Sustainability

24 pages, 2678 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Perovskite Catalysts for the Simultaneous Elimination of Soot and NO_x Emissions from Diesel Engine

by Peng Chen, Jia Fang, Zinong Zuo, Chengzhuang Zhang, Kejian Wang, Zhiqiang Han and Wei Tian

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10793; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310793 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 800

Abstract

The problem of removing NO_x and carbon particle emissions from diesel engines has been a challenge in the field of environmental protection, which is prompting people to actively explore ways to improve the efficiency of pollutant emission treatment. Due to the high [...] Read more.

The problem of removing NO_x and carbon particle emissions from diesel engines has been a challenge in the field of environmental protection, which is prompting people to actively explore ways to improve the efficiency of pollutant emission treatment. Due to the high price of precious metals, developing an alternative catalytic material with high catalytic activity and stability is a difficult task. Perovskite, with its stable and flexibly variable crystal structure, has become a research hotspot in the field of catalysis. This paper discusses the structure of perovskite catalysts and the mechanism behind the simultaneous catalytic oxidation of diesel engine soot and NO_x. Meanwhile, it provides a comprehensive review of the preparation methods and A/B site modification strategies, establishing a foundation for the synthesis and A/B site modification of perovskite catalysts capable of catalyzing the oxidation of soot and NO_x simultaneously. Additionally, this article offers an outlook on the challenges and future development of perovskite catalysts in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of Traffic-Related Emissions to Improve Air Quality)

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22 pages, 3942 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Infectious Disease Risk Management on Indoor Environmental Quality in Lecture Rooms: Current Performance and Future Considerations

by Adam C. O’Donovan, Fergus Delaney, Taïna Ouvrard, Paol Geoffroy and Paul D. O’Sullivan

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10792; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310792 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 678

Abstract

The global COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant and accelerated developments in ventilation practises, where the need to ventilate buildings has been put centre stage. Longer-term ventilation approaches are now more likely to utilise hybrid ventilation strategies to address the challenge of ensuring [...] Read more.

The global COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant and accelerated developments in ventilation practises, where the need to ventilate buildings has been put centre stage. Longer-term ventilation approaches are now more likely to utilise hybrid ventilation strategies to address the challenge of ensuring resilient indoor thermal environments that are carbon neutral while also minimising the risk of long-range airborne infectious spread of viral pathogens. In the short term, there are many existing buildings which may not undergo retrofit for some time, and consequently, risk mitigation strategies have been implemented in these buildings by utilising existing systems. This paper will present an indoor environmental quality evaluation of ten university lecture rooms both before, during and after changes in ventilation management behaviour and systems that were accelerated due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The results indicate a mean reduction in internal carbon dioxide levels of between 46% and 67% when pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 datasets are compared and between 11% and 62% when pre-COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 datasets are compared. Changes in behaviour and systems have reduced the time spent above thresholds conducive to virus growth by between 8% and 54%, depending on the lecture room. Despite this, a “rebound” can be observed in many rooms, with CO₂ levels appearing to be trending toward pre-pandemic levels. This work indicates the effect of behavioural and system changes on ventilation and the potential risk for virus spread. The results indicate a need to retrofit existing lecture rooms with more advanced natural or mechanical systems to ensure consistent indoor environmental quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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20 pages, 4319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reserve Technique in Integrating Large Sustainable Energy Sources: A Case Study of the Tunisian Grid

by Nouha Mansouri, Abderezak Lashab, Majid Ali, Chokri Bouchoucha, Josep Guerrero and Juan Vasquez

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10791; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310791 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 894

Abstract

The increasing integration of sustainable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, into the national electricity grid presents significant challenges in terms of frequency control and grid stability. Additionally, the imbalance between electricity supply and demand introduces dynamic frequency variations. However, according [...] Read more.

The increasing integration of sustainable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, into the national electricity grid presents significant challenges in terms of frequency control and grid stability. Additionally, the imbalance between electricity supply and demand introduces dynamic frequency variations. However, according to the literature, the impact of high penetration of renewable energy sources on the Tunisian grid has not been extensively analyzed using power system simulator for engineering (PSS/E). This research paper explores how the primary reserve technique participates to maintain frequency within acceptable ranges in the Tunisian electrical grid. Individual generators contribute to the total power output, thereby influencing frequency deviation. The primary frequency control action by each generator is proportional to its frequency deviation and inversely proportional to its governing drop, which measures the generator’s sensitivity to frequency changes. This paper analyzes frequency stability in the Tunisian grid under scenarios with and without different rates of sustainable energy source penetration, which barely reached 3.5% in 2023. In Tunisia, the use of sustainable energy is essential not only for ensuring grid stability but for combating climate change and reducing carbon emissions, aligning with the country’s environmental goals. The transition to sustainable energy significantly reduces the carbon footprint of the power sector, offering a sustainable solution for mitigating the adverse effects of climate change. Dynamic simulations were conducted for the isolated Tunisian system, separate from the interconnected grid, focusing on the critical scenario of the loss of a large electricity production unit. This study also examined the absence of sustainable energy integration and the effects of integration of different rates of renewable energy to evaluate the impact of reserves on the continuity of the Tunisian electrical service. Simulation results, which considered a 2023 grid model, show that with an integration trial of 20% renewable energy and, in the worst-case scenario, which represents the loss of the largest production group in the grid, the primary reserve of a given group—defined by the quantity of active energy—can be rapidly deployed to restore the balance between electricity supply and demand. Thus, reserves are a crucial solution for maintaining frequency within reasonable limits and ensuring the continuity of electrical services in Tunisia with varying rates from 10% to 20% integration of different sustainable energy sources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Energy Efficiency and Optimizing Thermal Design in Energy Storage Systems)

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38 pages, 938 KiB

Open AccessReview

Eco Breakthroughs: Sustainable Materials Transforming the Future of Our Planet

by Catalin Popescu, Hiranya Dissanayake, Egla Mansi and Adrian Stancu

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10790; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310790 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 1028

Abstract

Interest in the sustainable materials sector is growing and accelerated. These materials are designed to reduce the use of non-renewable resources, limit greenhouse gas emissions, and be recyclable or biodegradable, making them highly attractive to both academia and industry. Constantly updating on innovations [...] Read more.

