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Sustainable Conservation of Urban and Cultural Heritage

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Tourism, Culture, and Heritage".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 October 2024 | Viewed by 36259

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Zhiqing Zhao

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Guest Editor
School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
Interests: conservation and access to cultural heritage
Dr. Qinglian Wang

E-Mail
Guest Editor
School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
Interests: conservation and access to cultural heritage; cultural heritage digitization; regeneration of cities
Dr. Bocheng Zhang

E-Mail
Guest Editor
School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
Interests: history and theory of urban planning; preservation of urban and rural cultural heritage; urban rejuvenation; GIS spatial analysis; big data processing

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Cities, as the center of human production and living, carry the historical information of human culture and hence produce a significant amount of cultural heritage, both tangible and intangible. People have the most intuitive feeling of physical cultural heritage represented by buildings or structures, and it helps them to experience the diversity of history and culture of other cities. At the same time, these cultural legacies have a wide range of effects on present living conditions. Developing strategies to strike a balance between the long-term viability of urban expansion and the preservation of cultural heritage has become an issue for practically all communities. On the other side, a livable, peaceful, and rich urban environment is required. As a result, the theme of "urban and cultural heritage sustainability" is explored in this Special Issue from the perspectives of field survey analysis, historical value discovery, assessment mechanism construction, management system optimization, and conservation measures. The content of innovation and research includes but is not limited to the following:

  • Controlling the historical city's capacity;
  • Systems for managing cultural heritage;
  • Methods and strategies for comprehensive evaluation;
  • Practices in field research;
  • Protection of cultural heritage;
  • Historiography of urban construction;
  • Cultural heritage digitization;
  • Urban renewal and heritage preservation.

Prof. Dr. Zhiqing Zhao
Dr. Qinglian Wang
Dr. Bocheng Zhang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (23 papers)

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17 pages, 1928 KiB  
Article
The Service Experience Innovation Model of Cultural Tourism in Historic Districts: A Case Study on Zhongshan Road in Quanzhou, Fujian Province of China
by Yi-Hang Lin and Chun-Liang Chen
Sustainability 2024, 16(9), 3567; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093567 - 24 Apr 2024
Viewed by 275
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate how consumers engage in cultural activities in Quanzhou and analyze innovative service experiences in this ancient city. We also sought to create a model integrating humanistic innovations into the enhancement of service experiences. We used an exploratory case [...] Read more.
This study aimed to elucidate how consumers engage in cultural activities in Quanzhou and analyze innovative service experiences in this ancient city. We also sought to create a model integrating humanistic innovations into the enhancement of service experiences. We used an exploratory case study approach, combining secondary data analysis with on-site observations. The findings include the following: (1) The tourist experience in cultural tourism involves six stages: “Connect and Attract”, “Orientate”, “Interact”, “Extend and Retain”, “Advocate”, and “Recollect”. (2) We developed the TESP model for innovative cultural tourism services in Quanzhou, with four dimensions: Technological, Experiential, Systemic, and Platform. The Platform dimension introduces the Hub and Service Process sub-dimensions. Additionally, the study suggests that creating a sense of place in historic districts relies on traditional culture, emphasizing the core competitiveness, identity, and culture of a locality. (3) Integrating “humanistic innovation” into cultural tourism is essential, utilizing digital platforms and interpersonal networks to promote core values and thus foster local economic prosperity. The research outcomes hold practical significance for cultural heritage tourism in Quanzhou, as well as for the study and implementation of service and experience innovations among experience providers, practitioners, managers, and marketing professionals in the field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Conservation of Urban and Cultural Heritage)
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25 pages, 5299 KiB  
Article
A Study of the Spatial–Temporal Development Patterns and Influencing Factors of China’s National Archaeological Site Parks
by Yueting Xi, Taili Liu, Siliang Chen, Xinru Zhang, Suyi Qu and Yue Dong
Sustainability 2024, 16(8), 3397; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16083397 - 18 Apr 2024
Viewed by 373
Abstract
National Archaeological Site Parks are strategic projects in China for innovatively exploring the scientific protection and rational utilization of large heritage sites for the purpose of balancing urban development and protecting cultural heritage. Therefore, research on the spatial–temporal evolution and influencing factors of [...] Read more.
