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13 pages, 2220 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Nutritional Potential and Resistance to Oxidation of Sea Buckthorn and Rosehip Oils

by Magdalena Wirkowska-Wojdyła, Ewa Ostrowska-Ligęza, Agata Górska, Rita Brzezińska and Iga Piasecka

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(5), 1867; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14051867 - 24 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 853

Abstract

Cold-pressed oils from non-typical materials, such as wild rose and sea buckthorn, should meet certain requirements to be approved for consumption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional potential and selected quality parameters with particular emphasis on oxidative stability of [...] Read more.

Cold-pressed oils from non-typical materials, such as wild rose and sea buckthorn, should meet certain requirements to be approved for consumption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional potential and selected quality parameters with particular emphasis on oxidative stability of two commercially available cold-pressed oils: rose hip oil and sea buckthorn oil. The fatty acid composition, including nutritional indexes (polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratio PUFA/SFA; atherogenicity index IA is as follows: hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic index HH; health-promoting index HPI), positional distribution of fatty acids, melting profile and oxidative stability were analyzed. The tested oils were characterized by a high content of unsaturated fatty acids, which were mainly represented by oleic and linoleic acids. In the case of one of the analyzed rosehip oil oils (R1), α-linolenic acid was also found at the level of 26%, which contributed to obtaining the recommended ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids. The lowest value of IA and the highest values of HH and HPI were also recorded for R1 rosehip oil. This oil was also characterized by the highest resistance to oxidation, as indicated by induction times measured at various temperatures. The distribution of fatty acids in triacylglycerols molecules in the analyzed oils was typical for vegetable oils. In the case of tested oils, similar melting profiles with endothermic peaks recorded at negative temperatures, which resulted from the presence of triacylglycerol fractions with a high proportion of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, were observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical and Functional Properties of Food and Natural Products)

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10 pages, 642 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Azolla spp. as a Growing Medium Component for Melon Grown in a Soilless Culture System

by Warin Intana, Thanet Khomphet, Naramit Srichai, Nattawadee Bundit and Shams Shaila Islam

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(18), 10288; https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810288 - 14 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1777

Abstract

Azolla spp. is a prominent macrophyte and one of the world’s fastest growing plants, making it a highly important resource that has been widely exploited as a biofertilizer, food and feed, and biofuel production. As a result, the uses, promotion, and application of [...] Read more.

Azolla spp. is a prominent macrophyte and one of the world’s fastest growing plants, making it a highly important resource that has been widely exploited as a biofertilizer, food and feed, and biofuel production. As a result, the uses, promotion, and application of Azolla spp. in sustainable agriculture would be of significant interest. The objectives of this study were (i) to assess the feasibility of using Azolla as a growing media of melons with a reduction in fertigation concentration in a soilless culture system, and (ii) to compare the agronomic and fruit quality traits of melons grown in different Azolla treatments. The experiment was carried out using a completely randomized design with 4 treatments including: (1) control treatment (1:1 combination of chopped coconut mesocarp (CCM) and coconut coir (CC) with recommended fertigation concentration (RFC)), (2) dried Azolla (1:1:2 combination of CCM, CC, and dried Azolla with 75% of RFC), (3) fermented Azolla (1:1:2 combination of CCM, CC, and fermented Azolla with 75% of RFC), and (4) fresh Azolla (1:1:2 combination of CCM, CC, and fresh Azolla with 75% of RFC). Seven melons per treatment were recorded on the agronomic traits (stem length, stem diameter, leaf width, leaf length, and leaf number) and fruit quality (fruit weight, fruit height, fruit perimeter, rind thickness, pulp thickness, fruit cavity, pulp firmness, pulp color (L*, a*, b*, Hue, and c*), total soluble solid, juice electrical conductivity, juice pH, and juice titratable acidity). Statistical analyses revealed the differences among melon agronomic and yield traits under different Azolla treatments. Nutrient analysis results showed that fermented and fresh Azolla had a high nutritional value as compared to dried Azolla. Most fruit traits from fermented and fresh Azolla treatments with a fertilizer reduction were not significantly different as compared to control. Both treatments were recommended for melon production in a soilless culture system, since these treatments can reduce fertigation use by 25% while maintaining growth and fruit quality when compared to conventional practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical and Functional Properties of Food and Natural Products)

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15 pages, 642 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Commercial Hemp (Cannabis sativa Subsp. sativa) Proteins and Flours: Nutritional and Techno-Functional Properties

by Yamina Absi, Isabel Revilla and Ana M. Vivar-Quintana

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(18), 10130; https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810130 - 8 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1260

Abstract

Hemp (Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa) has been increasing in popularity in recent years owing to its nutritional composition, with an interesting combination of protein, fat, and fiber, as well as minerals. Its transformation into flours and concentrates has allowed its incorporation [...] Read more.

