Sustainability

24 pages, 10740 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inventory of Climbing Sites in São Paulo State, Brazil: Integrating Geodiversity Data for Sustainable Adventure Tourism

by João Paulo Monticelli, Maria da Glória Motta Garcia, Gabriella Labate Frugis and Rogério Pinto Ribeiro

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3900; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093900 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

Climbing has gained popularity around the world, particularly since it was added to the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. Unlike indoor climbing, outdoor climbing typically takes place in some kind of geological site. This aspect inherently promotes the link to the environment and geoheritage [...] Read more.

Climbing has gained popularity around the world, particularly since it was added to the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. Unlike indoor climbing, outdoor climbing typically takes place in some kind of geological site. This aspect inherently promotes the link to the environment and geoheritage through adventure tourism. Similar documentation, description, and analysis initiatives are sparse in South America, whereas European organizations have employed geoconservation approaches to list and promote climbing sites. Our study addresses a knowledge gap by compiling a list of climbing sites in São Paulo State, Brazil. To assess the geological, sociological, and environmental aspects of the cataloged places, data were acquired using community platforms, guidebooks, and mobile applications. GIS tools were then employed to carry out data treatment and analysis. A dashboard was developed to make the inventory accessible and encourage participation of the scientific and climbing community. The findings underscore locations to apply geoconservation management strategies and draw attention to potential risks associated with outdoor recreational activities. Furthermore, this inventory serves as a valuable foundation for future research integrating geoscience and adventure tourism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hazards and Sustainability)

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26 pages, 623 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Türkiye’s Alignment with the Paris Agreement: A Comparative Policy Analysis with Germany and Spain

by Akın Batmaz and Goknur Sisman-Aydin

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3899; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093899 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study examines Türkiye’s compliance with the Paris Agreement by comparing its climate policy framework with those of Germany and Spain—two EU countries with absolute, legally binding emission reduction targets. Despite ratifying the Paris Agreement in 2021 and declaring a net-zero target for [...] Read more.

This study examines Türkiye’s compliance with the Paris Agreement by comparing its climate policy framework with those of Germany and Spain—two EU countries with absolute, legally binding emission reduction targets. Despite ratifying the Paris Agreement in 2021 and declaring a net-zero target for 2053, Türkiye’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) lacks absolute reduction commitments and a comprehensive Climate Act. This gap is particularly critical given the EU’s implementation of the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), which links climate action to trade competitiveness. Using a comparative policy analysis approach, this study evaluates official emission data, legal documents, and EU climate progress reports to assess the coherence of Türkiye’s climate strategy. The findings indicated that Türkiye’s emissions continue to rise in the presence of fossil fuel domination and the absence of binding targets. Conversely, Germany and Spain have reduced emissions through robust legislation, functioning Emissions Trading Systems, and long-term investment in renewables. This study offers policy recommendations tailored to Türkiye’s context, including the adoption of absolute and binding targets, acceleration of renewable energy—especially solar—and the promotion of community-based energy models, inspired by Spain’s approach. Additionally, mechanisms to balance energy security, local acceptance, and decarbonization are discussed, drawing from Germany’s phased fossil fuel exit. The results indicate that Türkiye’s ability to align with EU climate targets and the Paris Agreement without compromising its development priorities or energy supply security can only be achieved with a realistic roadmap and specific reforms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Policy as a Tool for Sustainable Development: 2nd Edition)

21 pages, 640 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Biogas Production: Pre-Treatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Biogas Plant Digestate

by Barbora Jankovičová, Miroslav Hutňan and Mikhael Sammarah

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3898; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093898 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

Pre-treatment of lignocellulosic biomass is a necessary step to improve the degradability of these materials when used as substrates for biogas production, due to their resistance resulting from their complex composition and structural properties. The effect of using digestate for the pre-treatment of [...] Read more.

