Sustainability

19 pages, 16785 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluation of Selected Algorithms for Air Pollution Source Localisation Using Drones

by Grzegorz Suchanek, Jerzy Wołoszyn and Andrzej Gołaś

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 3049; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14053049 - 4 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2645

Polluted air causes enormous damage to human health. There is a high demand to find a solution for locating the places of illegal waste incineration due to the persistent smog problem. The use of multi-rotor drones for that purpose has now become one [...] Read more.

Polluted air causes enormous damage to human health. There is a high demand to find a solution for locating the places of illegal waste incineration due to the persistent smog problem. The use of multi-rotor drones for that purpose has now become one of the important research topics. The aim of the work was to check the possibility of using simple algorithms to search for the source of pollution. The algorithms that require low computing power, which may be part of the robot’s measurement and the control system’s internal software, were considered. The focus was on building a system based on a single robot that independently searches an area of a certain size. The simulation of the accuracy and scalability of the three different search algorithms was analysed for areas up to 200 m × 200 m. Two multi-rotor robots were prepared for the fieldwork. The validation of the two selected algorithms was carried out in outdoor environmental conditions. The fieldwork tests were carried out in areas with a maximum size of 100 m × 100 m. The obtained results were different, in particular on the wind speed and direction and the intensity of the pollution source. The random influence of these factors can verify the operation of the proposed system in practical applications. The difference between the true and the position of the source indicated by the robot was up to 15 m. That difference depended on the mutual arrangement of the measurement points and the pollution source location. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Reviews, Advances and Applications in Environmental Sustainability)

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12 pages, 3095 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Leaf Area Index on Green Facade Thermal Performance in Buildings

by Fabiana Convertino, Evelia Schettini, Ileana Blanco, Carlo Bibbiani and Giuliano Vox

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2966; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052966 - 3 Mar 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3374

Abstract

Green facades applied on a building’s envelope allow achieving the building’s passive thermal control and energy consumption reduction. These are complex systems and many site- and plant-specific parameters influence their energy behavior. The leaf area index (LAI) is a relevant plant characteristic to [...] Read more.

Green facades applied on a building’s envelope allow achieving the building’s passive thermal control and energy consumption reduction. These are complex systems and many site- and plant-specific parameters influence their energy behavior. The leaf area index (LAI) is a relevant plant characteristic to consider. Solar shading and latent heat loss of plant evapotranspiration are the two main cooling mechanisms. The aim of this study was to assess the cooling effect provided by an evergreen south oriented green facade in summer in a Mediterranean area and to investigate what happens when LAI changes. Experimental data were used to calculate the cooling effect provided by the facade. Simulations with different LAI values were performed to determine the related cooling effect. The canopy solar transmissivity decreased by 54% for every LAI unit increase. LAI significantly influenced the green facade cooling performance. As LAI increased, solar shading and latent heat increased; this was relevant until an upper limit value of 6. An exponential equation to calculate the mean extinction coefficient (k_m), and a polynomial relationship, with very good agreement, were proposed to calculate shading and latent heat as function of LAI. The findings of this research can effectively contribute to fill still existing gaps on green facades’ energy performance and to the energy simulation of buildings equipped with them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Infrastructures and Sustainable Development)

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19 pages, 2567 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Environmental and Socioeconomic Impacts of Shrimp Farming in the Philippines: A Critical Analysis Using PRISMA

by Edison D. Macusi, Darshel Ester P. Estor, Elaine Q. Borazon, Misael B. Clapano and Mudjekeewis D. Santos

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2977; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052977 - 3 Mar 2022

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 18197

Abstract

Shrimp aquaculture is under pressure to increase its production to meet the growing demand for food from a growing population. In the Philippines, aquaculture has experienced the shift from milkfish to prawn, with its attractive marketable price. This intensification has led to negative [...] Read more.

Shrimp aquaculture is under pressure to increase its production to meet the growing demand for food from a growing population. In the Philippines, aquaculture has experienced the shift from milkfish to prawn, with its attractive marketable price. This intensification has led to negative and positive impacts, which have raised a range of environmental and socioeconomic problems. This paper reviews the environmental and socioeconomic challenges that the shrimp aquaculture industry faces using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method. We examine the gaps and the changes that are required to revitalize the industry. We examine and assess the impacts of shrimp culture on the environment, e.g., shrimp farm management, marine pollution, disease outbreaks, and the social, economic, and climate change impacts. The presence of viral diseases, such as White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV), Monodon Baculovirus (MBV), Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHHNV), Hepatopancreatic Parvovirus (HPV), and Yellow Head Virus (YHV), have caused approximate losses in the industry of 40,080 mt in 1997, and 51,000 mt in 2014. Recommended strategies and policy changes are considered for the improvement of shrimp aquaculture, including disease management, the adoption of good aquaculture practices, proper environmental monitoring, sustainable practices at the farm level, and priorities for cooperation among the concerned government agencies and local governments, as well as the involvement of state universities and colleges, for better management practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Climate Change on the Economics and the Sustainability of Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture)

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14 pages, 465 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Overcoming Barriers to the Implementation of Cleaner Production in Small Enterprises in the Mechanics Industry: Exploring Economic Gains and Contributions for Sustainable Development Goals

by Geraldo Cardoso de Oliveira Neto, Roberto Rodrigues Leite, Wagner Cezar Lucato, Rosangela Maria Vanalle, Marlene Amorim, João Carlos Oliveira Matias and Vikas Kumar

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2944; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052944 - 3 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6627

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the economic and environmental gains that result from the implementation of cleaner production in a small enterprise (SE) from the metal and mechanics industry, allowing for overcoming barriers and contributing to sustainable development goals. The [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the economic and environmental gains that result from the implementation of cleaner production in a small enterprise (SE) from the metal and mechanics industry, allowing for overcoming barriers and contributing to sustainable development goals. The research work builds on a case study that involved several data sources, including semi structured interviewing and non-participant observation. Data analysis involved the calculation of mass balance, building solid and liquid waste that were minimized in the process. The results suggest that cleaner production led to economic gains, by allowing for reduction in losses and promoting a better use of raw materials. It also led to environmental improvements by means of the implementation of a wastewater treatment station that allowed for the reuse of water in the manufacturing process. It was concluded that the economic gain in the project played a determinant role for the SE to overcome the barriers for the implementation of CP and leading to the reduction of the environmental impact in the abiotic, biotic, water and air compartments, as estimated with the Mass Intensity Factor. The study offers a timely and relevant contribution for the literature in the field, while offering insights for o managerial practice, and the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals defined by the United Nations Development Program. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cleaner Production Practices and Sustainable Development)

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26 pages, 2218 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Importance of a Natural Social Contract and Co-Evolutionary Governance for Sustainability Transitions

by Patrick Huntjens and René Kemp

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2976; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052976 - 3 Mar 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6630

Abstract

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic offers an opportunity for dealing with persistent problems, through a transformative recovery process. It is a crisis that offers opportunities for dealing with three interrelated crises: the ecological crisis (climate change, loss of biodiversity, resource depletion, pollution [...] Read more.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic offers an opportunity for dealing with persistent problems, through a transformative recovery process. It is a crisis that offers opportunities for dealing with three interrelated crises: the ecological crisis (climate change, loss of biodiversity, resource depletion, pollution and ecosystem destruction), the confidence crisis (people losing trust in government, politics, companies, regular news channels, science, each other and the future), and the inequality crisis (the widening of the gap between rich and poor). Our argument is that sustainability transitions will not succeed without a different economy and another social contract with rights and duties of care for the environment and the well-being of others, including future generations. A different social contract is not only desirable from the point of view of sustainability and fairness, and justice and equality, but it is also necessary to restore citizens’ trust in politics, government, companies and each other. In the paper we discuss mechanisms towards a Natural Social Contract: systemic leverage points for system transformations and possibilities for co-evolutionary governance by actor coalitions interested in transformative change. The combination of those three elements helps to synchronize different agendas and reduce the chance that they will work against each other. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Policy and Governance: Evolutionary Perspectives)

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14 pages, 297 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Storytelling as an Educational Tool in Sustainable Education

by Maria Hofman-Bergholm

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2946; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052946 - 3 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4682

Abstract

In this theoretical paper, a multidisciplinary framework is structured to enable the formation of a shared understanding of the need to combine education for sustainability, traditional knowledge, transformative learning, systems thinking, and storytelling. The paper summarizes results from some fairly new studies on [...] Read more.

In this theoretical paper, a multidisciplinary framework is structured to enable the formation of a shared understanding of the need to combine education for sustainability, traditional knowledge, transformative learning, systems thinking, and storytelling. The paper summarizes results from some fairly new studies on sustainability implementation in education, recognizes problems, and provides alternative suggestions on how to address problems that prevent the integration of sustainability in education. An increase in ecological illiteracy in society and lost contact with nature seem to occur within the now-growing generation. In research literature, it is largely agreed that systems thinking needs to be developed in order to understand the concept of sustainability. Reviewing research in the field, systems dynamics, simulations, and case studies are highlighted as possible pedagogical tools to emerge in the understanding of sustainability. However, do we still only preform information transformation? To transform both education and society, transformative learning must be adopted. This paper would like to emphasize the capacity of storytelling to make sustainability more easily accessible. Storytelling as a pedagogical tool for learning sustainability is still a bit overshadowed, but the idea of sustainability can be traced far back in aboriginal cultures, where storytelling has been used to transfer traditional knowledge from one generation to the next. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Biology, Geography and Interdisciplinary Studies and Sustainable Pedagogies)

19 pages, 4354 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Critical Junctures in Sustainable Social Housing Policy Development in Saudi Arabia: A Review

by Khalid Abdullah Mulhim Al Mulhim, Mohammad Shahidul Hasan Swapan and Shahed Khan

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2979; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052979 - 3 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4327

Abstract

Historicising social housing delivery approach is extensively carried out for Western countries, but studies of social housing policy journey are less focused on developing nations and examining the policy development within resource-abundant Middle Eastern countries is even rarer. Applying a critical juncture approach [...] Read more.