Hemp (Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa) has been increasing in popularity in recent years owing to its nutritional composition, with an interesting combination of protein, fat, and fiber, as well as minerals. Its transformation into flours and concentrates has allowed its incorporation in different foods thanks to its techno-functional properties. In this study, four commercial brands of hemp flour and hemp protein concentrate were analyzed for their proximal, amino acid and mineral composition, and fatty acid profile. The bioactive characteristics, such as phenolic composition and antioxidant activity, and techno-functional properties, such as solubility and water-holding and oil-holding capacities, were analyzed. The results showed that the composition of the flours was characterized by a high fiber content and a high antioxidant activity due mainly to the high level of total phenolic compounds. In the case of concentrates, these showed a lower carbohydrate but higher protein content and better functional properties such as water-holding, foaming, and gel-forming capacities. Both flours and concentrates showed low fat contents with polyunsaturated fatty acids being the major fatty acids, a good amino acid profile, and high K and P concentrations. Organic products showed differences in nutritional composition but not in functional properties when compared with non-organic products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical and Functional Properties of Food and Natural Products)

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15 pages, 1186 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Foliar Applications of Calcium, Silicon and Their Combination: A Tool to Improve Grape Composition and Quality

by Teresa Garde-Cerdán, Miriam González-Lázaro, David Alonso-Ortiz de Urbina, Itziar Sáenz de Urturi, Sandra Marín-San Román, Rebeca Murillo-Peña, Lesly L. Torres-Díaz, Eva P. Pérez-Álvarez and Victoria Fernández

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(12), 7217; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13127217 - 16 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1582

Abstract

Foliar nutrient sprays are broadly used in commercial agriculture. To date, the application of Ca and Si has been little explored in vineyard production but may lead to positive responses at various levels. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the [...] Read more.

Foliar nutrient sprays are broadly used in commercial agriculture. To date, the application of Ca and Si has been little explored in vineyard production but may lead to positive responses at various levels. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of supplying single or combined calcium (Ca, 120 mM) and silicon (Si, 120 mM) sprays in Tempranillo grape composition. Foliar treatment with Ca + Si foliar enhanced all families of aromatic compounds, whereas single Ca and Si sprays induced lower effects. Regarding phenolic compounds, all foliar treatments led to minor effects. However, all three foliar Ca and Si treatments increased the total grape amino acid content. Consequently, the application of combined Ca and Si sprays to a vineyard is recommended as a tool for improving grape quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical and Functional Properties of Food and Natural Products)

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12 pages, 581 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Preliminary Study Investigating the Effects of Elevated Antioxidant Capacity of Daily Snacks on the Body’s Antioxidant Defences in Patients with CVD

by Magdalena Czlapka-Matyasik and Pawel Gut

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(10), 5863; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13105863 - 10 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1558

Abstract

The antioxidant potential of foods plays a vital role in counteracting oxidative stress and its consequences in the body. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) are the primary line of defence against cellular damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). [...] Read more.

The antioxidant potential of foods plays a vital role in counteracting oxidative stress and its consequences in the body. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) are the primary line of defence against cellular damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Glutathione is considered to be the most vital antioxidant for the body because its changes during oxidative stress increase the risk of CVD. The dietary antioxidant capacity supporting the glutathione defence system is not known. Therefore, we analysed the glutathione defence-related markers changes in the serum of CVD patients under the dietary supplementation of increased antioxidant capacity snacks. Patients were split into groups according to inclusion criteria and dietary intervention (DI) design. The serum concentration of GPx and GST (glutathione-S-transferase) was measured before and after the 6-week DI. During the DI, CVD and control (CON) subjects increased the total diet antioxidant capacity by 48% and 21%, respectively. It resulted in a significantly decreased GST (from 3.71 to 2.54 U/g Hb, p < 0.05) and an increased GPx (from 33.90 to 38.3 U/L). The results in the CON group did not reveal significant changes in GST and GPx. This study demonstrated that an increased antioxidant capacity might be associated with improving glutathione-related defence. However, the conclusion is not substantial due to the small sample used in this study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical and Functional Properties of Food and Natural Products)

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21 pages, 1281 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Varied Nitrogen Sources and Type of Cultivation on the Yield and Physicochemical Parameters of Flowering Chinese Cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. utilis Tsen et Lee)

by Wenping Liu, Małgorzata Muzolf-Panek and Tomasz Kleiber

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 5691; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095691 - 5 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1775

Abstract

The aim of our study was to determine the effect of various nitrogen sources (NH₄NO₃ (N, 34%), Ca(NO₃)₂ (N, 15.5%; Ca, 18%), Mg(NO₃)₂ (N, 11%; Mg, 12%), NaNO₃ (N, 15%; Na, 25%) and [...] Read more.