National Archaeological Site Parks are strategic projects in China for innovatively exploring the scientific protection and rational utilization of large heritage sites for the purpose of balancing urban development and protecting cultural heritage. Therefore, research on the spatial–temporal evolution and influencing factors of National Archaeological Site Parks can improve and optimize their management and pattern systems and is therefore of great significance for the sustainable development of large sites and their surrounding areas. Targeting the 135 National Archaeological Site Parks of China, this paper adopts the nearest-neighbor index analytical method, the kernel density estimation method, the standard deviation ellipse method, the method of constructing an indicator system, and an SPSS factor analysis method to analyze the spatial–temporal evolution and influencing factors of these parks. The findings are as follows: (1) In terms of the temporal evolution, the number of National Archaeological Site Parks increased from 2010 to 2022, and the ages and types of the large heritage sites they are built upon gradually became more balanced and diverse. (2) In terms of the spatial evolution, National Archaeological Site Parks form two high-density areas in Central China and East China. Their overall distribution is consistent with China’s “Hu Line”. (3) In terms of spatial–temporal evolution, the center of gravity of National Archaeological Site Parks’ distribution is advancing toward Southwest China, and the trend of a more balanced distribution is rising. (4) Finally, regional development, heritage tourism, historical resources, and government support were observed to be factors that affect the spatial–temporal patterns of the National Archaeological Site Parks. Based on these findings, we propose specific strategies for coordinating and linking the above four major influencing factors to promote the rational utilization of large heritage sites and the sustainable development of National Archaeological Site Parks. We aim to improve and optimize the management and pattern systems of National Archaeological Site Parks, to promote urban renewal based on large heritage sites, and to provide valuable insights for policy makers and heritage practitioners in other countries with historical resources around the world. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Conservation of Urban and Cultural Heritage)
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36 pages, 14547 KiB  
Article
Examined in Theory—Applicable in Practice: Potentials of Sustainable Industrial Heritage Conservation in a Contemporary Context—The Case of Belgrade
by Marko Nikolić, Jelena Šćekić, Boško Drobnjak and Ena Takač
Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 2820; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072820 - 28 Mar 2024
Viewed by 642
Abstract
The industrial heritage of the city of Belgrade is the focus of this research, which highlights the possibilities of preserving industrial heritage from the perspective of a contemporary context and sustainable development. Guided by theoretical principles on the preservation of cultural and industrial [...] Read more.
The industrial heritage of the city of Belgrade is the focus of this research, which highlights the possibilities of preserving industrial heritage from the perspective of a contemporary context and sustainable development. Guided by theoretical principles on the preservation of cultural and industrial heritage, their values, authenticity and spirit of place, as well as the idea of the necessity of integrating industrial heritage into the contemporary context, this paper aims to examine the possibilities for the preservation of industrial heritage following theoretically established principles, with the introduction of new uses and sustainable solutions. The analysis of the case studies of Belgrade’s industrial heritage presented in this paper results from research conducted by the teachers, associates and students of the University of Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture. The research focuses on the possibilities of translating the principles of preserving cultural and industrial heritage from their theoretical definition to practical application. The students’ conceptual solutions for protection, revitalisation and presentation of the analysed case studies represent the research results. An important aspect of this paper is defining the criteria for valorising students’ conceptual solutions, which are aligned with the principles of preserving cultural heritage and establishing sustainable development. The valorisation of students’ conceptual solutions through a defined set of criteria indicates real possibilities for the simultaneous preservation of all the values of industrial heritage and its transformation into a social, ecological and economic resource of the contemporary city. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Conservation of Urban and Cultural Heritage)
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22 pages, 4333 KiB  
Article
The Origin and Architectural and Technological Characteristics and Opportunities for the Reuse of Portugal’s EPAC Silo Network
by Víctor Marcelo, Arlindo Almeida, Pablo Pastrana, F. Javier López-Díez and José B. Valenciano
Sustainability 2024, 16(5), 2116; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16052116 - 04 Mar 2024
Viewed by 573
Abstract
Portugal’s EPAC (Empresa Pública do Abastecimiento dos Cereais) silo network, initially planned in the 1930s but constructed and utilised primarily in the 1970s, consisted of 31 silos with a total capacity of 841,100 t. The network’s usage declined, however, due to market liberalisation [...] Read more.
Portugal’s EPAC (Empresa Pública do Abastecimiento dos Cereais) silo network, initially planned in the 1930s but constructed and utilised primarily in the 1970s, consisted of 31 silos with a total capacity of 841,100 t. The network’s usage declined, however, due to market liberalisation and Portugal’s accession to the European Economic Community in 1985. This study focuses on adapting a methodology to inventory and analyse the 31 silos in the EPAC network, considering their general features, construction, technological facilities, and socioeconomic aspects. The silos are situated in 30 cities and towns, predominantly in the country’s key grain-growing regions, particularly the Alentejo region. While there are variations in design and construction, most EPAC silos contain two or three rows of circular reinforced concrete cells and use the spaces between cells for storage. Their capacities range from 6000 to 35,000 t. Some are inland grain reception and storage silos, while others are larger-capacity port silos designed to unload grain rapidly onto ships using mechanical or pneumatic unloaders. These structures are a significant part of Portugal’s agro-industrial heritage and have, in some cases, been repurposed as museums or event venues. Compared to other agro-industrial buildings, silos pose unique conversion challenges due to their height and design complexities. Examples of successful reuse in countries like Spain and Italy may provide insights for potential silo projects in Portugal. However, analysis suggests that such proposals and similar initiatives may be viable only in the more highly populated towns. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Conservation of Urban and Cultural Heritage)
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17 pages, 1071 KiB  
Article
Achieving Neighborhood-Level Collaborative Governance through Participatory Regeneration: Cases of Three Residential Heritage Neighborhoods in Shanghai
by Han Wang and Yueli Xu
Sustainability 2024, 16(5), 2082; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16052082 - 02 Mar 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 741
Abstract
Residential heritage neighborhoods in China are experiencing a transformation from large-scale demolishment, which is associated with relocating residents, to small-scale neighborhood regeneration, and distinctive models of participatory regeneration are emerging. Participatory regeneration is increasingly considered to be an effective way to achieve multiple [...] Read more.