Interest in the sustainable materials sector is growing and accelerated. These materials are designed to reduce the use of non-renewable resources, limit greenhouse gas emissions, and be recyclable or biodegradable, making them highly attractive to both academia and industry. Constantly updating on innovations in this field is essential to speed up the transition to a circular economy and significantly reduce environmental impact. The paper analyzes the current status and future trends of the scientific literature for seven sustainability-related materials categories, such as sustainable materials, green materials, biomaterials, eco-friendly materials, alternative materials, material recycling and material recovery from complex products, and sustainable applied materials. Next, it assesses the impacts, benefits, and challenges associated with sustainable materials from the scientific literature according to six research fields (impact on the environment, performance and durability, economic efficiency, health and safety, social sustainability, and implementation and use). Furthermore, the paper outlines recent advances in sustainable material design, including biomimicry, nanotechnology, additive manufacturing, 3D printing, and sustainable composite materials. Additionally, a bibliometric analysis of 545 studies on sustainable materials published between 1999 and 2023 was conducted based on eight criteria, namely trend, source, author, country, keywords, thematic, co-citation, and content. The findings show that the sustainability-related materials categories have a particular distribution among the domains. Also, the thematic map analysis outlines that biopolymers, nanocellulose, and biocomposites are critical research areas for developing sustainable materials. Full article

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25 pages, 728 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Circular Supply Chains into Experiential Learning: Enhancing Learning Experiences in Higher Education

by David Ernesto Salinas-Navarro, Jaime Alberto Palma-Mendoza and Eliseo Vilalta-Perdomo

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10789; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310789 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 519

Abstract

This work integrates the circular economy (CE) into experiential learning in higher education, focusing on industrial and systems engineering. It addresses the need for suitable learning experiences and pedagogical strategies to enhance CE and sustainability education in active learning research. Accordingly, this study [...] Read more.

This work integrates the circular economy (CE) into experiential learning in higher education, focusing on industrial and systems engineering. It addresses the need for suitable learning experiences and pedagogical strategies to enhance CE and sustainability education in active learning research. Accordingly, this study proposes integrating Kolb’s experiential learning cycle with the ADDIE model into an instructional design framework for reflective and active engagement in learning activities within realistic circular supply chain scenarios. The methodology demonstrates this framework through a case study of an undergraduate module for CE problem-solving, focusing on waste reduction within small and medium enterprises in Mexico City. Based on student surveys and achievement metrics, results show positive student feedback and evaluation results, meeting module targets. This work’s main contribution offers a framework for creating novel experiential learning cases and cultivating sustainability-related and disciplinary learning outcomes. It also recognises valuable links for citizenship commitment, problem-solving, community engagement, and CE education. However, this work acknowledges limitations in complex problem-solving difficulties, a resource-demanding nature, restricted transferability, and the limited evaluation of learning effectiveness. Future research will explore this work’s relevance across Kolb’s learning styles and diverse industries, focusing on student interest and motivation, and evaluating its impact on student outcomes in various educational contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Education and Approaches)

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14 pages, 2231 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Ecological Compensation Mechanism Based on Ecosystem Service Value: A Case Study of the Tingjiang River Basin

by Yanwei Sun, Shengjun Xiao, Jilong Wang, Junjie Yu and Bo Peng

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10788; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310788 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 514

Abstract

Ecological compensation is one of the important measures to coordinate regional ecological protection and economic development. As the only inter-provincial river in Fujian Province and the second inter-provincial watershed of the eco-compensation pilot in China, the Tingjiang River basin has attracted increasing attention [...] Read more.

Ecological compensation is one of the important measures to coordinate regional ecological protection and economic development. As the only inter-provincial river in Fujian Province and the second inter-provincial watershed of the eco-compensation pilot in China, the Tingjiang River basin has attracted increasing attention from policy makers and scholars. This study aims to systematically analyze the ecological compensation mechanism and improve the effectiveness of ecological protection in the Tingjiang River basin. In this paper, ecosystem service value (ESV) is used as a criterion for establishing ecological compensation standards. Based on the land cover datasets from 2010 to 2020, the spatial distribution and the dynamic changes of ESV were determined. Subsequently, the priority and standards of ecological compensation were established according to the level of the socio-economic development. Finally, the horizontal ecological compensation was determined by combining the actual benefits and willingness-to-pay of downstream beneficiary regions. The results indicate the following findings: (1) The ESV of the Tingjiang River basin exhibited a decreasing trend over the past decade. It decreased from CNY 70.72 billion in 2010 to CNY 69.05 billion in 2020, with a rate of change of −2.37%; (2) The growth of GDP in the research area has led to a decrease in the priority and standards of ecological compensation. The ecological compensation quota shows a decreasing trend from upstream to downstream, that is, Changting county (33%) > Wuping county (27%) > Shanghang county (21%) > Yongding district (19%); (3) The amounts of horizontal ecological compensation that Guangdong province need to pay are CNY 224 million, 166 million, and 109 million in 2010, 2015, and 2020, respectively. The findings of this research can not only optimize the allocation of ecological compensation, but also provide a reference for other countries/regions to carry out relevant research work. Full article

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22 pages, 2692 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Social Networks on Tourism Support Behaviors Among Ethnic Village Residents

by Yajun Jiang, Wei Wu, Yu Guo, Huiling Zhou and Ke Wu

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10787; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310787 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 585

Abstract

In the realm of tourism intervention and the reconfiguration of social networks among residents in ethnic villages, research on tourism support behavior is pivotal for comprehending the motivations behind resident participation and fostering sustainable tourism development. This study carried out a survey of [...] Read more.

In the realm of tourism intervention and the reconfiguration of social networks among residents in ethnic villages, research on tourism support behavior is pivotal for comprehending the motivations behind resident participation and fostering sustainable tourism development. This study carried out a survey of 440 residents from Huangluo Yao Village and Jinkeng Dazhai Village in Longsheng County, Guilin City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, using a questionnaire and explored the influencing mechanism of social networks on tourism support behavior based on the cognitive–affective processing system (CAPS) theory using structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings reveal that both strong and weak ties exert direct impacts on tourism support behavior while also indirectly influencing it via cultural identity. Furthermore, government governance capacity serves as a positive moderating factor in the relationships between ethnic village residents’ social networks—both strong and weak—and cultural identity, as well as between weak ties and tourism support behavior. The conclusions drawn from this study not only enhance the understanding of the formation mechanisms underlying tourism support behavior but also offer valuable insights for local governments aiming to implement effective strategies to promote tourism development. Full article

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26 pages, 998 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Corporate Environmental Protection Investment and Debt Financing Costs: Evidence from China

by Xiao Yao and Xianjun Bao

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10786; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310786 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 613

Abstract

Corporate environmental protection investment is crucial for reducing pollution levels and controlling harmful substance emissions. We examine the relationship between corporate environmental protection investment and debt financing costs, utilizing a sample of A-share listed companies in China from 2011 to 2020. We find [...] Read more.

