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11 pages, 289 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Improving Fertilizer Use Efficiency—Methods and Strategies for the Future

by Przemysław Barłóg

Plants 2023, 12(20), 3658; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12203658 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 7076

Abstract

This editorial introduces our Special Issue entitled “Improving Fertilizer Use Efficiency—Methods and Strategies for the Future”. The fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) is a measure of the potential of an applied fertilizer to increase the productivity and utilization of the nutrients present in the [...] Read more.

This editorial introduces our Special Issue entitled “Improving Fertilizer Use Efficiency—Methods and Strategies for the Future”. The fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) is a measure of the potential of an applied fertilizer to increase the productivity and utilization of the nutrients present in the soil/plant system. FUE indices are mainly used to assess the effectiveness of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilization. This is due to the low efficiency of use of NPK fertilizers, their environmental side effects and also, in relation to P, limited natural resources. The FUE is the result of a series of interactions between the plant genotype and the environment, including both abiotic and biotic factors. A full recognition of these factors is the basis for proper fertilization in farming practice, aimed at maximizing the FUE. This Special Issue focuses on some key topics in crop fertilization. Due to specific goals, they can be grouped as follows: removing factors that limit the nutrient uptake of plants; improving and/or maintaining an adequate soil fertility; the precise determination of fertilizer doses and application dates; foliar application; the use of innovative fertilizers; and the adoption of efficient genotypes. The most important nutrient in crop production is N. Hence, most scientific research focuses on improving the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Obtaining high NUE values is possible, but only if the plants are well supplied with nitrogen-supporting nutrients. In this Special Issue, particular attention is paid to improving the plant supply with P and K. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Fertilizer Use Efficiency–Methods and Strategies for the Future)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

13 pages, 4143 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reduction in Nitrogen Rate and Improvement of Nitrogen Use Efficiency without Loss of Peanut Yield by Regional Mean Optimal Rate of Chemical Fertilizer Based on a Multi-Site Field Experiment in the North China Plain

by Jiayu Hu, Yang Yang, Hongyan Zhang, Yuhao Li, Shuhong Zhang, Xinhua He, Yufang Huang, Youliang Ye, Yanan Zhao and Jungying Yan

Plants 2023, 12(6), 1326; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061326 - 15 Mar 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1779

Abstract

It is important to quantify nutrient requirements and optimize fertilization to improve peanut yield and fertilizer use efficiency. In this study, a multi-site field trial was conducted from 2020 to 2021 in the North China Plain to estimate nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and [...] Read more.

It is important to quantify nutrient requirements and optimize fertilization to improve peanut yield and fertilizer use efficiency. In this study, a multi-site field trial was conducted from 2020 to 2021 in the North China Plain to estimate nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) uptake and requirements of peanuts, and to evaluate the effects of fertilization recommendations from the regional mean optimal rate (RMOR) on dry matter, pod yield, nutrient uptake, and fertilizer use efficiency. Results show that compared with farmer practice fertilization (FP), optimal fertilization (OPT) based on the RMOR increased peanut dry matter by 6.6% and pod yield by 10.9%. The average uptake rates of N, P, and K were 214.3, 23.3, and 78.4 kg/ha, respectively, with 76.0% N harvest index, 59.8% P harvest index, and 41.4% K harvest index. The OPT treatment increased N, P, and K uptake by 19.3%, 7.3%, and 11.0% compared with FP, respectively. However, the average of yield, nutrition uptake, and harvest indexes of N, P, and K were not significantly affected by fertilization. The peanut required 42.0 kg N, 4.6 kg P, and 15.3 kg K to produce 1000 kg of pods. The OPT treatment significantly improved the N partial factor productivity and N uptake efficiency but decreased the K partial factor productivity and K uptake efficiency. The present study demonstrates that fertilizer recommendations from RMOR improve N use efficiency, and reduce N and P fertilizer application without yield loss in regions with smallholder farmers, and the corresponding estimation of nutrient requirements helps to make peanut fertilization recommendations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Fertilizer Use Efficiency–Methods and Strategies for the Future)

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14 pages, 2070 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Agro-Physiological Traits of Kaffir Lime in Response to Pruning and Nitrogen Fertilizer under Mild Shading

by Rahmat Budiarto, Roedhy Poerwanto, Edi Santosa, Darda Efendi and Andria Agusta

Plants 2023, 12(5), 1155; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051155 - 3 Mar 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2452

Abstract

Mild shading has been reported to increase leaf production in kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) through the improvement of agro-physiological variables, such as growth, photosynthesis, and water-use efficiency; however, there is still a knowledge gap concerning its growth and yield after experiencing [...] Read more.

Mild shading has been reported to increase leaf production in kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) through the improvement of agro-physiological variables, such as growth, photosynthesis, and water-use efficiency; however, there is still a knowledge gap concerning its growth and yield after experiencing severe pruning in harvest season. Additionally, a specific nitrogen (N) recommendation for leaf-oriented kaffir lime is still unavailable due to its lesser popularity compared to fruit-oriented citrus. The present study determined the best pruning level and N dose based on agronomy and the physiology of kaffir lime under mild shading. Nine-month-old kaffir lime seedlings grafted to rangpur lime (C. limonia) were arranged in a split-plot design, i.e., N dose as a main plot and pruning as a subplot. Comparative analysis resulted in 20% higher growth and a 22% higher yield in the high-pruned plants by leaving 30 cm of main stem above the ground rather than short ones with a 10 cm main stem. Both correlation and regression analysis strongly highlighted the importance of N for leaf numbers. Plants treated with 0 and 10 g N plant⁻¹ experienced severe leaf chlorosis due to N deficiency, while those treated with 20 and 40 g N plant⁻¹ showed N sufficiency; thus, the efficient recommendation for kaffir lime leaf production is 20 g N plant⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Fertilizer Use Efficiency–Methods and Strategies for the Future)