Residential heritage neighborhoods in China are experiencing a transformation from large-scale demolishment, which is associated with relocating residents, to small-scale neighborhood regeneration, and distinctive models of participatory regeneration are emerging. Participatory regeneration is increasingly considered to be an effective way to achieve multiple goals in urban development; however, little research has investigated the impacts of participatory regeneration on achieving neighborhood-based collaborative governance. This study aims to explore which mechanisms associated with participatory regeneration facilitate or constrain neighborhood-based collaborative governance, using case studies in Shanghai. Based on the investigation of three nuanced pathways in participatory regeneration, this study compares four dimensions associated with participatory regeneration (i.e., participatory decision-making, inclusion, collective problem-solving, and power-sharing) and explores key mechanisms that are applicable for achieving collaborative governance in different scenarios, aiming to enhance social development and social sustainability in future. The findings indicate that although grassroots government played vital roles in participatory heritage neighborhood regeneration through financial support and supervision strategies, facilitating mechanisms could still be observed for achieving collaborative governance. Furthermore, this study provides suggestions for planners in building collaborative governance in other developing areas which are experiencing rapid urbanization with strong state interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Conservation of Urban and Cultural Heritage)
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21 pages, 28897 KiB  
Article
Measuring Displacement before and after Repair on Korean Wooden Built Heritage: Records for Authenticity and Sustainability
by Seang Hyen Moon and Dai Whan An
Sustainability 2024, 16(3), 1101; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16031101 - 27 Jan 2024
Viewed by 558
Abstract
Korean wooden built heritage is periodically repaired due to inherent material characteristics that necessitate inevitable changes. This study delves into a detailed point-by-point displacement analysis of Korean wooden built heritage, both pre- and post-repair. Specifically, this study examines the displacement of key points [...] Read more.
Korean wooden built heritage is periodically repaired due to inherent material characteristics that necessitate inevitable changes. This study delves into a detailed point-by-point displacement analysis of Korean wooden built heritage, both pre- and post-repair. Specifically, this study examines the displacement of key points before repair, immediately after repair, and after a four-year interval, focusing on the Sungryeoljeon Shrine in Namhansanseong, a designated World Heritage Site. While substantial changes were observed before and immediately after repairs were made, this study revealed minimal alterations during the subsequent four-year period. However, significant displacement is anticipated when future repairs become necessary. This study posits that accumulating records, which meticulously document these displacements in Korean wooden built heritage, is critical to ensuring the authenticity and sustainability of these historic architectural treasures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Conservation of Urban and Cultural Heritage)
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21 pages, 6920 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Yellow River Region Cultural Heritage Value and Corridor Construction across Urban Scales: A Case Study in Shaanxi, China
by He Zhang, Yutong Wang, Yu Qi, Siwei Chen and Zhengkai Zhang
Sustainability 2024, 16(3), 1004; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16031004 - 24 Jan 2024
Viewed by 674
Abstract
Heritage corridors play a pivotal role in preserving linear cultural heritage, especially in economically underdeveloped regions like the Yellow River area. These corridors not only serve as a primary method for safeguarding cultural heritage, but also act as catalysts for enhancing regional economic [...] Read more.
Heritage corridors play a pivotal role in preserving linear cultural heritage, especially in economically underdeveloped regions like the Yellow River area. These corridors not only serve as a primary method for safeguarding cultural heritage, but also act as catalysts for enhancing regional economic vitality. The widespread distribution of cultural heritage in the Yellow River region emphasizes the need for targeted protection and utilization at the regional level. To facilitate graded protection and the utilization of regional cultural heritage, this study introduces a method for constructing graded heritage corridors based on the comprehensive value of cultural heritage, thereby establishing a framework for comprehensive assessments. Through leveraging multi-source data, this study assesses cultural heritage’s comprehensive value by integrating the service capacity of heritage sites. Subsequently, this study constructs graded heritage corridors using the minimum cumulative resistance model. The findings reveal a concentrated distribution of cultural heritage in Shaanxi within the Yellow River region, where 19.8% of the sites in the economically and ecologically thriving southern regions were rated as high value (fourth or fifth grades). Finally, this study identifies distinct corridor themes by integrating regional cultural characteristics, thereby forming a cultural heritage region network that propels the overall protection and utilization in the area. The proposed cultural heritage assessment framework and corridor construction method are also applicable to various linear heritage types dispersed across diverse regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Conservation of Urban and Cultural Heritage)
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33 pages, 15298 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Environmental Performances of Nature-Based Solutions Implementation in Urban Environments through Visible and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: A Combined Approach of Proximal and Remote Sensing for Monitoring and Evaluation
by Giuseppe Bonifazi, Riccardo Gasbarrone and Silvia Serranti
Sustainability 2023, 15(22), 16076; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152216076 - 17 Nov 2023
Viewed by 840
Abstract
The implementation of Nature-based Solutions (NbS) in urban environments is gaining momentum as a means to address environmental challenges and promote sustainable development. However, effective monitoring and evaluation are essential to assess the performance of NbS interventions and to guide decision-making. This research [...] Read more.