Corporate environmental protection investment is crucial for reducing pollution levels and controlling harmful substance emissions. We examine the relationship between corporate environmental protection investment and debt financing costs, utilizing a sample of A-share listed companies in China from 2011 to 2020. We find that debt financing costs are negatively related to corporate environmental protection investment. Green technology innovation and ESG performance are the main channels. Environmental regulations, air quality, and green finance impact the interplay between corporate environmental protection investment and debt financing costs. Moreover, our heterogeneity analysis underscores that enterprises facing looser financing constraints and low levels of pollution are more likely to mitigate debt financing costs by investing in environmental protection. The conclusion provides policy implications for guiding enterprises to consider environmental investment as a long-term strategy and provides a theoretical foundation for the government to enhance its guiding role. Full article

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14 pages, 1677 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Industrial CO₂ Emission Intensity and Its Driving Mechanism Under China’s Dual Carbon Target

by Jinfang Sun, Wenkai Li, Kaixiang Zhu, Mengqi Zhang, Haihao Yu, Xiaoyu Wang and Guodong Liu

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10785; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310785 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 687

Abstract

As global climate change becomes increasingly severe, industrial CO₂ emissions have received increasing attention, but the impact factors and driving mechanisms of industrial CO₂ emission intensity remain unclear. Based on panel data from 2010 to 2021 in Shandong Province, a key [...] Read more.

As global climate change becomes increasingly severe, industrial CO₂ emissions have received increasing attention, but the impact factors and driving mechanisms of industrial CO₂ emission intensity remain unclear. Based on panel data from 2010 to 2021 in Shandong Province, a key economic region in eastern China, the industrial CO₂ emission intensity under China’s dual carbon target was analyzed using multivariate ordination methods. The results showed that (1) total CO₂ emissions from industry are increasing annually, with an average growth rate of 3.74%, and electricity, coal, and coke are the primary sources of CO₂ emissions. (2) Total CO₂ emissions originated primarily from the heavy manufacturing, energy production, and high energy intensity industry categories, and the CO₂ emission intensity of different types of energy increased by 21.24% from 2010 to 2021. (3) CO₂ emission intensity is significantly positively correlated with the proportion of high energy intensive industry, energy consumption intensity, and investment intensity and significantly negatively correlated with gross industrial output. In addition, the effects of different types of energy on industrial CO₂ emission intensity varied, and coal, coke, electricity, and diesel oil were significantly positively correlated with CO₂ emission intensity. Therefore, to reduce the CO₂ emission intensity of the industrial sector in the future and to achieve China’s dual carbon target, it is necessary to adjust and optimize the industrial and energy structure, strengthen technological progress and innovation, improve energy utilization efficiency, improve and implement relevant policies for industrial carbon reduction, and then ensure the sustainable development of the economy, society, and environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable and Sustainable Energy Systems: Architecture, Methodology and Technology, 2nd Edition)

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21 pages, 5031 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Sustainable Road Construction: Evaluation of the Mechanical and Durability Properties of Stabilized Earth-Based Pavement Materials

by Yeşim Tarhan and Nuriye Kabakuş

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10784; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310784 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 660

Abstract

The materials traditionally used in the construction of flexible and rigid pavements in modern road infrastructure present challenges in achieving sustainable development goals. Advances in technology have introduced the use of different pavement material mixes, leading to the introduction of earth-based alternatives. These [...] Read more.

The materials traditionally used in the construction of flexible and rigid pavements in modern road infrastructure present challenges in achieving sustainable development goals. Advances in technology have introduced the use of different pavement material mixes, leading to the introduction of earth-based alternatives. These materials are environmentally friendly, cost-effective, recyclable, and offer excellent insulation properties. Stabilization of earth-based materials improves their mechanical properties, reducing road construction costs and increasing durability. The present study investigates the mechanical and durability properties of earth-based materials stabilized with various additives, including cement, lime, polymer, and biopolymer, over 28 and 56 days. Fresh properties are assessed using unit volume weight, flow table, air content, and fall cone tests, while hardened properties are assessed using flexural strength, compressive strength, and water absorption. Microstructural analysis is carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The cement-stabilized samples show improved strength and durability, with the 5% cement group showing a 67% increase in compressive strength over the control group and the 10% cement group showing over 200% higher compressive strength. These results suggest that stabilized earth-based materials could provide a cost-effective and sustainable alternative to conventional pavements for low-traffic roads. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Pavement Materials and Design)

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25 pages, 3232 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Function Optimization of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Based on User Demand Analysis: An Empirical Study Using the Kano Model and AHP Method

by Xiaoxue Liu

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10783; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310783 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 619

Abstract

With the widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), the demand for reliable and user-friendly charging infrastructure has increased significantly. However, user dissatisfaction with public EV charging stations has also intensified, and the level of satisfaction with charging stations directly influences the development of [...] Read more.

With the widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), the demand for reliable and user-friendly charging infrastructure has increased significantly. However, user dissatisfaction with public EV charging stations has also intensified, and the level of satisfaction with charging stations directly influences the development of the EV market. This study aimed to identify and prioritize user needs for EV charging stations to improve their design and functionality, ultimately enhancing user satisfaction and effectively promoting the sustainable development of the EV market. Using the KJ method, this study identified 23 key user needs and categorized them into must-be, one-dimensional, attractive, and indifferent requirements using the Kano model. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was subsequently applied to rank these requirements by their importance. The results indicate that, in the optimization of charging station functionality, the most critical user requirements include C1 charging gun stability (0.3176), C2 system stability (0.2822), C7 safety performance (0.0885), C15 payment convenience (0.0648), and C8 accurate feedback on charging station status (0.0501). This study provides valuable insights for designers and developers, offering a user-centered approach to optimizing public EV charging stations and improving the overall charging experience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Product-Service Design for Sustainability)

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17 pages, 451 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research on Factors Influencing Global Carbon Emissions and Forecasting Models

by Ruizhi Ji

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10782; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310782 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 641

Abstract

Investigating the determinants of global carbon emissions and developing carbon emission models are essential to meet the 2050 carbon neutrality goal. This paper initially examines the primary factors shaping global carbon emissions over the past two decades, employing case studies and panel data [...] Read more.

