Buildings

23 pages, 5359 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decoding Strategies in Green Building Supply Chain Implementation: A System Dynamics-Augmented Tripartite Evolutionary Game Analysis Considering Consumer Green Preferences

by Yanan Zhang, Danfeng Xie, Tiankai Zhen, Zhongxiang Zhou, Bing Guo and Zhipeng Dai

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 840; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050840 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 611

Abstract

The building sector accounts for one-third of global greenhouse gas emissions, representing a significant environmental challenge in the 21st century. Green supply chain management is considered an effective approach to achieving green transformation in the construction industry. However, the green building supply chain [...] Read more.

The building sector accounts for one-third of global greenhouse gas emissions, representing a significant environmental challenge in the 21st century. Green supply chain management is considered an effective approach to achieving green transformation in the construction industry. However, the green building supply chain (GBSC) involves multiple stakeholders, necessitating integrated consideration of various participants to ensure efficient GBSC implementation. In this context, and accounting for consumer green preferences, this paper identifies the government, enterprises, and consumers as key stakeholders. A tripartite evolutionary game model is established, and the influence of the participants’ strategic choices on the system equilibrium is analyzed. The model’s validity was assessed through sensitivity analysis and by comparing its outputs with findings from the existing literature. The findings show that: (1) Significant interdependence exists among GBSC participants. (2) The system will eventually tend toward an equilibrium characterized by active enterprise implementation and consumer green consumption, reducing the need for government intervention. (3) The sensitivity analysis shows that green consumption is significantly affected by the extra cost and perceived environmental benefits. These conclusions suggest that governments should build a collaborative governance system, implement dynamic and precise supervision of enterprises in stages, and optimize the incentive design for consumers to promote the implementation of the green building supply chain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promoting Green, Sustainable, and Resilient Urban Construction)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 8223 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation Analysis of Lead Rubber Bearings (LRBs) Damage and Superstructure Response Under Near-Fault Earthquakes

by Yue Ren, Ruidong Wang, Wenfu He and Wenguang Liu

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 839; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050839 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 417

Abstract

Under the action of near fault earthquakes, the LRB bearings of long-period isolated buildings are prone to significant deformation and failure under compression shear conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the damage of LRB and its impact on the superstructure. Finite element [...] Read more.

Under the action of near fault earthquakes, the LRB bearings of long-period isolated buildings are prone to significant deformation and failure under compression shear conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the damage of LRB and its impact on the superstructure. Finite element analysis methodology was selected and Abaqus was used to simulate hysteresis curve of LRB and the separation between rubber layer and steel layer when horizontal deformation reaches 400%. A simplified four-stiffness isolation bearing model is proposed and applied to seismic isolation damage analysis on 8-story seismic structure under near-fault earthquakes. Damage on different positions and numbers of bearings are also compared. It concludes that under the compressive and shearing state, when the horizontal deformation of the isolator exceeds 300%, the stiffness enhancement section appears. Moreover, it is found that the damage of all LRBs show the most significant scale-up effect on acceleration and story drift. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 24594 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cyclic Behavior of Joints Assembled Using Prefabricated Beams and Columns with High-Ductility Recycled Powder Concrete

by Xiuling Li, Haodong Sun, Kezhen Chen, Tianfeng Yuan, Long Wen, Xiaowei Zheng and Tongxing Bu

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 838; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050838 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 493

Abstract

The integration of recycled powder (RP) as a partial cement replacement in concrete, combined with fiber reinforcement, facilitates the development of high-ductility recycled powder concrete (HDRPC) with enhanced mechanical properties. This approach holds significant potential for effectively recycling construction waste and reducing carbon [...] Read more.

The integration of recycled powder (RP) as a partial cement replacement in concrete, combined with fiber reinforcement, facilitates the development of high-ductility recycled powder concrete (HDRPC) with enhanced mechanical properties. This approach holds significant potential for effectively recycling construction waste and reducing carbon emissions. To improve the seismic performance of prefabricated joints in industrial prefabricated building production, experimental tests under low-cycle reversed cyclic loading were conducted on four HDRPC prefabricated joints, one HDRPC cast-in-place joint, and one normal prefabricated concrete joint. The study systematically analyzed damage patterns, deformation ductility, stiffness degradation, hysteresis energy dissipation, and other performance characteristics. The results demonstrate that HDRPC effectively mitigates crack width and shear deformation in the joint core area, achieving a 17.8% increase in joint-bearing capacity and a 33.3% improvement in displacement ductility. Moreover, HDRPC improves specimen damage characteristics, enhances joint shear capacity and flexibility, and reduces the demand for hoop reinforcement in the joint core area due to its exceptional shear ductility. Based on the softened tension–compression bar model, a crack-resistance-bearing capacity equation for HDRPC joints was derived, which aligns closely with shear test results when cracks develop in the joint core area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Reliability, Resilience and Design of Buildings against Multi-hazards)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 6179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Contact Dimensional Quality Inspection System of Prefabricated Components Using 3D Matrix Camera

by Wanqing Lyu, Xiwang Chen, Wenlong Han, Kun Ni, Rui Jing, Lin Tong, Junzheng Pan and Qian Wang

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 837; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050837 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 606

Abstract

Dimensional quality inspection of prefabricated components is crucial for ensuring building quality and safety. Currently, manual measurement methods are predominantly used in dimensional quality inspection of prefabricated components, which are both time-consuming and labor-intensive, constraining production efficiency. This study thus developed a non-contact [...] Read more.

Dimensional quality inspection of prefabricated components is crucial for ensuring building quality and safety. Currently, manual measurement methods are predominantly used in dimensional quality inspection of prefabricated components, which are both time-consuming and labor-intensive, constraining production efficiency. This study thus developed a non-contact image measurement system using an innovative three-dimensional (3D) matrix camera, which automatically performed dimensional quality inspection, utilizing technologies such as a parallel optical axis four-camera matrix imaging and machine learning algorithms. Compared to traditional techniques, this system exhibited enhanced adaptability to the manufacturing process of prefabricated components, along with desirable accuracy and efficiency. Building upon a comprehensive literature review, the hardware constituents of the 3D matrix camera image measurement system were meticulously introduced, followed by the underlying principles and implementations of data acquisition, processing and comparison methods, including parallel optical axis four-camera matrix imaging, automatic stitching algorithms for 3D point clouds, feature recognition algorithms, and matching principles. The feasibility of the proposed system was validated through a case study analysis. The application results indicated that the system was capable of automatically performing non-contact measurements of dimensional deviations in prefabricated components with an accuracy of ±3 mm, thereby enhancing production quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligence and Automation in Construction Industry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 5774 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research and Demonstration of Operation Optimization Method of Zero-Carbon Building’s Compound Energy System Based on Day-Ahead Planning and Intraday Rolling Optimization Algorithm

by Biao Qiao, Jiankai Dong, Wei Xu, Ji Li and Fei Lu

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 836; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050836 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 442

Abstract

The compound energy system is an important component of zero-carbon buildings. Due to the complex form of the system and the difficult-to-capture characteristics of thermo-electric coupling interactions, the operation control of the zero-carbon building’s energy system is difficult in practical engineering. Therefore, it [...] Read more.