The implementation of Nature-based Solutions (NbS) in urban environments is gaining momentum as a means to address environmental challenges and promote sustainable development. However, effective monitoring and evaluation are essential to assess the performance of NbS interventions and to guide decision-making. This research paper introduces a combined approach of proximal and remote sensing, based on visible and near-infrared spectroscopy, to monitor and evaluate NbS implementation in urban areas. The study focuses on the case of the UPPER (Urban Productive Parks for Sustainable Urban Regeneration) project and aims to establish urban Productive Parks as a novel NbS approach in the town of Latina (Italy). Field-based proximal sensing techniques (i.e., near-infrared spectroscopy, NIR) and satellite-based remote sensing data from the Sentinel-2 mission are employed. By integrating these techniques, the study enables comprehensive and multi-scale monitoring of vegetation health and assessment of vegetated areas. Various band ratio indices are calculated to assess vegetation coverage, water content, and urbanization. Temporal variations in these indices are analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of NbS interventions and their impact on the urban environment. The combined approach of proximal and remote sensing demonstrates the potential for comprehensive and multi-scale monitoring of NbS in urban environments. The research findings contribute to the existing knowledge on NbS monitoring and evaluation, providing valuable insights for sustainable urban development and evidence-based decision-making. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Conservation of Urban and Cultural Heritage)
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23 pages, 27973 KiB  
Article
Understanding the Visual Relationship between Function and Facade in Historic Buildings Using Deep Learning—A Case Study of the Chinese Eastern Railway
by Peilun Li, Zhiqing Zhao, Bocheng Zhang, Yuling Chen and Jiayu Xie
Sustainability 2023, 15(22), 15857; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152215857 - 11 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1035
Abstract
Although functional identifiability represents a key aspect for promoting visual connotation and sustainable usability in historic building groups, there is still no consensus on how to quantitatively describe its identification basis at a large scale. The recent emergence of the potentiality of deep [...] Read more.
Although functional identifiability represents a key aspect for promoting visual connotation and sustainable usability in historic building groups, there is still no consensus on how to quantitatively describe its identification basis at a large scale. The recent emergence of the potentiality of deep learning and computer vision has provided an alternative to traditional empirical-based judgment, which is limited by its subjective bias and high traversal costs. To address these challenges, this study aims to build a workflow for a visual analysis of function and facade to extract the different contributions that facade elements provide to functional expression. The approach is demonstrated with an experiment on a section of the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER) where large-scale historical buildings images were categorized to identify functions using deep learning, together with activation and substance for visual calculations. First, the dataset aggregated with images of historic buildings along the CER was used to identify functional categories using SE-DenseNet merging channel attention. The results of the model visualized using t-SNE and Grad-CAM were then used to analyze the relationships of facade features across functional categories and differences in elemental feature representation across functional prototypes. The results show the following: (1) SE-Densenet can more efficiently identify building functions from the closely linked facade images of historic building groups, with the average accuracy reaching 85.84%. (2) Urban–rural differences exist not only in the count of spatial distributions among the CER’s historic building groups, but also in a significant visual divergence between functions related to urban life and those involved in the military, industry, and railways. (3) Windows and walls occupy areas with more characteristics, but their decorative elements have a higher intensity of features. The findings could enhance the objective understanding and deeper characteristics of the historical building group system, contributing to integrated conservation and characteristic sustainability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Conservation of Urban and Cultural Heritage)
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21 pages, 10640 KiB  
Article
Residential Space Organization of the Inner Mongolia Earth Dwellings around the Yellow River Basin
by Jingying Song, Shichen Zhao and Jing Kong
Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15027; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015027 - 18 Oct 2023
Viewed by 741
Abstract
The living spaces within vernacular dwellings undergo continuous adjustments in response to evolving lifestyles, society, and cultural shifts. Residents, guided by their understanding, integrate newly emerging functional spaces within the framework of traditional living environments. While appearing rough and A disorganized, this spontaneous [...] Read more.
The living spaces within vernacular dwellings undergo continuous adjustments in response to evolving lifestyles, society, and cultural shifts. Residents, guided by their understanding, integrate newly emerging functional spaces within the framework of traditional living environments. While appearing rough and A disorganized, this spontaneous and evolving arrangement of living spaces can reflect how residents incorporate contemporary lifestyles into the framework of traditional dwelling spaces. The research focuses on the traditional earth dwellings in the Inner Mongolia section of the Yellow River basin, aiming to explore the contemporary spatial organization within these local residences. The research uses typology to classify the plans and analysis as the spatial syntax theory to organizational characteristics of residential spaces. With the assistance of the Depthmap X software, Integration and Control Value parameters are computed. Combining the calculated results with the parameters’ meaning determines the following: (1) the plan organization is related to basic functional space types; (2) the stove, used for heating in functional spaces, serves as the center of the plan organization, and the basic functional spaces are typically arranged around this center; (3) both of these space types have extremely high Control Values over directly adjacent spaces and become the core spaces for daily living and activities. Researching the characteristics of local residential space organization and concretely showcasing local residential culture can provide a foundation for future construction that respects residents’ preferences and supports the sustainable development of local residential culture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Conservation of Urban and Cultural Heritage)
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18 pages, 19852 KiB  
Article
Digitization of Ancient Artefacts and Fabrication of Sustainable 3D-Printed Replicas for Intended Use by Visitors with Disabilities: The Case of Piraeus Archaeological Museum
by Antreas Kantaros, Evangelos Soulis and Elli Alysandratou
Sustainability 2023, 15(17), 12689; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151712689 - 22 Aug 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2609
Abstract
The digitization of ancient artifacts and the fabrication of sustainable 3D-printed replicas present a promising solution for enhancing the accessibility to cultural heritage sites for visitors with disabilities. This article focuses on the case study of the Piraeus Archaeological Museum. The study investigates [...] Read more.
