast-Based Paraprobiotic: A Lab-to-Pilot Scale Evaluation

by Jie Wang, Xiaoze Xie, Yangyang Liu, Jiacheng Liu, Xiaofang Liang, Hao Wang, Gang Li and Min Xue

Antioxidants 2024, 13(7), 792; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13070792 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 527

Abstract

A multi-strain yeast-based paraprobiotic (MsYbP) comprising inactive cells and polysaccharides (β-glucan, mannan oligosaccharides, and oligosaccharides) derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Cyberlindnera jadinii could ensure optimal growth and health in farmed fish. This study assessed the impact of an MsYbP on the growth, immune responses, antioxidant capacities, and liver health of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) through lab-scale (65 days) and pilot-scale (15 weeks) experiments. Two groups of fish were monitored: one fed a control diet without the MsYbP and another fed 0.08% and 0.1% MsYbP in the lab-scale and pilot-scale studies, respectively (referred to as YANG). In the lab-scale study, four replicates were conducted, with 20 fish per replicate (average initial body weight = 31.0 ± 0.8 g), while the pilot-scale study involved three replicates with approximately 1500 fish per replicate (average initial body weight = 80.0 ± 2.2 g). The results indicate that the MsYbP-fed fish exhibited a significant increase in growth in both studies (p < 0.05). Additionally, the dietary MsYbP led to a noteworthy reduction in the liver function parameters (p < 0.05), such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and hepatic nuclear density, indicating improved liver health. Furthermore, the dietary MsYbP elevated the antioxidative capacity of the fish by reducing their malondialdehyde levels and increasing their levels and gene expressions related to antioxidative markers, such as total antioxidant ca-pacity (T-AOC), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (nrf2) and kelch-1ike ech-associated protein (keap1) in both studies (p < 0.05). In terms of hepatic immune responses, the lab-scale study showed an increase in inflammation-related gene expressions, such as interleukin-1β (il-1β) and transforming growth factor β1 (tgf-β1), while the pilot-scale study significantly suppressed the expressions of genes related to inflammatory responses, such as tumor necrosis factor α (tnfα) and interleukin-10 (il-10) (p < 0.05). In summary, our findings underscore the role of dietary multi-strain yeast-based paraprobiotics in enhancing the growth and liver health of largemouth bass, potentially through increased antioxidative capacity and the modulation of immune responses, emphasizing the significance of employing yeast-based paraprobiotics in commercial conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Nutrition in Aquatic Animals)

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16 pages, 3486 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Lycium barbarum Polysaccharide Modulates Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, and Lipid Metabolism in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Fed with High-Fat Diet

by Di Wu, Jinnan Li, Ze Fan, Zhipeng Sun, Xianhu Zheng, Haitao Zhang, Hong Xu and Liansheng Wang

Antioxidants 2024, 13(5), 540; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13050540 - 28 Apr 2024

Viewed by 863

Abstract

To investigate the ameliorative effects and mechanism of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) on growth performance, oxidative stress, and lipid deposition in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed with high-fat diets, fish with an initial weight of 5.29 ± 0.12 g were divided into five experimental groups—including normal-fat diets, high-fat diets, and high-fat diets—supplemented with LBP (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g/kg) for 8 weeks. The results showed that high-fat diets resulted in significant decreases in final body weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate of fish, as well as causing a significant decrease in hepatic total antioxidant capacity, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities. These changes were accompanied by a significant decrease in lipase activity and ATP level and a significant increase in malondialdehyde content. The expression levels of lipid metabolism-related genes (acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase 1, stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase 1, fat synthase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, fructofuranose bisphosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphatase) were also markedly elevated by high-fat diets. Supplementation with 0.5–2.0 g/kg LBP in high-fat diets improved the reduced growth performance, increased hepatic total antioxidant enzymes, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities, and lowered malondialdehyde level in fish fed with high-fat diets. Additionally, dietary supplementation with LBP significantly downregulated hepatic gene expression levels of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase 1, stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase 1, fat synthase, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, fructofuranose bisphosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphatase. In conclusion, fish fed with high-fat diets demonstrated impaired growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and lipid metabolism, and dietary supplementation with 0.5–2.0 g/kg LBP ameliorated the impairments induced by high-fat diets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Nutrition in Aquatic Animals)

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15 pages, 1630 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dietary Inosine 5′-Monophosphate Supplementation on the Growth Performance and Salinity and Oxidative Stress Resistance of Gibel Carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

by Luohai Hua, Peiyu Zhang, Haokun Liu, Mingze Xin, Zhiwei Zhang, Dong Han, Zhimin Zhang, Xiaoming Zhu, Junyan Jin, Yunxia Yang and Shouqi Xie

Antioxidants 2024, 13(4), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040487 - 19 Apr 2024

