Buildings

23 pages, 7312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deflection Predictions of Tapered Cellular Steel Beams Using Analytical Models and an Artificial Neural Network

by Amine Osmani, Rabee Shamass, Konstantinos Daniel Tsavdaridis, Felipe Piana Vendramell Ferreira and Abdelwahhab Khatir

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 992; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060992 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 209

Abstract

Cellular steel beams are primarily used to accommodate electrical and mechanical services within their structural depth, helping to reduce the floor-to-ceiling height in buildings. These beams are often tapered for various reasons, such as connecting members (e.g., beams) of different depths, adjusting stiffness [...] Read more.

Cellular steel beams are primarily used to accommodate electrical and mechanical services within their structural depth, helping to reduce the floor-to-ceiling height in buildings. These beams are often tapered for various reasons, such as connecting members (e.g., beams) of different depths, adjusting stiffness in specific areas, or enhancing architectural design. This paper presents an algorithm developed using MATLAB R2019a and an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the deflection of tapered cellular steel beams. The approach considers the web I-section variation parameter (α), along with shear and bending effects that contribute to additional deflections. It also accounts for the influence of the stiffness of the upper and lower T-sections at the centreline of the web opening. To validate the model, a total of 1415 finite element models were analysed. The deflections predicted by the analytical and ANN models were compared with finite element results, showing good agreement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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18 pages, 11302 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigations on the Impact of Greening on Outdoor Thermal Comfort for Different Scale Residential Blocks

by Di Mu, Zhanpeng Liu, Ruibin Li, Maohui Luo, Xing Shi and Naiping Gao

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 991; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060991 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 164

Abstract

Residential areas are the basic unit related to the living quality of urban residents, and their comfort is one of the key concerns of residents. Greening has always been an important means to improve the living environment of residential communities. In this paper, [...] Read more.

Residential areas are the basic unit related to the living quality of urban residents, and their comfort is one of the key concerns of residents. Greening has always been an important means to improve the living environment of residential communities. In this paper, ENVI-met V4 simulation software is verified and used to discuss the influence of the residential scale and green ratio on the outdoor thermal environment. By comparing the difference in outdoor thermal comfort with or without greening measures in residential blocks of different scales, the effects of vegetation on optimizing the outdoor thermal comfort of different scale residential blocks are investigated. The meteorological parameters selected for this case study analysis include a wind speed of 2.5 m/s at 10 m height and an air temperature range of 28 °C to 35 °C. The results show that the wind speed and air temperature in the residential area are less affected by the residential scale and more affected by the greening rate. There are obvious differences in the improvement in outdoor thermal comfort by vegetation at different times. With the increase in residential area scale, the improvement effect of vegetation on outdoor thermal comfort also increases, which in 5 × 5 blocks residential area is 0.2–0.5 °C, higher than that in 2 × 2 blocks small-scale residential area. A modified index, PET (Physiological Equivalent Temperature) drop per green ratio, is proposed for cost performance. Reasonable and feasible greening suggestions for residential buildings are summarized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indoor Environmental Quality and Human Wellbeing)

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36 pages, 46507 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Overall Seismic Performance of RC Structures and Effectiveness of Seismic Isolation Technology Under Extreme Events: February 6, 2023, Earthquakes

by Cem Yenidogan

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 990; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060990 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 285

Abstract

Two large earthquakes with a series of aftershocks struck southeastern Türkiye within 9 h and had catastrophic consequences. Following the earthquake doublet, 11 provinces corresponding to approximately 1/7 of Türkiye were declared disaster zones. Even though the epicenters of the first event and [...] Read more.

Two large earthquakes with a series of aftershocks struck southeastern Türkiye within 9 h and had catastrophic consequences. Following the earthquake doublet, 11 provinces corresponding to approximately 1/7 of Türkiye were declared disaster zones. Even though the epicenters of the first event and second mainshocks were in Pazarcik and Elbistan with a magnitude (

M_{w}

) of 7.7 and 7.6 with over 500 km of multiple-fault ruptures, Hatay province was the most heavily damaged province and had the highest number of casualties and collapsed buildings. A densely deployed strong ground motion array of the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency of Turkey (AFAD) recorded the earthquake doublet of the two consequent mainshocks, including ground motions exhibiting near-fault features. A suite of recorded ground motions in Hatay province is incorporated to examine the destructiveness of ground motions on reinforced concrete Moment-Resisting Frame buildings and the effectiveness of seismic isolation technology to reduce the observed damage. Moreover, Turkish Seismic Design Code-2018 code provisions are elaborated to determine the characteristics of the investigated structures. Nonlinear response history analyses were conducted for 24 types of structures by following the design provisions. The inelastic hysteretic response features in the fixed-base and isolation systems are represented through an inelastic Single-Degree-of-Freedom Bouc–Wen hysteretic model. Extreme characteristics of near-fault ground motions on RC structures and seismically isolated systems resulted in excessive drift and displacement demands. Roof drifts of reinforced concrete Moment-Resisting-Frame buildings exceeded 4% roof drift in mid-rise buildings, compatible with the field observations in Antakya city center, where the displacement demand and ultimate base shear coefficient of seismically isolated structures considered in this study exceeded the elastic spectral coefficient values of the design spectrum in the proximity of fault ruptures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alternative Additions in Concrete: Screening, Assessment, and Specifications for Durability)

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22 pages, 5895 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydro-Mechanical Numerical Analysis of a Double-Wall Deep Excavation in a Multi-Aquifer Strata Considering Soil–Structure Interaction

by Yinhang Zhu, Weidong Wang, Zhonghua Xu, Jinjian Chen and Ji Zhang

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 989; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060989 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 165

Abstract

In order to exploit the deep underground space, the construction of ultra-deep excavation in Shanghai is growing rapidly. In multi-aquifer strata, deep excavations typically require dewatering of confined aquifers to ensure engineering safety. However, existing studies have seldom conducted in-depth analysis on the [...] Read more.