Historicising social housing delivery approach is extensively carried out for Western countries, but studies of social housing policy journey are less focused on developing nations and examining the policy development within resource-abundant Middle Eastern countries is even rarer. Applying a critical juncture approach through the historical institutionalism lens, this paper seeks to understand the evolution of social housing policies within the Saudi Arabian context. An in-depth policy review suggests that the institutional response in this sector has transitioned from a public-welfare perspective to a more neoliberal vision in recent times. The study also indicates a time-lag in policy development regarding social housing within the urban development process in Saudi Arabia compared to global movement. During the past few years, the government has begun to focus on social housing under the developmental housing program with a commitment to link these strategies to the Saudi Vision 2030. While this is a significant policy-shift in the service delivery approach, such vision could be workable as long as sufficient room is built in for other non-government actors to work within their specific protocols and frameworks as they collaborate to provide affordable and appropriate housing for the neediest groups of the society. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Efficiency, Fairness and Sustainability in Social Housing Policy and Projects)

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13 pages, 2882 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Images to Evoke Decision-Making: Building Compelling Representations for Stakeholder-Driven Futures

by Daniel Cronan, E. Jamie Trammell and Andrew (Anaru) Kliskey

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2980; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052980 - 3 Mar 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2442

Abstract

Contemporary landscape planning challenges require an increasingly diverse ensemble of voices, including regional stakeholders, physical scientists, social scientists, and technical experts, to provide insight into a landscape’s past trends, current uses, and desired future. To impactfully integrate these disparate components, stakeholder-driven research must [...] Read more.

Contemporary landscape planning challenges require an increasingly diverse ensemble of voices, including regional stakeholders, physical scientists, social scientists, and technical experts, to provide insight into a landscape’s past trends, current uses, and desired future. To impactfully integrate these disparate components, stakeholder-driven research must include clear lines of communication, share data transparently, and slowly develop trust. Alternative future scenario representations aim to generate conversations through discourse, evoke scenario-based stakeholder input, and ensure stakeholder-based revisions to research models. The current literature lacks a metric for gauging effectiveness and a framework for optimal evaluation for future scenario representations. We have developed and applied a metric for a ranked set of compelling scenario representations using stakeholder input from an active research project. Researchers surveyed stakeholders through a case study in Idaho’s Magic Valley to gauge the effectiveness of each representational approach. To improve future stakeholder-driven geodesign projects and gaps in the research literature, this project provides a ranking of graphic strategies based on the stakeholder survey. Additionally, we provide examples and evaluate graphic representation strategies that can stimulate meaningful conversations, create common understandings, and translate research processes and findings to a variety of audiences. The results of this study intend to provide landscape architects, landscape planners, and geodesign specialists with a framework for evaluating compelling future scenario representations for a stakeholder group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trajectories of Change in Food-Energy-Water Systems: Exploring Futures of Landscape-scale Systems Using Community Engagement Methodologies)

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14 pages, 4413 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Response Surface Method to Calculate Energy Savings Associated with Thermal Comfort Improvement in Buildings

by Juan García-Cuadrado, Andrea Conserva, Juan Aranda, David Zambrana-Vasquez, Tatiana García-Armingol and Gema Millán

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2933; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052933 - 2 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3405

Abstract

In developed countries, a large part of the building stock in 2050 will consist of currently existing buildings. Consequently, in order to achieve the objectives in terms of energy efficiency in the building sector we must consider not only new infrastructures but also [...] Read more.

In developed countries, a large part of the building stock in 2050 will consist of currently existing buildings. Consequently, in order to achieve the objectives in terms of energy efficiency in the building sector we must consider not only new infrastructures but also the old ones. A reduction in energy consumption for climate control of between 50 and 90% can be achieved by rehabilitation and the implementation of different energy efficiency measures. Currently, these measures to reduce energy consumption and associated CO₂ emissions can be modelled using computer tools. However, high precision and detail of thermal behaviour models through simulations can mean a great computational cost for companies, which results in a blockage of servers and workers. In this paper, the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is presented as an innovative methodology for the simplification of models for calculation of the energy savings associated with thermal comfort improvement in buildings. A single-family house model, located in three different climates, is presented as a case study in order to validate the proposed methodology. Different scenarios were simulated, addressing heating and cooling temperature set points and external wall insulation represented by the transmittance (U-value). Results obtained from energy simulation using Design Builder were contrasted against those estimated from the simplified model extracted from the RSM analysis. The results revealed a deviation lower than 3% when comparing both methods. Therefore, the simplified mathematical prediction models are demonstrated to be suitable for the study of the energy performance of buildings, saving computational time, costs and associated human resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Green Building)

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25 pages, 6461 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Optimal Planning of Remote Microgrids with Multi-Size Split-Diesel Generators

by Gabriel Andres Rojas Cardenas, Rahmat Khezri, Amin Mahmoudi and Solmaz Kahourzadeh

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2892; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052892 - 2 Mar 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2312

Abstract

This paper proposes a multi-size Split-diesel generator (Split-DG) model with three different sizes of DGs and more switching configurations compared to the existing split-DG models. The proposed multi-size Split-DG system is examined for optimal sizing of remote microgrids with and without renewable-battery system. [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a multi-size Split-diesel generator (Split-DG) model with three different sizes of DGs and more switching configurations compared to the existing split-DG models. The proposed multi-size Split-DG system is examined for optimal sizing of remote microgrids with and without renewable-battery system. As a novel concept, multi-size Split-DG is used to reduce contamination, cost, and dumped power by using multiple small DGs to replace the single-size large DG. As another contribution of this study, a practical model is developed by considering the capacity degradation of components, spinning reserve, as well as DG’s and fuel tank’s constraints. The optimization problem is solved using a variable weighting particle swarm optimization (VW-PSO) algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed Split-DG systems, optimized by the developed VW-PSO, is verified by comparing the results with conventional single-size DG system and the system optimized by conventional PSO. While the formulated optimization problem is general and can be used for any remote microgrids, an aboriginal community in South Australia is examined in this study. For this purpose, realistic data of load and weather, as well as technical and economic data of components, are used. It is found that the Split-DG-PV-WT-BES system has the lowest electricity cost compared to the systems without BES, or without PV and WT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of AI, IoT, and Blockchain in Smart Grids with Distributed Energy Resources)

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19 pages, 10789 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Different Ground Subsidence Contributions Revealed by Integrated Discussion of Sentinel-1 Datasets, Well Discharge, Stratigraphical and Geomorphological Data: The Case of the Gioia Tauro Coastal Plain (Southern Italy)

by Giuseppe Cianflone, Giovanni Vespasiano, Cristiano Tolomei, Rosanna De Rosa, Rocco Dominici, Carmine Apollaro, Kristine Walraevens and Maurizio Polemio

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2926; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052926 - 2 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4539

Abstract

Groundwater is the main water supply for agricultural and industrial needs in many coastal plains worldwide. Groundwater depletion often triggers land subsidence, which threatens manmade infrastructure and activities and aggravates other geohazards. We applied a multi-temporal interferometric synthetic aperture radar technique to Sentinel-1 [...] Read more.

Groundwater is the main water supply for agricultural and industrial needs in many coastal plains worldwide. Groundwater depletion often triggers land subsidence, which threatens manmade infrastructure and activities and aggravates other geohazards. We applied a multi-temporal interferometric synthetic aperture radar technique to Sentinel-1 datasets to detect ground motion in the Gioia Tauro plain (Calabria, Southern Italy) from 2018 to 2021. The InSAR data were analysed through the integrated use of groundwater head, stratigraphical and geomorphological data, and land use information to distinguish the potential subsidence divers. The results show that subsiding areas, with a mean rate of about 10 mm/yr, are in the middle of the plain, and their location is influenced by the spatial distribution of compressible sediments included in the shallow aquifer. Furthermore, the subsidence arrangement is spatially accordant with the main groundwater depression area, which can be ascribed to the ongoing and increasing water pumping for predominantly agricultural usage. We also observed that subsidence (up to 10 mm/yr) affects the western dock of the Gioia Tauro harbour, in front of which, in very shallow water, are two submarine canyon heads already affected by slides in the past. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Approaches for Sustainable Management of Coastal Areas)

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30 pages, 81810 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessment of Drought-Tolerant Provenances of Austria’s Indigenous Tree Species

by Gerhard Karrer, Gabriele Bassler-Binder and Wolfgang Willner

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2861; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052861 - 1 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3395

Abstract

(1) Background: Forestry will have to react to climate change because many tree species suffer. Mitigation can be realized either by planting non-native trees from regions with high climatic stress or by utilizing native tree provenances already adapted to stressful environments. Non-native trees [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Forestry will have to react to climate change because many tree species suffer. Mitigation can be realized either by planting non-native trees from regions with high climatic stress or by utilizing native tree provenances already adapted to stressful environments. Non-native trees have often generated problems in the past due to uncontrolled invasiveness. The use of native trees pre-adapted to the prospective climatic conditions is far less risky for the respective ecosystems. We offer a tool for selecting ecotypes of native trees as provenances for future forestry. (2) Methods: We propose the selection of tree species native to Middle Europe from a database of vegetation relevés of ± natural forest stands. By calculating the mean ecological indicator values of stands from their vegetation, cover sites can be elected that can provide seeds of provenances well adapted to future climatic conditions. (3) Results: By selecting the 10% partition of the most extreme stands of European tree species, seeds can be sampled and propagated for re-cultivating forests fit for future climate. (4) Conclusions: One can expect ecotypes of tree species that grow well on dry sites, since generations have faced evolutionary selection, for survival under stressful environments. This approach helps to avoid ecological risks of non-native trees. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selecting Climate Resilient Tree Species for Forest Restoration – What Is Necessary and What Is Possible?)

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15 pages, 698 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Returns to Disease Resistance Research When Pest Management Is an Option

by Daniel F. Mooney, Scott M. Swinton, Cristian Subía and Eduardo Peralta

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2859; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052859 - 1 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2209

Abstract

Resistant cultivars offer a pathway to sustainable intensification by maintaining yields and reducing inputs in the face of disease pressure. Past studies of economic returns to crop breeding research for disease resistance measured farm-level benefits, by comparing yields for improved resistant varieties (RVs) [...] Read more.

Resistant cultivars offer a pathway to sustainable intensification by maintaining yields and reducing inputs in the face of disease pressure. Past studies of economic returns to crop breeding research for disease resistance measured farm-level benefits, by comparing yields for improved resistant varieties (RVs) to susceptible traditional varieties. This approach will poorly approximate actual research benefits if non-RV pest management options exist, because it does not account for farmer pest control behavior. We propose a unit cost model that controls for farm-level yields and pesticide inputs. The model estimates the difference in unit variable costs (UVC), with and without disease pressure for RV adopters and non-adopters, while holding pest control inputs, farm characteristics, and other factors fixed. We apply the model to data from 136 bean farmer households in northern Ecuador, where RV research is ongoing and fungicide use is widespread. We find no difference in UVC, with and without disease pressure for non-adopters. For adopters, UVC is 24% lower with disease pressure than without. This translates to an ex-post net present value (NPV) of USD 698,828 and an internal rate of return (IRR) of 17%, compared to an NPV of USD 887,391 and IRR of 29%, when accounting for yield differences only. The results oblige impact assessments to account for changes in yields and input costs when pest management is an option. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Agricultural Production of Crop Plants)

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15 pages, 5617 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Characteristics of Gym-Goers Performance-Enhancing Substance Use

by Ana Sofia R. Tavares, Elisabete Carolino, António Rosado, Luís Calmeiro and Sidónio Serpa

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2868; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052868 - 1 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3745

Abstract

The use of prohibited performance-enhancing substances (PES) in fitness and gym settings is a public health concern as knowledge concerning its short-term and long-term adverse health consequences is emerging. Understanding the underlying psychosocial mechanisms of PES use and the characteristics of the gym-goers [...] Read more.

