Buildings

19 pages, 5893 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of the Addition of Multi-Scale Zirconia on the Properties of Ultra-High-Performance Concretes

by Qilin Wang, Haifeng Liu, Yongtao Zhang, Peishuai Chen, Jianwu Gong, Yu Zhong, Ran Gao, Jinnan Lei, Haiyang Yu and Lingya Tang

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1207; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071207 - 7 Apr 2025

Viewed by 243

Abstract

This study explores an innovative application of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) by partially substituting cement with nano-zirconia (NZ) and micro-zirconia (MZ). A series of experiments were conducted to explore the influence of zirconia particle size (3860 nm and 320 nm) and varying replacement levels [...] Read more.

This study explores an innovative application of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) by partially substituting cement with nano-zirconia (NZ) and micro-zirconia (MZ). A series of experiments were conducted to explore the influence of zirconia particle size (3860 nm and 320 nm) and varying replacement levels (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) on the workability, mechanical behavior, and microstructural characteristics of UHPC, utilizing the particle packing density model as a basis. Findings reveal that replacing 0.5% of the cement with MZ and NZ results in workability and mechanical performance comparable to the control mix. However, at 1.5 wt% MZ and 1.5 wt% NZ substitution levels, flowability declines by 22.01% and 24.71%, respectively, accompanied by a substantial increase in viscosity. The wet packing density of UHPC exhibits a linear rise with increasing zirconia content, with nano-sized particles exerting a more pronounced effect than their micro-sized counterparts. Specifically, at a 0.5% MZ replacement level, the 28-day compressive and flexural strengths show marginal improvements of 1.82% and 4.48%, respectively. The NZ1MZ0.5 mix achieves the highest 28-day compressive strength increase, reaching 9.45%, with an absolute gain of 11.92 MPa. Analyses using XRD, FTIR, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrate that zirconia incorporation has a negligible influence on the hydration process and does not alter the composition of hydration products in N-UHPC. Although zirconia effectively reduces porosity, excessive amounts (1.5%) increase pore size within the cement matrix, ultimately compromising mechanical properties. Based on these findings, the optimal NZ dosage for UHPC, when used in combination with MZ, is determined to be 0.5%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Materials and Resilient Structures: Interdisciplinary Approaches)

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19 pages, 5458 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Axial Compression Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Columns Confined by Grid Stirrups

by Shun Chen, Tao Wu, Yujie Huang and Guangyu Sun

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1206; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071206 - 7 Apr 2025

Viewed by 156

Abstract

In this study, thirteen axial compression tests were conducted on stirrup-confined fiber-reinforced lightweight aggregate concrete (SFLWAC) columns. The effects of stirrup spacing, fiber type, and fiber volume content on the confinement effect of concrete were analyzed. The failure process and failure modes were [...] Read more.

In this study, thirteen axial compression tests were conducted on stirrup-confined fiber-reinforced lightweight aggregate concrete (SFLWAC) columns. The effects of stirrup spacing, fiber type, and fiber volume content on the confinement effect of concrete were analyzed. The failure process and failure modes were investigated. The stress–strain curve of columns and the characteristic points of the curve were examined, and prediction models for peak stress and strain were proposed. The results indicate that increasing the volumetric stirrup ratio effectively enhances the lateral confinement force and increases the area of confined concrete. For specimens with a low volumetric stirrup ratio, the stirrups do not fully utilize their strength when the confined concrete reaches peak strength. The addition of fibers effectively improves the brittleness of lightweight aggregate concrete, with steel fibers providing a more pronounced improvement than carbon fibers. The proposed prediction models can accurately predict the axial compression behavior of SFLWAC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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28 pages, 4496 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Revealing the Driving Factors of Household Energy Consumption in High-Density Residential Areas of Beijing Based on Explainable Machine Learning

by Zizhuo Qi, Lu Zhang, Xin Yang and Yanxia Zhao

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1205; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071205 - 7 Apr 2025

Viewed by 264

Abstract

This study explores the driving factors of household energy consumption in high-density residential areas of Beijing and proposes targeted energy-saving strategies. Data were collected through field surveys, questionnaires, and interviews, covering 16 influencing factors across household, building, environment, and transportation categories. A hyperparameter-optimized [...] Read more.

This study explores the driving factors of household energy consumption in high-density residential areas of Beijing and proposes targeted energy-saving strategies. Data were collected through field surveys, questionnaires, and interviews, covering 16 influencing factors across household, building, environment, and transportation categories. A hyperparameter-optimized ensemble model (XGBoost, RF, GBDT) was employed, with XGBoost combined with genetic algorithm tuning performing best. SHAP analysis revealed that key factors varied by season but included floor level, daily travel distance, building age, greening rate, water bodies, and household age. The findings inform strategies such as optimizing workplace–residence layout, improving building insulation, increasing green spaces, and promoting community energy-saving programs. This study provides refined data support for energy management in high-density residential areas, enhances the application of energy-saving technologies, and encourages low-carbon lifestyles. By effectively reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions during the operational phase of residential areas, it contributes to urban green development and China’s “dual carbon” goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI and Data Analytics for Energy-Efficient and Healthy Buildings: 2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 1074 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Wooden Stadium Design on Spectators’ Perception and Satisfaction: A Multidimensional Analysis of Audience Experience

by Xueyan Xiao, Xiaolong Chen, Hongfeng Zhang, Cora Un In Wong and Bei Sun

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1204; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071204 - 7 Apr 2025

Viewed by 299

Abstract

In modern stadium design, wood materials have received increasing attention due to their affinity with nature. Based on the pro-nature design hypothesis, this study explores how wood stadium design perception affects spectators’ spectator satisfaction through biophilicity, and analyzes its mechanism of action in [...] Read more.