The aim of our study was to determine the effect of various nitrogen sources (NH₄NO₃ (N, 34%), Ca(NO₃)₂ (N, 15.5%; Ca, 18%), Mg(NO₃)₂ (N, 11%; Mg, 12%), NaNO₃ (N, 15%; Na, 25%) and urea (N, 46%)) and increasing the intensity of N nutrition with these fertilisers (50, 70, and 90 mg N·dm⁻³) on the yield and quality of flowering Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. utilis Tsen et Lee). The plants were grown in two different soilless systems, namely pot cultivation (substrate system—mixture of peat and sand) and hydroponic cultivation. The quality of plants was expressed as macro- and microelement contents, pigment contents, antioxidant activity and phenolic content. It was observed that the yield of flowering Chinese cabbage was about 43–70% higher in the hydroponic system than in the substrate. The N source and N nutrition affected the yield volume. The highest mean yield was observed in pot cultivation after fertilisation with Mg(NO₃)₂ and in hydroponics with Ca(NO₃)₂. We found a rather high tolerance of flowering cabbage to sodium and an excessive content of ammonium in the nutrient solution. The nitrogen source and N doses modified plant contents of macro- and microelements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) and other quality parameters of plants. In pot cultivation, the highest element contents as well as the highest antioxidant activity were obtained after fertilisation with Mg(NO₃)₂ at N-70 and N-90. The highest pigment contents (chlorophylls and carotenoids) were obtained in the samples treated with urea at the N-90 dose. Those samples were also characterised by a high Mn content. Generally, the pigment content in the pot system positively correlated with the Mn content in leaves, the microelement which is involved in the process of photosynthesis, but it did not correlate with colour coordinates. In the hydroponic system, the highest pigment contents were observed in the samples treated with Mg(NO₃)₂ at the N-70 dose. Generally, in hydroponics, chlorophyll levels positively correlated with Ca levels in the aboveground parts of the plants. Additionally, the content of Chl b inversely correlated with L* and b* values. In hydroponic systems, the highest DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) activity was observed after treatment with NH₄NO₃ at the N-70 and N-90 doses and it did not correlate with phenolic content but rather with pigment content. In conclusion, both the intensity of N nutrition and the fertiliser applied can significantly modify the yield of plants and their quality parameters. For pot cultivation, the most effective fertiliser was Mg(NO₃)₂ at the N-70/N-90 doses, while for hydroponic cultivation, it is difficult to indicate the most effective fertiliser as the responses varied depending on the method of fertilisation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical and Functional Properties of Food and Natural Products)

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22 pages, 1278 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Biofortification with Iodine by 8-Hydroxy-7-iodo-5-quinolinesulfonic Acid and 5-Chloro-7-iodo-8-quinolinol on the Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Potato Tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.) in a Pot Experiment

by Joanna Krzemińska, Sylwester Smoleń, Iwona Kowalska, Joanna Pitala, Olga Sularz and Aneta Koronowicz

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 4659; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13084659 - 7 Apr 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1918

Abstract

Iodine deficiency impacts on the development of thyroid disease. Vegetables and fruits usually have a low iodine content; hence, it makes sense to increase their iodine content. Potato is consumed daily by millions of consumers and would, therefore, be a good target for [...] Read more.

Iodine deficiency impacts on the development of thyroid disease. Vegetables and fruits usually have a low iodine content; hence, it makes sense to increase their iodine content. Potato is consumed daily by millions of consumers and would, therefore, be a good target for biofortification with iodine programs. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of biofortification via the application of soil solutions of two iodoquinolines [8-hydroxy-7-iodo-5-quinolinic acid (8-OH-7-I-5QSA) and 5-chloro-7-iodo-8-quinoline (5-Cl-7-I-8-Q)] and KIO₃ (as an iodine positive control) on the iodine content and basic chemical composition, macro and micronutrient content, nitrogen compounds, vitamin C, and antioxidant potential of potato tubers Solanum tuberosum L. The biofortification process had no significant effect on the tuber weight in yield. The application of I in forms of KIO₃, 8-OH-7-I-5QSA, 5-Cl-7-I-8-Q resulted in an increase in the I content of tubers (1400.15; 693.65; 502.79, respectively, compared with control, 24.96 µg·kg⁻¹ d.w.). This also resulted in a decrease in elements that are harmful to consumers, such as: Al, Ni, Cr, Ag, Pb and Tl. The enrichment of tubers with 8-OH-7-I-5QSA and 5-Cl-7-I-8-Q resulted in a significant reduction in the content of ammonium ions (from 19.16 to 14.96; 13.52 mg∙kg⁻¹ f.w.) and chlorides (from 423.59 to 264.92; 265.31 mg∙kg⁻¹ f.w.). Biofortification with 8-OH-7-I-5QSA improved the polyphenolic profile of the potato tuber from 197.31 to 233.33 mg GAE·100 g⁻¹ f.w. A significant reduction in the carotenoid content of tubers after the enrichment of the plant with iodine in KIO₃, 8-OH-7-I-5QSA and 5-Cl-7-I-8-Q (from 3.46 to 2.96, 2.45, and 1.47 mg∙100 g⁻¹ d.w., respectively) was observed. It can be postulated that the production of potatoes enriched with iodoquinolines and/or KIO₃ is worthwhile, as it can provide a good source of I in the diet and simultaneously reduce the risk of developing deficiencies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical and Functional Properties of Food and Natural Products)