The compound energy system is an important component of zero-carbon buildings. Due to the complex form of the system and the difficult-to-capture characteristics of thermo-electric coupling interactions, the operation control of the zero-carbon building’s energy system is difficult in practical engineering. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out relevant optimization methods. This paper investigated the current research status of the control and scheduling of compound energy systems in zero-carbon buildings at home and abroad, selected a typical zero-carbon building as the research object, analyzed its energy system’s operational data, and proposed an operation scheduling algorithm based on day-ahead flexible programming and intraday rolling optimization. The multi-energy flow control algorithm model was developed to optimize the operation strategy of heat pump, photovoltaic, and energy storage systems. Then, the paper applied the algorithm model to a typical zero-carbon building project, and verified the actual effect of the method through the actual operational data. After applying the method in this paper, the self-absorption rate of photovoltaic power generation in the building increased by 7.13%. The research results provide a theoretical model and data support for the operation control of the zero-carbon building’s compound energy system, and could promote the market application of the compound energy system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Solar Energy System and Storage for Sustainable Buildings)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 9825 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Application and Deformation Characteristics of Construction Waste Recycled Materials in Highway Subgrade Engineering

by Yuan Mei, Hongping Lu, Xueyan Wang, Bingyu Zhou, Ziyang Liu and Lu Wang

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 835; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050835 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 532

Abstract

It is difficult to meet environmental requirements via the coarse treatment methods of landfilling and open-air storage of construction waste. At the same time, the consumption of building materials in highway engineering is enormous. Using construction waste as a filling material for proposed [...] Read more.

It is difficult to meet environmental requirements via the coarse treatment methods of landfilling and open-air storage of construction waste. At the same time, the consumption of building materials in highway engineering is enormous. Using construction waste as a filling material for proposed roads has become a research hotspot in recent years. This paper starts with basic performance tests of recycled construction waste materials, and then moves on to laboratory experiments conducted to obtain the road performance of the recycled materials, the testing of key indicators of post-construction filling quality of the roadbed, and analyses of the deformation pattern of roadbed filled with construction waste. Additionally, the ABAQUS finite element software was used to establish a numerical model for roadbed deformation and analyze the roadbed deformation under different compaction levels and vehicle load conditions. The experimental results show that the recycled material has a moisture content of 8.5%, water absorption of 11.73%, and an apparent density of 2.61 g/cm³, while the liquid limit of fine aggregates is 20% and the plasticity index is 5.4. Although the physical properties are slightly inferior to natural aggregates, its bearing ratio (25–55%) and low expansion characteristics meet the requirements for high-grade highway roadbed filling materials. The roadbed layer with a loose compaction of 250 mm, after eight passes of rolling, showed a settlement difference of less than 5 mm, with the loose compaction coefficient stabilizing between 1.15 and 1.20. Finite element simulations indicated that the total settlement of the roadbed stabilizes at 20–30 mm, and increasing the compaction level to 96% can reduce the settlement by 2–4%. Vehicle overload causes a positive correlation between the vertical displacement and shear stress in the base layer, suggesting the need to strengthen vehicle load control. The findings provide theoretical and technical support for the large-scale application of recycled construction waste materials in roadbed engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Building Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2369 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Affecting the Selection of Sustainable Construction Materials: A Study in New Zealand

by Tin Bui, Niluka Domingo and An Le

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 834; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050834 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 746

Abstract

The construction industry is increasingly prioritizing sustainability, with the selection of sustainable construction materials (SCMs) playing a crucial role in achieving environmental and regulatory objectives. However, New Zealand’s construction codes and sustainability standards lack cohesive, region-specific guidance, posing challenges for industry professionals in [...] Read more.

The construction industry is increasingly prioritizing sustainability, with the selection of sustainable construction materials (SCMs) playing a crucial role in achieving environmental and regulatory objectives. However, New Zealand’s construction codes and sustainability standards lack cohesive, region-specific guidance, posing challenges for industry professionals in selecting appropriate materials. This study aims to identify the key factors influencing SCM selection within the New Zealand construction sector. An online questionnaire was distributed to 115 industry professionals, and data were analyzed using a structural equation modeling (SEM) with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine the relationships among social, economic, environmental, and technical factors. The finding was that technical factors are vital in achieving sustainable construction. Additionally, the social, economic, environmental, and technical factors were strongly correlated, affecting the selection of SCMs. Based on this research, construction consultants should advise customers on materials and the long-term economic benefits of investing in sustainable materials, which will cut operating expenses and environmental effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 2539 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Overview of Sustainable Urban Regeneration Development: A Synergistic Perspective of CIM and BIM

by Liangzi Wu and Jiawei Leng

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 833; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050833 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 803

Abstract

This study investigates the role of digital technologies, specifically Building Information Modelling (BIM) and City Information Modelling (CIM), in sustainable urban renewal. The study reviews the literature on urban renewal and the application of BIM and CIM technologies. The findings show that digital [...] Read more.

This study investigates the role of digital technologies, specifically Building Information Modelling (BIM) and City Information Modelling (CIM), in sustainable urban renewal. The study reviews the literature on urban renewal and the application of BIM and CIM technologies. The findings show that digital technologies play a crucial role in facilitating the flow and sharing of information, improving the transparency of decision-making, and enhancing public participation. The study emphasises the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and technological innovation to achieve more sustainable and liveable urban environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Implementing Emerging Technologies in the Building Construction Industry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1184 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Place Attachment and Mobility in the Context of Tiny Houses: A Generational Analysis in Türkiye

by Ayşegül Tanrıverdi Kaya and Ceren Yılmaz

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 832; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050832 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 587

Abstract

This article examines the concepts of place attachment and mobility in the context of the tiny house movement in Türkiye from a generational perspective. This study compares the level of place attachment and the preference for tiny houses between Gen Y (born between [...] Read more.