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19 pages, 3814 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chloride Applied via Fertilizer Affects Plant Nutrition and Coffee Quality

by César Santos, Marcelo Ribeiro Malta, Mariana Gabriele Marcolino Gonçalves, Flávio Meira Borém, Adélia Aziz Alexandre Pozza, Herminia Emilia Prieto Martinez, Taylor Lima de Souza, Wantuir Filipe Teixeira Chagas, Maria Elisa Araújo de Melo, Damiany Pádua Oliveira, Alan Dhan Costa Lima, Lívia Botelho de Abreu, Thiago Henrique Pereira Reis, Thaís Regina de Souza, Victor Ramirez Builes and Douglas Guelfi

Plants 2023, 12(4), 885; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040885 - 15 Feb 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3399

Abstract

The present study had the objective to evaluate the effect of blends of KCl and K₂SO₄ fertilizers and their influence on the yield and the nutritional state of coffee plants, as well as on the chemical composition and quality of [...] Read more.

The present study had the objective to evaluate the effect of blends of KCl and K₂SO₄ fertilizers and their influence on the yield and the nutritional state of coffee plants, as well as on the chemical composition and quality of the coffee beverage. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four repetitions and six treatments (T1: 100% KCl; T2: 75% KCl + 25% K₂SO₄; T3: 50% KCl + 50% K₂SO₄; T4: 25% KCl + 75% K₂SO₄; T5: 100% K₂SO₄; and a control, without application of K). The following analyses were performed: K and Cl content in the leaves and the soil, stocks of Cl in soil, yield, removal of K and Cl with the beans, cup quality of the beverage, polyphenol oxidase activity (PPO), electric conductivity (EC), potassium leaching (KL), the content of phenolic compounds, the content of total sugars (TS), and total titratable acidity (TTA). The stocks of Cl in the soil decreased as the proportion of KCl in the fertilizer was reduced. The fertilization with KCl reduces the cup quality and the activity of the polyphenol oxidase, probably due to the ion Cl. The increase in the application of Cl directly relates to the increase in potassium leaching, electric conductivity, and titratable acidity. Indirectly, these variables indicate damages to the cells by the use of Cl in the fertilizer. The activity of the polyphenol oxidase enzyme and the cup quality indicate that the ion Cl- reduces the quality of the coffee beverage. K content in the leaves was not influenced by the application of blends of K fertilizer while Cl content increased linearly with KCl applied. The application of KCl and K₂SO₄ blends influenced coffee yield and the optimum proportion was 25% of KCl and 75% of K₂SO₄. The highest score in the cup quality test was observed with 100% K₂SO₄. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Fertilizer Use Efficiency–Methods and Strategies for the Future)

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14 pages, 2845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differentiation in Nitrogen Transformations and Crop Yield as Affected by Tillage Modes in a Fluvo-Aquic Soil

by Fengmin Shen, Changwei Zhu, Guiying Jiang, Jin Yang, Xuanlin Zhu, Shiji Wang, Renzhuo Wang, Fang Liu, Xiaolei Jie and Shiliang Liu

Plants 2023, 12(4), 783; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040783 - 9 Feb 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1875

Abstract

Nitrogen is a vital element for soil fertility and crop productivity. The transformation of nitrogen is directly affected by tillage practices for the disturbing soil. The characteristics of different nitrogen forms under different tillage modes are still unclear. A 3-year cycle tillage experiment [...] Read more.

Nitrogen is a vital element for soil fertility and crop productivity. The transformation of nitrogen is directly affected by tillage practices for the disturbing soil. The characteristics of different nitrogen forms under different tillage modes are still unclear. A 3-year cycle tillage experiment was carried out to assess the combination of rotary tillage (RT), deep tillage (DT), and shallow rotary tillage (SRT) on nitrogen transformation and distribution, wheat yield and nitrogen balance in fluvo-aquic soil from Huang-Huai-Hai Plain in China. The results showed the rotation tillage cycle with deep tillage in the first year increased the total nitrogen (TN), and the main nitrogen form content in 0–30 cm compared with continued rotary tillage (RT-RT-RT). Moreover, the nitrate (NO₃⁻-N) and ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) content were improved in 20–40 cm by deep tillage practice with the highest value as 39.88 mg kg⁻¹ under DT-SRT-RT. The time, tillage, and depth significantly affected the different nitrogen forms, but there was no effect on dissolved organic carbon (DON) and soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN) by the interaction of time and tillage. Moreover, compared with RT-RT-RT, the rotation tillage promoted the spike number and kernels per spike of wheat, further increasing the wheat yield and nitrogen partial productivity, and with a better effect under DT-SRT-RT. The NO₃⁻-N and NH₄⁺-N trended closer and positively correlated with wheat yield in 0–40 cm in 2019. The rotation tillage with deep tillage improved the different forms of nitrogen in 0–30 cm, wheat yield, and nitrogen partial productivity, and decreased the apparent nitrogen loss. It was suggested as the efficiency tillage practice to improve nitrogen use efficiency and crop yield in this area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Fertilizer Use Efficiency–Methods and Strategies for the Future)

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18 pages, 1131 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Technologies for Fertilizers and Management Strategies of N-Fertilization in Coffee Cropping Systems to Reduce Ammonia Losses by Volatilization

by Tainah Freitas, Lucas Bartelega, César Santos, Mateus Portes Dutra, Leonardo Fernandes Sarkis, Rubens José Guimarães, Anderson William Dominghetti, Pauliana Cristina Zito, Tales Jesus Fernandes and Douglas Guelfi