The digitization of ancient artifacts and the fabrication of sustainable 3D-printed replicas present a promising solution for enhancing the accessibility to cultural heritage sites for visitors with disabilities. This article focuses on the case study of the Piraeus Archaeological Museum. The study investigates the process of digitizing a selection of ancient artifacts from the museum’s collection and utilizing 3D printing technology to produce tactile replicas from recycled Polylactic Acid (PLA) material that provide a multisensory experience for individuals with disabilities like vision impairment. The research examines the technical challenges and considerations faced by the authors’ team during the 3D scanning process of the artifacts, the manufacturing of raw material from 3D printing waste, as well as the optimization of 3D printing parameters to ensure the creation of high-quality 3D-printed replicas. Furthermore, the article points out the positive future impact that the 3D-printed replicas will have on the engagement and comprehension of vision-impaired visitors, highlighting the potential of this approach in promoting inclusivity and fostering a connection with cultural heritage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Conservation of Urban and Cultural Heritage)
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20 pages, 10047 KiB  
Article
Optimization Path of Metro Commercial Passageway Based on Computational Analysis
by Peng Dai, Song Han, Guannan Fu, Hui Fu and Yanjun Wang
Sustainability 2023, 15(14), 11140; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411140 - 17 Jul 2023
Viewed by 919
Abstract
In this study, three key factors affecting the planning of metro commercial passageways are selected: the built environment of metro station, travel purposes of passenger flow and gate position of the station hall. The Pearson model, Logistic model and software simulation are combined [...] Read more.
In this study, three key factors affecting the planning of metro commercial passageways are selected: the built environment of metro station, travel purposes of passenger flow and gate position of the station hall. The Pearson model, Logistic model and software simulation are combined to analyze passage passenger flow. In the study of metro passageways, most studies focus on the optimization of evacuation and transfer functions, with little research on metro commercial passageways. The purpose of this study is to improve the attractiveness of metro commercial passageways to passenger flow by improving the three key factors mentioned above, thereby improving the current situation of underground commerce. The analysis results show that in the built environment analysis, the four selected construction factors are highly correlated with the passenger flow, and the correlation degree is in the following order (from high to low): length of the passage, operation of the escalators, the distance from the passage exit to the bus stop and the passage width. In the passenger flow travel purpose analysis, based on the structure of passengers and the function of the surrounding land use, it can be divided into shopping, work and living purposes, and the result of model parameter comparison shows that “shopping trips” is the most significant purpose. According to the analysis of the location of the exit gates at the station concourse level, the passageway with a closer distance or linear pattern to the gate location is more attractive to the passenger flow. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Conservation of Urban and Cultural Heritage)
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21 pages, 14433 KiB  
Article
Heritage-Based Spatial Form Consideration: Western Urban Planning Concepts Used in Chinese Urban (Dalian) Development
by Bocheng Zhang and Qinglian Wang
Sustainability 2023, 15(14), 10899; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151410899 - 12 Jul 2023
Viewed by 1118
Abstract
Dalian, a typical modern colonial city, originated in the late 19th century and was planned and built by Russian architects. Academics have traditionally focused on the unique qualities of the spatial form from the early stages of urban development, but due to a [...] Read more.
Dalian, a typical modern colonial city, originated in the late 19th century and was planned and built by Russian architects. Academics have traditionally focused on the unique qualities of the spatial form from the early stages of urban development, but due to a lack of urban history archives, the formation of the spatial form and the planning ideology of this time have not been examined. For this study, we visited the Russian State Historical Archives to search for relevant materials to restore the process of forming Dalian’s spatial form. Based on this, the heritage value and attributes of Dalian’s modern urban spatial form are discussed. The results show that, although Dalian was always under the control of Russian political power at the early stage of its urban construction, the urban planning ideas were integrated with modern Western urban planning ideas. Secondly, under the influence of modern Western urban planning ideas, including “classicalism” and the “garden city”, the modern Dalian urban space gradually formed a unique form and appearance, bearing the brand of the times and urban memory in a special context. Moreover, this study finds that the evolution of urban space is not simply a cumulative development of itself but the result of the influence of external ideas implanted with unique heritage values and attributes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Conservation of Urban and Cultural Heritage)
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21 pages, 11531 KiB  
Article
Point Cloud-Based Historical Building Information Modeling (H-BIM) in Urban Heritage Documentation Studies
by Lutfiye Karasaka and Neslisah Ulutas
Sustainability 2023, 15(13), 10726; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310726 - 07 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1799
Abstract
Integrating building information modeling (BIM) technology into historical and cultural heritage structures has resulted in historic building information modeling (H-BIM), an effective method for managing and documenting invaluable historical artifacts. H-BIM has the potential to aid with the design, restoration, and maintenance activities [...] Read more.