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16 pages, 4167 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physicochemical and Molecular Properties of Spelt and Wheat Starches Illuminated with UV Light

by Ewelina Nowak, Anna Wisła-Świder, Teresa Leszczyńska and Aneta Koronowicz

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(4), 2360; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042360 - 12 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1434

Abstract

Scope: Aqueous suspensions of spelt and wheat starch were irradiated with ultraviolet radiation for 5–50 h. The changes in the molecular structure of the starch induced by UV radiation were related to the photodegradation of starch chains and the subsequent recombination of the [...] Read more.

Scope: Aqueous suspensions of spelt and wheat starch were irradiated with ultraviolet radiation for 5–50 h. The changes in the molecular structure of the starch induced by UV radiation were related to the photodegradation of starch chains and the subsequent recombination of the resulting polysaccharide radicals during prolonged irradiation. Methods and Results: Aqueous suspensions of spelt and wheat starch were irradiated with ultraviolet radiation for 5–50 h. The HPSEC-MALLS-RI method was used to measure the weight-average molecular weights of the starch polysaccharide chains and the distribution of the amylopectin side chains. FTIR spectroscopy of the modified samples and a study of the starch surface morphology were conducted using a scanning electron microscope. However, an increase in both the rate constant of the first stage of hydrolysis (k₁) and its final level were demonstrated. The changes in the molecular structure of the starch induced by UV radiation were related to the photodegradation of starch chains and the subsequent recombination of the resulting polysaccharide radicals during prolonged irradiation. Conclusions: Changes in starch granules could influence some of their functional properties. Rearrangement in the polysaccharide chains could obtain novel starches with defined properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical and Functional Properties of Food and Natural Products)

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13 pages, 694 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant Activity of Coffee Components Influenced by Roast Degree and Preparation Method

by Rafał Wołosiak, Paulina Pakosz, Beata Drużyńska and Monika Janowicz

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(4), 2057; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042057 - 5 Feb 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2447

Abstract

Coffee is of interest to consumers and researchers, mainly due to its stimulating properties and positive effects on the human body. Properties of coffee infusions depend on many factors and the most important ones include the roasting process and the brew preparation method. [...] Read more.

Coffee is of interest to consumers and researchers, mainly due to its stimulating properties and positive effects on the human body. Properties of coffee infusions depend on many factors and the most important ones include the roasting process and the brew preparation method. In this paper, we analyzed infusions prepared with the use of pressure methods (professional: espresso and consumer: moka pot brew), obtained from beans roasted to the medium and dark degree, with the aim of determining the share of individual groups of ingredients in the antioxidative properties of coffee. Tested infusions showed various characteristics that were partly related to different parameters of their preparation. In general, a greater amount of phenolic compounds was extracted in moka brews. Espresso, on the other hand, exhibited greater antioxidant activity per portion of the brew and a greater ability to quench free radicals. The degree of roasting had an uneven effect on the antioxidant activity of the brews, depending on the method and its mechanism of antioxidant action. The share of activity of the particular groups of antioxidants in overall activity varied between all methods; the most pronounced changes were observed in the espresso brews. The results indicate, however, that the activity of phenols and melanoidins is based on a mixed mechanism of antioxidant action, but in the case of the latter, the mechanism of hydrogen atom transfer may have an advantage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical and Functional Properties of Food and Natural Products)

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13 pages, 1285 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Asteraceae Family Plants

by Ewa Piątkowska, Wioletta Biel, Robert Witkowicz and Jagoda Kępińska-Pacelik

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(23), 12293; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312293 - 1 Dec 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2434

Abstract

Plants of the Asteraceae family have been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years. Now, forgotten for some time, they are gaining popularity again. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the proximate composition and antioxidant activity of inflorescences [...] Read more.