The use of prohibited performance-enhancing substances (PES) in fitness and gym settings is a public health concern as knowledge concerning its short-term and long-term adverse health consequences is emerging. Understanding the underlying psychosocial mechanisms of PES use and the characteristics of the gym-goers who use PES could help identify those who are most vulnerable to PES use. The aim of this study was to investigate the profile (e.g., sociodemographic factors, exercise profile, gym modalities, peers, and social influence) and psychosocial determinants (e.g., attitudes, subjective norms, beliefs, and intentions) of PES users in gym and fitness contexts. In total, 453 gym-goers (mean age = 35.64 years; SD = 13.08) completed an online survey. Neural networks showed a global profile of PES users characterized by a desire to increase muscle mass, shape their body, and improve physical condition; being advised by friends, training colleagues and coaches or on the Internet; less formal education, and more positive beliefs for PES use. These results may support public health and clinical interventions to prevent abusive use of PES and improve the health and well-being of gym-goers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport Psychology and Sustainable Health and Well-being)

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20 pages, 10700 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Development of a Multicriteria Scheme for the Identification of Strategic Areas for SUDS Implementation: A Case Study from Gijón, Spain

by Antonio Menéndez Suárez-Inclán, Cristina Allende-Prieto, Jorge Roces-García, Juan P. Rodríguez-Sánchez, Luis A. Sañudo-Fontaneda, Carlos Rey-Mahía and Felipe P. Álvarez-Rabanal

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2877; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052877 - 1 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3881

Abstract

Spain has been pinpointed as one of the European countries at major risk of extreme urban events. Thus, Spanish cities pursue new urban plans to increase their resilience. In this scenario, experiences in the implementation of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) have increased [...] Read more.

Spain has been pinpointed as one of the European countries at major risk of extreme urban events. Thus, Spanish cities pursue new urban plans to increase their resilience. In this scenario, experiences in the implementation of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) have increased substantially. Nevertheless, few cities have developed a global urban strategy for SUDS, lacking, in many cases, a method to identify strategic areas to maximize their synergetic benefits. Furthermore, there is still a need for a holistic Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) framework that considers the four pillars of SUDS design. The city of Gijón, NW Spain, has been selected as a case study due to its environmental and climatic stresses. This research presents the methodology developed for this city, which aims to analyze the need for SUDS implementation throughout the identification of strategic areas. With this aim, a combination of Geographic Information System (GIS) software and the MCDA Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) were proposed. The results show the potential for SUDS’ implementation, according to nine criteria related to the SUDS’ design pillars. We found that the areas where the implementation of SUDS would bring the greatest functional, environmental and social benefits are mainly located in consolidated urban areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geomatic Techniques Applied to Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems to help Urban and Land-Use Planning)

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22 pages, 4009 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Decentralized Processing Performance of Fruit and Vegetable Waste Discarded from Retail, Using an Automated Thermophilic Composting Technology

by Florin Nenciu, Iustina Stanciulescu, Horia Vlad, Andrei Gabur, Ovidiu Leonard Turcu, Tiberiu Apostol, Valentin Nicolae Vladut, Diana Mariana Cocarta and Constantin Stan

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2835; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052835 - 28 Feb 2022

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4961

Abstract

Food waste generation is increasing at an exponential rate, affecting the environment, food security, and causing major economic issues worldwide. The main aim of the current research is to investigate a novel composting technology that is still in its early stages of development. [...] Read more.

Food waste generation is increasing at an exponential rate, affecting the environment, food security, and causing major economic issues worldwide. The main aim of the current research is to investigate a novel composting technology that is still in its early stages of development. The proposed composting technology combining thermophilic composting with the use of advanced automated processing reactors. Starting from a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the waste generated at retail-stores, the most significant difficulties associated to waste management as well as the main characteristics of the discarded waste were identified. The findings allowed to design and evaluate the real operating performance of an automated thermophilic composting prototype (working in a decentralized regime), with the goal of delivering a faster processing system, improving operational efficiency, reducing expenses, and lowering environmental impacts. The proposed operating technique showed a high capacity for pathogens and seeds removal, the waste input mass reduction of 88%, and efficiency in food processing (2235 kg of fruits and vegetables in a 14-days timeframe). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Risk Assessment and Sustainable Remediation Approaches)

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17 pages, 1481 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Individual Diet Optimization in French Adults Shows That Plant-Based “Dairy-like” Products May Complement Dairy in Sustainable Diets

by Rozenn Gazan, Florent Vieux, Anne Lluch, Stephanie de Vriese, Beatrice Trotin and Nicole Darmon

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2817; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052817 - 28 Feb 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6263

Abstract

This study aimed to explore the potential role of plant-based “dairy-like” products (PBDL) in sustainable diets. For each individual from a representative sample of French adults (INCA2 survey 2006–2007; n = 1816), a diet optimized to be more sustainable (nutritionally adequate while having [...] Read more.

This study aimed to explore the potential role of plant-based “dairy-like” products (PBDL) in sustainable diets. For each individual from a representative sample of French adults (INCA2 survey 2006–2007; n = 1816), a diet optimized to be more sustainable (nutritionally adequate while having a 30% reduced carbon impact with minimal change from the actual diet and isocaloric content) was modelled. The food content of the optimized diets was compared to actual diets, with a focus on PBDL and dairy products. The presented quantitative results focused on women. Optimized diets contained more plant-based products and less meats than actual diets. PBDL products were present in 7.3% and 55.7% of the subjects’ actual and optimized diets, respectively, increasing significantly from 7 to 48 g/day. Regarding dairy products, cheese decreased (−14 g/day), milk increased (+14 g/day), and yogurt remained constant (87 g/day) between the actual and optimized diets, such that the intake of this food group remained constant (214 g/day). Women for whom PBDL products were introduced as new foods in their optimized diets were found to be those with actual low energy intake (1755 kcal/d on average). As a complement to dairy products, fortified PBDL products may help to achieve more sustainable diets, especially for individuals with low energy intakes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Food)

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9 pages, 1310 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sustainable Development: Use of Agricultural Waste Materials for Vanillic Acid Recovery from Wastewater

by María Dolores Víctor-Ortega, Ana S. Fajardo and Diego Airado-Rodríguez

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2818; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052818 - 28 Feb 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3192

Abstract

The management of agricultural waste is an important issue related to environment protection, as the inappropriate disposal of this waste yields negative effects on the environment. Proper management of industrial effluents is totally aligned with sustainable development goal (SDG) number six “clean water [...] Read more.

The management of agricultural waste is an important issue related to environment protection, as the inappropriate disposal of this waste yields negative effects on the environment. Proper management of industrial effluents is totally aligned with sustainable development goal (SDG) number six “clean water and sanitation”, as well as partially related to other several SDG. In this work, two agricultural waste materials were used for vanillic acid recovery from wastewater. In this scenario, vanillic acid could be considered as both an organic pollutant present in several industrial effluents and a high added-value product when isolated. Therefore, its removal from wastewaters, as well as its recovery and isolation, are very interesting from environmental and economical points of view. Peanut and pistachio shells were studied as no-cost and readily accessible potential adsorbents for the removal and recovery of vanillic acid from aqueous solutions. The evolution of equilibrium isotherms of vanillic acid on both biosorbents was investigated. Three isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin) were tested to fit the experimental equilibrium data and compared. The Langmuir model provided the best correlation for vanillic acid biosorption onto both peanut and pistachio shells. Finally, the negative values of ΔG indicated that the biosorption process was spontaneous and thermodynamically favorable for both agricultural waste materials. Accordingly, peanut and pistachio shells were shown to be very efficient low-cost adsorbents, and a promising alternative for vanillic acid recovery from industrial wastewaters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity Assessment and Remediation of Industrial Wastewater)

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20 pages, 6345 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Downscaling Food System for the ‘Public City’ Regeneration—An Experience of Social Agriculture in Trieste

by Sara Basso, Paola Di Biagi and Valentina Crupi

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2769; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052769 - 26 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2904

Abstract

The relationship between food and cities has been recognized as an area of interest for urban planning only recently, thanks to measures adopted at various government levels, locally and internationally. Rethinking the processes of food production, distribution, sale, consumption and recycling in a [...] Read more.

The relationship between food and cities has been recognized as an area of interest for urban planning only recently, thanks to measures adopted at various government levels, locally and internationally. Rethinking the processes of food production, distribution, sale, consumption and recycling in a sustainable and socially equitable way can contribute to making cities fairer, healthier and more resilient to climate change. Starting from these premises, our contribution explores, in particular, the hypothesis that rethinking the relationship between food and urban space can provide an opportunity to promote socio-spatial regeneration processes of public housing neighbourhoods, through projects and actions that involve their inhabitants. This hypothesis is argued starting from a project experience developed in Borgo San Sergio, a district of Trieste, Italy, which aims to consolidate and enhance practices of cultivation and distribution of food, but also of environmental education. The aim of the project is to create a short supply chain in which social agricultural enterprises are involved. The critical reflection stemming from the case study outlines some possible fields of intervention for an urban planning practice aimed at bringing the food system back to an urban and local scale—downscaling—with social and environmental justice goals consistent with the European Green Deal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards a Sustainable Urban Planning for the Green Deal Era)

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17 pages, 310 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Homebuilder Activities and Knowledge of Tree Preservation during Construction: Comparison of Practitioners in Rural and Urban Locations

by Keith O’Herrin, Richard Hauer, Kaitlyn Pike and Jess Vogt

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2753; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052753 - 26 Feb 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2578

Abstract

Preservation of existing trees is one of the few tools available to communities seeking to maintain or increase tree canopy coverage. This study compared the knowledge and activities of builders in an urban locale with a strict tree preservation ordinance and rigorous enforcement [...] Read more.