Investigating the determinants of global carbon emissions and developing carbon emission models are essential to meet the 2050 carbon neutrality goal. This paper initially examines the primary factors shaping global carbon emissions over the past two decades, employing case studies and panel data analysis. Subsequently, a CNN-LSTM carbon emissions prediction model is established using data from Hebei Province, China, spanning from 2005 to 2022. This study reveals that global carbon emissions are predominantly affected by elements such as population, economic growth, industrial activities, energy consumption, environmental conditions, and technological advancements. By incorporating these variables, the CNN-LSTM model proposed in this research significantly enhances the average relative accuracy of carbon emission forecasts, thereby contributing substantially to global efforts in energy conservation and emission reduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Cycling in the Terrestrial Environment and Environmental Sustainability)

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21 pages, 10674 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Scale Effect of Land Use Landscape on Basin Streamflow Impacts in Loess Hilly and Gully Region of Loess Plateau: Insights from the Sanchuan River Basin, China

by Zexin Lei, Shifang Zhang, Wenzheng Zhang, Xuqiang Zhao and Jing Gao

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10781; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310781 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 557

Abstract

The gullies and valleys of the Loess Plateau, as key ecological zones for soil erosion control, play a critical role in the region’s sustainable development under increasing urbanization. This study employed the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to analyze the impacts of [...] Read more.

The gullies and valleys of the Loess Plateau, as key ecological zones for soil erosion control, play a critical role in the region’s sustainable development under increasing urbanization. This study employed the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to analyze the impacts of land use/cover changes (LUCC) on runoff at multiple spatial scales and locations within the Sanchuan River Basin (SRB) in the loess hilly and gully region. The methodology integrates SWAT modeling with LUCC scenario analysis, focusing on spatial and scale effects of land use changes on hydrological processes. The results revealed distinct spatial differences, with diminishing LUCC impacts on streamflow from the upper to lower reaches of the basin, regardless of land use type. Scale effects were also evident: grassland effectively controlled runoff within 300 m of riparian zones, while forest land was most effective beyond 750 m. A relatively insensitive range for runoff changes was observed between 300 and 750 m. These findings highlight the critical role of LUCC in influencing runoff patterns and underscore the importance of region-specific and scale-sensitive land use management strategies. This research provides valuable guidance for sustainable land planning, particularly in riparian zones, to enhance runoff control and optimize ecological benefits. Full article

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28 pages, 1843 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Enhance Performance Benefits Among Higher Education Students? An Investigation Based on the Task–Technology Fit Theory and the Artificial Intelligence Device Use Acceptance Model

by Amany Al-Dokhny, Omar Alismaiel, Samia Youssif, Nermeen Nasr, Amr Drwish and Amira Samir

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10780; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310780 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 757

Abstract

The current study highlights the potential of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) to transform higher education by identifying key factors influencing their acceptance and effectiveness. Aligning technology features with educational needs can enhance student engagement and learning outcomes. The study examined the role [...] Read more.

The current study highlights the potential of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) to transform higher education by identifying key factors influencing their acceptance and effectiveness. Aligning technology features with educational needs can enhance student engagement and learning outcomes. The study examined the role of MLLMs in enhancing performance benefits among higher education students, using the task–technology fit (T-TF) theory and the artificial intelligence device use acceptance (AIDUA) model. A structured questionnaire was used to assess the perceptions of 550 Saudi university students from various academic disciplines. The data were analyzed via structural equation modeling (SEM) using SmartPLS 3.0. The findings revealed that social influence negatively affected effort expectancy regarding MLLMs and that hedonic motivation was also negatively related to effort expectancy. The findings revealed that social influence and hedonic motivation negatively affected effort expectancy for MLLMs. Effort expectancy was also negatively associated with T-TF in the learning context. In contrast, task and technology characteristics significantly influenced T-TF, which positively impacted both performance benefits and the willingness to accept the use of MLLMs. A strong relationship was found between adoption willingness and improved performance benefits. The findings empower educators to strategically enhance MLLMs adoption strategically, driving transformative learning outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Digital Education: Innovations in Teaching and Learning)

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23 pages, 4879 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sources, Contamination and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Riparian Soils of the Weihe River Based on a Receptor Model and Monte Carlo Simulation

by Wen Dong, Bohan Niu, Huaien Li, Dandan Yan, Jiake Li, Zhiqiang Xu, Dongqi Wang, Xiuying Yang, Yakun Zhang, Yutong Chen and Hui Wang

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10779; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310779 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 492

Abstract

The riparian ecosystem is highly susceptible to pollution, particularly heavy metals (HMs), due to its unique spatial position and landscape characteristics. Therefore, assessing the risks of HM pollution and identifying potential sources are crucial for formulating effective prevention and control measures. This study [...] Read more.

The riparian ecosystem is highly susceptible to pollution, particularly heavy metals (HMs), due to its unique spatial position and landscape characteristics. Therefore, assessing the risks of HM pollution and identifying potential sources are crucial for formulating effective prevention and control measures. This study investigates the characteristics of HMs (Ni, Cr, Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb) pollution in the Weihe River riparian zone, identifies their sources, and assesses the associated ecological and human health risks. The results indicate that Ni, Zn, and Cd are the primary pollutants in riparian soil, with the average Cd concentration being 5.64 times higher than the background value, indicating a high potential ecological risk. Spatially, the average HM concentrations in the middle and upper reaches are higher than in the lower reaches. Vertically, as the distance from the riparian increases, the HM content exhibits a “U”-shaped pattern (increase-decrease-increase). The Absolute principal components multiple regression (APCS-MLR) receptor model identified four potential pollution sources: traffic sources; agricultural sources; industrial sources; and natural sources. Additionally, the Monte Carlo simulation-based human health risk assessment indicates that the non-carcinogenic health risk indices for all HMs are within acceptable ranges. For carcinogenic health risk indices, there is a 1.14% probability for children. However, the vast majority of the risks fall within acceptable or no-risk categories. Full article

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13 pages, 8586 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Existing Indicators to Bridge the Exposure Data Gap: A Novel Natural Hazard Assessment

by Adam K. Williams, James K. Summers and Linda C. Harwell

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10778; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310778 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 493

Abstract

Extreme natural hazard events are increasing across the globe, compelling increased climate research on resiliency. Research concerning issues as integrative as climate change and natural hazard resiliency often requires complex methodologies to account for cumulative influences. Indicators can be used to parse complex [...] Read more.