In order to exploit the deep underground space, the construction of ultra-deep excavation in Shanghai is growing rapidly. In multi-aquifer strata, deep excavations typically require dewatering of confined aquifers to ensure engineering safety. However, existing studies have seldom conducted in-depth analysis on the influence of the soil parameters and construction measures on the deformation of retaining structures. In this study, a three-dimensional hydro-mechanical numerical model was developed to evaluate the performances of excavation and dewatering of the foundation pit. The model was validated by comparing the calculated and measured wall deflections and groundwater drawdowns of a 45 m ultra-deep double-wall excavation in Shanghai. According to the characteristics of soil stratification and construction activities, three parameters were selected for subsequent analysis, including the hydraulic conductivity of aquitard below the bottom of the pit, the pumping rate in the second confined aquifer and the construction of TRD wall. The stress distributions on both sides of the diaphragm wall were examined to elucidate the deformation mechanism. The results indicate that the aquitard hydraulic conductivity directly affects the effective stress of the overlying aquifer, which plays a crucial role in resisting wall deflection. An increase in the hydraulic conductivity leads to smaller effective stress, greater wall deflection and larger ground settlement. While an appropriately increased pumping rate enhances effective stress, over-pumping may induce excessive wall deflection at depth and disproportionate ground settlement. The TRD wall is quite useful in terms of waterproofing but the effect on deformation control is limited. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for engineering practices and the optimization of deep excavation construction measures in multi-aquifer strata. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Soil-Structure Interaction for Building Structures)

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25 pages, 5603 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Daylight and Energy Efficiency in Hot Climate Regions with a Perforated Shading System Using a Hybrid Approach Considering Different Case Studies

by Basma Gaber, Changhong Zhan, Xueying Han, Mohamed Omar and Guanghao Li

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 988; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060988 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 265

Abstract

Direct sunlight causes glare and reduces indoor daylight quality, making shading systems essential. This study proposes and validates a perforated shading screen (PSS) to enhance daylighting and energy efficiency. A hybrid approach integrating parametric modeling, machine learning, multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM), and genetic algorithm [...] Read more.

Direct sunlight causes glare and reduces indoor daylight quality, making shading systems essential. This study proposes and validates a perforated shading screen (PSS) to enhance daylighting and energy efficiency. A hybrid approach integrating parametric modeling, machine learning, multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM), and genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize the design incorporating architects’ preferences. The Analytic Network Process (ANP) is used to assign weights to performance metrics while accounting for interdependencies. The study evaluates PSS performance in three hot climate regions—Cairo, Riyadh, and Kuching—on both south and west elevations, comparing it to traditional fins. Results show that PSS consistently outperforms fins, significantly improving daylight and energy performance. The Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI) increased by up to 105.32%, Continuous Daylight Autonomy (CDA) by up to 11.87%, while Annual Solar Exposure (ASE), Solar Gain (SG), and Energy Use Intensity (EUI) were reduced by up to 100%, 88.07%, and 45.2%, respectively. To validate the findings, the optimal PSS design from a selected case study was 3D-printed and experimentally tested. Results confirmed enhanced daylight distribution and reduced glare, improving occupant comfort. The proposed PSS offers an effective shading solution adaptable to various climates, balancing daylighting needs and energy efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience Analysis and Intelligent Simulation in Civil Engineering)

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22 pages, 17192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Power-Law Fluid Infiltration Grout Characteristics on the Basis of Fractal Theory

by Fucheng Wei, Jinxing Lai and Xulin Su

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 987; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060987 - 20 Mar 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 147

Abstract

This study advances the theory of power-law fluid infiltration grouting by developing spherical and columnar diffusion models rooted in fractal porous media theory and power-law rheological equations. An analytical solution for determining the slurry diffusion radius is derived and validated through laboratory experiments [...] Read more.

This study advances the theory of power-law fluid infiltration grouting by developing spherical and columnar diffusion models rooted in fractal porous media theory and power-law rheological equations. An analytical solution for determining the slurry diffusion radius is derived and validated through laboratory experiments and numerical simulations. Key findings include the following: (1) The fractal permeability constant demonstrates an exponential dependence on the rheological index (n), with a critical threshold at n = 0.4. Below this threshold, the constant asymptotically approaches zero (slope < 0.1), while beyond it, sensitivity intensifies exponentially, attaining 0.48 at n = 0.9. (2) Non-linear positive correlations exist between the slurry diffusion radius and both the grouting pressure (P) and the water–cement ratio (W/C). Spherical diffusion dominates over columnar diffusion, with their ratio shifting from 1:0.96 at P = 0.1 MPa to 1:0.82 at P = 0.5 MPa. The diffusion distance differential increases from 22 mm to 38 mm as the W/C rises from 0.5 to 0.7, attributable to reduced interfacial shear resistance from decreasing slurry viscosity and yield stress. (3) Experimental validation confirms exponentially decaying model errors: spherical grouting errors decrease from 21.54% (t = 5 s) to 8.43% (t = 15 s) and columnar errors from 25.45% to 10.17%, both within the 50% engineering tolerance. (4) Numerical simulations show that the meander fractal dimension (48 mm) demonstrates a higher sensitivity than the volume fractal dimension (37 mm), with both dimensions reaching maximum values. These findings establish a theoretical framework for optimizing grouting design in heterogeneous porous media. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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13 pages, 5223 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Sound Quality Characteristics of the Gan Opera Ancestral Temple Theater Based on Impulse Response: A Case Study of Zhaomutang in Leping, Jiangxi Province

by Haoran Leng, Wei Xiong and Bo Zhou

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 986; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060986 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 229

Abstract

Based on the relative lack of research on the acoustic characteristics of traditional Gan opera theaters, this paper takes the Zhaomutang theater in Leping, Jiangxi Province, as a case study. By employing impulse response measurements and sound quality index evaluation, this work investigates [...] Read more.

Based on the relative lack of research on the acoustic characteristics of traditional Gan opera theaters, this paper takes the Zhaomutang theater in Leping, Jiangxi Province, as a case study. By employing impulse response measurements and sound quality index evaluation, this work investigates and analyzes the sound field characteristics of the stage, front patio, Xiangtang, rear patio, and Qintang through field measurements. The results show that the small volume and low ceiling in the stage area lead to higher early reflections and enhanced self-auditory support for performers. The semi-enclosed Xiangtang space exhibits the best speech definition and music clarity. Although the front and rear patios are open-air, they still maintain moderate reverberation and sound energy intensity due to reflections from surrounding surfaces. In contrast, the Qintang has a relatively weak early sound energy because of its volume and functional constraints. Still, its overall reverberation time is not significantly different from that in the other areas. Comprehensive indices indicate that the Zhaomutang theater balances speech intelligibility and musical richness for multifunctional scenarios—ancestor worship, opera performances, and gatherings—thus providing an enhanced viewing experience. These findings offer critical reference points for the protection, restoration, and acoustic optimization of Gan Opera ancestral temple theaters and provide an empirical foundation for further investigation into the multi-space coupling characteristics of traditional theaters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

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25 pages, 2123 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Dimensional Construction Safety Risk Optimization Model

by Serkan Aydinli, Özge Alboga, Mustafa Oral and Ercan Erdiş

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 985; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060985 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 213

Abstract

Occupational accidents in the construction sector are a significant concern for government agencies and enterprises globally. A detailed assessment of the potential consequences of accidents is essential for supervisory teams. This study presents a novel multidimensional safety assessment optimization model that assesses the [...] Read more.