Plants 2022, 11(23), 3323; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11233323 - 1 Dec 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2035

Abstract

The aim of this study was to quantify NH₃-N losses from conventional, stabilized, slow-release, and controlled-release N fertilizers in a coffee field. The N fertilizers analyzed were prilled urea, prilled urea dissolved in water, ammonium sulfate (AS), ammonium nitrate (AN), urea [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to quantify NH₃-N losses from conventional, stabilized, slow-release, and controlled-release N fertilizers in a coffee field. The N fertilizers analyzed were prilled urea, prilled urea dissolved in water, ammonium sulfate (AS), ammonium nitrate (AN), urea + Cu + B, urea + adhesive + CaCO₃, and urea + NBPT (all with three split applications), as well as blended N fertilizer, urea + elastic resin, urea-formaldehyde, and urea + polyurethane (all applied only once). NH₃-N losses (mean of two crop seasons) were statistically higher for urea + adhesive + CaCO₃ (27.9% of applied N) in comparison with the other treatments. Loss from prilled urea (23.7%) was less than from urea + adhesive + CaCO₃. Losses from urea + NBPT (14.5%) and urea + Cu + B (13.5%) were similar and lower than those from prilled urea. Urea dissolved in water (4.2%) had even lower losses than those treatments, and the lowest losses were observed for AS (0.6%) and AN (0.5%). For the single application fertilizers, higher losses occurred for urea + elastic resin (5.8%), blended N fertilizer (5.5%), and urea + polyurethane (5.2%); and urea-formaldehyde had a lower loss (0.5%). Except for urea + adhesive + CaCO₃, all N-fertilizer technologies reduced NH₃-N losses compared to prilled urea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Fertilizer Use Efficiency–Methods and Strategies for the Future)

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14 pages, 1250 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improvement of Photosynthesis by Biochar and Vermicompost to Enhance Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Yield under Greenhouse Conditions

by Xinna Liu, Jie Zhang, Qian Wang, Tingting Chang, Hiba Shaghaleh and Yousef Alhaj Hamoud

Plants 2022, 11(23), 3214; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11233214 - 24 Nov 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2640

Abstract

Chlorophyll fluorescence is an important tool in the study of photosynthesis and its effect on the physiological indicators of crop growth is worth exploring. The trial was conducted to investigate the effect of biochar (CK, 0%; BA₃, 3%; BA₅, [...] Read more.

Chlorophyll fluorescence is an important tool in the study of photosynthesis and its effect on the physiological indicators of crop growth is worth exploring. The trial was conducted to investigate the effect of biochar (CK, 0%; BA₃, 3%; BA₅, 5%; by mass of soil) and vermicompost (VA₃, 3%; VA₅, 5%) on photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, and tomato yield under greenhouse condition. Results revealed that photosynthetic parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence traits of BA₃, VA₃, BA₅, and VA₅ were significantly higher than those of CK, and the improvement of vermicompost was more effective than biochar at the same application rate. VA₃ treatment had the highest net photosynthetic rate (Pn), intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci), variable fluorescence (Fv), maximum fluorescence (Fm), PSII maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), PSII potential photochemical activity (Fv/Fo), absorption flux per cross section (CS; ABC/CSm), trapped energy flux per CS (TRo/CSm), and electron transport flux per CS (ETo/CSm), which increased by 49%, 65%, 17%, 12%, 4%, 25%, 10%, 15%, and 30%, respectively, compared with CK. The study also found that BA and VA rates could effectively improve tomato yield and water use efficiency (WUE). The yield under BA₃, VA₃, BA₅, and VA₅ treatments was 21%, 33%, 23%, and 25% higher than that under CK, and the WUE increased from 31.2 kg·m⁻³ under CK to 41.4 kg·m⁻³ under VA₃. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that the increment of photosynthesis showed a highly significant correlation with Fv/Fo, ABC/CSm, TRo/CSm, and ETo/CSm and enhanced the light energy absorbed, trapped, and transported per CS of plant leaves, thereby contributing to the increase in tomato yield. Therefore, for one-season tomato production, the application of 3% vermicompost was considered economical with regard to improving photosynthesis, enhancing WUE, and increasing tomato yield. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Fertilizer Use Efficiency–Methods and Strategies for the Future)

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22 pages, 3663 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnesium Fertilization Increases Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

by Jarosław Potarzycki, Witold Grzebisz and Witold Szczepaniak

Plants 2022, 11(19), 2600; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11192600 - 2 Oct 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3339

Abstract

Wheat fertilized with Mg, regardless of the method of application, increases nitrogen fertilizer (N_f) efficiency. This hypothesis was tested in 2013, 2014, and 2015. A two-factorial experiment with three doses of Mg (i.e., 0, 25, and 50 kg ha⁻¹) [...] Read more.