Extreme natural hazard events are increasing across the globe, compelling increased climate research on resiliency. Research concerning issues as integrative as climate change and natural hazard resiliency often requires complex methodologies to account for cumulative influences. Indicators can be used to parse complex data to assess the intersection of inputs and outcomes (i.e., cumulative impacts). The Climate Resilience Screening Index (CRSI) is a good example of an indicator framework as it integrates indicators and their associated metrics into five domains (e.g., natural environment, society, and risk), enabling the index to accommodate a variety of inputs in its assessment of resilience. Indicator research, however, is generally limited by the availability of pertinent data. Natural hazard data concerning exposure, loss, and risk are routinely collected by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to create and update the National Risk Index (NRI), a composite index. The NRI can be disaggregated to obtain individual underlying metrics about natural hazard exposure. Quantifying natural hazard exposure requires extensive computation, with each hazard type requiring multiple modifying considerations, such as meteorological adjustments made by subject matter experts. Commonly available natural hazard exposure data, like that from FEMA, combines the spatial extent of historical natural hazard events and the determined value of the affected area. Exposure-related data were retrieved from the National Risk Index and used to create a new composite value to represent only the spatial extent of natural hazard events. Utilizing this new methodology to represent natural hazard exposure alleviates the burden of complex computation. It allows exposure data to be more expeditiously integrated into research and indices relating to natural hazards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Resilience Planning for Natural Hazard Events)

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23 pages, 11994 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Simulation of Groundwater Flow and Nitrate Transport in an Alluvial Aquifer Using MODFLOW and MT3D: Insights into Pollution Dynamics and Management Strategies

by Abdessalam Laoufi, Abderezzak Boudjema, Sabrine Guettaia, Abdessamed Derdour and Abdulrazak H. Almaliki

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10777; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310777 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 649

Abstract

This study employs an integrated numerical modeling approach using MODFLOW and MT3D to simulate groundwater flow and nitrate transport in the alluvial aquifer of Hennaya plain. The groundwater flow model was calibrated and validated against observed hydraulic heads, showing excellent agreement in both [...] Read more.

This study employs an integrated numerical modeling approach using MODFLOW and MT3D to simulate groundwater flow and nitrate transport in the alluvial aquifer of Hennaya plain. The groundwater flow model was calibrated and validated against observed hydraulic heads, showing excellent agreement in both steady-state and transient conditions, with a correlation coefficients (R²) of 0.99 and 0.987, respectively. Meticulous calibration yielded adjusted hydraulic conductivity values between 10⁻¹ and 10⁻¹¹ m/s, with effective porosity ranging from 0.03 to 0.34 and total porosity values varying from 0.29 to 0.38 across the aquifer. Water budget analysis revealed that the aquifer’s primary recharge occurs from the southern side. Nitrate transport modeling indicated that advection is the dominant process, with contaminants migration predominantly occurring from south to north, following the groundwater flow direction. Pollution levels were found to decrease gradually with distance from sources, confirming agricultural activities and sewage disposal as primary contributors to nitrate contamination. Predictive scenarios over a 40-year period explored various management strategies, which suggest that maintaining current nitrogen input rates will lead to continued increases in nitrate pollution, while a 50% reduction in agricultural inputs could significantly improve groundwater quality. However, even with substantial reductions, nitrate concentrations are not expected to reach levels safe for drinking within the simulation timeframe. This study underscores the need for immediate and sustained action to address nitrate pollution in the Hennaya Plain aquifer, emphasizing the importance of stringent nitrogen management practices, particularly in the agricultural sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Assessment and Management of Groundwater Resources: 2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 1464 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pulse Electrodeposition for Carbonate-Rich Deposits from Seawater

by Alexander J. Robinson, Elisabeth A. Ryan, Qingpu Wang, David Greene and Chinmayee V. Subban

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10776; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310776 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 531

Abstract

Seawater electrodeposition is gaining renewed interest in the context of sustainable development, both to build climate-resilient coastal infrastructure and for ocean-based decarbonization applications. Most of the applications benefit from CaCO₃-rich deposits, but constant-voltage electrodeposition results in a mixture of CaCO₃ [...] Read more.

Seawater electrodeposition is gaining renewed interest in the context of sustainable development, both to build climate-resilient coastal infrastructure and for ocean-based decarbonization applications. Most of the applications benefit from CaCO₃-rich deposits, but constant-voltage electrodeposition results in a mixture of CaCO₃ and Mg(OH)₂, especially at higher voltages where precipitation rates are more desirable. The use of pulse voltages can help control interfacial pH that dictates the precipitation reactions. Here, we explore the use of pulse electrodeposition as a function of pulse frequency and duty cycle to control deposit composition. The most CaCO₃-rich deposits were obtained under 10 Hz frequency and 10% duty cycle conditions for the voltage window investigated (−0.8 V to −1.2 V vs. SCE). While pulsing the voltage increases the amount of CaCO₃ deposited, the energy required per gram of CaCO₃ is significantly higher (14.5×) when compared to the base case of applying a constant voltage of −0.8 V vs. SCE. Further optimization of pulse conditions, electrode materials, and system configuration could lead to finding parameters that result in exclusively carbonate deposits without compromising precipitation rates, which may prove to be more useful for corrosion protection, coastal infrastructure, and other applications in sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Oceans)

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23 pages, 1399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Regional Policies on the Efficiency of Scientific and Technological Innovation in Universities: Evidence from China

by Ying Qin and Shouliang Guo

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10775; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310775 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 694

Abstract

The efficiency of scientific and technological innovation in universities is strongly influenced by both institutional structures and policies. However, existing research predominantly emphasizes the role of internal factors—such as resource allocation, management efficiency, personnel systems within universities, and education-sector policies—on innovation efficiency. This [...] Read more.