Integrating building information modeling (BIM) technology into historical and cultural heritage structures has resulted in historic building information modeling (H-BIM), an effective method for managing and documenting invaluable historical artifacts. H-BIM has the potential to aid with the design, restoration, and maintenance activities of historical buildings by properly integrating parametric data and deliberately assessing semantic information, thus progressing the 3D model’s performance. H-BIM also aims to conduct cultural heritage (CH) studies in a systematic manner by combining 3D modeling techniques and information management. The first step in this process is to conduct a suitable geomatic survey to build accurate 3D models. The most efficient modeling method is to employ 3D point cloud data that are acquired using the terrestrial laser scanning method. This study proposes a manual modeling strategy for urban historical buildings that falls within the scope of the H-BIM methodology. The proposed modeling strategy follows a workflow that inserts point cloud data into the BIM environment in order to create a 3D urban cultural heritage model using ontologies applied with the H-BIM methodology. With this objective in mind, the H-BIM model development platform Revit was used to model the object elements of the inheritance structure in 3D and save them in the BIM library. It is very important to model building elements separately in 3D modeling studies. The resulting BIM product sheds light on fundamental data for the future planning, design, operation, and maintenance processes of the building. Users can obtain data suitable for H-BIM by adding graphical and non-graphical data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Conservation of Urban and Cultural Heritage)
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32 pages, 16569 KiB  
Article
A Study on Industrial Heritage Renewal Strategy Based on Hybrid Bayesian Network
by Rui Han and Shiqi Yang
Sustainability 2023, 15(13), 10707; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310707 - 07 Jul 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1422
Abstract
A more scientific, objective, and reasonable renewal orientation is gradually becoming a research hotspot in the field of industrial heritage conservation and renewal. This study selected five samples to carry out field investigation and face-to-face interviews. POI data were collected and analyzed, which [...] Read more.
A more scientific, objective, and reasonable renewal orientation is gradually becoming a research hotspot in the field of industrial heritage conservation and renewal. This study selected five samples to carry out field investigation and face-to-face interviews. POI data were collected and analyzed, which revealed the relationship between environmental resources and the five samples based on the kernel density estimation method. Sequentially, we unprecedentedly created a complete BN-POI-AHP hybrid Bayesian network model that was used to implement simulation analysis of the industrial heritage of the Former Site Museum of Changchun Film Studio. A renewal orientation and a strategy for the community comprehensive sports ground were determined based on the results of the simulation data through the previous model. We eventually achieved a sustainable renewal strategy and innovative research method for industrial heritage, from objective data collection and simulation model creation to generation of a final reasonable plan. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Conservation of Urban and Cultural Heritage)
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17 pages, 12336 KiB  
Article
Construction of Security Pattern for Historical Districts in Cultural Landscape Based on MCR Model: A Case Study of Chaozong Street, Changsha City
by Zihan Chen, Su Liu, Wei Liao and Junxue Zhang
Sustainability 2023, 15(13), 10619; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310619 - 05 Jul 2023
Viewed by 1189
Abstract
This study aimed to establish a comprehensive and sustainable approach to the conservation of historical districts through the “Cultural Landscape Security Pattern” (CLSP) theory. Deploying this theory can penetrate limitations posed by physical and social-emotional factors, enabling a resilient framework which can coordinate [...] Read more.
This study aimed to establish a comprehensive and sustainable approach to the conservation of historical districts through the “Cultural Landscape Security Pattern” (CLSP) theory. Deploying this theory can penetrate limitations posed by physical and social-emotional factors, enabling a resilient framework which can coordinate long-term heritage protection with urbanization in a more sustainable manner. Chaozong Street in Changsha City, China, was taken as the locus of study, which was initiated by quantitatively analyzing and evaluating the cultural landscape. The ArcGIS spatial analysis and the minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model were then considered to model different levels of CLSP. It was on this basis that corresponding regulations and development strategies were then proposed. The results from the study demonstrate that implementing CLSP in historic districts can construct a protective network over the districts, which can then guide the recovery of fragmented historical built environments, as well as ensure continuity of historical consciousness and integrity. In addition, in comparison with conventional protection planning methods, this method features greater flexibility and adaptability when considering and accounting for complex spatial issues in historic districts and provides a novel approach for similar studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Conservation of Urban and Cultural Heritage)
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16 pages, 5941 KiB  
Article
Measuring the Perceived Heterogeneity of Cultural Ecosystem Services in National Cultural Parks: Evidence from China
by Wei Huang, Shizhu Lu and Yuqing Guo
Sustainability 2023, 15(12), 9428; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129428 - 12 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1111
Abstract
National cultural parks are a new form of tourism in China. These parks focus on cultural heritage. Many studies have examined the cultural ecosystem services (CESs) that parks provide from visitors’ perspectives. However, there needs to be more research on the perceived heterogeneity [...] Read more.
National cultural parks are a new form of tourism in China. These parks focus on cultural heritage. Many studies have examined the cultural ecosystem services (CESs) that parks provide from visitors’ perspectives. However, there needs to be more research on the perceived heterogeneity of CESs among different social groups, especially residents, and the relationship between the supply and demand of CESs. This study uses visitor-employed photographs to reveal the landscape features offered by national cultural parks. This study also analyses the relationship between landscape elements in national cultural parks and CESs, as well as the heterogeneity of users’ perceptions of CESs. The results show that the resident group and visitor group agree on the importance of a sense of place in national cultural parks. However, there are differences between the two groups regarding their perceptions of inspiration, recreation, cultural heritage, and social relations in the parks. Residents are most concerned with the parks’ sense of place and social relations. In contrast, visitors are more interested in inspiration, recreation, heritage, and a sense of place. This study highlights the different needs of residents and visitors from the CESs provided by national cultural parks. It also provides insights for the landscape planning and ecotourism management of cultural heritage-type parks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Conservation of Urban and Cultural Heritage)
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23 pages, 18500 KiB  
Article
Digital Documentation and Conservation of Architectural Heritage Information: An Application in Modern Chinese Architecture
by Yuheng Chen, Yanming Wu, Xueyun Sun, Naubada Ali and Qi Zhou
Sustainability 2023, 15(9), 7276; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097276 - 27 Apr 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2783
Abstract
With the rapid advancement of technology, accurate and reliable architectural heritage information is increasingly in demand in the fields of cultural heritage and architectural conservation. This study aimed to establish a positive and harmonious relationship between architectural heritage and urban renewal in China’s [...] Read more.