Viewed by 829

Abstract

An 88-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary inosine 5′-monophosphate (5′-IMP) on the growth performance and salinity and oxidative stress resistance in the juvenile gibel carp CAS III (Carassius auratus gibelio; initial body weight: 7.48 g). Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets containing exogenous 5′-IMP were formulated. P1, P2, P3 and P4 were diets containing 5′-IMP at four concentrations (0, 1, 2 and 4 g kg⁻¹). The four diets were randomly allotted to triplicate tanks in a recirculating system. After the feeding trial, six fish per tank were netted randomly and placed into 12‰ saline water to test their response to salinity stress. The results indicated that the feed conversion rate was enhanced by dietary supplementation with 5′-IMP. The appetite, plasma neuropeptide Y level and feeding rate of the P3 group were lower than those in the control treatment group. Dietary supplementation with 5′-IMP improved the osmoregulatory adaptation of gibel carp under acute salinity stress. Six hours after the salinity stress treatment, in the dietary 5′-IMP treatment group, the plasma cortisol and K⁺ concentrations were lower and the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity was greater than that in the control group. Dietary supplementation with 5′-IMP promoted the expression of the glucocorticoid receptors NKA-α1b and NKCC and retarded the expression of Hsp70 in P4-treated gill filaments and kidneys. Dietary supplementation with 5′-IMP resulted in a stable oxidative-stress-resistant phenotype characterized by increased levels of cellular antioxidants, including SOD, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and MPO. The above results of the current study demonstrate that supplementation of 5′-IMP can promote feed utilization and have positive influences on the salinity and oxidative stress resistance of gibel carp. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Nutrition in Aquatic Animals)

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24 pages, 7826 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Suitable Cottonseed Protein Concentrate Supplementation in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Serves as an Effective Strategy for Fish Meal Sparing Based on Improvement in Intestinal Antioxidant Capacity, Barrier and Microbiota Composition

by Ze Fan, Kaibo Ge, Di Wu, Liansheng Wang, Jinnan Li, Chenhui Li, Meng Zhou, Haitao Zhang, Linghong Miao and Xianping Ge

Antioxidants 2024, 13(4), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040436 - 4 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1124

Abstract

The application of cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) is an effective strategy to moderate the shortage of fish meal (FM) for the aquafeed industry. However, little attention has been paid to the effects of replacing fishmeal with CPC on cyprinid fish. This study used common carp (Cyprinus carpio) as the biological model and assessed the potential of applying CPC as a substitute for fishmeal in the diet of common carp. The proportion of fish meal substituted with CPC in the six diets was 0% (CPC0), 25% (CPC25), 50% (CPC50), 75% (CPC75), and 100% (CPC100). Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of common carp (4.17 ± 0.02 g) for 56 days. Results revealed that the CPC50 group significantly increased the growth indexes via up-regulating the genes of the GH/IGF axis and the TOR pathway. The intestinal digestive ability was also elevated in the CPC50 group via markedly increasing intestinal villus height, protease and lipase activities in the whole intestine, and the amylase activity of the foregut and midgut. The CPC50 group captured significantly higher activities and gene expressions of antioxidant enzymes and lower malonaldehyde contents via evoking the Nrf2/Keap1 signal pathway. The CPC50 group enhance the intestinal mechanical barrier via up-regulating the gene expressions of tight junction proteins and heighten the intestinal biological barrier by increasing the probiotics (Lactococcus) and decreasing the harmful bacteria (Enterococcus). But excessive substitution levels (75% and 100%) would compromise growth performance, intestinal antioxidant capacity, and immune function. The optimum substitution level was estimated to be 46.47%, 47.72%, and 46.43% using broken-line regression analyses based on mass gain rate, protein efficiency ratio, and feed conversion rate. Overall, the fishmeal in common carp feed could be substituted up to 50% by CPC without negative influence on growth, feed utilization, and or intestinal health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Nutrition in Aquatic Animals)

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18 pages, 1698 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparison of the Antioxidant Potential and Metabolite Analysis of Marine Fungi Associated with the Red Algae Pterocladiella capillacea from Northern Taiwan

by Jiji Kannan, Ka-Lai Pang, Ying-Ning Ho, Pang-Hung Hsu and Li-Li Chen

Antioxidants 2024, 13(3), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13030336 - 11 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1727