The efficiency of scientific and technological innovation in universities is strongly influenced by both institutional structures and policies. However, existing research predominantly emphasizes the role of internal factors—such as resource allocation, management efficiency, personnel systems within universities, and education-sector policies—on innovation efficiency. This focus often overlooks the significant impact of regional factors on innovation outcomes. This study compares and analyzes the scientific and technological innovation efficiency of universities, growth rates, sources of inefficiency, inter-regional disparities, and intra-regional differences between universities in three strategically important regions in China, namely the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, and the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, based on their respective regional planning from 2007 to 2017. Additionally, it employs the Tobit model to explore the pathways to improve the scientific and technological innovation efficiency of universities within these three major strategic regions. This study finds that the implementation of targeted regional policies significantly enhances the efficiency of scientific and technological innovation in Chinese universities. Furthermore, it reveals that this positive impact also exhibits differences between universities and regions. The promotion effect of targeted regional policies on the efficiency of scientific and technological innovation in universities shows a high degree of similarity. In more developed cities, however, the scientific and technological innovation efficiency of universities tends to be lower. Both the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta regions within the three major strategic areas are significantly affected by the negative impact of financial assets, while the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, although affected negatively, is not significant. Moreover, this study uncovers that population density and fixed assets also serve as factors that can enhance the scientific and technological innovation efficiency of universities. Full article

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17 pages, 1563 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Spatiotemporal Evolution Characteristics and Capital Driving Factors of Sustainable Economic Development in Northwest China

by Junfeng Liu, Shiwen Wang, Jianwen Ji, Zizhen Chen and Shengyu Li

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10774; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310774 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 536

Abstract

Frontier research has focused more on the sustainable economic development (SED) of developing countries, with slightly less attention paid to the SED of underdeveloped regions in developing countries, especially without analyzing their driving factors from the dual perspectives of domestic and international capital. [...] Read more.

Frontier research has focused more on the sustainable economic development (SED) of developing countries, with slightly less attention paid to the SED of underdeveloped regions in developing countries, especially without analyzing their driving factors from the dual perspectives of domestic and international capital. In fact, as an important factor in economic growth, capital is also the core driving force for achieving SED. This paper takes the five provinces (autonomous regions) of northwest China (NC) as a case study based on unbalanced panel data from 26 cities from 2000 to 2020 and employs the dynamic degree and MSAR model to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of SED; the results indicate that the SED of NC exhibits an irregular pattern overall, the differences between provinces at the same time point are relatively small, and the same applies to prefecture-level cities. The spatial agglomeration characteristic of SED in NC is evident, with significant room for improvement. Additionally, this paper evaluates the impact of capital on the SED of NC through the two-way fixed effects model and the mediation effect model and finds that foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows have a “first-rising-then-declining” impact on the SED of NC, while financing constraints (FC) play a promoting role in the SED of NC. Furthermore, FDI inflows subsequently impact the SED of NC by affecting regional FC, with FC acting as a mediating variable in the influence of FDI on the SED of NC. In terms of policy implications, NC should make rational use of FDI, control the pace of easing FC, and precisely promote the SED of NC from a capital-driven perspective. Other underdeveloped areas in developing countries can take this as a reference to promote SED. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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29 pages, 4937 KiB

Open AccessReview

Thermodynamic Models of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs): A Review

by Vera Marcantonio and Lucrezia Scopel

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10773; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310773 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 636

Abstract

In the delicate context of climate change and global warming, new technologies are being investigated in order to reduce pollution. The SOFC stands out as one of the most promising fuel cell technologies for directly converting chemical energy into electrical energy, with the [...] Read more.

In the delicate context of climate change and global warming, new technologies are being investigated in order to reduce pollution. The SOFC stands out as one of the most promising fuel cell technologies for directly converting chemical energy into electrical energy, with the added benefit of potential integration into co-generation systems due to its high-temperature waste heat. They also offer multi-fuel flexibility, being able to operate on hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, and more. Additionally, they could contribute to carbon sequestration efforts and, when paired with a GT, achieve the highest efficiency in electricity generation for power plants. However, their development is still challenged by issues related to high-temperature materials, the design of cost-effective materials and manufacturing processes, and the optimization of efficient plant designs. To better understand SOFC operation, numerous mathematical models have been developed to solve transport equations coupled with electrochemical processes for three primary configurations: tubular, planar, and monolithic. These models capture reaction kinetics, including internal reforming chemistry. Recent advancements in modeling have significantly improved the design and performance of SOFCs, leading to a sharp rise in research contributions. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current state of SOFC modeling, highlighting key challenges that remain unresolved for further investigation by researchers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recycling Materials for the Circular Economy—2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 2033 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Scenario Analysis and Participatory Modeling to Generate Plausible Future Narratives for Water Resources: A Case Study in the Middle Rio Grande River Basin

by Katalina Salas and Deana Pennington

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10772; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310772 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 528

Abstract

In addressing complex water management issues, participatory modeling (PM) and scenario analysis (SA) have emerged as pivotal tools for fostering stakeholder engagement, social learning, and collaborative decision-making. This study explores the efficacy of integrating PM and SA within a series of online workshops [...] Read more.

In addressing complex water management issues, participatory modeling (PM) and scenario analysis (SA) have emerged as pivotal tools for fostering stakeholder engagement, social learning, and collaborative decision-making. This study explores the efficacy of integrating PM and SA within a series of online workshops focused on the Middle Rio Grande River Basin. Data were collected using a mixed-methods approach, including surveys, workshop transcripts, and participant outputs from workshop activities. Through these workshops, participants from diverse backgrounds engaged in collaborative scenario-building exercises, interactive discussions, and hands-on simulations using the SWIM 2.0 model, fostering shared learning and deeper insights into regional water challenges. Our findings highlight the importance of group-level activities in enhancing participants’ understanding, engagement, and trust in modeling tools, which can lead to more informed decision-making processes. The workshops demonstrated significant improvements in SA completion and a deeper connection between participants and policy discussions. However, challenges remain in bridging the gap between SA and active decision-making, particularly in contexts where participants do not perceive themselves as decision-makers. This study underscores the potential of participatory approaches to address complex environmental issues, while also identifying areas for further refinement to enhance stakeholder empowerment and tool usability in collaborative settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Water Management)

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15 pages, 3912 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Neutrality Pathways for Industrial Parks and Reduction Potential Based on Text Analysis and Empirical Research

by Yuheng Sun, Zhengyuan Feng, Fangtao Liu, Yuanhang Li, Jun Ning, Hang Fu, Shoujuan Tang, Guangxin Liu, Yang Li and Lei Shi

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10771; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310771 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 635

Abstract

Climate change is seriously threatening ecological environments essential for human survival. Achieving the carbon neutrality goals of industrial parks (IPs), the gathering places of industrial activity, plays a crucial role in climate change mitigation and in promoting sustainable industrial development. In this study, [...] Read more.