Occupational accidents in the construction sector are a significant concern for government agencies and enterprises globally. A detailed assessment of the potential consequences of accidents is essential for supervisory teams. This study presents a novel multidimensional safety assessment optimization model that assesses the cost–benefit relationship of safety measures, considering their impact on workers, company reputation, project cost, project duration, society, and the environment. First, safety risks and measures for primary work items in a typical building construction were determined. The experts subsequently assessed these risks based on precautions. Then, an optimization model was designed using a genetic algorithm and implemented for the risk assessment of a building construction project to identify the optimal measures for reducing risk scores and precautionary costs. Despite the total risk score achieved using the developed approach increased by 17.86% compared to the traditional risk assessment technique, the precautionary measures cost was reduced by 43.60%. Comparing the proposed model with the traditional risk assessment approach, it is observed that the model provides near-optimal risk scores and precautionary costs. The study offers significant implications for both practice and theory by examining risks from multiple perspectives and providing flexibility to users. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety and Health in the Building Lifecycle)

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48 pages, 13811 KiB

Open AccessReview

Seismic Enhancement Techniques for Reinforced Concrete Frame Buildings: A Contemporary Review

by Jiaxin Li, Nikita Igorevich Fomin, Shuoting Xiao, Kaixuan Yang, Shuaiwei Zhao and Hao Yang

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 984; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060984 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 567

Abstract

Earthquakes, as a common natural disaster, frequently occur in close proximity to human activities. Researchers have developed a series of techniques to enhance the seismic performance of typical reinforced concrete frame structures, thereby improving these buildings’ ability to protect human life. How to [...] Read more.

Earthquakes, as a common natural disaster, frequently occur in close proximity to human activities. Researchers have developed a series of techniques to enhance the seismic performance of typical reinforced concrete frame structures, thereby improving these buildings’ ability to protect human life. How to retrofit and upgrade existing reinforced concrete frame structures with insufficient seismic performance in accordance with current codes and policy requirements, and how to appropriately incorporate new seismic isolation and energy dissipation technologies to enhance their seismic performance, are the focus of this study. This study adopts a data-driven approach that combines both quantitative and qualitative analyses. Relevant literature was collected from the Web of Science database using specific search criteria. This study visualizes both the historical and recent trends within the scientific field and analyzes keyword frequency to identify key areas for future research. Based on frame structures, the paper reviews novel seismic enhancement techniques for structural systems, including frame–shear wall systems, energy-dissipating buckling-restrained braces (BRBs), and seismic isolation bearings. By integrating traditional structural systems with new technologies, a novel structural system is established to ensure the safety of buildings in high-intensity seismic hazard zones. The results indicate that compared with traditional reinforced concrete frame structures, the new structural system increases energy dissipation by approximately 45% on average. Among these techniques, seismic isolation technology, although more costly, exhibits the best seismic performance and is suitable for new high-priority projects; BRB technology offers a balance between economy and effectiveness, making it the first choice for retrofitting existing buildings; and the frame–shear wall system requires an optimized layout to enhance its cost effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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18 pages, 1387 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deciphering the Risk of Area-Wide Coordinated Urban Regeneration in Chinese Small Cities from the Project Portfolio Perspective: A Case Study of Yancheng

by Yizhong Chen, Fuyi Yao and Taozhi Zhuang

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 983; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060983 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 161

Abstract

Area-wide coordinated urban regeneration is a strategic approach to upgrading urban functions, enhancing the allocation efficiency of land resources, and enhancing the overall urban environment from a project portfolio perspective. However, implementing area-wide coordinated urban regeneration faces significant challenges, including project delays, terminations, [...] Read more.

Area-wide coordinated urban regeneration is a strategic approach to upgrading urban functions, enhancing the allocation efficiency of land resources, and enhancing the overall urban environment from a project portfolio perspective. However, implementing area-wide coordinated urban regeneration faces significant challenges, including project delays, terminations, and difficulties in achieving investment returns. These challenges are particularly acute in smaller Chinese cities. While most previous research has paid attention to large Chinese cities, they usually neglect the risks associated with urban regeneration from an area-wide project portfolio perspective. To address this gap, this research develops a comprehensive list of risk indicators for area-side coordinated urban regeneration based on project portfolio management theory. Stakeholder opinions on the likelihood and impact of these risk indicators were collected by a questionnaire survey. A risk evaluation method, integrating the C-OWA operator and grey cluster analysis, was proposed to assess these risks. Risk management and control strategies were then proposed based on different risk levels. A case study of the coordinated urban regeneration of Yancheng’s Chaoyang area was conducted to evaluate comprehensive risk levels and provide tailored recommendations for risk control. This study offers practical guidance for urban planners and policymakers to improve decision-making in small cities and contributes new insights into risk management in the field of urban development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Era of Urban Regeneration: Theories and Approaches from Diverse Aspects)

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23 pages, 4265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Quasi-Elastic–Plastic Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Frame–Shear Wall Structures

by Fengling Jin, Bo Hu, Jianlu Zhou, Boqing Gao and Qiankun Zhang

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 982; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060982 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 215

Abstract

Precise determination of structural elastic–plastic displacement and component states under rare earthquakes is crucial for structural design. This article proposes a quasi-elastic–plastic optimization method for reinforced concrete structures. First, an approximate formula for calculating the yield bending moment of shear walls is provided [...] Read more.

Precise determination of structural elastic–plastic displacement and component states under rare earthquakes is crucial for structural design. This article proposes a quasi-elastic–plastic optimization method for reinforced concrete structures. First, an approximate formula for calculating the yield bending moment of shear walls is provided through analysis of 64 shear walls. Second, a quasi-elastic–plastic analysis method is proposed. Using the elastic response spectrum analysis, strain energy for each component is calculated, and stiffness reduction factors for walls, beams, and columns are derived based on the energy equivalence principle. Finally, combining the elastic response spectrum analysis and the quasi-elastic–plastic analysis, various constraint indicators at the elastic and elastic–plastic design stages are calculated, and structural size optimization is completed using the particle swarm optimization method. The feasibility of this method is validated with examples of a 15-story reinforced concrete frame structure and a 15-story frame–shear wall structure. The quasi-elastic–plastic optimization with the particle swarm optimization efficiently completes elastic–plastic optimization for reinforced concrete structures, determining section sizes that meet performance standards while reducing material usage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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19 pages, 7188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Shear Resistance of Composite Interface of Steel Truss Ceramsite Concrete and Finite Element Simulation

by Zaihua Zhang, Yuqing Xiao and Guohui Cao

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 981; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060981 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 199

Abstract

This study investigates the shear behavior of steel truss ceramsite concrete composite interfaces through double-sided direct shear tests and finite element simulations. The results reveal three distinct shear response phases: elastic deformation, plastic softening, and full yielding. The interfacial shear capacity arises from [...] Read more.

This study investigates the shear behavior of steel truss ceramsite concrete composite interfaces through double-sided direct shear tests and finite element simulations. The results reveal three distinct shear response phases: elastic deformation, plastic softening, and full yielding. The interfacial shear capacity arises from synergistic contributions of bond strength, friction, and truss reinforcement action. Comparative analysis of design codes identifies Eurocode 2 as providing an optimal alignment with the experimental data. An ABAQUS-based finite element model incorporating a cohesive spring composite interface mechanism confirms the model’s reliability. The findings validate Eurocode 2 for ceramsite concrete interface design and propose single-row truss configurations as economically efficient solutions for lightweight high-strength composite structures. The research results are aimed at providing a theoretical basis for the design optimization and code revision of ceramsite concrete composite structures, and promoting the wide application of lightweight high-strength concrete in sustainable buildings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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20 pages, 5010 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Behavior of a Timber Structure Based on a Soft-Kill BESO Optimization Algorithm

by Felipe Solis, Pablo F. Parra, Patricio Cendoya, Luis F. Gonzalez-Böhme, Francisco Quitral-Zapata and Ricardo Gallardo

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 980; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060980 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 282

Abstract

The seismic performance assessment of timber structures and topology optimization have been widely researched in recent years. Furthermore, the use of wood as a construction material has increased due to new sustainability challenges. This research assesses the seismic performance of a topologically optimized [...] Read more.

The seismic performance assessment of timber structures and topology optimization have been widely researched in recent years. Furthermore, the use of wood as a construction material has increased due to new sustainability challenges. This research assesses the seismic performance of a topologically optimized timber building located in Concepcion, Chile. The structure is a five-story glulam braced frame, designed following current Chilean standards. The structural configuration was obtained through a topology optimization process using a variation of a soft-kill BESO algorithm implemented in MATLAB R2015a, obtaining topologies with low structural redundancy. For the analysis, a full 3D nonlinear model was prepared using OpenSees (Version 3.7.1), and the nonlinear behavior of the structure was only considered at joints using the backbone curves introduced in ASCE 41-13. Six different study cases were analyzed, varying joint strengths and ductility. The fragility curves were determined from a static pushover analysis (SPO) using SPO2FRAG (V1.1), considering the performance levels established in ASCE 41-13. The seismic hazard of the building’s site is estimated through a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA), and the seismic performance of each case is determined by computing the probabilities of exceedance of the considered limit states. Analysis results show that wood braced-frame structures with low structural redundancy (and fewer main joints to dissipate energy), such as those obtained from topology optimization algorithms, exhibit a markedly brittle behavior with almost no displacement ductility. This undesirable behavior does not improve by providing more deformation capacity to this structure’s reduced number of main joints. Currently, the Chilean standard for seismic design requires a unique response modification factor R for wood structures. This research suggests that this requirement should be revisited, specifying different R values depending on the wood structure’s redundancy, considering that its displacement ductility comes almost exclusively from the nonlinear deformation capacity of joints. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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22 pages, 7357 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Study on Long-Distance Heating System Based on High-Velocity Jet at Ambient Temperature for Induced Air Supply

by Jingwen Zhang, Yuqing Bai, Zhixiang Cao, Zefang Yang and Wenchao Lv

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 979; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060979 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 206

Abstract

In the long-distance thermal air heating process of large space buildings, there are common problems of thermal air trajectory deflection and low energy efficiency caused by thermal buoyancy. This study proposes an induced air supply system that is easy to design for integration; [...] Read more.

In the long-distance thermal air heating process of large space buildings, there are common problems of thermal air trajectory deflection and low energy efficiency caused by thermal buoyancy. This study proposes an induced air supply system that is easy to design for integration; that is, adding a high-velocity ambient temperature induced airflow above the thermal jet, which can instantly and efficiently suppress the buoyancy of the thermal jet and maintain its axial center temperature, thereby achieving good heating performance. This study uses a numerical simulation method to analyze the effect of the induced airflow and compares the flow field characteristics and heating performance of a single thermal jet and an induced air supply system. The results show that the greater the velocity of the induced airflow, the wider the control range of the thermal jet; the induced airflow can reduce the mixing of the thermal jet and the ambient airflow, and effectively suppress the deflection of the thermal jet and increase its axial center temperature; when the target area is close to the air inlet (y/D ≤ 7.5), the single thermal jet air supply can be used, because too small a deflection height will cause more induced airflow to enter the target area, which will worsen the heating effect. The induced air supply system is best for improving the average temperature of the target area at y/D = 15; as the target distance increases, on the premise of ensuring the blowing feeling, it is possible to consider increasing the induced airflow velocity to obtain a higher heating gain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Ventilation and Airflow Distribution of Building Systems)

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22 pages, 7309 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Traditional Villages in the Lingnan Region of China

by Dongxu Zhang, Xinyi Zhang, Li Teng, Wenjie Ma, Lingge Tan and Honghao Li

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 978; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060978 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 278

Abstract

Traditional villages are important parts of architectural and material cultural heritage in China. This study focuses on 710 national-level traditional villages in the Lingnan Region, which are analyzed with ArcGIS 10.8 and spatial analysis methods on the basis of the proximity index, geographic [...] Read more.

Traditional villages are important parts of architectural and material cultural heritage in China. This study focuses on 710 national-level traditional villages in the Lingnan Region, which are analyzed with ArcGIS 10.8 and spatial analysis methods on the basis of the proximity index, geographic concentration index, kernel density estimation, and Geodetector. The aim is to reveal the spatial distribution patterns of traditional villages in the Lingnan Region and explore the mechanisms through which natural and socioeconomic factors affect their distribution. The results show that the spatial distribution of traditional villages in Lingnan is heterogeneous, with a certain degree of cohesion, and forms one high-density cluster and four secondary high-density clusters. The distribution is influenced by natural factors, such as climate, terrain, and river systems, as well as socioeconomic factors, such as intangible cultural heritage, population, and gross domestic product. However, the direction and magnitude of these influences vary. Among all the factors, temperature and intangible cultural heritage have the strongest explanatory power for the spatial distribution of traditional Lingnan villages. The combined influence of each factor with the other factors is greater than that of each factor alone. This research provides a scientific basis for the protection and development of traditional Lingnan villages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Cultural Heritage)

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22 pages, 12903 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Coarse Aggregate Parent Rock Types on the Freeze–Thaw Performance of Concrete: A Comparative Study

by Shihua Zhou, Cai Wu, Jiazheng Li, Yan Shi, Yuanyi Wang and Mingxing Luo

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 977; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060977 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 224

Abstract

Hydraulic engineering projects in high-altitude environments are subject to significant diurnal temperature variations, necessitating concrete with high freeze–thaw resistance. Aggregates play a crucial role in the freeze–thaw durability of concrete. However, the impact of different parent rock types on concrete’s freeze–thaw resistance remains [...] Read more.

Hydraulic engineering projects in high-altitude environments are subject to significant diurnal temperature variations, necessitating concrete with high freeze–thaw resistance. Aggregates play a crucial role in the freeze–thaw durability of concrete. However, the impact of different parent rock types on concrete’s freeze–thaw resistance remains underexplored. This study investigated the effect of five common coarse aggregate types—granite (Gr), tuff (Tu), sandstone (Sa), limestone (Li), and pebble (Pe)—on the freeze–thaw resistance of dam concrete subjected to freeze–thaw cycles. The relationship between the rock type’s properties and the degradation patterns of concrete with different aggregates under freeze–thaw conditions was analyzed. Additionally, the damage mechanisms at the paste–aggregate interface were explored using SEM-EDS, pore structure analysis, and nano-indentation, along with the characteristics of the hydration products in the transition zone. The results showed that the aggregate type significantly influences freeze–thaw resistance, with Gr performing best (Gr > Li > Pe > Tu > Sa), correlating with pore structure and pore spacing. Gr, due to its superior freeze–thaw resistance, was optimal for regions with stringent freeze–thaw conditions. Although the interface zone exhibited a lower elastic modulus and hardness compared to the paste region due to a lower total amount of hydration products, these differences did not substantially affect the freeze–thaw performance of the concrete. This study, contributing to the expansion of the existing knowledge base on the effects of aggregate types on freeze–thaw resistance, provided valuable engineering insights for the selection of coarse aggregates in hydraulic concrete applications in high-altitude regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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15 pages, 5243 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deformation Evaluation in Welded Rebar Parts for Pylons and Its Application in Changtai Yangtze River Bridge

by Hehui Zheng, Huijun Shen, Zhao Liu and Zhuo Xi

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 976; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060976 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 218

Abstract

The prefabrication and assembly of rebar parts can reduce construction costs and time while enhancing construction quality and safety. The primary objective of this paper is to quantify the overall stiffness of rebar parts. A three-dimensional rotational stiffness solution model of welded spots [...] Read more.

The prefabrication and assembly of rebar parts can reduce construction costs and time while enhancing construction quality and safety. The primary objective of this paper is to quantify the overall stiffness of rebar parts. A three-dimensional rotational stiffness solution model of welded spots is proposed from the perspective of revealing the overall stiffness required for welded rebar parts. Considering the influence of the rebar diameter, 105 sets of T-type welded rebar specimens and two types of loading devices were designed, and a graded loading failure test was carried out. On this basis, the constitutive model of welded spots and the method for evaluating the model parameters are presented. Moreover, in order to verify the rationality of the proposed constitutive model and its parameter values, the deformation of welded rebar parts for the middle pylon of Changtai Yangtze River Bridge was tested onsite. The results show that analyzing the three-dimensional rotational stiffness of welded spots is the key to obtaining the overall stiffness of welded rebar parts, and its rotational stiffness decreases rapidly after an elastic platform. The constitutive model parameters of welded spots such as initial stiffness, elastic rotation angle, and stiffness degradation rate conform to Gaussian distribution. When the model parameters of welded spots are taken as the mean value of the distribution function, the simulated values are basically in good agreement with the measured values, with a maximum error of only 8.54%, indicating that the proposed constitutive model can better quantify the overall stiffness of the welded rebar parts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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22 pages, 7757 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Chloride Permeability and Chloride Ion Transport of Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composite Repair System

by Qiang Xue, Tian-Yu Zheng, Jian Wang, Jian-Jun Zhang, Wei Xia and Sheng-Ai Cui

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 975; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060975 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 202

Abstract

The durability degradation of concrete structures in marine and urban underground environments is largely governed by chloride-induced corrosion. This process becomes significantly more severe under the coupled action of external loading and drying–wetting cycles, which accelerate chloride transport and structural deterioration. However, the [...] Read more.

The durability degradation of concrete structures in marine and urban underground environments is largely governed by chloride-induced corrosion. This process becomes significantly more severe under the coupled action of external loading and drying–wetting cycles, which accelerate chloride transport and structural deterioration. However, the existing research often isolates the effects of mechanical loading or environmental exposure, failing to comprehensively capture the synergistic interaction between these factors. This lack of understanding of chloride ingress under simultaneous mechanical and environmental loading limits the development of reliable service life prediction models for concrete structures. In this study, a self-made loading system was employed to simulate this coupled environment, combining external loading with 108 days of drying–wetting cycles. Chloride profiles were obtained to assess the combined effects of stress level, water/binder ratio, and fiber content on chloride penetration in fiber-reinforced cementitious composites (FRCCs). To further extend the analysis, a Crank–Nicolson-based finite difference approach was developed for the numerical assessment of chloride diffusion in concrete structures after repair. This model enables the point-wise treatment of nonlinear chloride concentration profiles and provides space- and time-dependent chloride concentration distributions. The results show that using an FRCC as a repair material significantly enhances the service life of chloride-contaminated concrete structures. The remaining service life of the repaired concrete was extended by 36.82% compared to the unrepaired case, demonstrating the clear practical value of FRCC repairs in aggressive environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance Evaluation and Durability Assessment of Concrete Materials in Civil Engineering)

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25 pages, 3656 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact Characteristics of Common Low-Carbon Design Methods on Reducing Carbon Emissions in Industrial Plant Buildings in Architectural Design

by Long Shi, Duo Xu, Xin Li, Lei Huang, Yafeng Li, Tingru Huang and Yujun Yang

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 974; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060974 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 290

Abstract

Amidst global warming and energy crises, low-carbon building design is essential. China, the largest carbon emitter, commits to peaking emissions by 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. This study focuses on low-carbon strategies for industrial buildings in cold regions, aiming to develop [...] Read more.

Amidst global warming and energy crises, low-carbon building design is essential. China, the largest carbon emitter, commits to peaking emissions by 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. This study focuses on low-carbon strategies for industrial buildings in cold regions, aiming to develop optimization designs centered on carbon emissions. Using ENERGYPLUS and the “standard coal method”, it quantifies operational carbon emissions and analyzes the impact of design methods on energy consumption across architectural layout, materials, and photovoltaic technology. This study, set in Xi’an and Yulin, assesses low-carbon techniques in cold and severely cold climate zones. It demonstrates that, for the architectural layout, the orientation of the building has a relatively small impact on carbon emissions, while an increase in the window-to-wall ratio significantly increases the carbon emissions of the building. For the building materials, the form of window glass, the reflectivity of roofs and walls, and the thickness of roof and wall insulation significantly affect carbon emissions. For the photovoltaic technology, the angle of photovoltaic roofs has no significant impact on carbon emissions. By further comparing the effectiveness of various low-carbon design technologies in reducing building carbon emissions, it was found that choosing more appropriate wall insulation boards can provide more significant carbon reduction effects at the same cost. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilient Urban and Architecture Design: Strategies for Low-Carbon and Climate-Adaptive Cities)

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22 pages, 463 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Work–Study Conflict Stressors and Impacts: A Cross-Disciplinary Analysis of Built Environment Undergraduates

by Marini Samaratunga, Imriyas Kamardeen and Bogahawaththage Nishadi Madushika Chathurangi

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 973; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060973 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 373

Abstract

With built environment (BE) programs emphasizing industry-based learning through cadetships and work-integrated experiences, students face significant stress in balancing studies and work. The research aims to investigate the relationship between specific stressors encountered by students in various BE disciplines and their subsequent impact [...] Read more.

With built environment (BE) programs emphasizing industry-based learning through cadetships and work-integrated experiences, students face significant stress in balancing studies and work. The research aims to investigate the relationship between specific stressors encountered by students in various BE disciplines and their subsequent impact on mental health and academic outcomes. An online survey of BE students across Australian universities examined academic and work stressors in architecture, engineering, construction management, property, and planning disciplines. ANOVA analysis compared their intensity, health impacts, and academic outcomes across the disciplines. The study found that academic stressors—self-expectations, test anxiety, and heavy workload—were consistent across BE disciplines. Work-related stressors, including time pressure and work–study balance, were also widespread, with architecture students particularly concerned about career relevance and workplace support. Mental health outcomes showed moderate anxiety and depression across all disciplines, but architecture students reported higher stress levels and greater academic impact. This research sheds light on systemic factors impacting BE students’ well-being and academic performance, emphasizing the need for targeted support. It advocates flexible teaching, enhanced work-integrated learning, and tailored mental health resources. Further study is needed to develop a causal model linking stressors to outcomes and to rethink BE education for better student support and career readiness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Workforce Development and Education in the Construction Industry: Challenges and Strategies)

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33 pages, 129733 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mindful Architecture from Text-to-Image AI Perspectives: A Case Study of DALL-E, Midjourney, and Stable Diffusion

by Chaniporn Thampanichwat, Tarid Wongvorachan, Limpasilp Sirisakdi, Pornteera Chunhajinda, Suphat Bunyarittikit and Rungroj Wongmahasiri

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 972; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060972 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 822

Abstract

Mindful architecture is poised to foster sustainable behavior and simultaneously mitigate the physical and mental health challenges arising from the impacts of global warming. Previous studies demonstrate that a substantial educational gap persists between architecture and mindfulness. However, recent advancements in text-to-image AI [...] Read more.

Mindful architecture is poised to foster sustainable behavior and simultaneously mitigate the physical and mental health challenges arising from the impacts of global warming. Previous studies demonstrate that a substantial educational gap persists between architecture and mindfulness. However, recent advancements in text-to-image AI have begun to play a significant role in generating conceptual architectural imagery, enabling architects to articulate their ideas better. This study employs DALL-E, Midjourney, and Stable Diffusion—popular tools in the field—to generate imagery of mindful architecture. Subsequently, the architects decoded the architectural characteristics in the images into words. These words were then analyzed using natural language processing techniques, including Word Cloud Generation, Word Frequency Analysis, and Topic Modeling Analysis. Research findings conclude that mindful architecture from text-to-image AI perspectives consistently features structured lines with sharp edges, prioritizes openness with indoor–outdoor spaces, employs both horizontal and vertical movement, utilizes natural lighting and earth-tone colors, incorporates wood, stone, and glass elements, and emphasizes views of serene green spaces—creating environments characterized by gentle natural sounds and calm atmospheric qualities. DALL-E is the text-to-image AI that provides the most detailed representation of mindful architecture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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22 pages, 2595 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Elastoplastic Dynamic Analysis and Damage Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete Structures Based on Time Histories

by Huangbin Lin

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 971; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060971 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 142

Abstract

In this study, the impact of seismic time histories (STHs) on structural damage was examined, focusing on maximum elastoplastic displacement (

δ_{m a x}

) and cumulative hysteretic energy (

E_{h}

). A specialized STH Damage Analysis Program (STHDAP) was developed [...] Read more.

In this study, the impact of seismic time histories (STHs) on structural damage was examined, focusing on maximum elastoplastic displacement (

δ_{m a x}

) and cumulative hysteretic energy (

E_{h}

). A specialized STH Damage Analysis Program (STHDAP) was developed to create a deformation energy time-history damage model, accounting for the behavior of hysteretic restoring force models under various loading and motion conditions. An elastoplastic motion equation, based on uniform stiffness and load parameters (

\bar{K}

−

\bar{P}

), was formulated to calculate cumulative

E_{h}

during elastoplastic time histories in a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system. The computational method integrates time series and damage values (

D (t)

), enabling detailed analysis of structural responses, energy dissipation, and damage evaluation using seismic waves from the El Centro, Tri-treasure, and TianjinNS earthquakes. The results revealed that cumulative damage in similar structural members increased progressively with varying amplitudes and patterns, corresponding to the initial stages of ground motion. The STHDAP offers a comprehensive view of structural damage evolution in elastoplastic time histories. The deformation energy damage model facilitates the evaluation of elastoplastic damage in high-strength reinforced concrete structures under ground motion, providing valuable insights for performance-based seismic design and retrofitting strategies in structural engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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21 pages, 8076 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Geopolymer Foams from Natural Zeolite Tuffs and Silica Fume: Effects of H₂O₂ and Calcium Stearate on Foam Properties

by Ethem Ilhan Şahin and Jamal-Eldin F. M. Ibrahim

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 970; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060970 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 282

Abstract

The need for environmentally friendly and energy-efficient building materials has increased significantly. This study synthesizes geopolymer foams with enhanced thermal insulation properties using silica fume and natural zeolite tuff. Zeolite’s porous structure and active sites improve polymerization and strengthen the foam, while silica [...] Read more.

The need for environmentally friendly and energy-efficient building materials has increased significantly. This study synthesizes geopolymer foams with enhanced thermal insulation properties using silica fume and natural zeolite tuff. Zeolite’s porous structure and active sites improve polymerization and strengthen the foam, while silica fume reacts with NaOH to release sodium silicate, forming a durable geopolymer matrix. Foam porosity is introduced by generating oxygen gas from H₂O₂ and NaOH, with calcium stearate stabilizing the foam structure. Comparative analysis of the compressive strength, bulk density, porosity, and thermal conductivity shows that incorporating H₂O₂ and calcium stearate significantly reduces thermal conductivity (from 0.19 to 0.06 W/m·K) while ensuring a highly porous system (66–82.6% porosity) with adequate mechanical strength (1.6–3.39 MPa). These findings highlight the potential of the developed geopolymer foam for sustainable insulation applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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38 pages, 28528 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Flexural Ultimate Capacity for Reinforced UHPC Beams Using Ensemble Learning and SHAP Method

by Zhe Zhang, Xuemei Zhou, Ping Zhu, Zhaochao Li and Yichuan Wang

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 969; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060969 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 208

Abstract

In this study, ensemble learning (EL) models are designed to enhance the accuracy and efficiency in predicting the flexural ultimate capacity of reinforced ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) beams with the aim of providing a more reliable and efficient design experience for structural applications. For [...] Read more.

In this study, ensemble learning (EL) models are designed to enhance the accuracy and efficiency in predicting the flexural ultimate capacity of reinforced ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) beams with the aim of providing a more reliable and efficient design experience for structural applications. For model training and testing, a comprehensive database is initially established for the flexural ultimate capacity of reinforced UHPC beams, comprising 339 UHPC-based specimens with varying design parameters compiled from 56 published experimental investigations. Furthermore, multiple machine learning (ML) algorithms, including both traditional and EL models, are employed to develop optimized predictive models for the flexural ultimate capacity of reinforced UHPC specimens derived from the established database. Four statistical indicators of model performance are utilized to assess the accuracies of the prediction results with ML models used. Subsequently, a highly efficient evaluation of ML models is taken by analyzing the sensitivity of ML models to varying data subsets. Finally, a Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) method is employed to interpret several EL models, thereby substantiating their reliability and determining the extent of influence exerted by each feature on the prediction results. The present ML models predict accurately the flexural ultimate capacity M_u of reinforced UHPC beams after optimization, with EL models providing a higher level of accuracy than the traditional ML models. The present study also underscores the significant impact of the database division ratios of training-to-testing sets on the effectiveness of performance prediction for the ML models. The optimal model functionality may be accomplished by properly considering the effects of database subset distribution on the performance prediction and model stability. The CatBoost model demonstrates superior performance in terms of predictive accuracy, as evidenced by its highest R² value and lowest RMSE, MAE, and MAPE values. This substantial improvement in performance prediction of the flexural capacity for reinforced UHPC beams is notable when compared to existing empirical methods. The CatBoost model displays a more uniform distribution of SHAP values for all parameters, suggesting a balanced decision-making process and contributing to its superior and stable model performance. The current study identifies a significant positive relationship between the increases in height and reinforcement ratio of steel rebars and the growth in normalized SHAP values. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the role played by each feature in the prediction of the flexural ultimate capacity of reinforced UHPC beams, thereby providing a foundation for more accurate model optimization and a more refined feature section strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Structural Analysis and Design of Civil Structures)

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18 pages, 10042 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Philosophy of “Body and Use”: The Appropriate Use of Bodies in the Tea Space of Ming and Qing Dynasty Literati Paintings

by Lin Zhang and Yang Shi

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 968; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060968 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 207

Abstract

As an aspect of garden space, tea space is an important part of traditional culture and inherited culture. This paper takes 210 representative literati painting images of Ming and Qing dynasties as the research object, combining historical materials, the analysis of painted images [...] Read more.

As an aspect of garden space, tea space is an important part of traditional culture and inherited culture. This paper takes 210 representative literati painting images of Ming and Qing dynasties as the research object, combining historical materials, the analysis of painted images and mathematical statistics to transform the representative paintings into visual plan form, and then identifies and extracts the environmental elements and behavior activities in the paintings to build the factor base. It is determined that the main sources of tea activities are Hall Style, Water Pavilion Style, High Pavilion Style, Grass Pavilion and Terraces Style and Combination Style. The analysis results show the following: (1) The tea events mainly occur in outdoor gardens and indoor and outdoor spaces, with windows as climate boundaries. (2) Regarding the use of furniture, indoor spaces tend to use wooden furniture, while outdoor spaces use stone furniture and natural stone, or portable wooden furniture. (3) In terms of indoor and outdoor spaces with tea activities, indoor and outdoor spaces often borrow landscape elements from each other, and screens and partitions are often used as a means of space division in terms of space separation. The findings of this study lay a theoretical foundation for the design of traditional garden tea spaces, and provide a reference for the fine design of contemporary architecture and garden tea spaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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22 pages, 1461 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pricing Decisions for Recycled Building Materials with Misrepresentation of Information from Social Exchange Theory

by Lianghui Zeng, Zuoyi Ding, Yuhan Wang, Jie Peng, Hao Zhang and Xingwei Li

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 967; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060967 - 19 Mar 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 179

Abstract

Recycled building materials offer an effective economic solution to the environmental issues caused by construction and demolition waste (CDW). However, they also create opportunities for information misrepresentation by remanufacturers. Despite the significance of this issue, existing research has largely overlooked the impact of [...] Read more.

Recycled building materials offer an effective economic solution to the environmental issues caused by construction and demolition waste (CDW). However, they also create opportunities for information misrepresentation by remanufacturers. Despite the significance of this issue, existing research has largely overlooked the impact of such misrepresentation on the pricing decisions for recycled building materials. The study aims to reveal how information misrepresentation influences pricing in the context of recycled building materials. This paper develops a supply chain model for the resource utilization of construction waste, consisting of both a remanufacturer of recycled building materials and a traditional building material manufacturer. The model evaluates the effects of information misrepresentation by the remanufacturer on pricing decisions. The main findings are as follows: (1) The impact of misrepresentation of information on manufacturers depends on government subsidies and the remanufacturing process misrepresentation factor. When the government adopts a low subsidy policy, as the remanufacturing process misrepresentation factor increases, manufacturers’ profits are U shaped. When the government adopts a high subsidy policy, manufacturers’ profits are positively related to the remanufacturing process misrepresentation factor. (2) When government subsidies exceed a certain threshold, there is a negative impact on remanufacturers, who tend to reduce the level of misrepresentation in their remanufacturing processes. This study not only broadens the research on information misrepresentation through the lens of social exchange theory but also provides valuable insights for government policy decisions, particularly in regulating misrepresentation behaviors by remanufacturers under various scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

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15 pages, 6104 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Fresh Properties of Self-Leveling Cement-Based Pastes with CFB Fly Ash as an SCM

by Chun-Ran Wu, Wei Tang, Yan-Lin Huo, Bao-Jian Zhan and Shi-Cong Kou

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 966; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060966 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 212

Abstract

The incorporation of circulating fluidized bed (CFB) fly ash into self-leveling cement-based (SLC) paste production presents significant environmental advantages. However, its addition deteriorates the fresh properties of the paste, posing challenges for practical implementation. This research examined the fresh properties of SLC paste [...] Read more.

The incorporation of circulating fluidized bed (CFB) fly ash into self-leveling cement-based (SLC) paste production presents significant environmental advantages. However, its addition deteriorates the fresh properties of the paste, posing challenges for practical implementation. This research examined the fresh properties of SLC paste blended with CFB fly ash, emphasizing fluidity, rheological characteristics, and bleeding rate. To enhance flowability, polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PCE) was incorporated, with particular emphasis on its interaction with CFB fly ash. The findings reveal that adding CFB fly ash to cement-based paste significantly decreased fluidity while increasing yield stress and plastic viscosity. Incorporating 20 wt.% CFB fly ash reduced paste fluidity by 51.4%, while plastic viscosity and yield stress increased by factors of 2.3 and 73, respectively. While PCE enhanced the fluidity of the blended paste, its water-reducing efficiency diminished, and the bleeding rate of the paste increased with higher CFB fly ash dosage. The water-reducing capability of PCE in the CFB fly ash-blended cement paste with 20 wt.% CFB fly ash decreased by 40.0%, and the bleeding rate of the paste increased from 0.6% to 6.7%. This effect was primarily attributed to the poor compatibility between PCE and CFB fly ash. The decline in PCE efficiency with higher CFB fly ash content, along with its lower adsorption capacity on CFB fly ash compared to cement particles, further confirmed this incompatibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Strength, High-Ductility, Low-Carbon and Sustainable Modern Cementitious Materials)

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23 pages, 7437 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resilience Renewal Design Strategy for Aging Communities in Traditional Historical and Cultural Districts: Reflections on the Practice of the Sizhou’an Community in China

by Minjie Ren and Ning Chai

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 965; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060965 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 304

Abstract

The aging communities within traditional historical and cultural districts in the post-epidemic era face numerous challenges, including declining vitality, deteriorating environments, sluggish economies, and heightened public health risks. This paper aims to explore strategies for promoting the internal self-development of aging communities and [...] Read more.

The aging communities within traditional historical and cultural districts in the post-epidemic era face numerous challenges, including declining vitality, deteriorating environments, sluggish economies, and heightened public health risks. This paper aims to explore strategies for promoting the internal self-development of aging communities and enhancing their resilience. It analyzes the resilience of these communities through four dimensions: social factors, built environments, economic factors, and ecological environments. Using the Sizhou’an community in China as a case study, this paper examines the underlying causes of vulnerability and proposes renewal strategies. These strategies include stimulating the vitality of elderly groups, improving the community’s spatial environment, leveraging regional cultural advantages, and establishing urban community agricultural gardens. Furthermore, it presents a community renewal model characterized by “government guidance + community leadership + capital introduction + resident participation” to bolster community resilience and vitality, thereby ensuring sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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20 pages, 4764 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring Method and Performance Analysis of Climbing Scaffolds in Super High-Rise Buildings Based on BeiDou/GNSS Technology

by Pengfei Wang, Gen Liu, Jian Wang, Ping Zhu, Jiaqi Guo, Jingxuan Zhang, Heyu Zhang and Yijia Liu

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 964; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060964 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 218

Abstract

Monitoring the stability and safety of climbing scaffolds in super-high-rise construction is critical to ensuring construction quality and worker safety. This study proposes a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-based real-time monitoring method to track scaffold displacement and assess structural performance. A multi-level data [...] Read more.

Monitoring the stability and safety of climbing scaffolds in super-high-rise construction is critical to ensuring construction quality and worker safety. This study proposes a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-based real-time monitoring method to track scaffold displacement and assess structural performance. A multi-level data optimization framework integrating gross error elimination, data interpolation, robust Kalman filtering, and a Cumulative Sum Control Chart (CUSUM)-based early warning system is developed to enhance monitoring accuracy. The key objectives of this research are to improve real-time displacement tracking, suppress measurement noise, and establish an automated anomaly detection mechanism for climbing scaffolds under complex construction conditions. The proposed method was validated in a super-high-rise construction project in Tianjin, China. Experimental results demonstrated that the system effectively reduced high-frequency noise and gross errors, achieving root mean square error (RMSE) reductions of 51.4% in the E direction, 45.5% in the N direction, and 49.6% in the U direction. The system successfully tracked vertical climbing displacements of 4.4 m per ascent and horizontal deviations of 4 cm (E direction) and 2 cm (N direction). Additionally, the multi-level warning mechanism identified displacement anomalies based on predefined thresholds, providing an early warning function to enhance scaffold safety management. Compared to conventional monitoring methods, the proposed BeiDou/GNSS-based system provides higher precision, real-time adaptability, and enhanced automation, offering a scalable solution for intelligent construction safety management. The findings contribute to structural health monitoring (SHM) applications and can serve as a reference for future high-rise construction safety assessments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

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22 pages, 1995 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Influencing Factors on Safety Behavior and Perception Between Contractor Managers and Subcontractor Workers at Korean Construction Sites

by Min-Jun Kim, Sang-Pyeong Ahn, Seung-Hyeon Shin, Min-Guk Kang and Jeong-Hun Won

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 963; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060963 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 297

Abstract

This study compared the influencing factors affecting safety behavior and perception between main contractor managers (CMs) and subcontractor workers (SWs) at Korean construction sites. The safety level, policies, and management capabilities of the main contractor are closely related to the safety behavior of [...] Read more.

This study compared the influencing factors affecting safety behavior and perception between main contractor managers (CMs) and subcontractor workers (SWs) at Korean construction sites. The safety level, policies, and management capabilities of the main contractor are closely related to the safety behavior of the SWs since CMs have a key role in ensuring work order authority and safety responsibility during the work process. To compare the difference in safety behavior between CMs and SWs, ten hypotheses were prepared, and surveying was conducted. Using the responses of 1219 CMs and 1191 SWs, a frequency analysis, intensive validity analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis were performed; discriminant validity was verified; and a structural equation model was constructed and compared. The results showed that the factors affecting safety behaviors and perceptions were significantly different between CMs and SWs. The WSB (workers’ safety behavior) for CMs was affected, from most to least, by the MSP (manager’s safety perception; 0.382), incentives (0.166), WSP (workers’ safety perception; 0.143), and the MSB (manager’s safety behavior; 0.134). However, for SWs, the WSB was affected, from most to least, by the MSP (0.440), WSP (0.184), the MSB (0.130), and incentives (0.083). Awarding an incentive as a way to encourage safe behavior is an important influencing factor affecting safety behavior for CMs, while workers’ safety perception (WSP) is an important factor for SWs. The results can contribute to the implementation of effective safety and accident prevention activities at construction sites by comparing the influencing factors for the safety behaviors and perceptions of CMs and SWs, which can increase the effectiveness of the safety climate and reduce the possibility of accidents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Construction Workplace Trends and Work Health and Safety)

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