Abstract

This study represents a primary investigation centered on screening six marine fungi, Emericellopsis maritima, Engyodontium album, Hypomontagnella monticulosa, Hortaea werneckii, Trichoderma harzianum, and Aspergillus sp.7, associated with the red algae Pterocladiella capillacea, which was collected from Chao-Jin Park in Keelung, Taiwan, as potential immunostimulants for shrimp aquaculture. Recognizing the imperative for novel strategies to combat pathogen resistance arising from the use of antibiotics and vaccines in aquaculture, this study aimed to evaluate the metabolomic profile, antioxidant capabilities, and antibacterial properties of marine fungi. The antibacterial activity of the fungal extract was evaluated against five major aquaculture pathogens: Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aeruginosa, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The viability and cytotoxicity of marine fungal extracts were preliminarily evaluated using brine shrimps before assessing cytotoxicity, growth performance, immune efficacy, and disease resistance in white shrimp. The present study demonstrated that total phytochemical analysis correlated with antioxidant activity. Emericellopsis maritima and Trichoderma harzianum exhibited the strongest DPPH antioxidant scavenging activities of half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) 16.5 ± 1.2 and 12.2 ± 2.6, which are comparable to ascorbic acid. LC-HDMSE analysis of the marine fungal extracts identified more than 8000 metabolites mainly classified under the superclass level of organic oxygen compounds, Organoheterocyclic compounds, Phenylpropanoids and polyketides, alkaloid and derivatives, benzenoids, lignans and neolignans, lipid and lipid-like molecules, nucleotides and nucleosides, organic nitrogen compounds, and organic acids and derivatives. Overall, our study significantly contributes to the advancement of sustainable practices by exploring alternative antimicrobial solutions and harnessing the bioactive potential inherent in marine endophytic fungi. In conclusion, our study advances our comprehension of fungal communities and their applications and holds promise for the development of effective and environmentally friendly approaches for enhancing shrimp health and productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Nutrition in Aquatic Animals)

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22 pages, 5761 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological Response of Spotted Seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus) to Different Dietary Available Phosphorus Levels and Water Temperature: Changes in Growth, Lipid Metabolism, Antioxidant Status and Intestinal Microbiota

by Jiarong Guo, Ling Wang, Kai Song, Kangle Lu, Xueshan Li and Chunxiao Zhang

Antioxidants 2023, 12(12), 2128; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12122128 - 16 Dec 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1573

Abstract

A 10-week growth experiment was conducted to assess the physiological response of spotted seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus) raised at moderate (27 °C) and high temperatures (33 °C) to different dietary available phosphorus (P) levels. Five diets with available P levels of 0.35, 0.55, 0.71, 0.82 and 0.92% were formulated, respectively. A water temperature of 33 °C significantly decreased growth performance and feed utilization, and increased oxidative stress and lipid deposition of spotted seabass compared with 27 °C. A second-order polynomial regression analysis based on weight gain (WG) showed that the available P requirement of spotted seabass raised at 27 °C and 33 °C was 0.72% and 0.78%, respectively. The addition of 0.71–0.82% P to the diet improved the growth performance, feed utilization, and antioxidant capacity of spotted seabass and alleviated the excessive lipid deposition compared with the low-P diet (0.35% P). Moreover, the addition of 0.71–0.92% P to diets increased the diversity of intestinal microbiota and the relative abundance of Lactococcus lactis and decreased the relative abundance of Plesiomonas compared with the low-P diet. Thus, dietary supplementation with 0.71–0.82% P improved the growth performance, antioxidant capacity and microbial composition of spotted seabass, and alleviated the disturbance of lipid metabolism caused by high temperature or low-P diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Nutrition in Aquatic Animals)

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20 pages, 8415 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Excessive Substitution of Fish Meal with Fermented Soybean Meal Induces Oxidative Stress by Impairing Glutathione Metabolism in Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)

by Qiang Chen, Congcong Wang, Yulong Sun, Yan Chen, Songming Chen, Tao Han and Jiteng Wang

Antioxidants 2023, 12(12), 2096; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12122096 - 11 Dec 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1715

Abstract

The application of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) is an effective strategy to alleviate the shortage of fish meal (FM) in aquaculture. However, an excessive substitution ratio often reduces fish growth and induces liver oxidative stress, while the mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, an 8-week feeding trial was conducted in largemouth bass (initial weight: 6.82 ± 0.09 g) to establish an oxidative stress model by replacing 50% of FM with FSBM (fermented by Bacillus subtilis). The results showed that FSBM substitution significantly reduced the growth performance of largemouth bass, including the weight gain rate and specific growth rate. Moreover, FSBM significantly reduced the contents of essential amino acids and total free amino acids in muscle, along with the mRNA expression of amino acids and small peptide transporters. Enzyme activity detection and liver sections showed that FSBM substitution caused liver oxidative stress, indicating the successful construction of an oxidative stress model. An integrated analysis of transcriptomic and metabolomic data revealed that FSBM substitution impaired glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, as well as glutathione metabolism. In addition, the ratio of reduced glutathione (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) was decreased in the FSBM group, which may explain the mechanism of oxidative stress caused by FSBM substitution. Considering that glycine is an important component of glutathione synthesis, key genes involved in glycine metabolism (glya, gnmt and agxt) and dietary glycine supplementation should be valued to improve the availability of FSBM. This study reveals for the first time the importance of non-essential amino acids in improving the utilization of plant-based protein sources and provides original insight for the optimization of aquatic feeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Nutrition in Aquatic Animals)

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