This article examines the concepts of place attachment and mobility in the context of the tiny house movement in Türkiye from a generational perspective. This study compares the level of place attachment and the preference for tiny houses between Gen Y (born between 1980 and 1999) and Gen Z (born after 2000). The literature highlights the fact that rising housing costs, environmental concerns, and changing living standards have paved the way for the tiny house movement. This study argues that there is an inverse relationship between the mobility offered by tiny houses and traditional place attachment. Using Lewicka’s place attachment scale, the research measured participants’ attachments at both the neighborhood and city levels while also analyzing demographic variables such as homeownership, income, and education. The findings reveal that Gen Y exhibits higher levels of place attachment at both neighborhood and city scales. In contrast, Gen Z shows a greater interest in tiny houses due to their more mobile lifestyle. Additionally, individuals who are unfamiliar with the tiny house concept tend to have stronger place attachment, a factor that influences their housing preferences. Based on these findings, this article provides policy recommendations—such as clarifying legal regulations, offering financial incentives, and improving infrastructure—to support the expansion of the tiny house movement in Turkey. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 4444 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Theoretical and Numerical Approach to Ensure Ductile Failure in Strengthened Reinforced Concrete Slabs with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Sheets

by Huy Q. Nguyen and Jung J. Kim

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 831; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050831 - 5 Mar 2025

Viewed by 640

Abstract

While fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets effectively enhance the flexural strength of reinforced concrete (RC) slabs, excessive flexural strengthening can reduce ductility and lead to brittle failure. This study provides an overview of the failure limits for the end spans of continuous RC slabs, [...] Read more.

While fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets effectively enhance the flexural strength of reinforced concrete (RC) slabs, excessive flexural strengthening can reduce ductility and lead to brittle failure. This study provides an overview of the failure limits for the end spans of continuous RC slabs, considering the relationship between moment and shear capacities. A design approach for maximizing the strength contribution and amount of carbon FRP (CFRP) while ensuring ductile failure in strengthened slabs was developed and refined based on ACI standard recommendations. The failure mode of the strengthened slab was validated through numerical analysis using Abaqus software by further investigating the stress distribution of flexural members. Analytical results indicated that a 0.15 mm thick CFRP layer could enhance the nominal failure load by 148% while preserving desirable ductile failure behavior, demonstrating the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 7144 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Effects of Hollow Glass Microspheres and Sisal Fibers in Natural Gypsum-Based Composites: Achieving Lightweight, High-Strength, and Aesthetically Superior Construction Materials

by Chang Chen, Yuan Gao, Shaowu Jiu, Yanxin Chen and Yan Liu

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 830; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050830 - 5 Mar 2025

Viewed by 522

Abstract

This study explores the synergistic development of natural gypsum-based composites (NGBCs) with enhanced multifunctional characteristics, employing hollow glass microspheres (HGMs) as density-reducing agents and sisal fibers (SFs) as mechanical reinforcement phases while maintaining superior whiteness properties. Five HGM variants with precisely graded particle [...] Read more.

This study explores the synergistic development of natural gypsum-based composites (NGBCs) with enhanced multifunctional characteristics, employing hollow glass microspheres (HGMs) as density-reducing agents and sisal fibers (SFs) as mechanical reinforcement phases while maintaining superior whiteness properties. Five HGM variants with precisely graded particle sizes (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 μm) were systematically incorporated into the composite matrix. Sisal fibers with controlled length parameters (10–15 mm) were uniformly dispersed within the gypsum matrix. The multifunctional effects of these additives were comprehensively assessed via integrated mechanical characterization, spectrophotometric whiteness evaluation, and microstructural interrogation. The findings revealed that the incorporation of HGMs resulted in a significant decrease in the NGBC density while concurrently enhancing whiteness; they also exerted an adverse impact on both processability and mechanical properties. Moreover, the fusion of HGMs and SFs within the NGBCs achieved an optimal balance between lightness and strength. The peak density of NGBCs was ascertained to be 1.41 g/cm³, complemented by flexural and compressive strengths of 6.12 and 9.78 MPa, respectively. Such optimizations were realized with HGMs at a particle size of 80 um and a composition of 20 vol.%, alongside sisal fibers present at a concentration of 0.3 vol.%. The current research affords significant revelations regarding the fabrication of architectural gypsum materials that are lightweight, possess high tensile strength, exhibit an aesthetically appealing finish, and demonstrate superior whiteness, presenting a prospective resolution for applications within the high-performance construction sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Composite Materials in Construction)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

35 pages, 8368 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Indoor Air Quality and Thermal Comfort in University Classrooms in Southwestern Spain: A Longitudinal Analysis from Pandemic to Post-Pandemic

by Pilar Romero, Víctor Valero-Amaro, José Ignacio Arranz, Francisco José Sepúlveda and María Teresa Miranda

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 829; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050829 - 5 Mar 2025

Viewed by 858

Abstract

After the COVID-19 lockdown, the health authorities established strict protocols for ventilating indoor spaces and reducing contagion. Although the control of the disease allowed these measures to be relaxed, indoor air quality (IAQ) and natural ventilation (NV) are still essential. However, in certain [...] Read more.

After the COVID-19 lockdown, the health authorities established strict protocols for ventilating indoor spaces and reducing contagion. Although the control of the disease allowed these measures to be relaxed, indoor air quality (IAQ) and natural ventilation (NV) are still essential. However, in certain climatic conditions, this can affect the thermal comfort of the occupants. This situation is relevant in educational buildings, where thermal discomfort can influence students’ academic performance, especially during critical periods such as exams. In this context, this article explores how different NV strategies, both during and after the pandemic, affect the thermal comfort of students at a university in a Mediterranean climate zone. The analyses revealed that, despite the low temperatures and strict ventilation protocols due to COVID-19, thermal comfort during winter was higher than in spring and summer. These results led to an investigation into which variables could explain this phenomenon, detecting that the choice of clothing was crucial to achieving adequate comfort conditions. Regarding IAQ, ventilation was sufficient, even excessive, in some cases, especially during mandatory measures. In conclusion, it would be beneficial to establish ventilation protocols adapted to each environment and to advise students on individual strategies to improve their thermal comfort. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 2092 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Revolutionizing Construction Safety: Unveiling the Digital Potential of Building Information Modeling (BIM)

by Bilal Manzoor, Rabia Charef, Maxwell Fordjour Antwi-Afari, Khalid Saqer Alotaibi and Ehsan Harirchian

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 828; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050828 - 5 Mar 2025

Viewed by 1484

Abstract

The construction industry is facing issues worldwide, particularly worker fatalities and injury rates. Construction safety requires careful attention and preparation across the project’s entire lifecycle, from design to demolition activities. In the digital era, Building Information Modeling (BIM) has emerged as a transformative [...] Read more.