Pre-treatment of lignocellulosic biomass is a necessary step to improve the degradability of these materials when used as substrates for biogas production, due to their resistance resulting from their complex composition and structural properties. The effect of using digestate for the pre-treatment of maize waste to enhance biogas production in an anaerobic digestion process was assessed through biogas potential tests and long-term operation of an anaerobic reactor model. The biogas potential tests confirmed the positive effect of soaking maize waste in digestate for pre-treatment compared to soaking it in water, as higher specific biogas production rates of 17%, 18%, and 29% were achieved after soaking it in digestate for 1 day, 2 days, and 5 days, respectively. The results from monitoring the long-term operation of the anaerobic reactor demonstrated the suitability of using digestate-soaked maize waste as a co-substrate to maize silage, which may significantly reduce the dependence on maize silage in practical applications. Stable operation of the reactor was also achieved during anaerobic treatment of the pre-treated maize waste itself, with an average specific biogas production of 403 mL/g VS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Waste Biomass and Environmental Sustainability)

21 pages, 939 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unveiling the Nexus Between Use of AI-Enabled Robo-Advisors, Behavioural Intention and Sustainable Investment Decisions Using PLS-SEM

by Nargis Mohapatra, Sameer Shekhar, Rubee Singh, Shahbaz Khan, Gilberto Santos and Sandro Carvalho

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3897; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093897 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

The study examines the nexus between AI-driven technology, i.e., robo-advisors, and the behavioural intention of investors towards sustainable investment decisions considering government regulations and sustainable investment awareness as the moderating variables. A total of 372 responses were collected from across India through a [...] Read more.

The study examines the nexus between AI-driven technology, i.e., robo-advisors, and the behavioural intention of investors towards sustainable investment decisions considering government regulations and sustainable investment awareness as the moderating variables. A total of 372 responses were collected from across India through a structured questionnaire along identified variables from the TAM and UTAUT theories under the select constructs, i.e., trust, perceived risk, user-friendliness, perceived usefulness, and emotional arousal. This is with reference to the use of robo-advisors to unearth the extent to which they influence the behavioural intention and finally the sustainable investment decisions taking into account government regulations and sustainable investment awareness as the moderating variables. The results derived by using PLS-SEM reveal that all the five factors are having a significant impact on the behavioural intention for sustainable investment decisions of the investors. Further, both sustainable investment awareness and government regulations have been found to have a moderating impact on shaping the behavioural intention of the investors with respect to most of the variables. The results of the study come up with significant suggestions for the government, financial institutions, and the investors as well as the academicians, and therefore, have policy implications, managerial implications, and theoretical implications. The constructs and moderating variables considered here can further be used for studying the behavioural intentions. The robo-advisory service providers may emphasize developing the algo ensuring trust, usability, and friendly interface in a manner that tends to minimize the perceived risk and emotional arousal leading to the use of robo-advisors pushing the intention of the investors towards sustainable investment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies and Management Practices for Sustainable Development)

33 pages, 654 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Drivers’ Welfare and Pollutant Emission Induced by Ride-Hailing Platforms’ Pricing Strategies

by Jiayang Li, Guoyin Zhang and Debing Ni

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3896; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093896 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

We build two multiple-stage game-theoretical models to capture how a ride-hailing platform’s ex-ante and ex-post pricing strategies induce show-up drivers’ strategic inter-area relocations. In both models, the platform operates its ride-hailing service in a two-area city, where the realizations of ride-hailing demand and [...] Read more.

We build two multiple-stage game-theoretical models to capture how a ride-hailing platform’s ex-ante and ex-post pricing strategies induce show-up drivers’ strategic inter-area relocations. In both models, the platform operates its ride-hailing service in a two-area city, where the realizations of ride-hailing demand and supply are spatially asynchronous. Based on the subgame perfect equilibria, we show that show-up drivers’ relocation equilibria induced by the platform’s pricing strategy are not unique but that the equilibrium multiplicity does not affect the platform’s profit. Further, we find that the commission rate has non-monotonic discontinuous impacts on the platform’s profitability, drivers’ welfare, and pollutant emission under both pricing strategies. The continuous impact of an increase in the commission rate leads to a win–loss outcome for the platform and drivers without any effect on the environment, while the jumps result in a loss–win–win outcome for the platform, drivers, and the environment. We finally reveal that, relative to the ex-ante pricing strategy, the ex-post pricing strategy always benefits the platform at the cost of environmental pollution and enhances (reduces) drivers’ welfare when the relocation cost is sufficiently low (high). Managerial insights are also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Transportation Systems Design and Management)

24 pages, 1181 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Tripartite Evolutionary Game Study on the Carbon Emission Reduction of Shipping Enterprises Considering Government and Shipper Behavior

by Jing Liang, Yuying Dou and Yatong Song

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3895; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093895 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

This paper constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model involving governments, shipping enterprises, and shippers to analyze the dynamic interactions and strategic decision-making regarding carbon emission reduction within the shipping industry. The model examines how subsidies, penalties, and supervisory mechanisms influence stakeholders’ behavioral trajectories [...] Read more.