With the rapid advancement of technology, accurate and reliable architectural heritage information is increasingly in demand in the fields of cultural heritage and architectural conservation. This study aimed to establish a positive and harmonious relationship between architectural heritage and urban renewal in China’s sustainable urbanization process by documenting and conserving Chinese architectural heritage information. This work focuses on integrating architectural heritage information into multilevel and multi-dimensional information using scientific and standardized classification methods for documenting and conserving Chinese architectural heritage. The former site of the provisional Senate of the Nanjing National Government was studied and documented for this purpose. A precise 3D modeling for the components of architectural heritage and building information modeling (BIM) technology based on the two-dimensional (2D) drawings and component information were studied, analyzed, and used for restoration. Finally, a component “family” library was created using the common components of existing historical buildings. The results showed that the proposed method could provide both 3D and 2D drawings directly in the digital protection of historical buildings to monitor, repair, and protect architectural heritage, particularly historical buildings, throughout their life cycle. Overall, this work highlights the importance of protecting architectural heritage in sustainable urbanization and proposes an effective method for achieving this goal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Conservation of Urban and Cultural Heritage)
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27 pages, 8809 KiB  
Article
Feature Recognition of Regional Architecture Forms Based on Machine Learning: A Case Study of Architecture Heritage in Hubei Province, China
by Han Zou, Jing Ge, Ruichao Liu and Lin He
Sustainability 2023, 15(4), 3504; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043504 - 14 Feb 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2408
Abstract
Architecture form has been one of the hot areas in the field of architectural design, which reflects regional architectural features to some extent. However, most of the existing methods for architecture form belong to the field of qualitative analysis. Accordingly, quantitative methods are [...] Read more.
Architecture form has been one of the hot areas in the field of architectural design, which reflects regional architectural features to some extent. However, most of the existing methods for architecture form belong to the field of qualitative analysis. Accordingly, quantitative methods are urgently required to extract regional architectural style, identify architecture form, and to and further provide the quantitative evaluation. Based on machine learning technology, this paper proposes a novel method to quantify the feature, form, and evaluation of regional architectures. First, we construct a training dataset—the Chinese Ancient Architecture Image Dataset (CAAID), in which each image is labeled by some experts as having at least one of three typical features such as “High Pedestal”, “Deep Eave” and “Elegant Gable”. Second, the CAAID is used to train our neural network model to identify three kinds of architectural features. In order to reveal the traditional forms of regional architecture in Hubei, we built the Hubei Architectural Heritage Image Dataset (HAHID) as our object dataset, in which we collected architectural images from four different regions including southeast, northeast, southwest, and northwest Hubei. Our object dataset is then fed into our neural network model to predict the typical features for those four regions in Hubei. The obtained quantitative results show that the feature identification of the architectural form is consistent with that of regional architectures in Hubei. Moreover, we can observe from the quantitative results that four geographic regions in Hubei show variation; for instance, the feature of the ‘elegant gable’ in southeastern Hubei is more evident, while the “Deep Eave” in the northwest is more evident. In addition, some new building images are selected to feed into our neural network model and the output quantitative results can effectively identify the corresponding feature style of regional architectures in Hubei. Therefore, our proposed method based on machine learning can be used not only as a quantitative tool to extract features of regional architectures, but also as an effective approach to evaluate architecture forms in the urban renewal process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Conservation of Urban and Cultural Heritage)
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13 pages, 23907 KiB  
Article
Restoration of the City Walls of Monopoli in Puglia (Italy)—The 16th Century House within the Walls: From the Discovery of the Gunboat to the Recovery of the Basement
by Angela Diceglie
Sustainability 2023, 15(3), 2300; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032300 - 26 Jan 2023
Viewed by 1554
Abstract
This article presents part of the results of the restoration of a house within the walls of the ancient city of Monopoli in Puglia, Italy. The aim is to propose a methodological approach for the conservation of minor assets of ancient centers that [...] Read more.
This article presents part of the results of the restoration of a house within the walls of the ancient city of Monopoli in Puglia, Italy. The aim is to propose a methodological approach for the conservation of minor assets of ancient centers that are aimed at recognizing, on the one hand, the historical and cultural value of the asset and, on the other, the seismic vulnerability of the artefacts, which is a key topical problem for the conservation of historic cities. A brief introduction on the context of belonging, which is characterized by similar cases, precedes the following preliminary investigations: a historiographical investigation on the urban landscape; then, a critical inquiry and related essays. Preliminary investigations have rendered it possible to highlight: on the one hand, the phases in respect of the transformation of the building in question (i.e., 3rd century BC–19th century AD); and on the other hand, to identify a 15th century gunboat and an underground room that is characterized by ancient walls. The data, acquired in the cognitive phase and confirmed by the essays, determined the project. In other words “knowledge for the restoration of artefacts” was achieved. The project is aimed at reversibility, recognition and compatibility. Furthermore, it provides for the recovery and enhancement of the underground environment with horizontal structures and connections between the two levels that will possess reversibility criteria through the use of dry technologies. The restoration site started with the excavation of the base, which was a very complex process from an operational point of view. Moreover, on the one hand, such a process highlighted the hidden structures of the ancient city. On the other hand, it has highlighted an important criticality in relation to the foundation system, which is closely linked to the process evolution of the manufactured article. The restoration site of the external walls, carried out with sustainable techniques and materials, has brought to light this ancient fifteenth-century gunboat. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Conservation of Urban and Cultural Heritage)
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34 pages, 13229 KiB  
Article
Conservation Proposals for Monasteries in Karpas Peninsula, Northern Cyprus
by Erman Berkay and Beser Oktay Vehbi
Sustainability 2022, 14(23), 16070; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142316070 - 01 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1579
Abstract
Rural monasteries reflect the dependence on religion and agriculture with their space organization, function, and the lifestyle of the religious communities. Although conservation and reuse of monasteries are significant methods for transferring the knowledge of these religious heritage sites and their historical religious [...] Read more.