The construction industry is facing issues worldwide, particularly worker fatalities and injury rates. Construction safety requires careful attention and preparation across the project’s entire lifecycle, from design to demolition activities. In the digital era, Building Information Modeling (BIM) has emerged as a transformative technology in the construction industry, offering new opportunities to enhance safety standards and reduce accidents. This study examines the influence of BIM on construction safety, particularly its capacity to transform safety protocols, enhance danger identification, and minimize accidents during the construction project’s duration. The review approach used is based on PRISMA. Scopus and Web of Science were the databases used to search for qualifying publications. From an initial cohort of 502 papers, 125 were chosen as relevant to the scope of this research. A thorough analysis of the existing literature was conducted to examine the processes by which BIM helps to improve safety, such as early hazards identification, conflict detection, virtual safety simulations, and improved communication and collaboration among project stakeholders. This study examined the following knowledge gaps: integration with safety regulations and standards, a comprehensive safety dimension in BIM, BIM for real-time safety monitoring, and a BIM-driven safety culture. The following potential future research directions were highlighted: enhanced BIM applications for safety, longitudinal studies on BIM and safety outcomes, BIM for post-construction safety and maintenance, and BIM for safety training and simulation. In conclusion, the integration of BIM into construction safety protocols presents significant potential for mitigating risks and improving safety management over the asset lifecycle. As the industry increasingly adopts digital technology, BIM will be crucial in establishing safer and more efficient construction environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Buildings for the 21st Century)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 11235 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Quantitative Monitoring Study of Environmental Factors Activating Caihua and Wooden Heritage Cracks in the Palace Museum, Beijing, China

by Xiang He, Hong Li, Yilun Liu, Binhao Wu, Mengmeng Cai, Xiangna Han and Hong Guo

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 827; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050827 - 5 Mar 2025

Viewed by 486

Abstract

Cultural heritage objects, including traditional Chinese polychrome paintings on architectures (Caihua) and wooden architectural components, frequently exhibit surface defects that are highly sensitive to environmental factors, resulting in progressive deterioration. However, due to limited data acquisition methods and quantitative analysis models, the stability [...] Read more.

Cultural heritage objects, including traditional Chinese polychrome paintings on architectures (Caihua) and wooden architectural components, frequently exhibit surface defects that are highly sensitive to environmental factors, resulting in progressive deterioration. However, due to limited data acquisition methods and quantitative analysis models, the stability and risks of defects such as cracks during environmental changes remain unclear. This study integrates photogrammetry and digital image processing to investigate through-cracks and craquelures on the surface of a well pavilion within the Palace Museum, Beijing. We confirmed the activity of these cracks, quantified crack widths, and studied the environmental influences on their development. Over a monitoring period of more than 15 months, the widths of seven cracks on four beams were measured alongside various environmental factors. Correlation analyses identified air humidity as the most significant factor influencing crack width fluctuations (p < 0.01). Numerical simulations revealed that short-term humidity exposure induces surface swelling and crack closure, whereas prolonged humidity leads to internal moisture transport and crack reopening. Furthermore, fitting parameters indicating the severity of crack variation correlated well with the degradation levels of the wooden components. In summary, this study establishes a monitoring and quantification procedure for assessing crack activity, explores the influence of humidity through numerical simulations, and identifies a potential indicator for the non-destructive assessment of timber component stability. The proposed framework offers an exploratory approach to addressing critical challenges in the health monitoring of wooden architectural components. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 8917 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Eccentric Compression Behavior of Precast Stratified Concrete Composite Column with Inserted Steel Tube

by Yilin Wang, Shikun Ma and Shunyao Wang

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 826; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050826 - 5 Mar 2025

Viewed by 449

Abstract

In order to improve the technical economy of steel-reinforced concrete structures and to promote the development of prefabricated concrete structures, a new type of partial precast steel-reinforced concrete column (precast stratified concrete composite column with inserted steel tube, PSCCST column) was proposed and [...] Read more.

In order to improve the technical economy of steel-reinforced concrete structures and to promote the development of prefabricated concrete structures, a new type of partial precast steel-reinforced concrete column (precast stratified concrete composite column with inserted steel tube, PSCCST column) was proposed and studied in this paper. Six PSCCST column specimens were tested to investigate their behavior under eccentric loading. The failure state, ultimate bearing capacities, load–strain relationship, as well as load-deflection curves were emphatically investigated. The failure modes of the PSCCST columns under eccentric compression and corresponding bearing capacity N_u calculation methods were proposed based on experimental research and analysis. The results of the study indicated that there are three main failure modes, which are compressive-type failure mode, total-yield-type failure mode, and tensile-type failure mode. The first two modes are preferable due to their more effective material utilization. The N_u of the PSCCST column was found to decrease obviously with the increase of eccentricity e. The deformation capacity denoted by the horizontal lateral deflection corresponding to N_u increased with the increase of e. Moreover, the proposed N_u calculation methods were proven to have high accuracy by the comparison with the experimental results (the average ratio of the calculated values to the experimental values was 0.95). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 5607 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Recycled Concrete Aggregate Performance via Microbial-Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation: Effects of Bacterial Strains and Mineralization Conditions

by Jian Wang, Sen Pang, Xiaoqing Zhan, Wenzhu Wei, Xiaoxiao Li, Ling Wang, Xiaoli Huang and Lei Zhang

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 825; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050825 - 5 Mar 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 600

Abstract

The use of recycled coarse aggregates (RCA) in concrete production offers significant environmental and economic benefits. However, the high water absorption and low mechanical strength of RCA, caused by residual mortar and internal cracks, severely limit its application. This study employed microbial-induced calcium [...] Read more.