This paper constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model involving governments, shipping enterprises, and shippers to analyze the dynamic interactions and strategic decision-making regarding carbon emission reduction within the shipping industry. The model examines how subsidies, penalties, and supervisory mechanisms influence stakeholders’ behavioral trajectories and equilibrium outcomes. The key findings reveal that the government’s active regulatory strategy evolves inversely with the probabilities of proactive emission reduction by enterprises and shipper supervision, while the likelihood of enterprises adopting low-carbon strategies increases with governmental and shipper engagement. Under a single reward-and-penalty framework, only subsidies can guide the studied system toward an evolutionary equilibrium characterized by active regulation, proactive emission reduction, and supervision. In a mixed reward-and-penalty scenario, increasing subsidy levels is crucial to achieving an equilibrium between passive regulation, proactive emission reduction, and supervision. Our sensitivity analysis highlights that subsidies for enterprises and shippers have a greater impact than penalties, although excessive subsidies may strain governmental budgets. Additional emission reduction costs and benefits are also key factors that affect the carbon emission reduction strategies of shipping enterprises. Full article

23 pages, 4817 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Sustainable Herd Structure Management in Thai Dairy Cooperatives Through Dynamic Programming Optimization

by Thana Sarttra and Tossapol Kiatcharoenpol

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3894; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093894 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

Herd management plays a vital role in boosting the productivity, profitability, and sustainability of dairy cooperatives, particularly in developing countries where smallholder farmers are prevalent and have limited access to modern farming technologies. This research presents a dynamic programming (DP) model aimed at [...] Read more.

Herd management plays a vital role in boosting the productivity, profitability, and sustainability of dairy cooperatives, particularly in developing countries where smallholder farmers are prevalent and have limited access to modern farming technologies. This research presents a dynamic programming (DP) model aimed at helping dairy cooperatives optimize decisions regarding herd structure, specifically focusing on strategies for culling and replacement to match milk supply with varying market demands. The model considers essential traits of dairy cows, including age, milk production, and reproductive condition, to ascertain the best transitions within the herd over several periods. Findings indicate that implementing the proposed DP model can effectively align milk output with fluctuating demand, decrease the gap between supply and demand, and enhance overall herd productivity. While this study uses Thai dairy cooperatives as a case study, the developed model and its insights are relevant to similar smallholder dairy systems in other developing countries, thereby aiding improved decision-making and promoting sustainable herd management practices worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Management)

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22 pages, 689 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economic Growth in the Digital Era: Limits and Benefits of Globalization and Digital Transformation in KSA

by Mohamed Neffati

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3893; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093893 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

Within the modern perspective of globalization, digitalization may be perceived as a key driver of technological development, a factor strongly affecting economic efficiency and the growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). However, this assumption still requires deeper empirical confirmation in developing nations whose [...] Read more.

Within the modern perspective of globalization, digitalization may be perceived as a key driver of technological development, a factor strongly affecting economic efficiency and the growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). However, this assumption still requires deeper empirical confirmation in developing nations whose economies depend on oil revenues. This paper investigates the causal and cointegration relationship between socioeconomic globalization, digitalization, and its impact on economic growth, using the kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) as a specific case of global economic transformation between 1990 and 2022. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model with various estimation methods, including Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS), Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS), and Canonical Cointegration Regression (CCR), we identified the most statistically significant factors contributing to economic growth. Our findings indicate that globalization has a negative and significant effect on GDP per capita at the 1 percent significance level. On the other hand, the results suggest that digitalization significantly contributes to economic growth in the short and long run. From these findings, this paper provides some key policy recommendations for improving the economic outlook of Saudi Arabia and other developing countries. Full article

21 pages, 664 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable and Profitable Urban Transport: Implementing a ‘Tire-as-a-Service’ Model with Regrooving and Retreading

by Jérémie Schutz and Christophe Sauvey

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3892; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093892 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

Rapid urbanization has intensified pressure on transport infrastructures, with urban bus networks playing a crucial role in promoting sustainable mobility. However, managing operational costs while minimizing environmental impacts remains a major challenge. This study investigates the innovative “Tire-as-a-Service” (TaaS) model applied to bus [...] Read more.

Rapid urbanization has intensified pressure on transport infrastructures, with urban bus networks playing a crucial role in promoting sustainable mobility. However, managing operational costs while minimizing environmental impacts remains a major challenge. This study investigates the innovative “Tire-as-a-Service” (TaaS) model applied to bus fleets, incorporating regrooving and retreading techniques to improve tire durability and efficiency. The TaaS model shifts the focus from purchasing tires to a service-based approach, where users pay according to usage (i.e., kilometers driven), promoting proactive maintenance and waste reduction. Solving this problem is based on a discrete-event simulation algorithm to optimize tire inspection schedules and, consequently, minimize total costs while guaranteeing a minimum level of service and reducing environmental impact. A robustness analysis will validate the model developed, thus contributing to a more sustainable urban transport system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Intelligent Transportation, Smart Grids and Electric Vehicles in the Context of Sustainability)

25 pages, 2451 KiB

Open AccessReview

Pesticide Residue Management in Brazil: Implications for Human Health and the Environment

by Gabriela Madureira Barroso, Maehssa Leonor Franco Leite, Gabriele Gonçalves Silva, Heliene Meira Barboza, Thiago Almeida Andrade Pinto, Márcia Regina da Costa, Luciana Monteiro Aguiar, Taliane Maria da Silva Teófilo and José Barbosa dos Santos

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3891; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093891 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

Brazil is among the four largest global food producers and is a significant consumer of pesticides. However, the current management of pesticide residues in Brazil faces substantial challenges, including fragmented data, limited access to reliable information, and weak inter-institutional coordination. These shortcomings hinder [...] Read more.

Brazil is among the four largest global food producers and is a significant consumer of pesticides. However, the current management of pesticide residues in Brazil faces substantial challenges, including fragmented data, limited access to reliable information, and weak inter-institutional coordination. These shortcomings hinder effective monitoring and enforcement. This study evaluates the existing framework for managing pesticide residues in food, water, and soil in Brazil, identifying gaps and proposing strategies for improvement. Key recommendations include the establishment of an inter-institutional steering committee, the development of a unified digital platform for data sharing, and the implementation of a National Pesticide Residue Management Programme (NPRMP). The NPRMP would define measurable targets to reduce contamination in food and the environment, promote sustainable agricultural practices, and enhance the monitoring of pesticide residues. Capacity-building through continuous professional training and public education campaigns is essential to ensure the programme’s successful implementation. Financial resources may be drawn from various sources, including budgetary allocations by the federal government; donations from individuals or legal entities, whether public or private, domestic or international; funds from the National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development (FNDCT); and contributions from the National Environmental Fund. This integrated approach aims to reinforce regulatory mechanisms, safeguard public health, and ensure environmental conservation within the context of Brazil’s expanding agricultural sector. Full article

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22 pages, 12097 KiB

Open AccessArticle

If Green Walls Could Talk: Interpreting Building Sustainability Through Atmospheric Cues

by Erin M. Hamilton and Rachael Shields

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3890; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093890 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

Architectural design influences both environmental outcomes and occupant behaviors. Green buildings convey environmental responsibility through formal (e.g., signage, tours) and informal means, including natural materials, daylighting, and energy-efficient features. These choices contribute to overall building “atmospherics” that can foster occupant awareness of sustainability. [...] Read more.

Architectural design influences both environmental outcomes and occupant behaviors. Green buildings convey environmental responsibility through formal (e.g., signage, tours) and informal means, including natural materials, daylighting, and energy-efficient features. These choices contribute to overall building “atmospherics” that can foster occupant awareness of sustainability. To explore how atmospherics contribute to occupant perception of building sustainability, we surveyed (n = 250) and interviewed (n = 16) occupants of two LEED-certified university buildings—the Green Building and the Green and Biophilic Building—focusing on their awareness of sustainable features and sources of this awareness. The results showed that occupants of the Green and Biophilic Building were significantly more likely to recognize its sustainable features. The diversity and frequency of features identified varied significantly between buildings, with the broader range in the Green and Biophilic Building. Content analysis revealed occupant misconceptions about the sustainability of features like automatic toilets, aesthetic elements, and biophilic patterns, with some assumptions based solely on appearance. These findings highlight how occupants develop green building awareness without formal instruction, underscoring the value of visible design elements in fostering engagement. This study offers practical recommendations for architects and designers to enhance green messaging through non-verbal cues and interpretative educational features. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability Education through Green Infrastructure)

27 pages, 6774 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stakeholder Perspectives on District Heating and Cooling for Climate-Neutral and Smart Cities: A Romanian Analysis

by Timea Farkas, Paula Veronica Unguresan, Andrei Ceclan and Dan D. Micu

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3889; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093889 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

District heating and cooling systems represent a great pillar of European cities aiming to achieve climate neutrality. This study investigates stakeholders’ perspectives on district heating and cooling to analyze the challenges, barriers, and potential accelerators of a sustainable low-carbon energy transition in urban [...] Read more.