Wheat fertilized with Mg, regardless of the method of application, increases nitrogen fertilizer (N_f) efficiency. This hypothesis was tested in 2013, 2014, and 2015. A two-factorial experiment with three doses of Mg (i.e., 0, 25, and 50 kg ha⁻¹) and two stages of Mg foliar fertilization (without; BBCH 30; 49/50; 30 + 49/50) was carried out. Foliar vs. in-soil Mg fertilization resulted in a comparable grain yield increase (0.5–0.6 t ha⁻¹). The interaction of both fertilization systems increased the yield by 0.85–0.9 t ha⁻¹. The booting/heading phase was optimal for foliar fertilization. Mg accumulation by wheat fertilized with Mg increased by 17% compared to the NPK plot. The recovery of foliar Mg was multiple in relation to its dose. The recovery of the in-soil Mg applied ranged from 10 to 40%. The increase in yield resulted from the effective use of N taken up by wheat. In 2014 and 2015, this amount was 21–25 kg N ha⁻¹. The increase in yield resulted from the extended transfer of N from vegetative wheat parts to grain. Mg applied to wheat, irrespective of the method, increased the efficiency of the N taken up by the crop. Mg fertilization resulted in higher N_f productivity, as indicated by the increased nitrogen apparent efficiency indices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Fertilizer Use Efficiency–Methods and Strategies for the Future)

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22 pages, 3171 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Additive and Non-Additive Effects on the Control of Key Agronomic Traits in Popcorn Lines under Contrasting Phosphorus Conditions

by Talles de Oliveira Santos, Fábio Tomaz de Oliveira, Antônio Teixeira do Amaral Junior, Janeo Eustáquio de Almeida Filho, Rosimeire Barboza Bispo, Marta Simone Mendonça de Freitas, José Francisco Teixeira do Amaral, Samuel Henrique Kamphorst, Valter Jário de Lima, Flávia Nicácio Viana, Guilherme Ferreira Pena, Pedro Henrique Araújo Diniz Santos, Wallace de Paula Bernado, Messias Gonzaga Pereira, Jurandi Gonçalves de Oliveira, Ricardo Enrique Bressan-Smith and Roberto dos Santos Trindade

Plants 2022, 11(17), 2216; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11172216 - 26 Aug 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1625

Abstract

Phosphorus is a non-renewable natural resource that will run out of reserves in the upcoming decades, making it essential to understanding the inheritance of nutrient use efficiency for selecting superior genotypes. This study investigated the additive and non-additive effects of commercially relevant traits [...] Read more.

Phosphorus is a non-renewable natural resource that will run out of reserves in the upcoming decades, making it essential to understanding the inheritance of nutrient use efficiency for selecting superior genotypes. This study investigated the additive and non-additive effects of commercially relevant traits for the popcorn crop (grain yield—GY, popping expansion—PE, and expanded popcorn volume per hectare—PV) in different conditions of phosphorus (P) availability in two locations in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Six S₇ lines previously selected for P use—L59, L70, and P7, efficient and responsive; and L54, L75, and L80, inefficient and non-responsive—were used as testers in crosses with 15 progenies from the fifth cycle of intrapopulation recurrent selection of UENF-14, with adaptation to the North and Northwest regions of Rio de Janeiro State. Using the Griffing diallel analysis, P use efficiency was predominantly additive in the expression of PE, and non-additive effects were prominent for GY and PV. For obtaining genotypes that are efficient for phosphorus use, it is recommended that heterosis with parents that provide additive gene accumulation for PE be explored. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Fertilizer Use Efficiency–Methods and Strategies for the Future)

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25 pages, 4813 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nitrogen Fertilizers Technologies for Corn in Two Yield Environments in South Brazil

by Bruno Maia Abdo Rahmen Cassim, Marcos Renan Besen, Wagner Deckij Kachinski, Celso Rafael Macon, João Henrique Vieira de Almeida Junior, Rodrigo Sakurada, Tadeu Takeyoshi Inoue and Marcelo Augusto Batista

Plants 2022, 11(14), 1890; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11141890 - 21 Jul 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4106

Abstract

Improvements in nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in corn production systems are necessary, to decrease the economic and environmental losses caused by loss of ammonia volatilization (NH₃-N). The objective was to study different nitrogen (N) fertilizer technologies through characterization of N sources, [...] Read more.

Improvements in nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in corn production systems are necessary, to decrease the economic and environmental losses caused by loss of ammonia volatilization (NH₃-N). The objective was to study different nitrogen (N) fertilizer technologies through characterization of N sources, NH₃-N volatilization losses, and their effects on the nutrient concentration and yield of corn grown in clayey and sandy soils in south Brazil. The treatments consisted of a control without N application as a topdressing, three conventional N sources (urea, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium nitrate + calcium sulfate), and three enhanced-efficiency fertilizers [urea treated with NBPT + Duromide, urea formaldehyde, and polymer-coated urea (PCU) + urea treated with NBPT and nitrification inhibitor (NI)]. The losses by NH₃-N volatilization were up to 46% of the N applied with urea. However, NI addition to urea increased the N losses by NH₃-N volatilization by 8.8 and 23.3%, in relation to urea alone for clayey and sandy soils, respectively. Clayey soil was 38.4% more responsive than sandy soil to N fertilization. Ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate + calcium sulfate showed the best results, because it increased the corn yield in clayey soil and contributed to reductions in NH₃-N emissions of 84 and 80% in relation to urea, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Fertilizer Use Efficiency–Methods and Strategies for the Future)

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12 pages, 2768 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Weather and Fertilization on Grain Yield and Stability of Winter Wheat Growing on Orthic Luvisol—Analysis of Long-Term Field Experiment

by Lukáš Hlisnikovský, Peter Ivičic, Przemysław Barłóg, Witold Grzebisz, Ladislav Menšík and Eva Kunzová

Plants 2022, 11(14), 1825; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11141825 - 12 Jul 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1749

Abstract

Based on a long-term experiment in Prague, established in 1954, we analyzed the effect of weather and seven fertilization treatments (mineral and manure treatments) on winter wheat grain yield (GY) and stability. In total, 23 seasons were analyzed, where a wheat crop followed [...] Read more.

Based on a long-term experiment in Prague, established in 1954, we analyzed the effect of weather and seven fertilization treatments (mineral and manure treatments) on winter wheat grain yield (GY) and stability. In total, 23 seasons were analyzed, where a wheat crop followed a summer crop of potatoes. A regression analysis showed that, since the experiment started, there has been a significant increase in the annual daily maximum, average, and minimum temperature of 0.5 °C, and an increase in annual rainfall of 0.3 mm. Grain yield was positively associated with April precipitation, mean daily temperature in October, and daily maximum temperature in February. Yields were most stable between years with two fertilizer treatments that supplied a mean of 47 kg N ha⁻¹yr⁻¹, 54 kg P ha⁻¹yr⁻¹, and 108 kg K ha⁻¹yr⁻¹. The rate of N at which grain yield was optimized was determined according to the linear-plateau (LP) and quadratic response models as 44 kg N ha⁻¹yr⁻¹ for the long-strawed varieties and 87 kg N ha⁻¹yr⁻¹for short-strawed varieties. A gradual increase in yields was observed in all treatments, including the unfertilized control, which was attributed to improved varieties rather than to a changing climate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Fertilizer Use Efficiency–Methods and Strategies for the Future)

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17 pages, 4507 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Nitrogen and Seed Rate Combination for Improving Grain Yield and Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency in Winter Wheat

by Hemat Mahmood, Jian Cai, Qin Zhou, Xiao Wang, Allan Samo, Mei Huang, Tingbo Dai, Mohammad Shah Jahan and Dong Jiang

Plants 2022, 11(13), 1745; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11131745 - 30 Jun 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2248

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) supply and seed rate (SR) are two essential factors that affect the accumulation and partitioning of N and dry matter (DM) and, therefore, grain yield (GY) and N use efficiency (NUE). The objective of this experiment was to optimize N application [...] Read more.

Nitrogen (N) supply and seed rate (SR) are two essential factors that affect the accumulation and partitioning of N and dry matter (DM) and, therefore, grain yield (GY) and N use efficiency (NUE). The objective of this experiment was to optimize N application and SR to regulate wheat growth and increase both GY and NU_E. The results revealed that net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), chlorophyll content, and activities of metabolic enzymes (NR and GS) significantly increased with increasing of N levels while decreasing SR. Plant tillers, GY, DM before anthesis, and N translocation, N agronomic efficiency (NA_E), N recovery efficiency (NR_E), and N uptake efficiency (NUP_E) were highest in a combined treatment of N₂₃₅ and SR₁₈₀. However, N levels beyond 235 kg ha⁻¹ significantly decreased NA_E, NR_E, and NUP_E. By increasing SR from 135 to 180 kg ha⁻¹ an increase of 12.9 % and 9.1% GY and NUPE, respectively, was observed. Based on this result, we estimate that 1 kg N ha⁻¹ might be replaced by an increase of approximately 0.6 kg ha⁻¹ SR. Our study suggested that using a combination of N and SR (N₂₃₅ + SR₁₈₀) could attain maximum GY and improve NU_E parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Fertilizer Use Efficiency–Methods and Strategies for the Future)

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22 pages, 1154 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Band Phosphorus and Sulfur Fertilization as Drivers of Efficient Management of Nitrogen of Maize (Zea mays L.)

by Przemysław Barłóg, Remigiusz Łukowiak and Lukáš Hlisnikovský

Plants 2022, 11(13), 1660; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11131660 - 23 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2018

Abstract

Increasing the efficiency of nitrogen use (NUE) from mineral fertilizers is one of the most important priorities of modern agriculture. The objectives of the present study were to assess the role of different nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) rates on maize [...] Read more.

Increasing the efficiency of nitrogen use (NUE) from mineral fertilizers is one of the most important priorities of modern agriculture. The objectives of the present study were to assess the role of different nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) rates on maize grain yield (GY), crop residue biomass, NUE indices, N concentration in plants during the growing season, N management indices and to select the most suitable set of NUE indicators. The following factors were tested: band application of di-ammonium phosphate and ammonium sulphate mixture (NPS fertilizer at rates 0, 8.7, 17.4, 26.2 kg ha⁻¹ of P) and different total N rates (0, 60, 120, 180 kg ha⁻¹ of N). In each year of the study, a clear trend of increased GY after NP(S) band application was observed. A particularly positive influence of that factor was confirmed at the lowest level of N fertilization. On average, the highest GY values were obtained for N2P3 and N3P1 treatments. The total N uptake and NUE indices also increased after the band application. In addition, a trend of improved N remobilization efficiency and the N contribution of remobilized N to grain as a result of band application of NP(S) was observed. Among various NUE indices, internal N utilization efficiency (IE) exhibited the strongest, yet negative, correlation with GY, whereas IE was a function of the N harvest index. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Fertilizer Use Efficiency–Methods and Strategies for the Future)

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20 pages, 4149 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Elemental Sulfur Act as an Effective Measure to Control the Seasonal Growth Dynamics of Potato Tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.)?

by Witold Grzebisz, Karolina Frąckowiak, Tomasz Spiżewski and Katarzyna Przygocka-Cyna

Plants 2022, 11(3), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11030248 - 18 Jan 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1859

Abstract

The in-season dynamics of potato tuber biomass (TTB) growth requires effective nitrogen (N) control. This hypothesis was tested in 2006 and 2007. The two-factorial experiment with two rates of N (60, 120 kg ha⁻¹) and sulfur (S; 0, 50 kg ha [...] Read more.

The in-season dynamics of potato tuber biomass (TTB) growth requires effective nitrogen (N) control. This hypothesis was tested in 2006 and 2007. The two-factorial experiment with two rates of N (60, 120 kg ha⁻¹) and sulfur (S; 0, 50 kg ha⁻¹) was carried out in the split-plot design. The third factor was the sampling of plants at 10-day intervals. The collected plant material was divided into leaves, stems, stolons + roots, and tubers. The seasonal trend of TTB was linear, while the biomass of leaves, stems, and stolons + roots was consistent with polynomial regression models. TTB was controlled by (i) the date of potato growth after emergence, when the TTB exceeded the leaf biomass (DAE_crit); (ii) the stem growth rate; and iii) the share of stems in the total potato biomass. TTB growth was reduced when DAE_crit preceded the DAE_op for leaf biomass, determining its maximum. This phenomenon appeared in 2007 on plots fertilized only with N. The absolute growth rate of the stem biomass, exceeding ¼ of that of the tuber biomass in the descending phase, resulted in an increased and prolonged share of stems in the total potato biomass, which ultimately led to a decrease in tuber yield. The use of sulfur to balance the N, applied effectively, controlled the growth rate of potato organs competing with tubers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Fertilizer Use Efficiency–Methods and Strategies for the Future)

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19 pages, 2268 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Soil-Climate Conditions, Farmyard Manure and Mineral Fertilizers on Potato Yield and Soil Chemical Parameters

by Lukáš Hlisnikovský, Ladislav Menšík and Eva Kunzová

Plants 2021, 10(11), 2473; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112473 - 16 Nov 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2729

Abstract

If available to farmers, potatoes represent a crop classically fertilized with farmyard manure in the Czech Republic. At the same time, potatoes are a crop sensitive to soil–climate conditions. We evaluated the effect of cattle manure (FYM), manure and mineral nitrogen (FYM + [...] Read more.

If available to farmers, potatoes represent a crop classically fertilized with farmyard manure in the Czech Republic. At the same time, potatoes are a crop sensitive to soil–climate conditions. We evaluated the effect of cattle manure (FYM), manure and mineral nitrogen (FYM + N1, FYM + N2), manure and mineral fertilizers (FYM + N1PK, FYM + N2PK, FYM + N3PK) application and the effect of three soil-climatic conditions (Caslav—maize production area with degraded Chernozem, Ivanovice—maize production area with Chernozem, Lukavec—potatoes production area with Cambisol) over four years (2016–2019) on potatoes yield and soil chemical properties. Of all the factors, yields were most affected by location. Lukavec provided the highest average yields (37.2 t ha⁻¹), followed by Ivanovice (23.5 t ha⁻¹) and Caslav (15.5 t ha⁻¹). The second most important factor was the climatic conditions of the year. Fertilization was the third most important parameter. FYM significantly increased yields compared to Control, but applied alone cannot cover the needs of potatoes. Similarly, the application of FYM and N increases yields, but for the highest yields, it is best to apply FYM + NPK (80 kg ha⁻¹ N). Co-application of FYM and mineral N fertilizers mitigates the negative impact of mineral N on soil pH. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Fertilizer Use Efficiency–Methods and Strategies for the Future)

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15 pages, 1581 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Waste Sulfur from Biogas Production in Combination with Nitrogen Fertilization of Maize (Zea mays L.) by Foliar Application

by Petr Škarpa, Jiří Antošovský, Pavel Ryant, Tereza Hammerschmiedt, Antonín Kintl and Martin Brtnický

Plants 2021, 10(10), 2188; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102188 - 15 Oct 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2284

Abstract

In Europe, mainly due to industrial desulfurization, the supply of soil sulfur (S), an essential nutrient for crops, has been declining. One of the currently promoted sources of renewable energy is biogas production, which produces S as a waste product. In order to [...] Read more.

In Europe, mainly due to industrial desulfurization, the supply of soil sulfur (S), an essential nutrient for crops, has been declining. One of the currently promoted sources of renewable energy is biogas production, which produces S as a waste product. In order to confirm the effect of the foliar application of waste elemental S in combination with liquid urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) fertilizer, a vegetation experiment was conducted with maize as the main crop grown for biogas production. The following treatments were included in the experiment: 1. Control (no fertilization), 2. UAN, 3. UANS1 (N:S ratio, 2:1), 4. UANS2 (1:1), 5. UANS3 (1:2). The application of UAN increased the N content in the plant and significantly affected the chlorophyll content (N-tester value). Despite the lower increase in nitrogen (N) content and uptake by the plant due to the application of UANS, these combinations had a significant effect on the quantum yield of PSII. The application of UANS significantly increased the S content of the plant. The increase in the weight of plants found on the treatment fertilized with UANS can be explained by the synergistic relationship between N and S, which contributed to the increase in crop nitrogen use efficiency. This study suggests that the foliar application of waste elemental S in combination with UAN at a 1:1 ratio could be an effective way to optimize the nutritional status of maize while reducing mineral fertilizer consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Fertilizer Use Efficiency–Methods and Strategies for the Future)

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11 pages, 1940 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Foliar Fertilization on Growth, Flowering, and Corms Production of Five Gladiolus Varieties

by Endre Kentelky and Zsolt Szekely-Varga

Plants 2021, 10(9), 1963; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091963 - 20 Sep 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4244

Abstract

Degraded and salt affected soils are appearing more often in cultivated areas. These specific problems could reduce nutrient uptake, which can result in quality and yield loss of the cultivated plants. In order to cope with this pedo-climatic condition growers are applying fertilizers; [...] Read more.

Degraded and salt affected soils are appearing more often in cultivated areas. These specific problems could reduce nutrient uptake, which can result in quality and yield loss of the cultivated plants. In order to cope with this pedo-climatic condition growers are applying fertilizers; however, due to inadequate application, soil degradation will continue. Five Gladiolus varieties were subjected to foliar fertilization treatments to assess the effect on the plant’s growth parameters, vase durability and daughter corm production. Our results indicate that plants treated with foliar fertilization show significant increase in the measured parameters, flower stem length, vase durability and daughter corm production. In conclusion, our study suggests that application of foliar fertilization can increase Gladiolus plants decoration and propagation, even with a smaller footprint on nature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Fertilizer Use Efficiency–Methods and Strategies for the Future)

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24 pages, 3136 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Productivity and Nutrient Balance of an Intensive Rice–Rice Cropping System Are Influenced by Different Nutrient Management in the Red and Lateritic Belt of West Bengal, India

by Tanmoy Shankar, Ganesh Chandra Malik, Mahua Banerjee, Sudarshan Dutta, Sagar Maitra, Subhashisa Praharaj, Masina Sairam, Duvvada Sarath Kumar, Eldessoky S. Dessoky, Mohamed M. Hassan, Ismail A. Ismail, Tarek Saif, Milan Skalicky, Marian Brestic and Akbar Hossain

Plants 2021, 10(8), 1622; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10081622 - 6 Aug 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3796

Abstract

Rice is the lifeline for more than half of the world population, and in India, in view of its huge demand in the country, farmers adopt a rice–rice cropping system where the irrigation facility is available. As rice is a nutrient-exhausting crop, sustainable [...] Read more.

Rice is the lifeline for more than half of the world population, and in India, in view of its huge demand in the country, farmers adopt a rice–rice cropping system where the irrigation facility is available. As rice is a nutrient-exhausting crop, sustainable productivity of rice–rice cropping system greatly depends on appropriate nutrient management in accordance with the inherent soil fertility. The application of an ample dose of fertilizer is the key factor for maintaining sustainable rice yields and nutrient balance of the soil. Considering the above facts, an experiment was conducted on nutrient management in a rice–rice cropping system at the university farm of Visva-Bharati, situated in a sub-tropical climate under the red and lateritic belt of the western part of West Bengal, India, during two consecutive years (2014–2016). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Completely Block Design with 12 treatments and three replications, with different rates of N:P:K:Zn:S application in both of the growing seasons, namely, kharif and Boro. The recommended (ample) dose of nutrients was 80:40:40:25:20 and 120:60:60:25:20 kg ha⁻¹ of N:P₂O₅:K₂O:Zn:S in the Kharif and Boro season, respectively. A high yielding variety, named MTU 7029, and a hybrid, Arize 6444 GOLD, were taken in the Kharif and Boro seasons, respectively. The results clearly indicated that the application of a recommended dose of nutrients showed its superiority over the control (no fertilizer application) in the expression of growth characters, yield attributes, yields, and nutrient uptake of Kharif as well as Boro rice. Out of the all treatments, the best result was found in the treatment where the ample dose of nutrients was applied, resulting in maximum grain yield in both the Kharif (5.6 t ha⁻¹) and Boro (6.6 t ha⁻¹) season. The corresponding yield attributes for the same treatment in the Kharif (panicles m⁻²: 247.9; grains panicle⁻¹: 132.0; spikelets panicle⁻¹: 149.6; test weight: 23.8 g; and panicle length: 30.6 cm) and Boro (panicles m⁻²: 281.6; grains panicle⁻¹: 142.7; spikelets panicle⁻¹: 157.2; test weight: 24.8 g; and panicle length: 32.8 cm) season explained the maximum yield in this treatment. Further, a reduction or omission of individual nutrients adversely impacted on the above traits and resulted in a negative balance of the respective nutrients. The study concluded that the application of a recommended dose of nutrients was essential for proper nutrient balance and sustainable yields in the rice–rice cropping system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Fertilizer Use Efficiency–Methods and Strategies for the Future)

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14 pages, 1300 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Response of Normal and Low-Phytate Genotypes of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) on Phosphorus Foliar Fertilization

by Petr Škarpa, Marie Školníková, Jiří Antošovský, Pavel Horký, Iva Smýkalová, Jiří Horáček, Radmila Dostálová and Zdenka Kozáková

Plants 2021, 10(8), 1608; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10081608 - 5 Aug 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2851

Abstract

Phosphorus (P) is an important nutrient in plant nutrition. Its absorption by plants from the soil is influenced by many factors. Therefore, a foliar application of this nutrient could be utilized for the optimal nutrition state of plants. The premise of the study [...] Read more.

Phosphorus (P) is an important nutrient in plant nutrition. Its absorption by plants from the soil is influenced by many factors. Therefore, a foliar application of this nutrient could be utilized for the optimal nutrition state of plants. The premise of the study is that foliar application of phosphorus will increase the yield of normal-phytate (npa) cultivars (CDC Bronco a Cutlass) and low-phytate (lpa) lines (1-2347-144, 1-150-81) grown in soils with low phosphorus supply and affect seed quality depending on the ability of the pea to produce phytate. A graded application of phosphorus (H₃PO₄) in four doses: without P (P0), 27.3 mg P (P1), 54.5 mg P (P2), and 81.8 mg P/pot (P3) realized at the development stages of the 6th true leaf led to a significant increase of chlorophyll contents, and fluorescence parameters of chlorophyll expressing the CO₂ assimilation velocity. The P fertilization increased the yield of seeds significantly, except the highest dose of phosphorus (P3) at which the yield of the npa cultivars was reduced. The line 1-2347-144 was the most sensible to the P application when the dose P3 increased the seed production by 42.1%. Only the lpa line 1-150-81 showed a decreased tendency in the phytate content at the stepped application of the P nutrition. Foliar application of phosphorus significantly increased ash material in seed, but did not tend to affect the protein and mineral content of seeds. Only the zinc content in seeds was significantly reduced by foliar application of P in npa and lpa pea genotypes. It is concluded from the present study that foliar phosphorus application could be an effective way to enhance the pea growth in P-deficient condition with a direct effect on seed yield and quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Fertilizer Use Efficiency–Methods and Strategies for the Future)