The use of recycled coarse aggregates (RCA) in concrete production offers significant environmental and economic benefits. However, the high water absorption and low mechanical strength of RCA, caused by residual mortar and internal cracks, severely limit its application. This study employed microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) technology to improve RCA performance, systematically investigating the effects of key parameters such as bacterial strains, bacterial concentration, modification duration, and urea addition sequence. This study employed microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) technology to enhance the performance of RCA. The investigation systematically examined the effects of key parameters, including bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis, urease mixed bacteria, and Bacillus pasteurii), bacterial concentrations (0, 2.4 × 10⁷ cells/mL, 9.3 × 10⁷ cells/mL, 2.49 × 10⁸ cells/mL, and 2.36 × 10⁹ cells/mL), modification durations (0 d, 3 d, 7 d and 14 d), and urea addition sequences (urea added to the calcium source, urea added to the culture medium, and added to the bacterial solution followed by 2 h of incubation). The impact of MICP treatment on RCA’s water absorption, apparent density and resistance to ultrasonic impact was analyzed. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the microstructure and composition of calcium carbonate deposits, revealing the mechanisms by which MICP enhances RCA performance. The results showed that optimized MICP treatment reduced RCA water absorption by 32.5%, with the optimal conditions being a bacterial concentration of 2.4 × 10⁷ cells/mL, a modification duration of 7 days, and a two-hour urea resting period. It is primarily due to calcium carbonate filling pores and sealing cracks, which significantly improves the structural integrity of RCA. This study demonstrates that MICP is an effective and sustainable method for RCA modification, providing theoretical support and practical insights for the recycling of construction waste and the promotion of green building materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Concrete: Design and Performance Analysis)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 5864 KiB

Open AccessArticle

BIM for Sustainable Redevelopment of a Major Office Building in Rome

by Giuseppe Piras and Francesco Muzi

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 824; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050824 - 5 Mar 2025

Viewed by 546

Abstract

Energy efficiency represents a strategic priority in both Italian and European legislation to mitigate the energy consumption of buildings, which are significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. Currently, about 75% of the EU building stock is considered to be energy inefficient and requires [...] Read more.

Energy efficiency represents a strategic priority in both Italian and European legislation to mitigate the energy consumption of buildings, which are significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. Currently, about 75% of the EU building stock is considered to be energy inefficient and requires substantial retrofitting. This study examines the energy redevelopment of a large building complex, which currently has an energy class E label. The aim is to achieve a significant improvement in energy efficiency and reduce fossil fuels usage, in line with sustainability standards. The intervention includes replacing the existing air-conditioning and heating systems with high-efficiency air-to-water heat pumps, powered by electricity generated, in part, by an integrated photovoltaic system. Through the analysis of available technological solutions and the application of a Building Information Modeling (BIM) methodology, the research proposes strategies to optimize the energy efficiency of buildings while minimizing the environmental impact and ensuring compliance with current regulations. The results highlight the effectiveness of such approaches in supporting the energy transition, with the implemented measures reducing the non-renewable energy demand from 191,684 kWh/m²/year to 76,053 kWh/m²/year. This led to a decrease in CO₂ emissions of 604 tons/year, representing a 78% reduction compared to initial levels, a clear contribution toward achieving European sustainability goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Transformation in the Construction Industry: Latest Advances and Prospects)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 3105 KiB

Open AccessReview

Linkage Between Critical Indicators and Performance Outcomes of Corporate Social Responsibility in the Construction Industry: A Review of the Past Two Decades (2004–2024)

by Hongtao Mao, Weihao Sun, Xiaopeng Deng, Mahsa Sadeghi and Maxwell Fordjour Antwi-Afari

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 823; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050823 - 5 Mar 2025

Viewed by 692

Abstract

Effective corporate social responsibility (CSR) implementation is essential for construction enterprises to achieve sustainable development. However, existing reviews on CSR indicators and performance measures predominantly employ a single review method or focus on non-construction sectors, with limited exploration of their interrelationships. To address [...] Read more.

Effective corporate social responsibility (CSR) implementation is essential for construction enterprises to achieve sustainable development. However, existing reviews on CSR indicators and performance measures predominantly employ a single review method or focus on non-construction sectors, with limited exploration of their interrelationships. To address this gap, this state-of-the-art review synthesizes findings from 77 relevant papers published over the past two decades in Scopus, adopting a combined methodological approach that integrates science mapping and systematic review techniques. The scientometric analysis, conducted using VOSviewer, examines annual publication trends, key journals, prominent keywords, contributing countries, and influential documents. A subsequent systematic discussion utilizing content analysis identifies seven critical CSR indicators (e.g., environmental sustainability, corporate practices, and employee well-being) and eight performance dimensions (e.g., customer satisfaction and corporate reputation). A conceptual linkage framework is developed to elucidate the relationships between these indicators and performance dimensions, highlighting the most influential CSR factors. To enhance the robustness of the findings, a post-survey interview method is employed to validate and compare the systematic discussion results, revealing several cognitive gaps between academic perspectives and industry practices. Finally, future research directions and study limitations are discussed. By integrating the mixed-review results with voices of the construction industry, this review provides an objective and holistic reference for CSR scholars in the construction sector and offers managerial and policy insights for industry stakeholders and policymakers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 227 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Psychometric Validation of the CD-RISC-10 Among Chinese Construction Project High-Place Workers

by Ruiming Fan, Yang Li, Ruoxi Zhang, Jingqi Gao and Xiang Wu

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 822; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050822 - 5 Mar 2025

Viewed by 402

Abstract

Individuals with high psychological resilience cope with stress more effectively. It is crucial to select a suitable psychological resilience tool for workers in high-risk industries to identify and help those with lower resilience early on, protecting their health and reducing accidents. The CD-RISC-10 [...] Read more.

Individuals with high psychological resilience cope with stress more effectively. It is crucial to select a suitable psychological resilience tool for workers in high-risk industries to identify and help those with lower resilience early on, protecting their health and reducing accidents. The CD-RISC-10 is widely used, and this study assessed its validity and reliability among Chinese construction workers, focusing on workers on elevated platforms. A total of 325 valid CD-RISC-10 scales were collected and analyzed using statistical methods, such as exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and K-means cluster analysis. The results show that the CD-RISC-10 can effectively measure psychological resilience with a high scale reliability of 0.857, and it had an acceptable model fit (CFI = 0.947) and good item discrimination. About 17.23% of the measured sample of Chinese workers working at height were identified as having resilience impairments, and demographic variables such as age, length of service, educational level, and accident experience had a significant impact on the level of resilience, revealing the heterogeneity of the workers. This study validated the measurement validity of the CD-RISC-10 scale among Chinese high-place workers, and the analysis results were conducive to conducting psychological resilience assessments, improving workers’ occupational health, and promoting the sustainable development of construction enterprises. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Project Development and Construction Management—2nd Edition)

15 pages, 2560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Objective Sensor Placement Method Considering Modal Identification Uncertainty and Damage Detection Sensitivity

by Xue-Yang Pei, Yuan Hou, Hai-Bin Huang and Jun-Xing Zheng

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 821; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050821 - 5 Mar 2025

Viewed by 486

Abstract

Structural Health Monitoring relies on accurate modal identification and effective damage detection to assess structural performance and safety. However, traditional sensor placement methods struggle to balance modal identification uncertainty, which arises from limited sensor coverage and measurement noise and damage detection sensitivity, which [...] Read more.