District heating and cooling systems represent a great pillar of European cities aiming to achieve climate neutrality. This study investigates stakeholders’ perspectives on district heating and cooling to analyze the challenges, barriers, and potential accelerators of a sustainable low-carbon energy transition in urban areas. This study was performed via a survey-based approach, targeting multi-level stakeholders, both from the supply and demand side. This study employed a structural methodology involving customized surveys tailored to different stakeholder groups, aiming to understand challenges, advancement, and opportunities in Romania’s district heating systems. The results highlighted the diverse interests of stakeholders, emphasizing the need for financial support to reduce reliance on fossil fuels from the supply side while addressing concerns about infrastructure and current operations from the demand side. This study laid the groundwork for shaping national and regional policies and promoting local partnerships to reduce fossil energy demand and support the transition to renewable energy sources. Using a multi-stakeholder, cross-sectorial approach, and SWOT analysis in Romania, it systematically addresses technical, financial, and regulatory challenges for the greater sustainability of these systems in the urban environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Development Prospective for Smart Cities)

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14 pages, 1490 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Short-Term Forecasting Arabica Coffee Cherry Yields by Seq2Seq over LSTM for Smallholder Farmers

by Fernando Orduna-Cabrera, Alejandro Rios-Ochoa, Federico Frank, Soeren Lindner, Marcial Sandoval-Gastelum, Michael Obersteiner and Valeria Javalera-Rincon

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3888; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093888 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

Coffee production is a vital source of income for smallholder farmers in Mexico’s Chiapas, Oaxaca, Puebla, and Veracruz regions. However, climate change, fluctuating yields, and the lack of decision-support tools pose challenges to the implementation of sustainable agricultural practices. The SABERES project aims [...] Read more.

Coffee production is a vital source of income for smallholder farmers in Mexico’s Chiapas, Oaxaca, Puebla, and Veracruz regions. However, climate change, fluctuating yields, and the lack of decision-support tools pose challenges to the implementation of sustainable agricultural practices. The SABERES project aims to address these challenges through a Seq2Seq-LSTM model for predicting coffee yields in the short term, using datasets from Mexican national institutions, including the Agricultural Census (SIAP) and environmental data from the National Water Commission (CONAGUA). The model has demonstrated high accuracy in replicating historical yields for Chiapas and can forecast yields for the next two years. As a first step, we assessed coffee yield prediction for Bali, Indonesia, by comparing the LSTM, ARIMA, and Seq2Seq-LSTM models using historical data. The results show that the Seq2Seq-LSTM model provided the most accurate predictions, outperforming LSTM and ARIMA. Optimal performance was achieved using the maximum data sequence. Building on these findings, we aimed to apply the best configuration to forecast coffee yields in Chiapas, Mexico. The Seq2Seq-LSTM model achieved an average difference of only 0.000247, indicating near-perfect accuracy. It, therefore, demonstrated high accuracy in replicating historical yields for Chiapas, providing confidence for the next two years’ predictions. These results highlight the potential of Seq2Seq-LSTM to improve yield forecasts, support decision making, and enhance resilience in coffee production under climate change. Full article

21 pages, 1125 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Photovoltaic Systems with Battery Storage, Electric Vehicle Charging, and Smart Energy Management

by Mohammed Gmal Osman, Gheorghe Lazaroiu, Shadia Abd Aldaim Hamad, Hazmoune Messaoud, Debbache Mohammed and Dorel Stoica

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3887; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093887 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

Shifting towards renewable energy sources is essential for achieving sustainability goals. This research aims to develop and practically validate an integrated photovoltaic (PV) system with battery storage and electric vehicle (EV) charging, combined with smart energy management, to optimize energy use and minimize [...] Read more.