Climate change is seriously threatening ecological environments essential for human survival. Achieving the carbon neutrality goals of industrial parks (IPs), the gathering places of industrial activity, plays a crucial role in climate change mitigation and in promoting sustainable industrial development. In this study, we use an AI-facilitated literature review and empirical research to analyze and classify the 12 pathways for carbon neutrality for IPs based on the development nature and carbon flow framework. In addition, the carbon emission reduction potentials of various pathways are quantified using a case study. The results of the literature analysis show that, in terms of IP carbon emission reductions, most research has focused on the energy infrastructure related to energy management and utilization, as well as the service infrastructure related to the carbon footprint and industrial symbiosis. Among the 148 studies, “industrial symbiosis” and “carbon footprint” appeared with frequencies of 1278 and 474, respectively. Additionally, 102 of these studies mentioned decarbonization of energy infrastructure. In total, 11 of the carbon neutrality pathways existed in the empirical research, with the exception of carbon storage, and among them, 7 pathways are applied across all 104 IPs. Case studies indicate that the pathways with greater reduction potentials were the energy infrastructure, carbon capture, and the product and waste infrastructure, with potential reductions of 250,000 tons, 200,000 tons, and 145,080 tons of CO₂ emissions, respectively. This study provides valuable references for IPs to achieve their carbon neutrality goals. Full article

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21 pages, 2012 KiB

Open AccessReview

Technical, Economic and Environmental Assessment of Xylitol Production in a Biorefinery Platform Toward a Circular Economy

by Nicolás M. Clauser, Cintia G. Fit, Rocío E. Cardozo, Johana A. Rivaldi, Fernando E. Felissia, María C. Area and María E. Vallejos

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10770; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310770 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 567

Abstract

New biobased processes and products are emerging to replace conventional ones in the search for sustainable development. Xylitol is one of the most commercially valuable products from xylan-rich lignocellulosic biomass. Xylitol has multiple applications in the pharmaceutical, food, nutraceutical, and beverage industries. Recent [...] Read more.

New biobased processes and products are emerging to replace conventional ones in the search for sustainable development. Xylitol is one of the most commercially valuable products from xylan-rich lignocellulosic biomass. Xylitol has multiple applications in the pharmaceutical, food, nutraceutical, and beverage industries. Recent research focuses on obtaining xylose from low-cost lignocellulosic materials through the biological route, optimizing xylitol conversion, improving byproduct removal, and increasing crystallization speed. The biological route can be an environmentally friendly alternative due to the possibility of lower energy demand and utilizing renewable feedstocks which are key factors to reach sustainability. Several integration strategies are being evaluated and are critical to developing a commercial platform. Process integration can considerably reduce the demand for energy and reagents. Also, the value-added products produced alongside xylitol are crucial, and these products are usually energy generation and bioethanol. Further, new value-added products show promising results and are relevant to improving the economic performance of the processes. The market trends of xylitol are expected to reach close to USD 1.5 billion in 2030. In addition, the improvement needed in the conversion steps and obtained yields, producing commercial-scale xylitol through the biological route, is a promising alternative to finding a more sustainable way to produce xylitol. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass Transformation and Sustainability)

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3 pages, 123 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Guest Editor’s Introduction to “Sustainable Urbanism: Definition, Assessment, and Agenda for Future Research”

by Michael W. Mehaffy

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10769; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310769 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 433

Abstract

This Special Issue is based on the premise that urban sustainability (or the lack of it) is a prerequisite for all other efforts toward sustainable development [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urbanism: Definition, Assessment, and Agenda for Future Research)

19 pages, 3004 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Joint Planning and Operation Optimization of Renewable Energy Systems Considering Bi-Directional Electric-Thermal Storage and Conversion

by Song Gao, Yuqi Wang, Yang Li, Tianbao Liang and Kun Liu

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10768; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310768 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 497

Abstract

Renewable energy systems have emerged as a crucial research area due to the escalating demand for sustainable energy solutions. With the advancement of renewable energy, the electric-thermal coupling within multi-energy systems has become more intricate. Bi-directional electric-thermal storage and conversion technologies have emerged [...] Read more.

Renewable energy systems have emerged as a crucial research area due to the escalating demand for sustainable energy solutions. With the advancement of renewable energy, the electric-thermal coupling within multi-energy systems has become more intricate. Bi-directional electric-thermal storage and conversion technologies have emerged as a potential solution to address the challenges associated with efficient energy utilization. This paper focuses on the joint planning and operation optimization of renewable energy systems considering bi-directional electric-thermal storage and conversion. The integrated framework for renewable energy systems incorporating a bi-directional electric-thermal storage and conversion unit is designed, and the joint planning and operation optimization method is proposed. Case studies are conducted based on typical annual energy demand and solar radiation characteristics in Beijing, China. Numerical results show that the proposed method can effectively handle the coupling and bi-directional conversion characteristics of electrical and thermal energy, achieving energy cost savings while fulfilling the energy demands of the system. The proposed system has a capital expenditure of USD 261,251.4 and an operating expenditure of USD 177,007.1, which shows a total cost reduction of 12.28% compared to the lithium-ion battery system, providing better economic performance while further enhancing the flexibility of energy utilization. These research findings contribute to the development of more efficient and sustainable renewable energy systems, providing a valuable reference for future research and practical applications within the energy field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Storage and Integration of Renewable Energy Systems towards Energy Sustainability)

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15 pages, 1663 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Influencing Factors of Urban Community Residents’ Willingness to Segregate Waste Based on Structural Equation Model

by Wenjian Luo, Ziqin Yu, Panling Zhou, Yuanyuan Ren and Hua Lv

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10767; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310767 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 481

Abstract

Segregation of household waste is an important means of achieving resource recovery, minimization and harmlessness of waste, which is of great significance in addressing the dilemma of the “rubbish siege”. However, at present, urban community residents still face many challenges in the practice [...] Read more.