Structural Health Monitoring relies on accurate modal identification and effective damage detection to assess structural performance and safety. However, traditional sensor placement methods struggle to balance modal identification uncertainty, which arises from limited sensor coverage and measurement noise and damage detection sensitivity, which requires sensors to be optimally positioned to capture structural stiffness variations. To address this challenge, this study proposes a multi-objective sensor placement optimization method based on the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm. The method introduces two key objective functions: minimizing modal identification uncertainty by leveraging Bayesian modal identification theory and information entropy and maximizing damage detection sensitivity by incorporating an entropy-based measure to quantify the uncertainty in stiffness variation estimation. By formulating the problem as Pareto-based multi-objective optimization, the method efficiently explores a trade-off between the two competing objectives and provides a diverse set of optimal sensor placement solutions. The proposed approach is validated through numerical experiments on a simply supported beam and a benchmark bridge structure, demonstrating that different optimization objectives lead to distinct sensor placement patterns. The results show that solutions prioritizing modal identification distribute sensors across the structure to improve global response estimation, while solutions favoring damage detection concentrate sensors in critical areas to enhance sensitivity. The proposed method significantly improves sensor placement strategies by offering a systematic and flexible framework for SHM applications, enabling engineers to tailor monitoring strategies based on specific structural assessment needs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic 3D Computer Vision and Smart Building and City, 3rd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 3694 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Thermal Performance and Dimensional Compatibility of Insulation Panels with Chinese Fir Facings: Insights from Field Investigations in Qiandongnan

by Sixian Dai, Jingkang Lin, Panpan Ma, Qiuyun Chen, Xiangyu Chen, Feibin Wang and Zeli Que

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 820; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050820 - 5 Mar 2025

Viewed by 524

Abstract

The traditional timber architecture of Qiandongnan represents a rich cultural heritage. However, urbanization has led to the replacement of these structures with concrete and brick buildings, resulting in the loss of both functionality and cultural identity. To bridge the gap between traditional architecture [...] Read more.

The traditional timber architecture of Qiandongnan represents a rich cultural heritage. However, urbanization has led to the replacement of these structures with concrete and brick buildings, resulting in the loss of both functionality and cultural identity. To bridge the gap between traditional architecture and modern building needs, this study conducted field surveys to extract key design parameters from local structures, enabling the development of a modular framework for Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs) based on the dimensions of traditional dwellings. Four types of SIPs were developed using Chinese fir, OSB, EPS, and XPS, and their thermal performance and heat stability were evaluated through theoretical analysis and hot box testing. The results show that all specimens met the required heat transfer coefficient. The combination of OSB and XPS showed a slightly lower heat transfer coefficient of 0.60 compared to Chinese fir, which had a coefficient of 0.62. However, the Chinese fir–XPS combination provided the longest time lag of 6.34 h, indicating superior thermal stability. Due to the widespread use of Chinese fir in local construction and its compatibility with the landscape, this combination is ideal for both energy efficiency and cultural preservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Applications in Timber Structures)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 7316 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Bolt Object Detection via AIGC-Driven Data Augmentation for Automated Construction Inspection

by Jie Wu, Beilin Han, Yihang Zhang, Chuyue Huang, Shengqiang Qiu, Wang Feng, Zhiwei Liu and Chao Zou

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 819; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050819 - 5 Mar 2025

Viewed by 601

Abstract

In the engineering domain, the detection of damage in high-strength bolts is critical for ensuring the safe and reliable operation of equipment. Traditional manual inspection methods are not only inefficient but also susceptible to human error. This paper proposes an automated bolt damage [...] Read more.

In the engineering domain, the detection of damage in high-strength bolts is critical for ensuring the safe and reliable operation of equipment. Traditional manual inspection methods are not only inefficient but also susceptible to human error. This paper proposes an automated bolt damage identification method leveraging AIGC (Artificial Intelligence Generated Content) technology and object detection algorithms. Specifically, we introduce the application of AIGC in image generation, focusing on the Stable Diffusion model. Given that the quality of bolt images generated directly by the Stable Diffusion model is suboptimal, we employ the LoRA fine-tuning technique to enhance the model, thereby generating a high-quality dataset of bolt images. This dataset is then used to train the YOLO (You Only Look Once) object detection algorithm, demonstrating significant improvements in both accuracy and recall for bolt damage recognition. Experimental results show that the LoRA fine-tuned Stable Diffusion model significantly enhances the performance of the YOLO algorithm, providing an efficient and accurate solution for automated bolt damage detection. Future work will concentrate on further optimizing the model to improve its robustness and real-time performance, thereby better meeting the demands of practical industrial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic 3D Computer Vision and Smart Building and City, 3rd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 5333 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Prediction Model of Dam Deformation and Successful Application

by Shuangping Li, Bin Zhang, Meng Yang, Senlin Li and Zuqiang Liu

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 818; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050818 - 5 Mar 2025

Viewed by 424

Abstract

In most dam deformation monitoring practices, some single-point models do not consider the spatial correlation, and the traditional regression models do not consider the nonlinear relationship between the environmental quantity and the deformation quantity, resulting in poor prediction accuracy. In view of the [...] Read more.

In most dam deformation monitoring practices, some single-point models do not consider the spatial correlation, and the traditional regression models do not consider the nonlinear relationship between the environmental quantity and the deformation quantity, resulting in poor prediction accuracy. In view of the poor accuracy of the monitoring data, which reflect the overall deformation response in the current dam monitoring practices, this paper proposes an innovative solution of ensemble empirical mode decomposition and a wavelet noise reduction method. A high-precision prediction model considering spatial correlation is constructed. By studying the measured deformation data of an arch dam and comparing the performance parameters of various models, the superiority and universality of the proposed method are verified. Dam deformation monitoring data are of great significance to describe the operation behavior of dams. It is significant for us to optimize the health monitoring of dam safety structures and ensure dam safety and realize social harmony in our country. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Resilient Civil Infrastructure, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 10856 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Compressive Behavior of Long Simple and Multi-Cell CFT Columns When Using Tie Bars Connector Elements

by Nima Pahlavannejad Tabarestani, Morteza Naghipour and Stephen J. Hicks

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 817; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050817 - 4 Mar 2025

Viewed by 627

Abstract

Concrete-filled steel tube (CFT) columns are increasingly used in high-rise structures due to their improved resilience to lateral loads. However, the behavior of multi-cell CFT columns, connected with different tie bar spacings, has been under-considered. This study aims to investigate the performance of [...] Read more.