Rural monasteries reflect the dependence on religion and agriculture with their space organization, function, and the lifestyle of the religious communities. Although conservation and reuse of monasteries are significant methods for transferring the knowledge of these religious heritage sites and their historical religious habits, many monastery buildings are threatened by abandonment, neglect, and idleness in Cyprus. This is mainly due to political and social reasons, which resulted in the loss of their connection with groups’ religious communities. This study mainly focuses on the nine monasteries which are located in the Karpas Peninsula. This paper discusses the lack of proper conservation activities for abandoned monasteries in Northern Cyprus, particularly with rural medieval monasteries located on the Karpas Peninsula. Concepts, such as adaptive reuse of monasteries and cultural routes, are noted in the state of the art section which formed the basis of the case studies included in this paper. The study underlines the significance of monasteries and monastic life in Northern Cyprus and discusses the current material as well as structural problems of these structures. Further to this, a proposal in respect of the construction of the monasteries’ route is made. Finally, the importance of the restoration and reuse of these monasteries and their possible contribution to tourism, gastronomic, and religious experiences are noted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Conservation of Urban and Cultural Heritage)
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24 pages, 8208 KiB  
Article
The Heritage Jewel of Saudi Arabia: A Descriptive Analysis of the Heritage Management and Development Activities in the At-Turaif District in Ad-Dir’iyah, a World Heritage Site (WHS)
by Mohammed Abdulfattah Bay, Mohammed Mashary Alnaim, Ghazy Abdullah Albaqawy and Emad Noaime
Sustainability 2022, 14(17), 10718; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710718 - 28 Aug 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5791
Abstract
This study explores the change over time in the World Heritage Site (WHS) of Diriyah over three critical periods, focusing on three aspects: physical, social, and economic. Using a mixed-method approach, the site’s heritage management practices and development impact are investigated, and the [...] Read more.
This study explores the change over time in the World Heritage Site (WHS) of Diriyah over three critical periods, focusing on three aspects: physical, social, and economic. Using a mixed-method approach, the site’s heritage management practices and development impact are investigated, and the impact of WHS inscription on the field of heritage in Saudi Arabia is demonstrated. A methodological approach is used in this study, which includes temporal analysis, analysis of historical images and photographs, non-participant observation and semi-structured interviews with key informants, site fieldwork, analysis of archival research, the content of official documents, related media, and promotional materials. The study concludes with a three-aspect matrix demonstrating Historic Diriyah’s various development and change over time. Historic Diriyah is a WHS, and it can still project a successful massive makeover development if a sustainable development approach is used, and visual integrity and site authenticity are preserved. The site of Historic Diriyah and its surroundings were critical in promoting the site as a national identity, an international destination, and presenting a new development agenda for the entire kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It has a significant impact on policymakers who are interested in how heritage sites can be integrated into a larger vision. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Conservation of Urban and Cultural Heritage)
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20 pages, 1125 KiB  
Systematic Review
Climate Change Impacts on UNESCO World Heritage-Listed Cultural Properties in the Asia–Pacific Region: A Systematic Review of State of Conservation Reports, 1979–2021
by Ky Nam Nguyen and Sarah Baker
Sustainability 2023, 15(19), 14141; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914141 - 25 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1737
Abstract
Utilising the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 Statement, this article examines 51 UNESCO state of conservation reports from 1979–2021 to explore the impacts of climate change hazards on UNESCO World Heritage-listed cultural properties in the Asia–Pacific region. This [...] Read more.
Utilising the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 Statement, this article examines 51 UNESCO state of conservation reports from 1979–2021 to explore the impacts of climate change hazards on UNESCO World Heritage-listed cultural properties in the Asia–Pacific region. This article provides a list of the cultural properties impacted by climate change hazards, the types of hazards experienced and their resulting impacts, the kind of conservation responses, challenges to the implementation of the suggested actions, and recommendations for future safeguarding against climate change threats. The article highlights that a negligible number of cultural properties affected by climate change hazards have been monitored and managed by UNESCO, with a much larger proportion of cultural properties facing conservation challenges related to climate change currently going unnoticed by the State of Conservation Information System. Specifically, the review of the state of conservation reports illustrates a very real challenge for understanding climate threats impacting the cultural properties of the Pacific States Parties. While this article confirms the value of the State of Conservation Information System, it also demonstrates that weaknesses remain in its capacity to deliver systematic climate impact analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Conservation of Urban and Cultural Heritage)
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