Preservation of existing trees is one of the few tools available to communities seeking to maintain or increase tree canopy coverage. This study compared the knowledge and activities of builders in an urban locale with a strict tree preservation ordinance and rigorous enforcement against a rural locale with no tree preservation ordinance. Overall, there were more similarities than differences between the two groups though some of those differences are very important. Urban builders and rural builders scored a very similar average of correct responses on questions testing their knowledge: 63% and 65%, respectively. The major difference between urban and rural appears to be in activities as dictated by ordinance. Urban builders were more likely to consult tree preservation experts and use tree fence to create tree protection zones. The successful tree preservation outcomes in the urban community are likely a direct result of ordinance requirements and enforcement by the City Forester, not builders’ knowledge or their conscious decisions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forward Thinking Urban Forest Management for Sustainable Cities)

18 pages, 1053 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Governance in the Italian Processed Tomato Value Chain: The Case for an Interbranch Organisation

by Antonella Samoggia, Francesca Monticone and Gianandrea Esposito

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2749; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052749 - 26 Feb 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3384

Abstract

Collective action among producers is a corrective measure for power imbalance, which affects primary producers in agro-food supply chains. As associations of producers and processors, Interbranch Organisations (IBOs) promote dialogue, best practice, and market transparency. However, interbranch cooperation is still a less explored [...] Read more.

Collective action among producers is a corrective measure for power imbalance, which affects primary producers in agro-food supply chains. As associations of producers and processors, Interbranch Organisations (IBOs) promote dialogue, best practice, and market transparency. However, interbranch cooperation is still a less explored subject in agro-food governance studies. Therefore, the present paper aims to analyse the role of IBO North Italy for Processing Tomato (IBO NIPT) in the governance of the processed tomato value chain. The IBO for Processing Tomatoes of Northern Italy was chosen as a case study as it is one of the eight recognized IBOs in the country and Italy is the third biggest producer of tomatoes for processing worldwide. Semi-structured interviews with stakeholders involved in the processed tomato value chain were carried out to reach this aim. Abridged transcripts were analysed through thematic analysis by two or three researchers. The present study has three research steps: first, to explore the history of the IBO NIPT; second, to explore its current role as collective institution acting towards power imbalances; third, the IBO’s role in reference price streamlining. A multi-theoretical approach based on the following three theoretical frameworks was used to analyse the interviews: New Institutional Economics (NIE); Devaux’s framework for collective action; and Transaction Cost Economics. The paper highlights the role of local institutions in bringing innovations in the food supply chain and suggests that the future of IBOs in Italy has to be expanded beyond reference price streamlining and could benefit from the cooperation of retailers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Approaches to Sustainable Development in Clusters and Regional Innovation Systems)

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22 pages, 2896 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Automated Estimation of Construction Equipment Emission Using Inertial Sensors and Machine Learning Models

by Farid Shahnavaz and Reza Akhavian

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2750; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052750 - 26 Feb 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3594

Abstract

The construction industry is one of the main producers of greenhouse gasses (GHG). With the looming consequences of climate change, sustainability measures including quantifying the amount of air pollution during a construction project have become an important project objective in the construction industry. [...] Read more.

The construction industry is one of the main producers of greenhouse gasses (GHG). With the looming consequences of climate change, sustainability measures including quantifying the amount of air pollution during a construction project have become an important project objective in the construction industry. A major contributor to air pollution during construction projects is the use of heavy equipment. Therefore, efficient operation and management can substantially reduce a project’s carbon footprint and other environmental harms. Using unintrusive and indirect methods to predict on-road vehicle emissions has been a widely researched topic. Nevertheless, the same is not true in the case of construction equipment. This paper describes the development and deployment of a framework that uses machine learning (ML) methods to predict the level of emissions from heavy construction equipment. Data is collected via an Internet of Things (IoT) approach with accelerometer and gyroscope sensors as data collection nodes. The developed framework was validated using an excavator performing real-world construction work. A portable emission measurement system (PEMS) was used along with the inertial sensors to record the amount of CO, NO_X, CO₂, SO₂, and CH₄ pollution emitted by the equipment. Different ML algorithms were developed and compared to identify the best model to predict emission levels from inertial sensors data. The results show that Random Forest with the coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.94, 0.91, and 0.94, and normalized root-mean-square error (NRMSE) of 4.25, 6.42, and 5.17 for CO, NO_X, and CO₂, respectively, was the best algorithm among different models evaluated in this study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable Construction Engineering and Built Environment)

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14 pages, 2655 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Comparison of Biosolids Production and System Efficiency between Activated Sludge, Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor, and Sequencing Batch Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor in the Dairy Wastewater Treatment

by Rui Boavida-Dias, João R. Silva, Andreia D. Santos, Rui C. Martins, Luis M. Castro and Rosa M. Quinta-Ferreira

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2702; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052702 - 25 Feb 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3667

Abstract

Dairy industry wastewater is rich in organic content, presenting a high biodegradability, and therefore biological treatments are widely employed. This study aimed to evaluate biosolids production in three systems: activated sludge (AS), movingbed biofilm reactor (MBBR), and sequencingbatch movingbed biofilm reactor (SBMBBR). Simulated [...] Read more.

Dairy industry wastewater is rich in organic content, presenting a high biodegradability, and therefore biological treatments are widely employed. This study aimed to evaluate biosolids production in three systems: activated sludge (AS), movingbed biofilm reactor (MBBR), and sequencingbatch movingbed biofilm reactor (SBMBBR). Simulated dairy wastewater was used at different organic load rates (OLRs): 1.22, 2.87, and 5.44 g_COD L⁻¹d⁻¹. Besides biosolids production, COD, total carbon (TC), and total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency was evaluated. Biosolids production was measured in the mixed liquor, carrier-adhered biomass, treated wastewater, and surplus sludge. The operational conditions were kept similar for the three systems, with a carrier filling ratio of 50% for MBBR and SBMBBR. The SBMBBR proved to have better performance in the removal efficiencies of COD, TC, and TN for all OLRs studied. The MBBR presented a similar COD and TC removal efficiency as the SBBR for the two highest OLRs (2.87 and 5.44 g_COD L⁻¹d⁻¹). Concerning biosolids production, the MBBR system produced less biomass and delivered the lowest amount of adhered biomass inside the carriers. The AS treatment generated the highest amount of sludge and offered the worst treatment capability for all OLRs evaluated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity Assessment and Remediation of Industrial Wastewater)

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18 pages, 5577 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Methodology of Cyclical Research of the Tourist Image of Podkarpackie Province (Poland)—A Proposal of a Solution and Selected Research Results

by Beata Jolanta Gierczak-Korzeniowska, Mateusz Stopa and Krzysztof Szpara

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2673; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052673 - 25 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1989

Abstract

The attractiveness to tourists of Podkarpackie Province is related to its natural diversity and rich cultural heritage. The communes located in the southern, Carpathian part of the province are the most attractive tourist destinations. However, the volume of tourist traffic in Podkarpackie Province [...] Read more.

The attractiveness to tourists of Podkarpackie Province is related to its natural diversity and rich cultural heritage. The communes located in the southern, Carpathian part of the province are the most attractive tourist destinations. However, the volume of tourist traffic in Podkarpackie Province differs from many other regions in Poland. It is visited by far fewer tourists than might be expected. In order to conduct a more effective tourist policy, it was necessary to acquire knowledge on the structure of tourism in the region and its image. The aim of this article is to present the proprietary methodology of cyclical research of the tourist image of Podkarpackie Province and the key results of the research conducted in 2021. The proposed set of methods and techniques includes: (1) an analysis of strategic documents in terms of the assumed tourist image (Atlas.ti), (2) a verification of search trends for keywords related to the identified associations (Google Trends), and (3) a search of widely available internet resources for spontaneously generated content (Google Search). The obtained results indicate that potential tourists find online information about tourist assets deviating from the planned tourist image presented in the strategic document. First of all, they look for opinions and tips on specific tourist attractions. In the perceptions of average, potential tourists, some sub-regions such as the Low Beskids and the Southern Roztocze are practically unnoticeable. They clearly ‘lose’ with the Bieszczady, which are most associated with the region. Ultimately, the comprehensive image research consists of qualitative and quantitative modules. Only the combination of both will allow for a holistic view of the image of the region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Tourism Image and Branding)

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16 pages, 2030 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Practitioners’ Perceptions of Co-Product Allocation Methods in Biorefinery Development—A Case Study of the Austrian Pulp and Paper Industry

by Julia Wenger, Stefan Pichler, Annukka Näyhä and Tobias Stern

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2619; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052619 - 24 Feb 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3004

Abstract

The utilization of coproducts is a strategy that can be applied to increase the economic and environmental performance of industrial processes and thus reach an objective targeted in several environmental policies. In multi-output production processes, allocation needs to be performed to assess the [...] Read more.

The utilization of coproducts is a strategy that can be applied to increase the economic and environmental performance of industrial processes and thus reach an objective targeted in several environmental policies. In multi-output production processes, allocation needs to be performed to assess the products’ environmental and economic performance. It is crucial to choose an adequate allocation method, because this choice has been shown to strongly influence overall outcomes. Consequently, rash choices can lead to poor decision-making. Various ways to apply and combine allocation methods can be found in the academic literature, but it is often difficult to find sufficient guidance on how to choose an allocation method for a specific context. This study explores practitioners’ perceptions of the cost and environmental impact allocation methods used in biorefinery development (lignin, fiber fines) by applying the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Results indicate that professional background represents a major factor influencing individual preferences and, thus, the selection of specific allocation methods. Policy makers should be aware that practitioners with different professional backgrounds have varying preferences for different allocation methods and that this influences the overall assessments. These factors, in turn, affect the interpretation of results, further decision-making and, ultimately, the realization of environmentally sound and economically viable biorefinery projects. This issue deserves more attention in biorefineries, but also in other multi-output production processes. The findings indicate a need to consider multidisciplinary, diverse views and knowledge when conducting such assessments and to display the underlying approaches transparently. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioeconomy of Sustainability)

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12 pages, 3243 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Taranto’s Long Shadow? Cancer Mortality Is Higher for People Living Closer to One of the Most Polluted City of Italy

by Roberto Cazzolla Gatti and Alena Velichevskaya

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2662; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052662 - 24 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2560

Abstract

A national-scale study in Italy showed an incidence of cancer higher in the territories indicated as highly polluted compared to the regional average. One of them, the city of Taranto in Apulia (Italy), which is considered one of the most polluted cities in [...] Read more.