Concrete-filled steel tube (CFT) columns are increasingly used in high-rise structures due to their improved resilience to lateral loads. However, the behavior of multi-cell CFT columns, connected with different tie bar spacings, has been under-considered. This study aims to investigate the performance of simple and four-cell CFT columns with tie bars at different spacings. Seven columns with different tie bar spacings (100, 300, and 500 mm) were examined under axial compression. The load–displacement curve, failure pattern, and concrete core failure characteristics were described. A calculation model for the axial pressure field of simple and four-cell CFT columns with tie bars at varying spacings was constructed using a finite element analysis software. The results showed that the axial compression load capacity of confined CFT columns was significantly higher in four-cell composite specimens, where the capacity increased by 15.6% and 33% with tie bar spacings of 500 mm and 300 mm, respectively. Also, compared to simple CFT specimens, the capacity increased by 14.7%, 27.8%, and 42.6% with tie bar spacings of 100 mm, 300 mm, and 500 mm, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Steel-Concrete Composite Structure—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

42 pages, 5549 KiB

Open AccessReview

Strategies for Driving the Future of Educational Building Design in Terms of Indoor Thermal Environments: A Comprehensive Review of Methods and Optimization

by Shihai Wu, Pengzhi Zhou, Ying Xiong, Chengye Ma, Dizi Wu and Weizhen Lu

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 816; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050816 - 4 Mar 2025

Viewed by 701

Abstract

This comprehensive review critically examines current methodologies and optimization strategies for designing indoor thermal environments in educational buildings amid the challenges of global climate change and energy demands. The paper evaluates existing research methods, such as numerical simulations, data-driven models, and field measurements, [...] Read more.

This comprehensive review critically examines current methodologies and optimization strategies for designing indoor thermal environments in educational buildings amid the challenges of global climate change and energy demands. The paper evaluates existing research methods, such as numerical simulations, data-driven models, and field measurements, revealing significant limitations in addressing the complex and dynamic nature of educational environments. It highlights the overemphasis on energy efficiency while neglecting user comfort and individual differences, such as students’ physiological and psychological needs. The review underscores the necessity of integrating human-centered design strategies, climate adaptability, and interdisciplinary approaches to improve building performance and enhance student well-being. Future research should focus on developing multimodal data fusion frameworks, applying AI-based optimization, and incorporating emerging technologies like BIM and IoT for dynamic management. By advocating for more adaptable and sustainable thermal environment strategies, this study provides a foundation for advancing educational building design in response to climate change and energy crises. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frameworks, Tools, Methods, Indicators, and Considerations for Evaluating Circular Economy in Buildings)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 6620 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potential Use of Recycled Foundry Sand as Fine Aggregate in Self-Compacting Concrete: Sustainable Engineering Research

by Ranjitha B. Tangadagi and Panruti T. Ravichandran

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 815; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050815 - 4 Mar 2025

Viewed by 513

Abstract

This research aims to identify an eco-friendly and low-mass substitute for fine aggregate (FA) in self-compacting concrete (SCC). The study specifically examines the potential of waste foundry sand (WFS) as an FA replacement. The primary objective is to explore the impact of processed [...] Read more.

This research aims to identify an eco-friendly and low-mass substitute for fine aggregate (FA) in self-compacting concrete (SCC). The study specifically examines the potential of waste foundry sand (WFS) as an FA replacement. The primary objective is to explore the impact of processed WFS in SCC, addressing both the WFS disposal issues and enhancing the environmental performance of SCC. After collecting the WFS, it was sieved, segregated, washed thoroughly with water, and then oven dried to remove all clay, carbon, and hazardous content. Treated foundry sand (TFS) is utilized as a substitute for FA in SCC. This study examines the effects of TFS on SCC’s strength, flowability, durability, and microstructural characteristics. Various proportions of TFS are investigated, including replacing 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% of FA by weight with TFS in the concrete mixture. This research demonstrates that TFS can effectively replace FA in improving the flowability and passing ability of SCC. Furthermore, the findings on SCC’s strength and durability after incorporating TFS suggest that using 30–40% TFS is optimal, as it does not negatively impact the structural performance of SCC. Alternatively, the use of TFS in SCC results in a dense microstructure, improved gel formation, and better bonding of the constituents of ingredients used in SCC. Overall, the results of this study reveal that the use of TFS in SCC can help reduce the amount of waste and improve its sustainability. This also shows that the process can reduce the density of the mix. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 1463 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Circular Buildings in Hong Kong: A New Integrated Technology–Material–Design (TMD) Circularity Assessment Framework

by Ericson K. S. Lau, Daniel W. M. Chan, Benjamin I. Oluleye and Timothy O. Olawumi

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 814; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050814 - 4 Mar 2025

Viewed by 979

Abstract

As Hong Kong faces increasing pressure on resources and environmental sustainability, there is a growing need to shift towards circular building practices. The ever-increasing demand for sustainable urban development necessitates innovative approaches towards greener and more sustainable building design and construction. This paper [...] Read more.

As Hong Kong faces increasing pressure on resources and environmental sustainability, there is a growing need to shift towards circular building practices. The ever-increasing demand for sustainable urban development necessitates innovative approaches towards greener and more sustainable building design and construction. This paper introduces a new integrated Technology–Material–Design (TMD) Circularity Assessment Framework, a three-dimensional and comprehensive tool designed to evaluate and enhance the circularity level of buildings in Hong Kong. Through an extensive literature review, the research study identifies a new perspective with key metrics and best practices that inform the new assessment framework, enabling various key stakeholders to pinpoint effective strategies for overcoming profound challenges and seizing timely opportunities to foster a more sustainable and resilient built environment. This paper successfully categorises all circularity assessment frameworks into three perspectives, i.e., material-based, technology-oriented, and design-supported. Future research could apply BIM technology to automate and circularise the new assessment framework. Another significant contribution of this paper is the derivation of a new formula for the Building Circularity Index (BCI) for Hong Kong, which quantifies building circularity levels using a set of defined measurement metrics. By providing a robust assessment method, the TMD Circularity Assessment Framework facilitates informed decision making for architects, engineers, governments, developers, policymakers, and other stakeholders in a new horizon. The review findings underscore the potential of the TMD Framework to guide the transition towards more circular buildings, ultimately contributing to the broader goals of environmental sustainability and resource efficiency in Hong Kong’s construction and real estate sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Circular Economy Paradigm for Construction Waste Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 5337 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Performance of a Full-Scale Moment-Frame Housing System Constructed with Recycled Tetra Pak (Thermo-Stiffened Polymeric Aluminum Composite)

by Federico Nuñez-Moreno, Daniel M. Ruiz, Sebastián Aristizabal-Vargas, Camilo Gutierrez-Quintero and Yezid A. Alvarado