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16 pages, 1784 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oil-Based Polymer Coatings on CAN Fertilizer in Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) Nutrition

by Petr Škarpa, Dominika Mikušová, Jiří Antošovský, Milan Kučera and Pavel Ryant

Plants 2021, 10(8), 1605; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10081605 - 5 Aug 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3333

Abstract

Fertilizer coating can increase the efficiency of N fertilizers and reduce their negative impact on the environment. This may be achieved by the utilization of biodegradable natural coating materials instead of polyurethane-based polymers. The aim of this study was to detect the effect [...] Read more.

Fertilizer coating can increase the efficiency of N fertilizers and reduce their negative impact on the environment. This may be achieved by the utilization of biodegradable natural coating materials instead of polyurethane-based polymers. The aim of this study was to detect the effect of calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) fertilizer coated with modified conventional polyurethane enhanced with vegetable oils on the yield and quality of Brassica napus L. compared to CAN fertilizer with a vegetable oil-based polymer and to assess the risks of nitrogen loss. Three types of treatments were tested for both coated fertilizers: divided application (CAN, coated CAN), a single application of coated CAN, and a single application of CAN with coated CAN (1:2). A single application of coated CAN with both types of coating in the growth stage of the 9th true leaf significantly increased the yield, the thousand seed weight, and oil production compared to the uncoated CAN. The potential of using coated CAN may be seen in a slow nitrogen release ensuring the nitrogen demand for rapeseed plants throughout vegetation and eliminating the risk of its loss. The increased potential of NH₄⁺ volatilization and NO₃⁻ leaching were determined using the uncoated CAN fertilizer compared to the coated variants. Oil-based polymer coatings on CAN fertilizer can be considered as an adequate replacement for partially modified conventional polyurethane. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Fertilizer Use Efficiency–Methods and Strategies for the Future)

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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

29 pages, 4097 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Soil Fertility Clock—Crop Rotation as a Paradigm in Nitrogen Fertilizer Productivity Control

by Witold Grzebisz, Jean Diatta, Przemysław Barłóg, Maria Biber, Jarosław Potarzycki, Remigiusz Łukowiak, Katarzyna Przygocka-Cyna and Witold Szczepaniak

Plants 2022, 11(21), 2841; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11212841 - 25 Oct 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3528

Abstract

The Soil Fertility Clock (SFC) concept is based on the assumption that the critical content (range) of essential nutrients in the soil is adapted to the requirements of the most sensitive plant in the cropping sequence (CS). This provides a key way to [...] Read more.

The Soil Fertility Clock (SFC) concept is based on the assumption that the critical content (range) of essential nutrients in the soil is adapted to the requirements of the most sensitive plant in the cropping sequence (CS). This provides a key way to effectively control the productivity of fertilizer nitrogen (N_f). The production goals of a farm are set for the maximum crop yield, which is defined by the environmental conditions of the production process. This target can be achieved, provided that the efficiency of N_f approaches 1.0. Nitrogen (in fact, nitrate) is the determining yield-forming factor, but only when it is balanced with the supply of other nutrients (nitrogen-supporting nutrients; N-SNs). The condition for achieving this level of N_f efficiency is the effectiveness of other production factors, including N-SNs, which should be set at ≤1.0. A key source of N-SNs for a plant is the soil zone occupied by the roots. N-SNs should be applied in order to restore their content in the topsoil to the level required by the most sensitive crop in a given CS. Other plants in the CS provide the timeframe for active controlling the distance of the N-SNs from their critical range. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Fertilizer Use Efficiency–Methods and Strategies for the Future)

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35 pages, 6064 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Fertilizers and Fertilization Strategies Mitigating Soil Factors Constraining Efficiency of Nitrogen in Plant Production

by Przemysław Barłóg, Witold Grzebisz and Remigiusz Łukowiak

Plants 2022, 11(14), 1855; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11141855 - 15 Jul 2022

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 8002

Abstract

Fertilizer Use Efficiency (FUE) is a measure of the potential of an applied fertilizer to increase its impact on the uptake and utilization of nitrogen (N) present in the soil/plant system. The productivity of N depends on the supply of those nutrients in [...] Read more.

Fertilizer Use Efficiency (FUE) is a measure of the potential of an applied fertilizer to increase its impact on the uptake and utilization of nitrogen (N) present in the soil/plant system. The productivity of N depends on the supply of those nutrients in a well-defined stage of yield formation that are decisive for its uptake and utilization. Traditionally, plant nutritional status is evaluated by using chemical methods. However, nowadays, to correct fertilizer doses, the absorption and reflection of solar radiation is used. Fertilization efficiency can be increased not only by adjusting the fertilizer dose to the plant’s requirements, but also by removing all of the soil factors that constrain nutrient uptake and their transport from soil to root surface. Among them, soil compaction and pH are relatively easy to correct. The goal of new the formulas of N fertilizers is to increase the availability of N by synchronization of its release with the plant demand. The aim of non-nitrogenous fertilizers is to increase the availability of nutrients that control the effectiveness of N present in the soil/plant system. A wide range of actions is required to reduce the amount of N which can pollute ecosystems adjacent to fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Fertilizer Use Efficiency–Methods and Strategies for the Future)

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