Shifting towards renewable energy sources is essential for achieving sustainability goals. This research aims to develop and practically validate an integrated photovoltaic (PV) system with battery storage and electric vehicle (EV) charging, combined with smart energy management, to optimize energy use and minimize fossil fuel reliance. Conducted in Constanta, Romania, the study presents a novel practical solution involving a real-world grid-connected PV system leveraging battery storage to effectively retain excess solar energy for future consumption, thereby enhancing self-sufficiency and grid independence. Utilizing PV*SOL for system simulation and Global Solar Atlas for solar irradiance data, the authors provide accurate assessments of energy yield, economic feasibility, and environmental benefits. Results demonstrate a high energy autonomy level, with solar energy covering 92.2% of total consumption, alongside a notable annual reduction of 6239 kg in CO₂ emissions. The study significantly contributes to the field by providing an empirically validated model that bridges theory and practice, offering a scalable blueprint for sustainable and economically viable renewable energy systems. Full article

19 pages, 742 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alternative Leaching Agents for Selective Recovery of Gold and Copper from Computer Waste Printed Circuit Boards

by Mariana Cordeiro Magalhães, Danielly Cardoso Cavalcante, Tácia Costa Veloso and Tatiane Benvenuti

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3886; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093886 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

Recent studies focus on recovering materials from Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE). Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) are promising due to their heterogeneous composition, which includes precious metals, ceramics, and polymers. This research analyzes the leaching process of computer PCB waste to recover [...] Read more.

Recent studies focus on recovering materials from Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE). Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) are promising due to their heterogeneous composition, which includes precious metals, ceramics, and polymers. This research analyzes the leaching process of computer PCB waste to recover valuable metals such as copper and gold. The study involved physical-mechanical processing of PCB samples followed by chemical composition characterization. Metal extraction was performed through a three-stage leaching process. The first two stages used 2 M and 3 M sulfuric acid with hydrogen peroxide as leaching agents, achieving about 75% copper extraction. In the third stage, parameters for gold leaching using thiosulfate were evaluated, including concentrations of ammonium hydroxide and copper sulfate, reaction times (1–4 h), and temperatures (30, 40, and 50

^{\circ}

C). The leaching solution comprising 0.12 M sodium thiosulfate, 0.2 M ammonium hydroxide, and 20 mM copper sulfate yielded maximum gold extractions of 14.76% for fine and 15.73% for coarse fractions at 40

^{\circ}

C. In conclusion, the proposed method for recovering metals from PCBs can reduce the environmental impact of improper WEEE disposal while promoting a circular economy of secondary raw materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waste Valorization and Management to Increase the Resources Sustainability)

25 pages, 1102 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Reverse Logistics Network for Waste Electric Vehicle Batteries: The Impact Analysis of Chinese Government Subsidies and Penalties

by Zhiqiang Fan, Xiaoxiao Li, Qing Gao and Shanshan Li

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3885; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093885 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

The rapid development of the new energy vehicle industry has resulted in a significant number of waste electric vehicle batteries (WEVBs) reaching the end of their useful life. The recycling of these batteries holds both economic and environmental value. As policy is a [...] Read more.

The rapid development of the new energy vehicle industry has resulted in a significant number of waste electric vehicle batteries (WEVBs) reaching the end of their useful life. The recycling of these batteries holds both economic and environmental value. As policy is a critical factor influencing the recycling of waste electric vehicle batteries, its role in the network warrants deeper investigation. Based on this, this study integrates both subsidy and penalty policy into the design of the waste electric vehicle battery reverse logistics network (RLN), aiming to examine the effects of single policy and policy combinations, thereby filling the research gap in the existing literature that predominantly focuses on single-policy perspectives. Considering multiple battery types, different recycling technologies, and uncertain recycling quantities and qualities, this study develops a fuzzy mixed-integer programming model to optimize cost and carbon emission. The fuzzy model is transformed into a deterministic equivalent form using expected intervals, expected values, and fuzzy chance-constrained programming. By normalizing and weighting the upper and lower bounds of the multi-objective functions, the model is transformed into a single-objective optimization problem. The effectiveness of the proposed model and solution method was validated through an empirical study on the construction of a waste electric vehicle battery reverse logistics network in Zhengzhou City. The experimental results demonstrate that combined policy outperforms single policy in balancing economic benefits and environmental protection. The results provide decision-making support for policymakers and industry stakeholders in optimizing reverse logistics networks for waste electric vehicle batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Industrial Engineering and Management Towards Sustainable Development Goals)

22 pages, 4839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Data-Driven Risk Warning of Electricity Sales Companies in the Whole Business Process

by Biyun Chen, Tianwang Fu, Liming Wei, Rong Zheng, Zhe Lin, Haiwei Liu and Zhijun Qin

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3884; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093884 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

As China’s power market reforms deepen, the scale of market operations and the number of participants have reached new highs, introducing increasingly complex threats and heightened risk scenarios. Traditional risk early warning systems for electricity sales companies are heavily influenced by subjective factors, [...] Read more.