Plants of the Asteraceae family have been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years. Now, forgotten for some time, they are gaining popularity again. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the proximate composition and antioxidant activity of inflorescences and leaves of Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. (common dandelion), Tanacetum vulgare L. (tansy) and Solidago virgaurea L. (European goldenrod). The content of dry matter, crude protein, crude ash and crude fat was determined according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). The content of total polyphenols was determined using methanol extracts. Antioxidant activity was determined by three methods. The protein content was the highest in Taraxacum officinale. The fat and ash content increased in the sequence of Solidago virgaurea < Tanacetum vulgare < Taraxacum officinale. The total content of polyphenols in the material and its antioxidant activity (AA) were different between species. Changes were also observed in the morphological parts of the plants. The results of the research encourage the use of not only those parts of plants known but also inflorescences or leaves, which can be excellent ingredients for drugs and other preparations used in medicine or cosmetology and also in the food industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical and Functional Properties of Food and Natural Products)

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13 pages, 4120 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Effects of Resveratrol on HECa10 and ARPE-19 Cells

by Monika Leśniak, Dariusz Rokicki, Agnieszka Synowiec, Aleksandra Filipiak-Duliban, Piotr Skopiński, Aneta Lewicka and Sławomir Lewicki

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(22), 11314; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122211314 - 8 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1451

Abstract

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy are the leading cause of blindness in developed countries. Pathological angiogenesis has a causal role in these eye diseases. Resveratrol (RSV), a plant-derived polyphenol, has anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic properties that could improve its management. Here, the [...] Read more.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy are the leading cause of blindness in developed countries. Pathological angiogenesis has a causal role in these eye diseases. Resveratrol (RSV), a plant-derived polyphenol, has anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic properties that could improve its management. Here, the effects of various concentrations of RSV (1, 5, 10, 50, 100 µM) were compared in two types of cell lines: HECa10 (endothelial cell line) and ARPE-19 (retinal pigment epithelial cell line). We assayed the impact on proliferation rate, viability, cell cycle progression, and secretion of selected proangiogenic factors VEGF and bFGF. We show that lower concentrations of RSV (1, 5, 10 µM) had no effect on proliferation, viability or cell cycle progression in HECa10 cells. However, higher concentrations (50, 100 µM) significantly enhanced the reduction in the cell number and stimulated apoptosis. In ARPE-19 cells, lower concentrations of RSV increased the rate of proliferation, while higher concentrations had no effect on proliferation and viability. Both ARPE-19 and HECa10 cell lines were affected to different degrees in the secretion of proangiogenic cytokines: reducing VEGF and enhancing bFGF secretion. These results suggest that RSV may be useful in the prevention or treatment of pathological angiogenesis in eye disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical and Functional Properties of Food and Natural Products)

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9 pages, 265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Study on the Influence of the Polyphenols of Different Groups on the Digestibility of Wheat Starch, Measured by the Content of Resistant Starch

by Dominika Kwaśny, Barbara Borczak, Marek Sikora and Joanna Kapusta-Duch

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(21), 10859; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122110859 - 26 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1340

Abstract

The scientific goals of this research were to examine the impact of various polyphenols from different groups on resistant starch development. Wheat starch was tested, and the polyphenols were added to starch after its pasting in the amount suggested in the literature as [...] Read more.

The scientific goals of this research were to examine the impact of various polyphenols from different groups on resistant starch development. Wheat starch was tested, and the polyphenols were added to starch after its pasting in the amount suggested in the literature as optimal—10 mg, and at twice and half the optimal, i.e., 20 mg and 5 mg. The most frequently consumed and most frequently occurring compounds in food products were selected for the proposed research: (1) phenolic acids—p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid; (2) flavanones—hesperidin, naringenin; (3) flavanols—(+)catechin, epigallocatechin gallate; (4) flavonols—quercetin, kaempferol; (5) anthocyanins—cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside. As a result, either the dose or the kind of polyphenolic compound had a statistically significant influence on the wheat starch digestibility (p < 0.05). However the observed impact was dose-dependent, and interestingly, higher amounts of RS were found in the case of the lowest dose applied (5 mg—4.76% of starch gel; mean = 2.94 ± 1.23 g·100 g⁻¹ dm) as compared to the other doses: 10 mg—9.09% of starch gel (mean = 1.58 g·100 g⁻¹ dm) and 20 mg—16.66% of starch gel (mean = 1.51 ± 0.90 g·100 g⁻¹ dm). Among all tested polyphenols added to wheat starch gels in an amount of 10 mg and 20 mg, epigallocatechin gallate was found to be the most effective compound (p < 0.05), while (+)catechin was most efficient in the dose of 5 mg (p < 0.05). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical and Functional Properties of Food and Natural Products)

11 pages, 1290 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Carnivorous Plants Sarracenia purpurea L. Transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes

by Kinga Maria Pilarska, Manuela Panić, Ivana Radojčić Redovniković and Magdalena Wróbel-Kwiatkowska

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(20), 10289; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122010289 - 13 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1660

Abstract

People have used carnivorous plants of the genus Sarracenia in folk medicine for centuries due to the biochemical composition of Sarracenia plants, which are rich in numerous bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral and antibacterial properties. The subject of this study was the [...] Read more.

People have used carnivorous plants of the genus Sarracenia in folk medicine for centuries due to the biochemical composition of Sarracenia plants, which are rich in numerous bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral and antibacterial properties. The subject of this study was the genetic transformation of Sarracenia purpurea L. with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains 15834, 9402 and A4 using two different methods: bacterial injection or co-culture of the bacteria with plant explants. This study confirmed the possibility of hairy root induction in S. purpurea using A. rhizogenes strain 15834 and the injection method. Seven lines of transformed plants, exhibiting the integration of the rolB gene, were obtained. The hairy roots formed showed morphological differences in comparison to the roots of unmodified plants. A mathematical model was used to optimize the conditions for the extraction of bioactive compounds. Extracts isolated under optimal conditions from the transformed plants showed biochemical changes, i.e., an increase in the accumulation of total polyphenols (line 7#1 in hairy roots: 71.048 mg GAE g⁻¹ DW; in leaves: 9.662 mg GAE g⁻¹ DW) and triterpenes (line 7#1 in hairy roots: 1.248 mg BA g⁻¹ DW; in leaves: 0.463 mg BA g⁻¹ DW) in comparison to untransformed plants (polyphenols in roots: 7.957 mg GAE g⁻¹ DW and in leaves: 5.091 mg GAE g⁻¹ DW; triterpenes in roots: 0.298 mg BA g⁻¹ DW and in leaves: 0.296 mg BA g⁻¹ DW), especially when induced roots were analyzed. HPLC analysis showed an increase in the level of betulinic acid in some transformed Sarracenia lines. Betulinic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound with high pharmacological significance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical and Functional Properties of Food and Natural Products)

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19 pages, 5994 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Therapeutic Potential of Tamarix aphylla in the Prevention of Lung Injury through the Regulation of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Cell-Signaling Molecules

by Saleh A. Almatroodi, Amjad Ali Khan, Abdulaziz A. Aloliqi, Mansoor Ali Syed and Arshad Husain Rahmani

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(19), 9925; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12199925 - 2 Oct 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2149

Abstract

Tamarix aphylla is a commonly grown plant in Saudi Arabia and its therapeutic potential is widely recognized. Here, in this study, the aim was to explore the role of T. aphylla leaf extract (TAE) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice [...] Read more.

Tamarix aphylla is a commonly grown plant in Saudi Arabia and its therapeutic potential is widely recognized. Here, in this study, the aim was to explore the role of T. aphylla leaf extract (TAE) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice and LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory parameters of TAE were performed through in vitro assays by measuring H₂O₂ free radical scavenging and protein denaturation inhibition. After LPS administration, broncho alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue were obtained to evaluate the pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, histopathological alterations, immunohistochemistry and TUNEL staining. The results designate that TAE shows anti-inflammatory activity through a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and BALF. The antioxidant enzyme level (SOD) decreased and MDA content was increased in the LPS-induced mice. However, TAE pretreatment markedly reversed these parameters compared to the group administered LPS only (p < 0.05). The histopathological analysis demonstrated that TAE maintained the lung tissue architecture by reducing LPS-induced inflammation and congestion. The expression pattern of the Cox-2 protein and apoptosis was high in the group administered LPS only, whereas TAE pretreatment showed a reduction in the expression pattern and apoptosis. Moreover, the in vitro assay of TAE demonstrated a concentration-dependent free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activity. In conclusion, our results advocate the health-promoting effects of T. aphylla on LPS-induced acute lung injury, which might be due to its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical and Functional Properties of Food and Natural Products)

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26 pages, 6734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Therapeutic Potential of Myrrh, a Natural Resin, in Health Management through Modulation of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Advanced Glycation End Products Formation Using In Vitro and In Silico Analysis

by Arshad Husain Rahmani, Shehwaz Anwar, Ravindra Raut, Ahmad Almatroudi, Ali Yousif Babiker, Amjad Ali Khan, Mohammed A. Alsahli and Saleh A. Almatroodi

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(18), 9175; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12189175 - 13 Sep 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3363

Abstract

Oxidative stress, hyper-inflammatory responses, and protein glycation are the chief contributing factors in the pathogenesis of several diseases. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic role of myrrh in health management through in vitro and in silico studies. Antioxidant potential, anti-inflammatory potential, antiglycation, [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress, hyper-inflammatory responses, and protein glycation are the chief contributing factors in the pathogenesis of several diseases. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic role of myrrh in health management through in vitro and in silico studies. Antioxidant potential, anti-inflammatory potential, antiglycation, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation inhibition activities were determined by various in vitro assays. Molecular docking was performed to predict the non-covalent binding of macromolecules (receptor) and a small molecule (ligand). Myrrh extract contained significant antioxidant activity as reflected by FRAP value (16.12 µg ascorbic acid/100 mg dry weight), the maximum percentage of DPPH scavenging (57.71%), and maximum hydrogen peroxide reducing activity (58.71%) at a concentration of 600 µg/mL. Further, the extract exhibited maximum protection from bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation inhibition (53.47%), anti-proteinase action (43.517%), and egg albumin denaturation inhibition (44.95%) at a dose of 600 µg/mL concentration. Myrrh is used in pharmacy as an antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, and anti-venom remedy. This study aimed to explore the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, antiglycation, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation inhibition ability of methanolic myrrh extract. It was found that myrrh has good antioxidant potential due to plenty of flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds, as reflected by results of the 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) assay, FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) test, and hydrogen peroxide reducing test. Furthermore, myrrh methanolic extract was found to be significantly effective against heat-induced albumin denaturation, and percent inhibition of denaturation increases with increased extract concentration. The presence of myrrh extract at a dose of 600 μg/mL decreased browning intensity (59.38%), percent aggregation index (59.88%), and percentage amyloid structure (56.13%). We used molecular docking tools to study the role of myrrh in oxidative stress (Catalase), antioxidant property (Superoxide dismutase), and antiviral property (spike protein S). The molecular docking analysis confirmed four phytoconstituents; 2,3-Furandione, Curzerene, delta-Elemene, and Furanoeudesma-1,3-Diene interact with catalase and superoxide dismutase. Curzerene and Furanoeudesma-1,3-Diene showed remarkable interaction with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S. Our data suggest that myrrh resin extract can be used to develop a suitable alternative therapy for various diseases linked with oxidative stress, inflammation, glycation, and AGEs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical and Functional Properties of Food and Natural Products)

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11 pages, 669 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Characterization and Comparison of Raw Brassica and Grass Field Sensorial and Nutritional Quality

by Francesca Biondi, Francesca Balducci, Franco Capocasa, Elena Mei, Massimo Vagnoni, Marino Visciglio, Bruno Mezzetti and Luca Mazzoni

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(17), 8783; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12178783 - 31 Aug 2022

Viewed by 1719

Abstract

This study reports a characterization of the nutritional quality of several vegetables belonging to Brassica genus and other species cultivated in the central Italy. The aim of this trial is to investigate the antioxidant capacity and phytochemical content of several vegetable products during [...] Read more.

This study reports a characterization of the nutritional quality of several vegetables belonging to Brassica genus and other species cultivated in the central Italy. The aim of this trial is to investigate the antioxidant capacity and phytochemical content of several vegetable products during two consecutive years. The sensorial quality is investigated with the measuring of soluble solid content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA) and pH; the nutritional quality is investigated by the measurement of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), the total phenols content (TPH), the total anthocyanins content (ACY), and the vitamin C content. The results confirm the highest antioxidant capacity of Brassica genus, in particular, the red curly kale (13.68 and 11.97 mM Trolox/kg fw in the two locations tested); among other vegetables analyzed, the most interesting are chicory and borage (10.3 and 11.94 mM Trolox/kg fw in the first year of cultivation in Valdaso, respectively). A high intake of these vegetables may bring a lot of health benefits linked to their antioxidative capacity and the vitamin C content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical and Functional Properties of Food and Natural Products)

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15 pages, 2595 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Influence of Ultrasound Homogenisation on the Physical Properties of Vegan Ice Cream Mixes

by Anna Kot, Anna Kamińska-Dwórznicka and Ewa Jakubczyk

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(17), 8492; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12178492 - 25 Aug 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2787

Abstract

This study investigated the effect of ultrasound homogenisation on the physical properties of vegan ice cream mixes. Samples were prepared based on vegan recipes with different sorts of stabilisers such as iota carrageenan and iota carrageenan’s acid and enzymatic hydrolysates. Ice cream mixes [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effect of ultrasound homogenisation on the physical properties of vegan ice cream mixes. Samples were prepared based on vegan recipes with different sorts of stabilisers such as iota carrageenan and iota carrageenan’s acid and enzymatic hydrolysates. Ice cream mixes were compared for stability, particle size distribution, rheological properties and morphological structure. All mentioned analyses were conducted before and after 24 h of maturation at 4 °C. It was found that the ultrasound treatment decreased the size of particles and, in conjunction with the maturation stage, a significant reduction was visible (the lowest value was at 9.76 µm). The addition of the hydrolysates of iota carrageenan had a considerably better effect in reducing the size of particles than iota carrageenan. The range of TSI values was from 1.7 to 4.2. Additionally, two sorts of destabilisation occurred: sedimentation and coalescence, during the maturation of ice cream mixes, which was also visible in the images. According to the rheological properties, ice cream mixes, with the addition of stabilisers, showed non-Newtonian shear-thinning (pseudoplastic) behaviour. Moreover, the effect of ultrasound treatment on the consistency index was only pivotal for ice cream mixes with an addition of iota carrageenan and with enzymatic β-galactosidase hydrolysates of iota carrageenan. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical and Functional Properties of Food and Natural Products)

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15 pages, 3178 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Potential of Moringa Leaf Extract for Mitigation of Cadmium Stress in Triticum aestivum L.

by Saba Mahmood, Waqar Ahmad, Zeba Ali, Emad M. Eed, Amany S. Khalifa, Muhammad Naeem, Amir Bibi, Ayesha Tahir, Kashif Waqas and Abdul Wahid

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(16), 8199; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12168199 - 17 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2112

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic metals accumulated in wheat grains. Daily intake of Cd through food is posing serious health problems. There is an urgent need to reduce the uptake and accumulation of Cd in wheat and other cereal crops. [...] Read more.

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic metals accumulated in wheat grains. Daily intake of Cd through food is posing serious health problems. There is an urgent need to reduce the uptake and accumulation of Cd in wheat and other cereal crops. In this study, we investigated the potential of moringa leaf extract (MLE) in decreasing the Cd toxic effects in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. A.S. 2002. Sowing was carried out in pots under shade and natural light conditions. Two Cd concentrations (500 µM and 1000 µM) were applied with and without MLE (0 and 3%). Results revealed that plant growth parameters viz diameter of stem, number of leaves, leaf area, photosynthetic pigments were improved with MLE application under Cd stress. Moreover, biochemical attributes and osmolytes such as total soluble sugars, and soluble proteins, phenolic content and flavonoids were negatively effected by Cd stress and were improved under MLE treatment. Moreover, Cd stress enhanced phytotoxicity as higher ROS accumulation is observed under both stress conditions, whereas after MLE application MDA and H₂O₂ accumulation was significantly decreased. Based on current observations, MLE was effective in mitigating the biological and toxic effects of Cd by promoting the growth attributes and mineral contents in wheat. Further experiments are needed for discovering the molecular mechanisms underlying MLE and host plant interactions involved in Cd stress mitigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical and Functional Properties of Food and Natural Products)

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Review

Jump to: Research

21 pages, 741 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nano-/Microcapsules, Liposomes, and Micelles in Polysaccharide Carriers: Applications in Food Technology

by Magdalena Janik, Monika Hanula, Karen Khachatryan and Gohar Khachatryan

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(21), 11610; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132111610 - 24 Oct 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3572

Abstract

An up-to-date overview of the current state of the art of polysaccharide-based spherical particles as carriers of active/bioactive substances, with a particular emphasis on their applications in the food industry, is provided. Owing to the rapid advances in nanotechnology, much effort has been [...] Read more.

An up-to-date overview of the current state of the art of polysaccharide-based spherical particles as carriers of active/bioactive substances, with a particular emphasis on their applications in the food industry, is provided. Owing to the rapid advances in nanotechnology, much effort has been dedicated to the synthesis and potential uses of these particles. This review outlines recent research on the preparation of spherical nanoparticles, including micro-/nanoencapsulates, micelles, and liposomes, that utilise polysaccharides as carriers and stabilisers. It also discusses the potential application of these nanostructures to the field of food technology. The review aims to provide an objective assessment of the current state of research on this topic. Owing to the distinctive characteristics of spherical nanostructures and the requirement to investigate and scrutinise their potential employment in diverse aspects of the food sector, there are significant opportunities for researchers worldwide to devise innovative solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical and Functional Properties of Food and Natural Products)

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18 pages, 2747 KiB

Open AccessReview

Are Plants Used as a Combating Strategy against Tuberculosis in the Mpumalanga Province, South Africa?

by Idowu Jonas Sagbo and Ahmed A. Hussein

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 5008; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13085008 - 16 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1968

Abstract

The burden of tuberculosis (TB) disease is a global health challenge accounting for thousands of deaths. TB is unevenly distributed in South Africa, with some provinces having more than 70% of the TB burden. In Mpumalanga Province, TB is ranked as the sixth [...] Read more.

The burden of tuberculosis (TB) disease is a global health challenge accounting for thousands of deaths. TB is unevenly distributed in South Africa, with some provinces having more than 70% of the TB burden. In Mpumalanga Province, TB is ranked as the sixth leading cause of death. Antituberculosis agents are usually costly, with numerous unwanted side effects. This has prompted the major use of herbs which have an imperative biological role against tuberculosis and are easily accessible. A comprehensive review of plants used as a combating strategy against tuberculosis in Mpumalanga Province was conducted. An in-depth literature search was performed using scientific databases, theses, dissertations and ethnobotanical books. Twenty-four (24) plant species were reported by the people of Mpumalanga for the treatment of tuberculosis. Fifteen (15) plant species have been investigated for antituberculosis activities, and seven antimycobacterial compounds were successfully isolated. This review validates the use of plants against tuberculosis in Mpumalanga Province and, thus, identified species that may be explored for further scientific studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical and Functional Properties of Food and Natural Products)

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