A national-scale study in Italy showed an incidence of cancer higher in the territories indicated as highly polluted compared to the regional average. One of them, the city of Taranto in Apulia (Italy), which is considered one of the most polluted cities in Europe, has numerous industrial activities that impact population health. We studied the epidemiological effects of a high level of pollution produced by the industrial area of Taranto in increasing the mortality rate for some specific cancer types in the city and towns of the two provinces located downwind. We analysed 10-year mortality rates for 15 major types of tumours reported among the residents of Taranto, of eight surrounding towns, randomly placed within an imaginary cone in the main wind direction from the vertex of the industrial zone of Taranto, and of the two related provinces (Bari and Taranto’s metropolitan areas). Our results confirm our hypothesis that the mortality rate for some specific types of cancer is higher than the norm in the municipality of Taranto. We also found strong evidence that, for 12 out of 15 tumour types, mortality decreases with the distance of the other towns from Taranto’s industrial site. However, we have reasons to believe that other local causes may be implicated in the excess of mortality in some specific municipalities besides the potential dispersal of pollutants from the industrial area of Taranto. The proximity to Taranto cannot, in fact, explain all the anomalies detected in some populations. It is likely that other site-specific sources of heavy pollution are playing a role in worsening the death toll of these towns and this must be taken into serious consideration by environmental policymakers and local authorities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Contamination with Emerging Contaminants; Associated Health Risks and Remediation Strategies)

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25 pages, 4932 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Techno-Economic Analysis of Scenarios on Energy and Phosphorus Recovery from Mono- and Co-Combustion of Municipal Sewage Sludge

by Marzieh Bagheri, Marcus Öhman and Elisabeth Wetterlund

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2603; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052603 - 23 Feb 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3284

Abstract

This study evaluates the techno-economic feasibility of energy and phosphorus (P) fertilizer (PF) recovery from municipal sewage sludge (MSS) through incineration in new combustion plants. We evaluated the economic impact of five critical process design choices: (1) boiler type, (2) fuel (MSS mono-combustion/co-combustion [...] Read more.

This study evaluates the techno-economic feasibility of energy and phosphorus (P) fertilizer (PF) recovery from municipal sewage sludge (MSS) through incineration in new combustion plants. We evaluated the economic impact of five critical process design choices: (1) boiler type, (2) fuel (MSS mono-combustion/co-combustion with wheat straw), (3) production scale (10/100 MW), (4) products (heat, electricity, PF), and (5) ash destination. Aspen Plus modeling provided mass and energy balances of each technology scenario. The economic feasibility was evaluated by calculating the minimum selling price of the products, as well as the MSS gate fees required to reach profitability. The dependency on key boundary conditions (operating time, market prices, policy support) was also evaluated. The results showed a significant dependency on both energy and fertilizer market prices and on financial support in the form of an MSS gate fee. Heat was preferred over combined heat and power (CHP), which was feasible only on the largest scale (100 MW) at maximum annual operating time (8000 h/y). Co-combustion showed lower heat recovery cost (19–30 €/MWh) than mono-combustion (29–66 €/MWh) due to 25–35% lower energy demand and 17–25% higher fuel heating value. Co-combustion also showed promising performance for P recovery, as PF could be recovered without ash post-treatment and sold at a competitive price, and co-combustion could be applicable also in smaller cities. When implementing ash post-treatment, the final cost of ash-based PF was more than four times the price of commercial PF. In conclusion, investment in a new combustion plant for MSS treatment appears conditional to gate fees unless the boundary conditions would change significantly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Valorization of Residues from Energy Conversion of Biomass for Advanced and Sustainable Material Applications)

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24 pages, 5713 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Architectural Quality and the Housing Market: Values of the Late Twentieth Century Built Heritage

by Alice Barreca

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2565; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052565 - 23 Feb 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2614

Abstract

The assessment of the ‘quality’ of built heritage is a complex transdisciplinary issue, which both public administrations and real estate developers need to carefully consider when making any interventions. Recent international climate regulations underline that currently around 75% of buildings in the EU [...] Read more.

The assessment of the ‘quality’ of built heritage is a complex transdisciplinary issue, which both public administrations and real estate developers need to carefully consider when making any interventions. Recent international climate regulations underline that currently around 75% of buildings in the EU are not energy efficient. In Italy, those inefficient buildings are more than 50 years old and, if subjected to retrofit interventions, risk being totally transformed and losing their historical value in favor of a more contemporary use. This work aimed to study the residential heritage of the second half of the 20th century in the real estate market and to understand if, how, and in what measure the building and architectonical qualities are recognized and monetized by buyers. The city of Turin was chosen as a study area, and residential building qualities were analyzed using two quality indicators to perform a GWR on market POIs. The results highlighted that housing historical qualities are not homogeneously recognized by the real estate market, in favor of green ones. This work can help both public and private bodies to identify which ‘invisible’ quality residential buildings are immediately exploitable for enhancement strategies, with more respectful retrofitting interventions and a modern protection policy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Retrofit Actions in Great Buildings)

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32 pages, 7493 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Transition towards a Sustainable Mobility in a Suburbanising Urban Area: The Case of Barcelona

by Fernando Gil-Alonso, Cristina López-Villanueva and Jenniffer Thiers-Quintana

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2560; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052560 - 23 Feb 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4675

Abstract

This article aims to address the apparent contradiction between the urban demographic and migratory trends and the transition towards a more sustainable mobility that local and metropolitan governments seek. To that end, it uses the case of Barcelona, and its metropolitan area during [...] Read more.

This article aims to address the apparent contradiction between the urban demographic and migratory trends and the transition towards a more sustainable mobility that local and metropolitan governments seek. To that end, it uses the case of Barcelona, and its metropolitan area during the first decades of the 21st century, characterized by suburbanisation and gentrification. Employing demographic, mobility and transport, and air quality statistics, we intend to analyse: (a) the spatial demographic trends in the metropolitan area of Barcelona (AMB), particularly regarding the core and periphery population growth or decline; (b) trends in daily mobility and how the public and private transport mix has changed; and (c) pollution data changes confirming the success or failure of the private vehicle reduction policy. Findings confirm our initial hypothesis: the slow but steady transition towards sustainable forms of mobility in the core city and the dense contiguous municipalities is counterbalanced by what occurs in the peripheral suburbs. There, the use of private vehicles is still preeminent and growing. Nevertheless, the air quality has improved in the most central municipalities of the AMB (for which data are available), even if not all parameters have seen a similar pollution reduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Car-Free Cities: Urban Planning Strategies to Reduce Private Transport)

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12 pages, 3964 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparison of Mechanical, Assisted and Manual Harvest of Origanum vulgare L.

by Antonio Comparetti, Carlo Greco, Santo Orlando, Salvatore Ciulla and Michele Massimo Mammano

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2562; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052562 - 23 Feb 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2769

Abstract

In Italy, the production of Origanum vulgare L. is lower than the national market demand, so there is an increasing interest in this crop, even if the manual harvest and bunch binding represent ca. 60% of the production cost. The aim of this [...] Read more.

In Italy, the production of Origanum vulgare L. is lower than the national market demand, so there is an increasing interest in this crop, even if the manual harvest and bunch binding represent ca. 60% of the production cost. The aim of this work is to evaluate the harvest efficiency, as well as the working capacity, productivity and quality of mechanical harvesting by means of a reaper-binder designed for cereal and forage crops and assisted harvesting by means of a long-reach edge trimmer. In fact, the final aim is to suggest a machine and a method for oregano harvesting that could significantly reduce the time and, therefore, the cost of this crop operation, while achieving a product quality similar to that obtained by manual harvesting. Tests of mechanical and assisted harvesting were carried out using a reaper-binder after modifying it (i.e., reducing its forward speed, cutting height and bunch size to improve its working capacity, productivity and quality) and an edge trimmer, respectively. The tests of mechanical and assisted harvesting were compared with manual harvesting. In the testing field, with an irregular shape and an area of one hectare, nine rows were selected and divided into three replications, each comprising three tests, i.e., mechanical, assisted and manual harvesting. The modified reaper-binder allowed us to achieve working capacity and productivity rates much higher than those obtained with manual harvesting. Moreover, its harvest quality, in terms of bunch weight and binding height, favourably compares with that manually obtained. Furthermore, the edge trimmer allowed us to achieve working capacity and productivity rates lower than those obtained by means of the reaper-binder but much higher than in manual harvesting. Thus, the reaper-binder can minimise the harvest time and, therefore, cost while harvesting bunches slightly bigger than those manually harvested, even if it requires a high initial investment cost. Instead, the edge trimmer can be a cheap solution for reducing the harvest time and cost. Therefore, mechanical and assisted harvesting could spread oregano production in areas of inland Sicily and other Mediterranean regions that are often cultivated with low-profit herbaceous plant species or lie fallow. Thus, it would be possible to increase farmers’ incomes and job opportunities, as well as preventing or minimising the hydrogeological instability in these areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosystems Engineering - Strategies for Sustainable Agricultural Mechanics)

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22 pages, 14403 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Pandemic COVID-19 on Air Quality at a Combustion Plant and Adjacent Areas

by Robert Cichowicz and Jacek Wiśniewski

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2594; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052594 - 23 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1709

Abstract

Following the emergence of the infectious disease COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-Cov-2, the WHO (World Health Organization) declared a pandemic in March 2020. The pandemic has affected people’s health, social behaviour, and the economy around the world. It has also had an [...] Read more.

Following the emergence of the infectious disease COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-Cov-2, the WHO (World Health Organization) declared a pandemic in March 2020. The pandemic has affected people’s health, social behaviour, and the economy around the world. It has also had an indirect impact on the environment, including atmospheric air quality, related to changes in the levels of pollutant emissions and the amounts of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere. The observed changes have, in part, been a consequence of restrictions on human movement, which has translated into an increase in water consumption, and consequently into an increase in the volume of wastewater. As a result, a new type of incoming load has appeared in sewage treatment plants. Municipal sewage sludge (MSS) is a waste product from the wastewater treatment process, containing substances that are hazardous to both the environment and humans (bacteria, pathogens, viruses). To dispose of these contaminants, MSS is thermally processed in specially designed installations. Thermal recycling technology is based on a fluidized bed, in which MSS is rapidly transformed at a temperature of at least 750 °C. Organic compounds are oxidized, gasified, and combusted. The exhaust fumes are emitted into the atmosphere. They also carry a load of pollutants, which can affect the air quality both on site and in the surroundings of the treatment plant. This paper presents measurements of air pollutant emissions and pollutant concentrations provided by the Group Sewage Treatment Plant in Łódź Itd. Łódź is a city located in Poland, in central Eastern Europe. The research covers the area of the wastewater treatment plant and its immediate surroundings within a radius of about 1.5 km. The data show the influence of the pandemic restrictions on the concentrations of gaseous substances, bacteria, fungi, and particulate matter on the state of air quality. Increased emissions of NOx (by 86%), PM10 (by 50%), HCl (by 37%), and SO2 (by 16%) were observed compared to the pre-COVID-19 period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring, Control and Limiting the Emission of Air Pollutants into the Atmosphere)

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19 pages, 29579 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Inter-Municipal Methodology for Climate Transition Strategies: The First Case in Italy

by Giovanni Litt, Elena Ferraioli, Filippo Magni, Giulia Lucertini and Francesco Musco

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2529; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052529 - 22 Feb 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2531

Abstract

To build resilient and climate-neutral cities, it is required to modify current territorial planning processes to make them more sustainable and virtuous. However, the implementation of new strategies and innovative governance models faces multiple obstacles, economic restrictions, and technical gaps. In particular, local [...] Read more.

To build resilient and climate-neutral cities, it is required to modify current territorial planning processes to make them more sustainable and virtuous. However, the implementation of new strategies and innovative governance models faces multiple obstacles, economic restrictions, and technical gaps. In particular, local governments often find it difficult to build structured transition processes. This article investigates how it is possible to respond effectively to the need of urban contexts to adapt to climate impacts, analyzing the case of the Climate Transition Strategy (CTS) “La Brianza Cambia Clima”, the first in Italy of this kind. Through the technical framework and the methodology described, the CTS can activate inter-municipal transformative actions through the mainstreaming of planning tools, the construction of a medium-long-term vision, and the identification of concrete and widespread actions to be implemented in the territory. This coordinated and shared strategic approach allows one to give stability, coherence, and continuity to adaptation processes involving different stakeholders and sectors of the Public Administration. Finally, it favors the implementation of multidisciplinary policies for territorial resilience on a large scale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Placing Climate Action)

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19 pages, 4019 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluation of Conventional and Sustainable Modifiers to Improve the Stiffness Behavior of Weak Sub-Grade Soil

by Syed Taseer Abbas Jaffar, Malik Muneeb Abid, Sikander Zaman Khan, Turab Jafri, Zia Ur Rehman, Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman Tariq and Anne W. M. Ng

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2493; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052493 - 22 Feb 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2330

Abstract

The paper focuses on the improvement of the clayey soil (A-6) with the locally available and cheap modifiers, in terms of stiffness behavior of the weak subgrade soil for flexible pavement. The modifiers used include lime (hydrated), marble waste and sand. The soil [...] Read more.

The paper focuses on the improvement of the clayey soil (A-6) with the locally available and cheap modifiers, in terms of stiffness behavior of the weak subgrade soil for flexible pavement. The modifiers used include lime (hydrated), marble waste and sand. The soil specimens underwent triaxial testing and Clegg impact testing. Triaxial testing involved the assessment of the resilient modulus (M_R) and impact testing using the Clegg Impact Hammer. According to the study, lime proved to be the most influencing modifier as it improves the stiffness of the weak soil better than other modifiers. A quite accurate statistical relationship between the M_R and the variables (including Clegg Impact) involved in the testing procedure has been established Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Using Waste Materials in Geotechnical and Pavement Engineering for Sustainable Construction)

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16 pages, 6010 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Decomposition Behavior of Biodegradable and Single-Use Tableware Items in the Warnow Estuary (Baltic Sea)

by Amina Baccar Chaabane, Esther Robbe, Gerald Schernewski and Hendrik Schubert

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2544; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052544 - 22 Feb 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3377

Abstract

Due to the increasing demand for alternative and supposedly more sustainable single-use tableware compared to conventional fossil-based plastic items, there now exists a broad variety of innovative new bio-based and biodegradable items. The aim of this research is to conduct a monitoring of [...] Read more.

Due to the increasing demand for alternative and supposedly more sustainable single-use tableware compared to conventional fossil-based plastic items, there now exists a broad variety of innovative new bio-based and biodegradable items. The aim of this research is to conduct a monitoring of the biodegradability of selected tableware items: polylactic acid (PLA), crystallized polylactic acid (CPLA), wood, palm leaf, paper/cellulose and sugar cane bagasse, as well as a common fossil-based plastic polystyrene (PS) as a comparative material in a water column, to determine their possible use as a substitute for single-use plastic flatware. In situ experiments were performed over a one-year period to consider changes in water temperature, salinity gradients, pH values and dissolved oxygen (DO). The main findings show that tableware items composed of palm leaf, sugar cane bagasse and paper are less resistant to estuary conditions. However, wood, PLA, CPLA and PS items showed a certain resistance during the experimentation period. Furthermore, items placed in the upper incubators degraded relatively faster than those of the same material but placed in the lower incubators. The results indicate that temperature and exposure to natural light could be an important factor in terms of accelerating the degradation of the materials considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Ecological Environment Restoration)

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28 pages, 1146 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Bioeconomic Entrepreneurship and Key Factors of Development: Lessons from Argentina

by Marcelo Sili and Jochen Dürr

Sustainability 2022, 14(4), 2447; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042447 - 21 Feb 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3200

Abstract

For Argentina, a country with large biomass availability, scientific-technological capacities and a strong agro-industrial sector, bioeconomy comes with an opportunity for sustainable local and national development. As key actors in bioeconomic transition processes, entrepreneurs become an important source of information for the design [...] Read more.

For Argentina, a country with large biomass availability, scientific-technological capacities and a strong agro-industrial sector, bioeconomy comes with an opportunity for sustainable local and national development. As key actors in bioeconomic transition processes, entrepreneurs become an important source of information for the design and implementation of bioeconomic strategies and policies. However, bioeconomic activity cannot guarantee sustainable development outcomes. Here, we examine factors that influenced bioeconomic entrepreneurship and related sustainability outcomes. Our case study involved interviews with 23 enterprises of varying size and technological level, covering the main sectors and regions of the Argentine bioeconomy. We identify five bioeconomic pathways with distinct characteristics. Among the main factors driving development in these pathways of the Argentinian bioeconomy, entrepreneurs emphasized the rich endowment with natural resources and the high level of scientific, technological and entrepreneurial capacities. Public policies, economic stability and regulatory frameworks were considered as the most critical barriers to bioeconomic development. Entrepreneurs saw their contribution to sustainable development primarily in the generation of new knowledge and employment. Ecological or social motives were less frequently reported. Despite agricultural commodity production being the mainstay of the Argentinian bioeconomy, small-scale local initiatives, which also include socio-institutional and agro-ecological innovations, are coming up. Recommendations to improve the competitiveness of the Argentinean bioeconomy include the elaboration of a national bioeconomic development policy with the participation of private actors and their organizations, and the scientific and technological complex. Moreover, regulatory and normative frameworks have to be adapted and bureaucratic obstacles be reduced. Finally, a national strategy for the bioeconomy in Argentina should pay more attention to entrepreneurship as a driver of transformation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioeconomy of Sustainability)

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15 pages, 1080 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring the Influence of Culture in the Present and Future of Multicultural Organizations: Comparing the Case of Spain and Latin America

by Rocío Rodríguez-Rivero, Isabel Ortiz-Marcos and Victoria E. Patiño-Arenas

Sustainability 2022, 14(4), 2327; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042327 - 18 Feb 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3429

Abstract

The present is bringing about significant change in many aspects of our lives, and this impact has also reached project management. Working with multicultural and virtual teams makes it necessary to review how these teams are managed in order to achieve the expected [...] Read more.

The present is bringing about significant change in many aspects of our lives, and this impact has also reached project management. Working with multicultural and virtual teams makes it necessary to review how these teams are managed in order to achieve the expected success of a project. A survey has been designed based on the six cultural dimensions proposed by Hofstede. It was completed by engineering students from Spain and Latin American countries, and defines behaviors associated with each cultural dimension and was personalized for a university context, in which the participants were living. Apart from perceived behaviors, the survey also measures desired ones. Therefore, its analysis makes it possible to detect both the existing differences between students in the countries analyzed, as well as the differences between the current situation and the desired situation perceived by participants. The latter information is relevant for anticipating possible changes in the behavior of teams in multicultural organizations. The results lead us to reflect on the aspects that can help to strengthen teamwork and its management when dealing with multicultural projects, especially those involving professionals from Spain and Latin America. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies for Sustainable Performance Assessment and Innovation in Project Management)

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15 pages, 580 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Bridging Academics’ Roles in Knowledge Diffusion in Sustainability-Driven Public–Private Partnerships: A Case Study of the SDGs Workshop in Central Japan

by Hoe Chin Goi, Muhammad Mohsin Hakeem and Frendy

Sustainability 2022, 14(4), 2378; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042378 - 18 Feb 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2180

Abstract

This article discusses the role of academics in knowledge diffusion among various stakeholders using a case study of a sustainability-oriented workshop to address issues of a local forest in central Japan. This research employs thematic analysis through interpreted data from documents, minutes of [...] Read more.

This article discusses the role of academics in knowledge diffusion among various stakeholders using a case study of a sustainability-oriented workshop to address issues of a local forest in central Japan. This research employs thematic analysis through interpreted data from documents, minutes of meetings, workshop interactions among stakeholders, debriefing sessions, questionnaires, and fieldwork findings of participants in a regional business school. The findings show that Bridging Academics (BAs) have effectively facilitated knowledge diffusion amongst global, national and local stakeholder clusters. The interactions among workshop stakeholders resulted in outcomes that enhanced awareness of knowledge gaps, fostered effective communication, enabled knowledge extension, and created shared values. The study contributes towards the understanding of academics’ roles in collaborative settings for sustainability and suggests a multi-node knowledge link model as a collaborative mechanism for knowledge diffusion. The study suggests implications for stakeholders and provides a use case relevant to sustainability-based regional development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Education and Sustainable Development Goals)

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15 pages, 1967 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Roles of Economic Development Level and Other Human System Factors in COVID-19 Spread in the Early Stage of the Pandemic

by Peilei Fan, Jiquan Chen and Tanni Sarker

Sustainability 2022, 14(4), 2342; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042342 - 18 Feb 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2033

Abstract

We identified four distinct clusters of 151 countries based on COVID-19 prevalence rate from 1 February 2020 to 29 May 2021 by performing nonparametric K-means cluster analysis (KmL). We forecasted future development of the clusters by using a nonlinear 3-parameter logistic (3PL) model, [...] Read more.

We identified four distinct clusters of 151 countries based on COVID-19 prevalence rate from 1 February 2020 to 29 May 2021 by performing nonparametric K-means cluster analysis (KmL). We forecasted future development of the clusters by using a nonlinear 3-parameter logistic (3PL) model, and found that peak points of development are the latest for Cluster I and earliest for Cluster IV. Based on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) for the first twenty weeks after 1 February 2020, we found that the prevalence rate of COVID-19 has been significantly influenced by major elements of human systems. Better health infrastructure, more restriction of human mobility, higher urban population density, and less urban environmental degradation are associated with lower levels of prevalence rate (PR) of COVID-19. The most striking discovery of this study is that economic development hindered the control of COVID-19 spread among countries in the early stage of the pandemic. Highlights: While richer countries have advantages in health and other urban infrastructures that may alleviate the prevalence rate of COVID-19, the combination of high economic development level and low restriction on human mobility has led to faster spread of the virus in the first 20 weeks after 1 February 2020. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global Environmental Health and Safety)

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20 pages, 1243 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Game Elements towards More Sustainable Learning in Object-Oriented Programming Course

by Vacius Jusas, Dominykas Barisas and Mindaugas Jančiukas

Sustainability 2022, 14(4), 2325; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042325 - 18 Feb 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2758

Abstract

Gamification of education is considered to have the capacity to increase students’ engagement in a learning process; to drive learning and skills acquisition; and creates changes for more sustainable behavior. Sustainable behavior is especially important in studying the initial courses at a university. [...] Read more.

Gamification of education is considered to have the capacity to increase students’ engagement in a learning process; to drive learning and skills acquisition; and creates changes for more sustainable behavior. Sustainable behavior is especially important in studying the initial courses at a university. Object-oriented programming (OOP) is such a course in the studies for a programmer’s diploma. We applied four elements of gamification: experience points, interactive content, local team, and global team. A local team is dedicated specifically to the OOP course, but all other game elements can be applied to any course. The course was implemented in a Moodle platform, where two additional plugins for experience points and interactive content were employed. Research using the implemented gamified course in the teaching process was carried out during the fall semester in 2020 and results compared to two previous non-gamified course years. A statistically insignificant increase in the mean grade was observed. Nevertheless, the gamified course resulted in a 7% decrease in the number of students who had to retake the OOP course compared to the year 2019. The gamified course also resulted in a drastic decrease in the number of students requiring a second attempt to pass the course’s exam. The obtained results demonstrate that the gamification of OOP course resulted in more sustainable behavior of the students. Based on the results of students’ questionnaires, we highly recommend using global team game element as it showed a positive effect on students’ engagement when the number of participating students is large. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Education and Approaches)

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34 pages, 4345 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Barriers and Enablers for the Adoption of Sustainable Manufacturing by Manufacturing SMEs

by Claudia Lood Alayón, Kristina Säfsten and Glenn Johansson

Sustainability 2022, 14(4), 2364; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042364 - 18 Feb 2022

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 9096

Abstract

Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have inherent characteristics, which require specific solutions for improving the sustainability performance of their operations. The purpose of this paper is to increase the knowledge on barriers and enablers for the adoption of sustainable manufacturing by manufacturing SMEs [...] Read more.

Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have inherent characteristics, which require specific solutions for improving the sustainability performance of their operations. The purpose of this paper is to increase the knowledge on barriers and enablers for the adoption of sustainable manufacturing by manufacturing SMEs and to provide insights into what enablers can be used to overcome existing barriers. Taking, as a starting point, a systematic literature review, this paper presents a categorization of barriers and enablers for the adoption of sustainable manufacturing by manufacturing SMEs. In total, seven categories for classifying the barriers and enablers for the adoption of sustainable manufacturing within SMEs were identified: organizational, managerial and attitudinal; informational; governmental; financial; training and skills development; market and business context; and technological. Additionally, this study elaborates on what barriers could be mitigated through the enablers. This study found specific enablers with the potential to mitigate a significantly higher number of barriers and referred to them as ‘critical enablers’. SMEs aiming to adopt sustainable manufacturing practices or improve their sustainability performance are encouraged to focus on the enablers in these categories. This paper synthesizes and facilitates interpretation of the existing body of evidence on barriers and enablers for adopting sustainable manufacturing in SMEs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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33 pages, 857 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

An Interdisciplinary Systematic Review on Sustainability in Tunneling—Bibliometrics, Challenges, and Solutions

by Marco Huymajer, Matthias Woegerbauer, Leopold Winkler, Alexandra Mazak-Huemer and Hubert Biedermann

Sustainability 2022, 14(4), 2275; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042275 - 17 Feb 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3559

Abstract

Sustainability is defined by current research as an interdisciplinary field comprising environmental, social, and economic aspects. This paper presents a systematic literature review following the PRISMA guidelines investigating how authors currently view sustainability issues in the specific context of tunneling. Thereby, we introduce [...] Read more.

Sustainability is defined by current research as an interdisciplinary field comprising environmental, social, and economic aspects. This paper presents a systematic literature review following the PRISMA guidelines investigating how authors currently view sustainability issues in the specific context of tunneling. Thereby, we introduce a new methodology for reviewing sustainability aspects in an interdisciplinary way, where key bibliographic metrics are derived from the metadata of the reviewed literature. Regarding the content of the articles, we cluster sustainability aspects into specific topics and discuss challenges and solutions. In addition, we examine the role of digital technologies applied in sustainable tunneling. Our results show that there is a lack of interdisciplinary studies and that the current research does not represent all three dimensions of sustainability equally. The current research focuses on assessing the status quo instead of presenting specific solutions. Finally, we see great potential to further leverage digital tools to enable sustainable tunneling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Green Building)

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13 pages, 1285 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis for Evaluating Transitional and Post-Mining Options—An Innovative Perspective from the EIT ReviRIS Project

by Sandra Lourenço Amaro, Sofia Barbosa, Gloria Ammerer, Aina Bruno, Jordi Guimerà, Ioannis Orfanoudakis, Anna Ostręga, Evangelia Mylona, Jessica Strydom and Michael Hitch

Sustainability 2022, 14(4), 2292; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042292 - 17 Feb 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2970

Abstract

In mine design and planning, identifying appropriate Post-Mining Land Use (PMLU) is necessary and crucial to achieving environmental quality and socioeconomic renewal. In this context, Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods are used to support decision-maker and stakeholder decisions. However, most studies regarding the [...] Read more.

In mine design and planning, identifying appropriate Post-Mining Land Use (PMLU) is necessary and crucial to achieving environmental quality and socioeconomic renewal. In this context, Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods are used to support decision-maker and stakeholder decisions. However, most studies regarding the application of MCDM methods to PMLU decisions do not favor their widespread use because they start from an already structured decisional problem. The structure they present may not apply to another PMLU decision. Therefore, the primary goal of this study is to present an innovative methodology and its corresponding framework to help decision-makers and stakeholders structure their PMLU decisions. This innovative methodology can be used from an early stage, with a low level of detail, until a later stage, with a high level of detail, and is composed of three main stages. The first stage is selecting the Transitional Post-Mining Landscape Profile, which guides the user to different Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) goals. The second stage is developing criteria and alternatives according to the MCDA goal, using topics representing essential dimensions that cannot be disregarded, and testing the MCDM methods. Finally, the third stage is the participatory process and final application of MCDM methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Raw Materials and Circular Economy: Concepts and Evidence)

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10 pages, 794 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Human’s Comfort Mystery—Supporting Energy Transition with Light-Color Dimmable Room Lighting

by Simon Wenninger and Christian Wiethe

Sustainability 2022, 14(4), 2311; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042311 - 17 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1922

Abstract

The constant increase of intermittent renewable energies in the electricity grid complicates balancing supply and demand. Thus, research focuses on solutions in demand-side management using energy flexibility to resolve this problem. However, the interface between demand-side management and human behavior is often insufficiently [...] Read more.

The constant increase of intermittent renewable energies in the electricity grid complicates balancing supply and demand. Thus, research focuses on solutions in demand-side management using energy flexibility to resolve this problem. However, the interface between demand-side management and human behavior is often insufficiently addressed, although further potential could be leveraged here. This paper elaborates on the effect of light color on humans’ temperature and comfort perception in connection to energy flexibility. Researchers have found that people perceive blue light as colder and red light as warmer. To this end, we evaluate the effect of light color in a case study for a German industrial facility assuming sector-coupled electric heating. We simulate the entire heating period from October to April in an hourly granularity, using the well-established real options analysis and binomial trees as a decision support system to heuristically minimize energy expenditures by utilizing deferral options when energy prices are high. Our results show a 12.5% reduction in heating costs for sector-coupled electric heating, which extrapolated leads to CO₂-eq emission savings of over 34,000 tons per year for the entire German industry, thereby supporting the energy transition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transition towards Sustainable Urban Settlements)

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15 pages, 2949 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impacts of Real-Time Traffic State on Urban Expressway Crashes by Collision and Vehicle Type

by Chen Wang, Ming Zhong, Hui Zhang and Siyao Li

Sustainability 2022, 14(4), 2238; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042238 - 16 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2598

Abstract

With the rapid development of urban expressway systems in China in recent years, traffic safety problems have attracted more attention. Variation of traffic flow is considered to have significant impact on the safety performance of expressways. Therefore, the motivation of this study is [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of urban expressway systems in China in recent years, traffic safety problems have attracted more attention. Variation of traffic flow is considered to have significant impact on the safety performance of expressways. Therefore, the motivation of this study is to explore the mechanism of how the variation of traffic flow measurements such as average speed, speed variation and traffic volume impact the crash risk. Firstly, the crashes were classified according to crash type and vehicles involved: and they are labeled with rear-end collisions or side-impact collisions, they are labeled with heavy-vehicle related collisions or light-vehicle related collisions as well. Then, the corresponding crash data were aggregated based on the similarity of traffic flow conditions and types of crashes. Finally, a random effect negative binomial model was introduced to consider the heterogeneity of the crash risk due to the variance within the traffic flow and crash types. The results show that the significant influencing factors of each type of crashes are not consistent. Specifically, the percentage of heavy vehicles within traffic flow is found to have a negative impact on rear-end collisions and light-vehicle-related collisions, but it has no obvious correlation with side-impact collisions and heavy-vehicle-related collisions. Average speed, speed variation and traffic volume have an interactive effect on the crash rate. In conclusion, if the traffic flow is with higher speed variation within lanes and is with lower average speed, the risk of all types of crashes tends to be higher. If the speed variation within lanes decreases and the average speed increases, the crash risk will also increase. In addition, if the traffic flow is under the conditions of higher speed variation between lanes and lower traffic volume, the risk of rear-end collisions, side-impact collisions and heavy-vehicles related collisions tend to be higher. Meanwhile, if the speed variation between lanes decreases and the traffic volume increases, the crash risk is found to increase as well. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frontiers in Road Safety Research)

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20 pages, 4536 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Critical Infrastructures Overview: Past, Present and Future

by Fabio De Felice, Ilaria Baffo and Antonella Petrillo

Sustainability 2022, 14(4), 2233; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042233 - 16 Feb 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6261

Abstract

Industrialized societies depend on the proper functioning of a whole range of technological infrastructures, such as electricity, road and railway networks and telecommunications which, due to their importance, are generically referred to as critical infrastructures (CIs). Technical failures, natural disasters and malicious events, [...] Read more.

Industrialized societies depend on the proper functioning of a whole range of technological infrastructures, such as electricity, road and railway networks and telecommunications which, due to their importance, are generically referred to as critical infrastructures (CIs). Technical failures, natural disasters and malicious events, if not terrorist, could have devastating effects on these infrastructures. The events of the last few years have accelerated efforts to identify and designate CIs at national and European levels and have reinforced concerns about increasing their protection in sensitive sectors for the safety of the individual and the community. The aim of this research is to provide the basic elements to understand the issue along with the reasons for its importance both at national, European and international level. In particular, after analyzing the origin of the problem, a systematic literature review is carried out to study the current research around future perspectives relating to the management of Cis, with particular focus on three research questions: RQ1 “What types of risk assessment methods are used to manage CIs?”, RQ2 “What are the environmental risk mitigation strategies for CIs?” and RQ3 “What is the role of the human factor in the prevention of risks for CIs?”. The results aim to be guidelines for decision makers and researchers interested in this topic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety and Security in Critical Infrastructures)

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18 pages, 5009 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Seasonal Abundance and Distribution Patterns of Microplastics in the Lis River, Portugal

by Bárbara Sá, Joana Pais, Joana Antunes, João Pequeno, Ana Pires and Paula Sobral

Sustainability 2022, 14(4), 2255; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042255 - 16 Feb 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4403

Abstract

The majority of microplastics (MP) found in the marine environment have land-based sources and rivers are known as carriers of these particles to the ocean. This work is the first to study MP in the Lis River Basin and coastal shoreline (total nine [...] Read more.

The majority of microplastics (MP) found in the marine environment have land-based sources and rivers are known as carriers of these particles to the ocean. This work is the first to study MP in the Lis River Basin and coastal shoreline (total nine sampling sites) and the potential relationship with inputs from 105 companies/units. We report the seasonal abundance, typology, colour, size, and polymer distribution of MP in surface water and sediment. To the collected samples, a digestion protocol was applied, followed by filtration. For sediment, an MP density separation was performed prior to filtration. MP were mostly fibres (0.02 to 1111.11 items.m⁻³ in water and 10.66 to 1609.64 items.kg⁻¹ in sediment) and fragments (0.02 to 2311.11 items.m⁻³ in water and 10.66 to 501.01 items.kg⁻¹ in sediment). The most frequent colours were transparent and blue, and MP were mostly smaller than 1 mm in water and 2 mm in sediment samples. The most abundant polymers in water were polyethylene (37%), polyacrylate (18%) and polystyrene (18%), and in sediment, polyethylene terephthalate (29%) and polyacrylate (23%). Population density, plastic processing companies and meteorological factors were found to be associated with seasonal MP abundance and distribution patterns in the Lis River Basin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microplastics and Their Potential Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems)

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19 pages, 3117 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Carbon Emission Efficiency Network: Evolutionary Game and Sensitivity Analysis between Differentiated Efficiency Groups and Local Governments

by Renjie Zhang, Hsingwei Tai, Kuotai Cheng, Huizhong Dong, Wenhui Liu and Junjie Hou

Sustainability 2022, 14(4), 2191; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042191 - 15 Feb 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1882

Abstract

With its proposal of the “double carbon” (peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutralization) goal, China has entered a new stage in creating an ecological civilization and achieving sustainable development. Based on the formation and evolution mechanism of the carbon emission efficiency network, [...] Read more.

With its proposal of the “double carbon” (peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutralization) goal, China has entered a new stage in creating an ecological civilization and achieving sustainable development. Based on the formation and evolution mechanism of the carbon emission efficiency network, in this study, a trilateral evolutionary game model—including efficiency groups (high- and low-efficiency groups) and local governments—was constructed, in an attempt to discuss the conditions needed for different players and trilateral interconnected systems to implement balanced and stable strategies. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the participants’ evolutionary trajectories toward factors such as the initial strategy ratio, transition cost, and network capital were tested via a system simulation. The main conclusions were as follows: (1) Efficiency groups form a virtuous circle when the initial proportion of the participants’ strategies reaches a certain threshold, and converge into a stable “win–win” state. Under these circumstances, high-efficiency groups tend to give full play to their efficiency advantages in terms of carbon emission reduction and green development, while low-efficiency groups tend to choose green transformation and accept the spillover effect from high-efficiency groups. (2) When efficiency groups achieve a “win–win” state or form good self-management, local governments move from active supervision to a passive supervision strategy in order to reduce supervision costs. (3) While different initial strategy proportions do not affect the stable convergence point of the evolutionary system, they have a differentiated impact on the convergence speed of the players. Under the condition of a low initial strategy ratio, transformation costs can reduce the green transformation enthusiasm of inefficient groups, while network capital can enhance the green transformation willingness of inefficient groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Construction Project and Management in Smart Cities)

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14 pages, 55301 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Catalytic Ozonation of the Secondary Effluents from the Largest Chinese Petrochemical Wastewater Treatment Plant—A Stability Assessment

by Siyu Zhang, Hao Wang, Yuexi Zhou, Mohammadreza Kamali, Xuwen He, Mohammadreza Khalaj and Yu Xia

Sustainability 2022, 14(4), 2200; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042200 - 15 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2137

Abstract

Effluents discharged from petrochemical facilities are complex and composed of various types of highly toxic contaminants, which necessitates the development of sustainable treatment technologies. Stability is among the most important sustainability criteria of the wastewater treatment processes. In the present manuscript, the standard-reaching [...] Read more.

Effluents discharged from petrochemical facilities are complex and composed of various types of highly toxic contaminants, which necessitates the development of sustainable treatment technologies. Stability is among the most important sustainability criteria of the wastewater treatment processes. In the present manuscript, the standard-reaching rate (η) index was used to evaluate the stability of the catalytic ozonation process for treating the secondary effluent from the petrochemical industry. A pilot-scale device was designed and implemented for catalytic ozonation. The effluents were taken from the secondary sedimentation tank of a petrochemical wastewater treatment plant in China. A commercially available γ-Al₂O₃ was used as the catalyst after a pre-treatment heating step. The catalyst was characterized using scanning electron microscopy. Three mathematical statistics indexes, discrete coefficient (V_σ), skewness coefficient (C_so), and range coefficient (V_R), were used to analyze the results achieved from the catalytic ozonation process. Continuous operation of the pilot-scale device was monitored for 9 months under an ozone concentration of 36 mg/L and the contact oxidation time of 1 h. The results demonstrated that the stability evaluation grades of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and suspended solids (SS) in the effluent of the catalytic ozonation system were both 3 and A, indicating that the process was relatively stable over a long period of application. The effluent COD compliance grade was also calculated as B, indicating that the effluent COD does not meet the standard and the process parameters need to be further optimized. When the reflux ratio is 150%, the removal rate of COD is the highest (38.2%) and the COD of effluent is 49.34 mg/L. Meanwhile, to enhance the efficiency and stability of the system, the ozone concentration and the two-stage aeration ratio are 40 mg/L and 4:1, respectively. Moreover, the presence of SS in the water of the catalytic ozonation system will result in the waste of ozone and reduce the utilization rate of ozone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies)

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17 pages, 898 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Towards a Resilient and Resource-Efficient Local Food System Based on Industrial Symbiosis in Härnösand: A Swedish Case Study

by Henrik Haller, Anna-Sara Fagerholm, Peter Carlsson, Wilhelm Skoglund, Paul van den Brink, Itai Danielski, Kristina Brink, Murat Mirata and Oskar Englund

Sustainability 2022, 14(4), 2197; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042197 - 15 Feb 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3319

Abstract

The endeavour to align the goals of the Swedish food strategy with the national environmental quality objectives and the 17 global SDGs, presents an extraordinary challenge that calls for systemic innovation. Industrial symbiosis can potentially provide the means for increasing sustainable food production, [...] Read more.

The endeavour to align the goals of the Swedish food strategy with the national environmental quality objectives and the 17 global SDGs, presents an extraordinary challenge that calls for systemic innovation. Industrial symbiosis can potentially provide the means for increasing sustainable food production, using locally sub-exploited resources that can reduce the need for land, agrochemicals, transport and energy. This case study of the municipality of Härnösand, aims to assess opportunities and challenges for using waste flows and by-products for local food production, facilitated by industrial symbiosis. A potential symbiotic network was developed during three workshops with the main stakeholders in Härnösand. The potential of the COVID-19 pandemic to instigate policy changes, behavioural changes and formation of new alliances that may catalyse the transition towards food systems based on industrial symbiosis is discussed. The material flow inventory revealed that many underexploited resource flows were present in quantities that rendered them commercially interesting. Resources that can be used for innovative food production include, e.g., lignocellulosic residues, rock dust, and food processing waste. The internalised drive among local companies interested in industrial symbiosis and the emerging symbiotic relations, provide a fertile ground for the establishment of a local network that can process the sub-exploited material flows. Although there are multiple challenges for an industrial symbiosis network to form in Härnösand, this study shows that there is a significant potential to create added value from the region’s many resources while at the same time making the food system more sustainable and resilient, by expanding industrial symbiosis practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring and Analyzing Links between the COVID-19 Pandemic and Globalization—Levers for Sustainability Transitions?)

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Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Managers’ Attitudes to Different Action Proposals in the Direction to Extended Working Life: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Kerstin Nilsson and Emma Nilsson

Sustainability 2022, 14(4), 2182; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042182 - 14 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3806

Abstract

In many countries, the retirement age is postponed due to the global demographic change, and a larger amount of older people need to participate in working life. However, how and what measures and action proposals that could extend and increase employees’ voluntary and [...] Read more.

In many countries, the retirement age is postponed due to the global demographic change, and a larger amount of older people need to participate in working life. However, how and what measures and action proposals that could extend and increase employees’ voluntary and sustainable participation in working life have not entirely been investigated. The employer is responsible for enabling employees’ access to measures that facilitate participation in the workplace, for enabling employability and a sustainable extended working life. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate Swedish managers’ attitude to action proposals that could increase employees’ participation in an extended working life. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate associations between different univariate estimates and in data modelling. The nine determinate areas of the swAge model, for a sustainable working life and employability, was used as analysis model, i.e., self-rated health and diagnoses; physical work environment; mental work environment; work schedule, work pace and time for recuperation; financial incentives; personal social environment; social work environment; stimulation, motivation and self-crediting through work tasks; and competence, skills and knowledge development. The results stated decreased physical work demands to be the final measure in the multivariate modelling associated to whether the managers believe their employees ‘can work’ until age 65 and older, however, changing work tasks in the workplace when needed, rotation between different work tasks to decrease physical as well as mental workload and strain, and decreased mental work demands proved to be statistically significant in the univariate estimates. The strongest measure activity in the organisations, associated to managers believing their employees ‘want to work’ until age 65 and older in the multivariate modelling, was decreased work pace, however, increased time for recuperation between work shifts also proved to be statistically significant in the univariate estimate. The management’s perspectives on measures and action proposals associated to whether employees ‘can’ and ‘want’ to work will hopefully contribute to an increased understanding in society and the organisational process of creating a sustainable extended working life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Healthy Working Life for All Ages—Work Environment, Age Management and Employability)

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