As China’s power market reforms deepen, the scale of market operations and the number of participants have reached new highs, introducing increasingly complex threats and heightened risk scenarios. Traditional risk early warning systems for electricity sales companies are heavily influenced by subjective factors, incomplete data, and poor real-time performance, which cannot meet the requirements of sustainable development. To achieve efficient, full-chain, and sustainable risk control, this paper proposes a data-driven risk warning method for electricity sales companies, encompassing the entire sales process. Firstly, based on data correlations across the electricity sales process, appropriate data sources for risk warnings are identified. Key elements are then extracted using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), while historical business data is adaptively clustered, with risk warning levels classified using the Adaptive Sparrow Optimization Density Peak Clustering Algorithm (DPC-SSA). Lastly, dynamic risk warnings are generated through the stacking identification model. The effectiveness and practicality of the proposed method are validated through an analysis using real data from a provincial power trading management platform. Full article

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31 pages, 2407 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fostering Resilient Communities Through the Interaction of Heritage, Policy, and Participation: Insights from a Lithuanian Case Study

by Lina Seduikyte, Indre Grazuleviciute-Vileniske, Aušra Mlinkauskienė and Eglė Januškienė

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3883; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093883 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study explores community-driven projects, participatory governance, and adaptive urban policies to enhance social resilience and sustainability in urban environments. By combining a comprehensive literature review, a questionnaire survey, and practical recommendations, it underscores the importance of socioeconomic equality, cultural heritage preservation, and [...] Read more.

This study explores community-driven projects, participatory governance, and adaptive urban policies to enhance social resilience and sustainability in urban environments. By combining a comprehensive literature review, a questionnaire survey, and practical recommendations, it underscores the importance of socioeconomic equality, cultural heritage preservation, and inclusive growth. Through both qualitative and quantitative analyses that incorporate a broad review of scientific literature and a focused survey within Lithuania, this study identifies key strategies for strengthening urban resilience. It highlights the critical role of community engagement in urban planning and the preservation of heritage as a means to maintain local identity and foster civic participation. These elements collectively contribute to more resilient, inclusive, and sustainable urban spaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Recent Studies and Innovative Approaches to Sustainable Communities, Buildings, Cities and Infrastructure)

19 pages, 1860 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Role Does “Great Heritage Site” Conservation Play in Shaping Sustainable Urban Intensity Patterns? An Empirical Study from Luoyang

by Daxi Kang, Jinlong Cheng, Jie Yin and Huanhuan Li

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3882; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093882 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

Ancient capital cities generally boast long urban histories, with their ancient city sites overlapping significantly with modern urban areas, thereby subjecting urban development to the dual pressures of cultural heritage conservation and extreme land resource constraints. Taking the Great Heritage Site of the [...] Read more.

Ancient capital cities generally boast long urban histories, with their ancient city sites overlapping significantly with modern urban areas, thereby subjecting urban development to the dual pressures of cultural heritage conservation and extreme land resource constraints. Taking the Great Heritage Site of the Sui and Tang dynasties within the ancient capital Luoyang as an example, this study adopts indicators of urban development intensity and utilizes spatial correlation analysis, kernel density analysis, and other methods to quantify the distribution characteristics of the urban plot development intensity. It identifies the factors influencing urban sustainable development and construction due to the conservation of the Great Heritage Site and proposes optimization strategies for urban construction regulation based on this analysis. The research findings indicate that the types and areas of urban planning and construction land within and outside the conservation area of the Great Heritage Site are similar, with no significant distinctions in the indicators or the spatial distribution of the plot ratio. The main factor affecting the intensity of urban development under the conservation of the Great Heritage Site is building height. Methods such as compensating, transferring, and rewarding the plot ratio and building height beyond the influence range of the Great Heritage Site conservation overflow effect can be employed to moderately enhance the development intensity and capacity control of urban areas, thus elevating urban development levels and providing guidance for sustainable urban growth under Great Heritage Site conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Conservation of Urban and Cultural Heritage)

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