Segregation of household waste is an important means of achieving resource recovery, minimization and harmlessness of waste, which is of great significance in addressing the dilemma of the “rubbish siege”. However, at present, urban community residents still face many challenges in the practice of household waste classification, such as lack of classification knowledge, imperfect classification facilities and weak and persistent classification behavior, which seriously restrict the effective promotion of garbage classification work. In this paper, a model of the factors influencing community residents’ willingness to separate household waste was developed based on the theory of planned behavior and tested by using structural equation modeling (SEM) with a sample of 218 surveys conducted among residents of community X in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province. It was found that urban community residents were generally willing to sort their household waste subjectively. The five factors of waste sorting recognition, intrinsic moral constraints, group behavioral incentives, time and space factors and waste sorting facilities positively influenced urban community residents’ willingness to sort household waste. Government job satisfaction and legal and regulatory constraints had no significant influence on urban community residents’ willingness to sort household waste and did not reach a statistically significant level. Based on this, in the future, we should strengthen public education, enhance group behavioral incentives, improve supporting infrastructure, standardize and improve laws and regulations to improve residents’ willingness to separate household waste and promote the process of urban household waste segregation in China. Full article

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20 pages, 1287 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does It Pay Off to Integrate ESG Performance into Bank Investment Portfolio Selection? Empirical Evidence in the European Energy Sector

by Giovanni Baldissarro, Maria Elena Bruni, Gianpaolo Iazzolino, Donato Morea and Stefania Veltri

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10766; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310766 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 587

Abstract

There is a growing awareness of the need to integrate non-financial information arising from environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors into corporate strategies, processes, and credit risk assessment to generate long-term value. Our paper aims to develop, through a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)-based [...] Read more.

There is a growing awareness of the need to integrate non-financial information arising from environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors into corporate strategies, processes, and credit risk assessment to generate long-term value. Our paper aims to develop, through a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)-based approach, a credit risk assessment tool that could be used by banks in constructing an efficient and sustainable investment portfolio, able to maximize banks’ probability contemporaneously minimizing corporate inefficiency. This study was carried out on a sample of publicly traded energy companies in Europe, with the energy sector being highly environmentally sensitive. Our portfolio selection model proves to be a valuable tool for building an efficient and sustainable investment portfolio because it leads, within a budget constraint, to selecting both the most efficient companies in absolute terms and those for which ESG scores significantly improve corporate financial efficiency. Additionally, our results show that ESG ratings at high or low levels do not affect overall company efficiency, but at a middle level, they increase it. Findings contribute (and provide suggestions) to policymakers, credit risk managers, and academics. Full article

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20 pages, 6565 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatio-Temporal Analysis of CO₂ Emissions from Vehicles in Urban Areas: A Satellite Imagery Approach

by Nur Fatma Fadilah Yaacob, Muhamad Razuhanafi Mat Yazid, Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud, Shabir Hussain Khahro and Yasir Javed

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10765; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310765 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 695

Abstract

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions are a significant global environmental concern, widely notable as a major cause of climate change. Meanwhile, transportation is the main sector contributing to CO₂ emissions, which are escalating at a faster rate than Gross Domestic Product [...] Read more.

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions are a significant global environmental concern, widely notable as a major cause of climate change. Meanwhile, transportation is the main sector contributing to CO₂ emissions, which are escalating at a faster rate than Gross Domestic Product Growth. This study attempted to evaluate the spatial–temporal pattern of CO₂ emissions from vehicles using the Sentinel 5P satellite image. The Sentinel 5P image was acquired from the European Space Agency from 2019 until 2022. Utilizing ArcGIS 10.5, these data were analyzed to extract the CO₂ values, which were then displayed as the total column amount. Thereafter, the extraction by point method was conducted on road features based on the Mukim Kajang basemap to obtain the value of CO₂ emissions from transportation. Spatial–temporal mapping was then accomplished through kernel density analysis, enabling the identification of CO₂ emission hotspot areas. The findings show that the spatial–temporal pattern of CO₂ emissions was higher in September 2019 (0.06964 mol/m²), March 2020 (0.03596 mol/m²), December 2021 (0.0437 mol/m²), and January (0.03384 mol/m²), respectively. Based on eight cities in Mukim Kajang, Bandar Kajang has been a hotspot area for carbon dioxide emissions from motor vehicles for four consecutive years, starting in 2019 until 2022. In summary, the results of this study could provide guidelines to researchers and policymakers to develop effective strategies to reduce the level of CO₂ emissions from transportation in urban areas. Full article

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18 pages, 10244 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improvement of Engine Combustion and Emission Characteristics by Fuel Property Modulation

by Kaijie Liang, Jinguang Liang, Guowei Li, Zhengri Shao, Zhipeng Jiang and Jincheng Feng

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10764; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310764 - 8 Dec 2024

Viewed by 889

Abstract

The sustainability of diesel engines has come to the forefront of research with the growing global interest in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving energy efficiency. The aim of this paper is to support the goal of sustainable development by improving the volatile [...] Read more.

The sustainability of diesel engines has come to the forefront of research with the growing global interest in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving energy efficiency. The aim of this paper is to support the goal of sustainable development by improving the volatile properties of diesel fuel to promote cleaner combustion in engines. In order to study the effect of diesel fuel volatility on spraying, combustion, and emission, the tests were carried out with the help of the constant volume chamber (CVC) test rig and an engine test rig, respectively. CVC test: A high-speed video camera recorded the spray characteristics of different volatile fuels in a constant-volume combustion bomb. The effects of different rail pressures and ambient back pressures on the spray characteristics were investigated. Engine test: The combustion and emission characteristics of different volatile diesel fuels under different load conditions (25%, 50%, 75%) were investigated in a four-stroke direct-injection diesel engine with the engine speed fixed at 2000 rpm. The test results show that as the rail pressure increases and the ambient pressure decreases, the spray characteristics of the fuels tend to increase; for the more volatile fuels, although reducing the spray tip penetration, the spray projected area and spray cone angle increase, which is conducive to improving the homogeneity of the fuel and air mixing in the cylinder. The improvement of fuel volatility can form more and better-quality mixtures within the ignition delay time (ID), resulting in a 1–2% increase in peak cylinder pressure and a 2–4% increase in peak heat release. For different loads, pre-injection heat release is generated to redefine the ID and combustion duration (CD). Improved fuel volatility effectively reduces carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by about 8–10% and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions by about 13–16%, but it increases nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions by about 8–11%. Analyzing from the perspective of particulate matter (PM), combined with the aromatic content of volatile fuels, it is recommended to use fuels with moderate volatility and aromatic content under low load conditions, and at medium to large loads, the volatility of the fuel has less weight on particulates and more weight on aromatics, so it is desirable to use the fuel with the lowest volatility and lowest aromatic content of the fuel selected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technology Applications in Sustainable Energy and Power Engineering)

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