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 813; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050813 - 4 Mar 2025

Viewed by 499

Abstract

To address the growing need for sustainable and resilient building materials, the seismic performance of a full-scale moment-frame housing system constructed entirely from recycled Tetra Pak panels (thermo-stiffened polymeric aluminum or TSPA) was evaluated. The study presents an innovative approach to utilizing waste [...] Read more.

To address the growing need for sustainable and resilient building materials, the seismic performance of a full-scale moment-frame housing system constructed entirely from recycled Tetra Pak panels (thermo-stiffened polymeric aluminum or TSPA) was evaluated. The study presents an innovative approach to utilizing waste materials for structural applications, emphasizing the lightweight and modular nature of the system. The methodology included material characterization, finite element modeling (FEM), gravitational loading tests, and biaxial shake table tests. Seismic tests applied ground motions corresponding to 31-, 225-, 475-, and 2500-year return periods. Drift profiles and acceleration responses confirmed the elastic behavior of the system, with no residual deformation or structural damage observed, even under simultaneous peak ground accelerations of 0.37 g (x-direction) and 0.52 g (y-direction). Notably, the structure accelerations were amplified to 1.10 g in the y-direction (at the top of the structure), exceeding the design spectrum acceleration of 0.7 g without compromising stiffness or resistance. These results underscore the robust seismic performance of the system. The finite element model of the housing module was validated with the experimental results which predicted the structural response, including natural periods, accelerations, and drift profiles (up to 89% accuracy). The novelty of this research is that it is one of the first to perform shaking table seismic testing on a full-scale housing module made of recycled materials (Tetra Pak), specifically under biaxial motions, providing a unique evaluation of its performance under multidirectional seismic demands. This research also highlights the potential of recycled Tetra Pak materials for sustainable construction, providing an adaptable solution for earthquake-prone regions. The modular design allows for rapid assembly and disassembly, supporting scalability and the circular economy principle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Resistance and Vulnerability Assessments of Building Structures)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2337 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Bending Behaviors of Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Hollow-Core Slabs

by Liuyiyi Yang, Quan Shen, Miao Lu and Xiaohua Yang

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 812; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050812 - 4 Mar 2025

Viewed by 535

Abstract

Ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) has the characteristics of high strength, toughness, and excellent crack resistance. In order to fully utilize the high-strength properties of UHPFRC and reduce the structural weight and construction cost, solid slabs can be fabricated into hollow-core slabs or composite [...] Read more.

Ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) has the characteristics of high strength, toughness, and excellent crack resistance. In order to fully utilize the high-strength properties of UHPFRC and reduce the structural weight and construction cost, solid slabs can be fabricated into hollow-core slabs or composite sandwich slabs. In order to further analyze the mechanical properties and mechanism of action of UHPFRC hollow-core slabs, one solid slab and two hollow-core slabs with the same geometric dimensions, reinforcement, and steel fiber volume content are designed in this paper, and their stress performance under a static load was investigated using a four-point bending test. The research results show that the UHPFRC hollow-core slab is anisotropic, and the bending stiffness of the section with parallel, distributed tubes is slightly smaller than that of the solid slab. The addition of steel fibers can greatly limit the development of cracks on a slab surface, so the elastic limit of a UHPFRC hollow slab is higher than that of a conventional concrete hollow slab. The whole bending process is roughly divided into the elastic stage, the elastic–plastic stage, and the plastic stage; the crack development process on the bottom of the slab can be classified into the cracking stage, the stable crack development stage, and the rapid propagation stage. In the elastic stage, the cross-sectional deformation of the UHPFRC hollow-core slab in the bending process still satisfies the assumption of a flat section. A row of parallel, round tubes on the neutral axis has a little effect on the cracking load, bearing capacity, and deformation capacity of the UHPFRC slab. By conducting the comparative analysis of the hollow rate and bearing capacity, when the hollow rate reaches 13.57%, the comprehensive weight of the solid slab is reduced by 13.16%, the cracking moment is slightly reduced, and the ultimate load is only reduced by 8.78%. Under the premise of meeting the bearing capacity, the hollow rate of the UHPFRC hollow-core slab can be appropriately increased to save money and energy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Structural Analysis and Design of Civil Structures)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 1065 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decoding BIM Challenges in Facility Management Areas: A Stakeholders’ Perspective

by Paula Gordo-Gregorio, Hamidreza Alavi and Nuria Forcada

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 811; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050811 - 4 Mar 2025

Viewed by 930

Abstract

The adoption of building information modeling (BIM) in the operational and maintenance phase remains limited, with many buildings still managed through paper-based processes. While BIM has the potential to optimize various facility management (FM) areas—such as energy performance, security, administration, and space management—most [...] Read more.

The adoption of building information modeling (BIM) in the operational and maintenance phase remains limited, with many buildings still managed through paper-based processes. While BIM has the potential to optimize various facility management (FM) areas—such as energy performance, security, administration, and space management—most studies only provide global analyses of adoption barriers. This study aims to identify and analyze area-specific barriers to BIM adoption in FM, highlighting the need for tailored integration strategies rather than a one-size-fits-all approach. By taking a novel approach, it investigates these barriers and demonstrates that BIM implementation cannot be uniformly applied across all FM areas. The methodology involves a multi-step process: first, a literature review is conducted to identify generic barriers to BIM implementation. Subsequently, FM areas are classified to provide a structured framework for analysis. Based on this classification, an interview structure is developed to gather expert insights on area-specific barriers. The research proposes that barriers should be assessed based on their impact. While contextual barriers or knowledge areas may be addressed through a global approach, ensuring BIM adoption across all areas requires consideration of specific characteristics. This approach will ultimately facilitate broader implementation in every domain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Digital Transformations within Circular Built Environment Research and Innovation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Buildings, Volume 15, Issue 5 (March-1 2025) – 191 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI