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Enhancing Growth and Intestinal Health in Triploid Rainbow Trout Fed a Low-Fish-Meal Diet through Supplementation with Clostridium butyricum
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The Fractal Approach to Describe Growth of Farmed Marine Species: Using Double and Triple Logistic Models
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Another One Bites the Net: Assessing the Economic Impacts of Lagocephalus sceleratus on Small-Scale Fisheries in Greece
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Assessing the Technical and Economic Viability of Galvanizing Snow Crab (Chionoecetes opilio) Traps
Journal Description
Fishes
Fishes
is an international, peer-reviewed, scientific, open access journal published monthly online by MDPI. It covers fishes and aquatic animals research. The Iberian Society of Ichthyology (SIBIC) and the Brazilian Society of Aquaculture and Aquatic Biology (Aquabio) are affiliated with Fishes and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubAg, FSTA, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Marine and Freshwater Biology)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 15.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Fishes.
- Companion Journal: Aquaculture Journal
Impact Factor:
2.1 (2023);
5-Year Impact Factor:
2.4 (2023)
Latest Articles
Exploring Growth Patterns of Maurolicus muelleri across Three Northeast Atlantic Regions
Fishes 2024, 9(7), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070250 - 26 Jun 2024
Abstract
Abstract: Maurolicus muelleri is an important component of mesopelagic ecosystems; nevertheless, we possess only limited knowledge about its biological features. We collected samples of M. muelleri from six scientific surveys between 2019 and 2021 in three geographical areas in the Northeast Atlantic
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Abstract: Maurolicus muelleri is an important component of mesopelagic ecosystems; nevertheless, we possess only limited knowledge about its biological features. We collected samples of M. muelleri from six scientific surveys between 2019 and 2021 in three geographical areas in the Northeast Atlantic waters (from South to North): the Bay of Biscay, the Celtic Sea, and the Norwegian Sea. Geographical variations in otolith growth, fish age, length, weight, and condition, as well as length–weight relationships and von Bertalanffy growth models (VBGMs), were investigated. Length-weight relationships revealed differences associated with the fish’s origin, paralleling the annual and daily otolith growth. VBGM parameters increased progressively northwards, in accordance with Bergmann’s rules. Fish length was positively related to the otolith radio, and Lee’s phenomenon was undetected. The impact of environmental variables, such as temperature and food availability, is debated, with these considered potential drivers of this variability. Populations may belong to separated units, either genetically or morphologically, representing differences in biological parameters as a signal of geographical divergence.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Ecology)
Open AccessArticle
Effect of Replacing Fishmeal with Algal Meal on Growth Parameters and Meat Composition in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.)
by
Katya Velichkova, Ivaylo Sirakov, Stefka Stoyanova, Apostol Simitchiev, David Yovchev and Kamelia Stamatova-Yovcheva
Fishes 2024, 9(7), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070249 - 26 Jun 2024
Abstract
Aquafarms should reduce the use of fishmeal and fish oil in nutritional feed. One such accessible and relatively inexpensive food component that could successfully meet the challenge posed by aquaculture is algae. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the algae
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Aquafarms should reduce the use of fishmeal and fish oil in nutritional feed. One such accessible and relatively inexpensive food component that could successfully meet the challenge posed by aquaculture is algae. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the algae meal inclusion of Chlorella and Spirulina sp. in a diet for rainbow trout, evaluating its effects on fish growth, histological parameters and fillet quality. Experiments were carried out to replace 50% and 100% of fishmeal with Spirulina sp. and Chlorella vulgaris in feed for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.) cultured in a recirculation system. At the end of the experimental period, the highest mean live weight was measured in rainbow trout fed a feed containing 50% algal meal in the feed. The absorptive vacuolization of cells was increased the most and lamina propria was average thickened when fed 50% algae diets. Fat droplets in the hepatocytes were larger in the 50% algae meal fed group, and their nuclei were replaced in the peripheral zone of the cells. Substitution of fishmeal with 50% algal meal in fish feed resulted in a 36.44% reduction in the lipid content of rainbow trout fillets compared to control fish.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algae as Aquafeed Ingredients and Additives for Sustainable Aquaculture)
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Open AccessArticle
Effects of Acute Temperature Stress on the Expression of Related Genes in the Brain of Opsariichthys bidens
by
Qianhui Li, Luomei Xiong, Yechen Zhu, Anrui Zheng and Shanjian Zheng
Fishes 2024, 9(7), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070248 - 25 Jun 2024
Abstract
Opsariichthys bidens (O. bidens) is a fish species native to China and sensitive to temperature changes. In this study, the effects of acute temperature stress on brain gene expression in O. bidens were investigated by sampling brain tissues from specimens
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Opsariichthys bidens (O. bidens) is a fish species native to China and sensitive to temperature changes. In this study, the effects of acute temperature stress on brain gene expression in O. bidens were investigated by sampling brain tissues from specimens exposed to three different temperatures (15 °C, 25 °C, and 35 °C) for varying durations of 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, and 8 h. The study focused on analyzing the expression patterns of key genes implicated in neural function and stress response, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), c-FOS, heat shock proteins (HSP70, HSP90), endoplasmic reticulum stress markers (IRE1, GRP78), oxidative stress enzymes (CAT, SOD), and apoptotic regulators (caspase3, Bax). The findings revealed that upon exposure to acute heat stress, the expression levels of the aforementioned genes in the brain of O. bidens were up-regulated within 2 h, peaking at the 4-h mark. Conversely, following acute cold stress, the expression of c-FOS, BDNF, HSP70, HSP90, SOD, and CAT genes increased significantly after 4 h, while caspase3 expression was notably elevated at the 6-h mark, with no significant impact observed on Bax, IRE1, or GRP78 gene expression levels. The study suggested that the brain of O. bidens responds to high temperatures through mechanisms involving neural activation, heat shock proteins, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Similarly, adaptation to low temperatures by O. bidens’ brain was associated with neural activation, regulation of heat shock proteins, oxidative stress responses, and apoptotic processes. Overall, this research aimed to elucidate the impact of temperature stress on brain physiology and the adaptive mechanisms of O. bidens at the genetic level, providing a foundational understanding of its temperature adaptation strategies.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Ecology)
Open AccessArticle
Feeding Behaviour of Seven Icefish Species (Channichthyidae) in the Ross Sea, Antarctica
by
Erica Carlig, Davide Di Blasi, Laura Ghigliotti, Andreas Scalas, Andrew L. Stewart and Michela Mortara
Fishes 2024, 9(7), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070247 - 25 Jun 2024
Abstract
The Channichthyidae, a monophyletic fish group belonging to the suborder Notothenioidei, are uniquely adapted to the polar environment. However, while their physiology has been extensively studied, studies on their ecology are relatively rare. Here, we investigated the trophic ecology of seven icefish species
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The Channichthyidae, a monophyletic fish group belonging to the suborder Notothenioidei, are uniquely adapted to the polar environment. However, while their physiology has been extensively studied, studies on their ecology are relatively rare. Here, we investigated the trophic ecology of seven icefish species (Chaenodraco wilsoni, Chionobathyscus dewitti, Chionodraco hamatus, Dacodraco hunteri, Neopagetopis ionah, Pagetodes antarcticus and Pagetopsis macropterus) by using the traditional morphometric approach to assess the relationship between form and feeding function. The suction index (SI), the mechanical advantage in jaw closing (MA) and nine morphological traits related to feeding structures have been analysed. Icefish species are characterised by non-protractible, elongate jaws and a wide gape; such morphological features influence the low values of both MA and SI, supporting their ram-feeding habit. The ecomorphological differences among species resulted mainly determined by the anatomical structures related to SI. Such differences do not seem to be determined primarily by the type of prey, as is the case in other taxonomic groups of Notothenioidei, but rather by phylogenetic proximity. A 3D animation was developed to visualise the different feeding modes of two icefish species (C. hamatus and P. macropterus) which are characterised by different approaches to prey.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Foraging Behavior of Fish)
Open AccessArticle
Trends and Environmental Drivers of Marine Fish Landings in Cuba’s Most Productive Shelf Area
by
Yunier Olivera-Espinosa, Yandy Rodríguez-Cueto, Fabián Pina-Amargós, Francisco Arreguín-Sánchez, Manuel J. Zetina-Rejón, Kendra Karr and Pablo del Monte-Luna
Fishes 2024, 9(7), 246; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070246 - 23 Jun 2024
Abstract
Marine finfish landings in Cuba have decreased during the last 30 years. However, in Cuba’s most productive fishing region, certain species, including rays, herrings, and snappers, have had increased landings over the past decade. Despite these anomalies, no comprehensive analysis of the interactions
[...] Read more.
Marine finfish landings in Cuba have decreased during the last 30 years. However, in Cuba’s most productive fishing region, certain species, including rays, herrings, and snappers, have had increased landings over the past decade. Despite these anomalies, no comprehensive analysis of the interactions among multispecies landing dynamics, environmental factors, and fishing efforts has been carried out. This study estimates the dynamics of multispecies finfish landings between 1981 and 2017 on the southeastern coast of Cuba. A log-normal generalized additive model (GAM) was fit to evaluate the effects of various environmental and effort-related variables on the total landings. During the period analyzed, the finfish landings and fishing effort decreased by 46% and over 80%, respectively. Despite concerns about overfishing, landings per unit of effort (LPUE) increased by 2.8 times. The total fish landings were significantly related to changes in the fishing effort, coastal vegetation, rainfall, chlorophyll-a, and the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). This study highlights the changing relationship between the landings and fishing effort, suggesting that LPUE may not accurately reflect true stock abundance. The findings of this study will assist in integrating the dynamics of finfish species, ecosystem status, and management actions for Cuba’s most productive fishing zone.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment and Management of Fishery Resources)
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Open AccessArticle
Effects of Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) Juice Byproduct Administered Using Different Feeding Methods on the Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Antioxidant Status, and Disease Resistance against Streptococcus iniae of Juvenile Black Rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii)
by
Hwa Yong Oh, Tae Hoon Lee, Gyu Jin Lee, Seo Young Park, Ki-Tae Kim and Hee Sung Kim
Fishes 2024, 9(7), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070245 - 22 Jun 2024
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) juice byproduct (YJB) on the growth performance, digestive and antioxidant enzyme activities, and disease resistance against Streptococcus iniae of juvenile black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) based on different
[...] Read more.
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) juice byproduct (YJB) on the growth performance, digestive and antioxidant enzyme activities, and disease resistance against Streptococcus iniae of juvenile black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) based on different feeding schedules. Four different YJB feeding strategies were evaluated: feeding the fish a basal diet continuously (control, T0), feeding them YJB (2.5 g/kg) continuously (T1), feeding them YJB for 1 day and the basal diet the next day (T2), and feeding them YJB for 1 day and the basal diet for the following 2 days (T3). No difference in survival among the treatments was found after the 8-week feeding trial (p > 0.05). However, the T1 and T2 groups exhibited significant enhancements in final body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate compared with the T0 and T3 groups. Furthermore, the T1 and T2 groups showed a significant improvement in feed consumption, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio compared with the T0 and T3 groups. No significant differences in the condition factor or viscerosomatic and hepatosomatic indices were observed among all the groups. Intestinal amylase, trypsin, and lipase activity was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the T1 and T2 groups than in the T0 and T3 groups. Lysozyme, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activity along with glutathione peroxidase content were significantly (p < 0.05) higher under all YJB feeding regimens than those under the control treatment. The survival rates in all the YJB treatment groups after the S. iniae challenge were significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced. In conclusion, we recommend offering YJB at day-to-day intervals to improve growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant status, and disease resistance against S. iniae.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feed Additives in Aquaculture)
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Open AccessArticle
Effects of Different Stocking Densities on the Growth, Antioxidant Status, and Intestinal Bacterial Communities of Carp in the Rice–Fish Co-Culture System
by
Weixu Diao, Rui Jia, Yiran Hou, Jianyou Gong, Liqiang Zhang, Bing Li and Jian Zhu
Fishes 2024, 9(7), 244; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070244 - 21 Jun 2024
Abstract
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a freshwater fish commonly farmed in rice fields, yet there were few studies on the intestinal functions and microbial community structure of common carp in the rice–carp co-culture system. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the
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Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a freshwater fish commonly farmed in rice fields, yet there were few studies on the intestinal functions and microbial community structure of common carp in the rice–carp co-culture system. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effects of different stocking densities on the growth, antioxidant status, and intestinal bacterial composition of common carp in this system. This study was divided into three different stocking densities, including low density (LD, 10 fish, 52.9 g/m2), medium density (MD, 20 fish, 105.8 g/m2), and high density (HD, 30 fish, 158.7 g/m2), with a culturing period of 60 days. The results indicated that HD treatment inhibited the growth of common carp, as evidenced by the reduced final weight, WG, and SGR. In serum, the TG content in the HD group and the Cor content in the MD group were significantly increased. Meanwhile, HD treatment induced oxidative stress, manifesting specifically as increased SOD and CAT activities in the intestine or serum while reducing Gpx, GSH, and T-AOC in the serum. The 16S rDNA analysis indicated that the Simpson and Shannon indices of intestinal microbiota in the HD group were significantly higher than those in the LD group. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Firmicutes were dominant microbial communities in two groups. In addition, there was a significant difference between the two groups in the abundances of Actinobacterota and Bifidobacterium. Based on growth performances, biochemical indicators, and microbial diversity in rice–carp co-culture, low density (52.9 g/m2) may be more suitable in the rice–carp co-culture systems. In summary, this study contributes to a better understanding of common carp response to different stocking densities in the rice–carp co-culture system.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Diseases Diagnostics and Prevention in Aquaculture)
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Open AccessReview
Fishes in Marine Caves
by
Marcelo Kovačić, Vasilis Gerovasileiou and Robert A. Patzner
Fishes 2024, 9(6), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060243 - 20 Jun 2024
Abstract
Fishes in marine caves have attracted limited attention by the scientific community in comparison to subterranean fishes which have lost eyes and pigmentation. They constitute a largely unexplored component of marine fish diversity, except for the relatively well-studied marine caves of the Mediterranean
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Fishes in marine caves have attracted limited attention by the scientific community in comparison to subterranean fishes which have lost eyes and pigmentation. They constitute a largely unexplored component of marine fish diversity, except for the relatively well-studied marine caves of the Mediterranean Sea. These habitats are characterized by steep environmental gradients of decreasing light and decreasing water exchange. The fishes recorded so far in marine caves are not exclusive residents of this habitat and they are also present at least in the other mesolithial habitats. In the Mediterranean marine caves, 132 fishes have been recorded to date, representing about 17% of the total Mediterranean fish species richness. Most of these species are reported from the anterior cave zones where some light still exists, while a smaller number of species are known from the totally dark zones. Among them, 27.3% are accidental visitors, 53.8% are the regular mesolithial visitors and switchers between mesolithion and open water, 5.3% are permanent residents of the mesolithion, but also occur in other habitats, and 13.6% are exclusive permanent residents of mesolithion. Some mesolithial exclusive permanent residents recorded in marine caves share similar morphology, probably as adaptations to these habitats.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavior, Ecology and Evolution of Subterranean Fish)
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Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
DDEYOLOv9: Network for Detecting and Counting Abnormal Fish Behaviors in Complex Water Environments
by
Yinjia Li, Zeyuan Hu, Yixi Zhang, Jihang Liu, Wan Tu and Hong Yu
Fishes 2024, 9(6), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060242 - 20 Jun 2024
Abstract
Accurately detecting and counting abnormal fish behaviors in aquaculture is essential. Timely detection allows farmers to take swift action to protect fish health and prevent economic losses. This paper proposes an enhanced high-precision detection algorithm based on YOLOv9, named DDEYOLOv9, to facilitate the
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Accurately detecting and counting abnormal fish behaviors in aquaculture is essential. Timely detection allows farmers to take swift action to protect fish health and prevent economic losses. This paper proposes an enhanced high-precision detection algorithm based on YOLOv9, named DDEYOLOv9, to facilitate the detection and counting of abnormal fish behavior in industrial aquaculture environments. To address the lack of publicly available datasets on abnormal behavior in fish, we created the “Abnormal Behavior Dataset of Takifugu rubripes”, which includes five categories of fish behaviors. The detection algorithm was further enhanced in several key aspects. Firstly, the DRNELAN4 feature extraction module was introduced to replace the original RepNCSPELAN4 module. This change improves the model’s detection accuracy for high-density and occluded fish in complex water environments while reducing the computational cost. Secondly, the proposed DCNv4-Dyhead detection head enhances the model’s multi-scale feature learning capability, effectively recognizes various abnormal fish behaviors, and improves the computational speed. Lastly, to address the issue of sample imbalance in the abnormal fish behavior dataset, we propose EMA-SlideLoss, which enhances the model’s focus on hard samples, thereby improving the model’s robustness. The experimental results demonstrate that the DDEYOLOv9 model achieves high , , and ( ) on the “Abnormal Behavior Dataset of Takifugu rubripes”, with values of 91.7%, 90.4%, and 94.1%, respectively. Compared to the YOLOv9 model, these metrics are improved by 5.4%, 5.5%, and 5.4%, respectively. The model also achieves a running speed of 119 frames per second ( ), which is 45 faster than YOLOv9. Experimental results show that the DDEYOLOv9 algorithm can accurately and efficiently identify and quantify abnormal fish behaviors in specific complex environments.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI and Fisheries)
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Open AccessArticle
Exploring the Internal Defense System of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguière, 1789) Exposed to Pristine Microplastics: The Sentinel Role of Haemocytes as Biomarkers
by
Alessio Alesci, Davide Di Paola, Sebastian Marino, Federica De Gaetano, Marco Albano, Silvana Morgante, Gabriele Rigano, Letterio Giuffrè, Magdalena Kotanska, Nunziacarla Spanò and Eugenia Rita Lauriano
Fishes 2024, 9(6), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060241 - 20 Jun 2024
Abstract
The ubiquitous presence of microplastics (MPs) in the environment is a major concern for the conservation of biodiversity. Numerous studies show the detrimental effects of MPs on marine species, especially because of their small size and their capacity to absorb organic contaminants from
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The ubiquitous presence of microplastics (MPs) in the environment is a major concern for the conservation of biodiversity. Numerous studies show the detrimental effects of MPs on marine species, especially because of their small size and their capacity to absorb organic contaminants from their surroundings. The bivalve mollusk Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguière, 1789), because of its wide geographic distribution and immobile feeding habits, can be used as a sentinel and bioindicator species. By examining the presence, localization, and co-localization of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS), this study aims to evaluate the response of the internal defense system of C. glaucum to pristine MPs through the employment of confocal microscopy and bioinformatics techniques. The results show haemocytes immunoreactive to the antibodies tested; in particular, a higher number of TLR2-positive haemocytes can be observed in the group exposed to pristine MPs. These findings suggest that haemocytes can play a key biomarker role as sentinels to environmental pollutants. Furthermore, bioinformatics analyses on the antibodies tested confirmed an evolutionary conservation of these molecules. These data highlight the critical role of phagocytosis in identifying ecosystem damage and are helpful in developing biosensors with less negative effects on the environments in which they are applied.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Invertebrates)
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Open AccessArticle
Growth, Metabolic, Hepatic and Redox Parameters, Digestive Enzymes and Innate Immunity in Mugil liza Fed a Citral-Supplemented Diet
by
Natacha C. Mori, Bruna T. Michelotti, Caio C. F. Magnotti, Caroline A. Bressan, Letícia B. Bianchin, Fernando J. Sutili, Ana Paula G. Almeida, Luiz C. Kreutz, Maria A. Pavanato, Vinicius R. Cerqueira, Silvio T. da Costa, Bernardo Baldisserotto and Berta M. Heinzmann
Fishes 2024, 9(6), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060240 - 20 Jun 2024
Abstract
Mugil liza juveniles (6.69 ± 0.06 g) were subjected to dietary citral (0-control, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mL per kg feed) for 45 days, and its possible effects on zootechnical and metabolic parameters, digestive enzymes, innate immunity, oxidative status and liver damage were
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Mugil liza juveniles (6.69 ± 0.06 g) were subjected to dietary citral (0-control, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mL per kg feed) for 45 days, and its possible effects on zootechnical and metabolic parameters, digestive enzymes, innate immunity, oxidative status and liver damage were evaluated. At the end of the experiment, fish fed 2.0 mL citral per kg feed showed a greater weight gain and protein retention efficiency, as well as enhanced activities of pepsin (stomach) and amylase (intestine) compared with control fish. Citral supplementation decreased liver lipoperoxidation and increased the activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase and superoxide dismutase in the gills, liver and brain. The highest level of citral inclusion augmented non-protein thiol content in the brain and gills. Myeloperoxidase activity was lower in fish offered 1.0 and 2.0 mL citral per kg feed. Dietary citral did not influence the plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase or the hepatic histology. As it improved growth, the activity of digestive enzymes and general health, dietary citral may be recommended for M. liza at 2.0 mL per kg feed.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Aquaculture Production Systems)
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Open AccessArticle
Transcriptome Analysis of Juvenile Black Rockfish Sebastes schlegelii under Air Exposure Stress
by
Changlin Liu, Zheng Zhang, Shouyong Wei, Wenjie Xiao, Chao Zhao, Yue Wang and Liguo Yang
Fishes 2024, 9(6), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060239 - 19 Jun 2024
Abstract
The study aimed to uncover the molecular response of juvenile Sebastes schlegelii to air exposure stress by identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that may underlie their anti-stress mechanisms. Juvenile Sebastes schlegelii were subjected to varying durations of air exposure stress. The total RNA
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The study aimed to uncover the molecular response of juvenile Sebastes schlegelii to air exposure stress by identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that may underlie their anti-stress mechanisms. Juvenile Sebastes schlegelii were subjected to varying durations of air exposure stress. The total RNA was extracted from whole tissues and sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. The transcriptome data were analyzed to identify DEGs through pairwise comparisons across a control group and two experimental groups exposed to air for 40 s and 2 min 30 s, respectively. The comparative DEG analysis revealed a significant number of transcripts responding to air exposure stress. Specifically, 5173 DEGs were identified in the 40 s exposure group (BS) compared to the control (BC), 6742 DEGs in the 2 min 30 s exposure group (BD) compared to the control (BC), and 2653 DEGs when comparing the BD to the BS group. Notably, Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed an enrichment of DEGs associated with peptidase activity and extracellular regions, suggesting a role in the organism’s stress response. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis pointed to the involvement of metabolic pathways, which are crucial for energy management under stress. The upregulation of protein digestion and absorption pathways may indicate a physiological adaptation to nutrient scarcity during stress. Additionally, the identification of antibiotic biosynthesis pathways implies a potential role in combating stress-induced infections or damage. The identified DEGs and enriched pathways provide insights into the complex anti-stress response mechanisms in juvenile Sebastes schlegelii. The enrichment of peptidase activity and extracellular region-related genes may reflect the initiation of tissue repair and immune response following air exposure. The connection between protein digestion and absorption pathways and anti-stress capabilities could be interpreted as a metabolic readjustment to prioritize energy-efficient processes and nutrient assimilation during stress. The role of antibiotic biosynthesis pathways suggests a defensive mechanism against oxidative stress or microbial invasion that might occur with air exposure.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological Response Mechanism of Aquatic Animals to Stress)
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Open AccessArticle
Preliminary Insights on the Habitat Use and Vertical Movements of the Pelagic Stingray (Pteroplatytrygon violacea) in the Western Mediterranean Sea
by
François Poisson, Jim R. Ellis and Sophy R. McCully Phillips
Fishes 2024, 9(6), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060238 - 18 Jun 2024
Abstract
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Pelagic stingray (Pteroplatytrygon violacea) is the only species of stingray (Dasyatidae) that utilizes both pelagic and demersal habitats. It is the main bycatch species in pelagic longline fisheries targeting bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) in the Gulf of Lions. In
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Pelagic stingray (Pteroplatytrygon violacea) is the only species of stingray (Dasyatidae) that utilizes both pelagic and demersal habitats. It is the main bycatch species in pelagic longline fisheries targeting bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) in the Gulf of Lions. In the Mediterranean Sea, their stock structure, behavioural ecology and movements are unknown. For the first time in the Mediterranean, 17 individuals (39–60 cm disc width) were tagged with pop-up satellite archival transmitting tags using a novel method of tag attachment to investigate horizontal and vertical movements. The tags were attached for between two and 60 days. Between the months of July and October, pelagic stingray occupied a temperature range of 12.5–26.6 °C, and a depth range extending from the surface to 480 m. Monthly trends in catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) of pelagic stingray peaked in August and decreased by late autumn. Pelagic stingray may aggregate on the continental shelf during summer and move southwards in early autumn, and this movement pattern is considered in relation to the reproductive cycle and overwintering. At-vessel mortality was low, but there was varying evidence of post-release mortality, indicating the need for further work. Future work and options for bycatch mitigation are also discussed.
Full article
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Open AccessCommunication
First Record of the Red Cornetfish Fistularia petimba Lacepède, 1803 from Amorgos Island (Central Aegean Sea; Greece) and a Review of Its Current Distribution in the Mediterranean Sea
by
Nefeli Tsaousi and Stefanos Kalogirou
Fishes 2024, 9(6), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060237 - 18 Jun 2024
Abstract
The rapid spread of non-native species (NNS) poses a significant threat to biodiversity globally, with the Mediterranean region being particularly susceptible due to increased human activities and its status as a marine biodiversity hotspot. In this study, we focus on the introduction and
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The rapid spread of non-native species (NNS) poses a significant threat to biodiversity globally, with the Mediterranean region being particularly susceptible due to increased human activities and its status as a marine biodiversity hotspot. In this study, we focus on the introduction and distribution of Fistularia petimba, a member of the Fistulariidae family, in the eastern Mediterranean Sea and a record from the coasts of Amorgos Island, Greece. Through a baseline fishery study conducted over 12 months, utilizing experimental sampling with gillnets, trammel nets, and longlines, one individual of F. petimba was captured off the coast of Katapola Bay. Morphological examination confirmed its identity, with measurements on meristic characteristics obtained and the stomach content analysed. This finding represents a significant addition to the documented distribution of F. petimba in the Mediterranean Sea, particularly in the Aegean Sea, underscoring the importance of ongoing research in uncovering new occurrences and expanding our understanding of marine biodiversity and ecosystem changes. Further investigation into the ecological preferences and population dynamics of F. petimba in the Aegean Sea is crucial for informed conservation and management efforts if this species is considered to be established.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Management of Small-Scale and Data-Limited Fisheries)
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Open AccessArticle
Transcriptional Analysis Reveals the Iron Regulation Network of the Pathogenic Yeast Metschnikowia bicuspidata in Response to Iron Stress
by
Jun Liu, Songyue You, Yuting Wang, Jie Bao and Hongbo Jiang
Fishes 2024, 9(6), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060236 - 18 Jun 2024
Abstract
Metschnikowia bicuspidata, a globally distributed opportunistic pathogenic fungus, poses a significant threat to crustaceans in diverse aquatic ecosystems, causing severe diseases. Iron, recognized as a virulence factor, plays a crucial role in successful infection with M. bicuspidata. Therefore, this study aims to
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Metschnikowia bicuspidata, a globally distributed opportunistic pathogenic fungus, poses a significant threat to crustaceans in diverse aquatic ecosystems, causing severe diseases. Iron, recognized as a virulence factor, plays a crucial role in successful infection with M. bicuspidata. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the transcriptome response of M. bicuspidata to low- and high-iron conditions. Overall, 1082 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (FDR < 0.05, |log2FC ≥ 1.5|) were identified, comprising 977 and 105 DEGs, in response to low- and high-iron conditions, respectively. These genes predominantly participate in altering metabolism, cell membranes, or cellular structure, allowing the organism to adapt to varying iron levels. Iron limitation-induced genes play crucial roles in energy metabolism, transport, and catabolism pathways. Moreover, 27 ortholog genes were associated with iron transport and homeostasis, with 7 of them participating in iron uptake and regulation under low-iron conditions. This study contributes to the comprehension of iron homeostasis in aquatic fungi. It may offer potential therapeutic strategies for managing M. bicuspidata diseases.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention and Control of Diseases in Aquaculture of Shrimp and Crab)
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Open AccessArticle
Arginine-Vasotocin Neuronal System in Steindachneridion parahybae (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) and Its Influence on Artificially Induced Spawning in Captivity
by
Renato M. Honji, Bruno C. Araújo, Paulo H. de Mello, Martín R. Ramallo, Leonel Morandini, Danilo Caneppele and Renata G. Moreira
Fishes 2024, 9(6), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060235 - 18 Jun 2024
Abstract
This study summarizes new data on induced spawning of Steindachneridion parahybae, focusing on the aggressive behavior of females. This study characterizes the vasotocinergic system using immunohistochemistry, highlighting the potential influence of arginine-vasotocin (AVT) on reproductive physiology. Two experimental groups were proposed: (A)
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This study summarizes new data on induced spawning of Steindachneridion parahybae, focusing on the aggressive behavior of females. This study characterizes the vasotocinergic system using immunohistochemistry, highlighting the potential influence of arginine-vasotocin (AVT) on reproductive physiology. Two experimental groups were proposed: (A) control, with one female in the aquarium, and (B) experimental, with two females in the same aquarium. Dominant (D) females presented a more aggressive behavior and did not show any injury. They apparently had a length and body mass higher than injured nondominant (ND) females. The analysis identified positive AVT immunoreactive (ir) neurons exclusively within the preoptic area, including parvocellular, magnocellular, and gigantocellular subpopulations, containing fibers-ir extending into the pituitary gland. Cellular and nuclear areas were greater in D compared to ND in the magnocellular subpopulation. There were no differences between parvocellular and gigantocellular subpopulations. There was a difference on the steroid plasma profile of cortisol (more in ND than in D) and 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (more in D than in ND). Furthermore, control and D females presented higher optical densities for AVT-ir, gonadotropin-releasing hormone-ir, and luteinizing hormone-ir than ND. In general, there were no differences in the results of female (control group) with D females. The AVT system is highly complex, possibly counting multiple sites of action during artificial reproduction and acting directly and/or indirectly associated with behavioral and physiological changes in S. parahybae females when induced to spawning.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reproductive Biology and Breeding of Fish)
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Open AccessArticle
Swimming Performance Assessments of Fish Species of Greatest Conservation Need to Inform Future Stream Crossing Designs in Texas
by
Cameron M. Emadi, Preston T. Bean and Edward M. Mager
Fishes 2024, 9(6), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060234 - 18 Jun 2024
Abstract
Conventional structures associated with stream crossings such as bridges and culverts can lead to zones of high-velocity water flow that impede fish passage. Such obstacles are likely to harm native fish populations by impacting migrations critical to their life history strategies, causing habitat
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Conventional structures associated with stream crossings such as bridges and culverts can lead to zones of high-velocity water flow that impede fish passage. Such obstacles are likely to harm native fish populations by impacting migrations critical to their life history strategies, causing habitat fragmentation and extirpation, thereby limiting population growth and distribution. Due to the high rates of human population growth and development occurring in Texas, this is an issue of particular concern for fish designated as species of greatest conservation need (SGCN). This project focused on four SGCN fishes native to the Edwards Plateau Ecoregion, namely the Guadalupe Bass, Guadalupe Roundnose Minnow, Guadalupe Darter, and Plateau Shiner, at both adult (all species) and juvenile (Guadalupe Bass only) life stages. Our primary aim was to aid in the design of future culverts associated with stream crossings (or the modification of existing culverts) so that the water velocities through these structures do not exceed the swimming capacities of our target SGCN fishes. To this end, we assessed their maximum sustained swimming speeds (Ucrit) under a typical range of Edwards Plateau stream temperatures (15, 22.5, and 30 °C) to be used in site-specific calculations of the maximum allowable culvert water velocities (Vf). A secondary objective was to collect physiological endpoints of relevance to the overall swimming performance including the maximum burst swimming speeds (Umax), metabolic rate measurements (i.e., standard metabolic rate (SMR), maximum metabolic rate (MMR), and aerobic scope (AS)), cost of transport (COT), and optimal swimming speed (Uopt). Temperature-related effects were observed that can be used to inform site-specific culvert designs. In general, the highest Ucrit values for the tested species were near, or possibly between, 22.5 and 30 °C, while Umax stayed relatively consistent among treatments.
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(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Ecology)
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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Mercury Levels in the Crab Grapsus grapsus across the Galápagos Archipelago
by
George D. Jackson, Christine H. Jackson, Maura Brandao, Adam K. Jackson, Eduardo Espinoza and Monica Soria-Carvajal
Fishes 2024, 9(6), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060233 - 18 Jun 2024
Abstract
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The levels of mercury (Hg) were examined in the leg muscle of the crab Grapsus grapsus from five sites on four islands within the Galápagos archipelago. Mercury values obtained using a Milestone DMA 80 evo direct mercury analyzer varied both within and among
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The levels of mercury (Hg) were examined in the leg muscle of the crab Grapsus grapsus from five sites on four islands within the Galápagos archipelago. Mercury values obtained using a Milestone DMA 80 evo direct mercury analyzer varied both within and among sites. Total mercury concentrations (mg kg−1 dry weight) ranged from the lowest at a protected location at Isabela Island (0.06 ± 0.02) to the highest at the San Cristóbal urban location (2.04 ± 0.069). Crabs from South Plaza Island also had surprisingly high levels of mercury with a mean of 1.2 ± 0.6. Values from urban sites at Isabela Island and Academy Bay, Santa Cruz, had intermediate values. When converted to wet weight, crabs from both San Cristóbal and South Plaza were within or above the levels (0.3–0.5 mg kg−1 wet weight set by various government agencies) considered potentially harmful to human health if ingested. A lesser number of both oysters and barnacles were also analyzed for mercury at South Plaza and Academy Bay, and while the values were lower compared to the crabs, they followed the same pattern of elevated levels at South Plaza compared to Academy Bay. It is unclear as to whether the mercury comes from natural sources, such as volcanism, or anthropogenic causes.
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Open AccessArticle
Pharmacokinetics and Withdrawal Times of Cefotaxime in White Leg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) after Oral Administration
by
Thi Kim Duyen Huynh, Marie-Louise Scippo, Mathias Devreese, Siska Croubels, Quoc Thinh Nguyen, Caroline Douny, Thi Hoang Oanh Dang, Quoc Viet Le and Minh Phu Tran
Fishes 2024, 9(6), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060232 - 17 Jun 2024
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was validated in order to study the pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime in shrimp hepatopancreases and plasma, as well as its withdrawal time related to a maximum residue limit (MRL) in shrimp muscle. Pharmacokinetics parameters
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A high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was validated in order to study the pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime in shrimp hepatopancreases and plasma, as well as its withdrawal time related to a maximum residue limit (MRL) in shrimp muscle. Pharmacokinetics parameters were investigated through oral medication at a single dose of 25 mg/kg shrimp body weight and subsequent hepatopancreas and plasma cefotaxime concentration measurements at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h after shrimp were fed with medication. The maximum concentration of cefotaxime was observed after one hour in the hepatopancreas (Cmax, 19.45 ± 2.10 mg/kg) and 4 h in plasma (0.184 ± 0.061 mg/L). Based on a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cefotaxime of 4.13 mg/L against Vibrio parahaemolyticus (known to cause acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in white leg shrimp), it was observed that the time during which the hepatopancreas cefotaxime concentration was above the MIC was 23 h. An every 24 h cefotaxime treatment could thus be effective in fighting against this bacterium in shrimp. The withdrawal time of cefotaxime was determined after shrimp were fed with medicated feed once a day and twice a day for three consecutive days. Shrimp muscle was collected on day 1 and day 3 during medication and 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after medication was stopped. Considering an MRL of 50 μg/kg, the withdrawal times were 8.5 degree-days (corresponding to 6.9 h at 29.5 °C) after shrimp were fed with medicated feed once a day for 3 days and 95.5 degree-days (77.7 h at 29.5 °C) after shrimp were fed with medicated feed twice a day for 3 days. Moreover, histological analysis revealed that feeding shrimp with cefotaxime at the given dose in once- or twice-a-day treatments did not negatively impact the shrimp hepatopancreas.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacokinetic in Aquatic Animals)
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Open AccessCommunication
An Examination of the Effects of Dorsal Fin-Mounted SPOT on Carcharodon carcharias, the Great White Shark
by
Grace L. Hicks and Phillip S. Lobel
Fishes 2024, 9(6), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060231 - 17 Jun 2024
Abstract
This opinion piece presents empirical evidence to examine possible negative consequences of the use of penetrative tagging as used on the great white shark (GWS). Tagging programs currently using this method attach SPOT (Spatial Positioning Only Tags) using corrodible bolts inserted through the
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This opinion piece presents empirical evidence to examine possible negative consequences of the use of penetrative tagging as used on the great white shark (GWS). Tagging programs currently using this method attach SPOT (Spatial Positioning Only Tags) using corrodible bolts inserted through the dorsal fin while the shark is taken out of water. Such methods can cause harm to the tagged individual. Possible adverse effects include impacts on growth, tag biofouling, wounds, heightened stress, and hemorrhaging. This method may adversely impact dorsal fin structure and the shark’s hydrodynamics. As a result, data collected may not be reflective of natural behavior. Bolted SPOT are semi-permanently affixed to the shark but can have a battery life of approximately 3.5 years. Most of these tags (69%) ceased transmitting in less than 2 years. Alternative tagging technologies exist as more humane options.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Elasmobranch Biodiversity, Conservation and Management)
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