In modern stadium design, wood materials have received increasing attention due to their affinity with nature. Based on the pro-nature design hypothesis, this study explores how wood stadium design perception affects spectators’ spectator satisfaction through biophilicity, and analyzes its mechanism of action in the four dimensions of visual, olfactory, tactile, and perceptual wood design perception. By analyzing 641 samples, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to explore the effects of wood design perception on multiple sensory dimensions. The findings suggest that (1) four-dimensional wood design perceptions positively affect stadium spectator satisfaction, and (2) biophilic affinity plays a mediating role in four-dimensional wood design perceptions affecting stadium spectator satisfaction. This study enriches the theoretical framework of the pro-natural design hypothesis, provides insights into the potential of wooden stadium design to enhance spectator experience, and provides new empirical evidence for the field of architectural and environmental psychology. By revealing the emotional role played by biophilicity in multi-sensory dimensions, it has important practical guidance for enhancing spectator satisfaction, optimizing spatial experience design, and promoting the integration of architectural design with the natural environment in sports stadiums, which has broad social and cultural value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Timber in the City: Interior Design and City Environment Development with Wood Materials)

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19 pages, 2016 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Driving Mechanism of Future Community Building in China from the Perspective of Resident Participation

by Lianbo Zhu, Yunshu Xie, Xun Liu, Sha Ye and Lingna Lin

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1203; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071203 - 7 Apr 2025

Viewed by 194

Abstract

A future community is a community with the core mission of realizing people’s vision of a better life, focusing on meeting the all-round life needs of community residents. Residents’ participation in the construction of a future community is also regarded as one of [...] Read more.

A future community is a community with the core mission of realizing people’s vision of a better life, focusing on meeting the all-round life needs of community residents. Residents’ participation in the construction of a future community is also regarded as one of the core driving forces to promote the sustainable development and innovation of future community construction. Therefore, to better facilitate the construction of future communities, based on relevant studies at home and abroad, this thesis combines questionnaire surveys and expert interviews, identifies 20 driving factors from five levels of human nature, ecology, intelligence, convenience, livability, etc., according to which it constructs a system dynamics model and carries out a simulation analysis, observes the effects of the driving factors at each level on residents’ sense of belonging and sense of participation, and finally, the results of the analyses are combined to put forward relevant suggestions for future community building. The results of this study show that residents’ perception of future community construction, their demand for intelligent life, the degree of promotion of a 15 min community living circle, and the degree of improvement of a community’s disaster warning and emergency response mechanism are the key factors driving resident participation in the construction of a future community, with residents’ demand for intelligence at different times being the most central driving factor. The research results of this thesis provide theoretical references for stimulating resident participation and building livable future communities while offering insights applicable to global contexts, particularly in regions undergoing rapid urbanization and digital transformation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

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1 pages, 126 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Elshafei et al. An Extensive Study for a Wide Utilization of Green Architecture Parameters in Built Environment Based on Genetic Schemes. Buildings 2021, 11, 507

by Ghada Elshafei, Silvia Vilčeková, Martina Zeleňáková and Abdelazim M. Negm

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1202; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071202 - 7 Apr 2025

Viewed by 106

Abstract

Text Correction [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

31 pages, 13279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Numerical Investigation on the Effect of Different Types of Synthetic Fibers on the Flexure Behavior and Mechanical Properties of 3D Cementitious Composite Printing Provided with Cement CEM II/A-P

by Ahmed M. Yassin, Mohamed Ahmed Hafez and Mohamed Gamal Aboelhassan

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1201; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071201 - 6 Apr 2025

Viewed by 348

Abstract

Concrete printing in three dimensions is believed to be an innovative construction method. Numerous researchers conducted laboratory experiments over the past decade to examine the behavior of concrete mixtures and the material properties that are pertinent to the 3D concrete printing industry. Furthermore, [...] Read more.

Concrete printing in three dimensions is believed to be an innovative construction method. Numerous researchers conducted laboratory experiments over the past decade to examine the behavior of concrete mixtures and the material properties that are pertinent to the 3D concrete printing industry. Furthermore, the global warming effect is being further exacerbated by the increased use of cement, which increases carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions and pollution. Various standards endorse the utilization of Portland-composite cement in construction to mitigate CO₂ emissions, particularly cement CEM II/A-P. This research provides an experimental and numerical study to examine the evolution of cementitious composite utilizing cement CEM II/A-P for three-dimensional concrete printing, combining three different types of synthetic fiber. The thorough experimental analysis includes three combinations integrating diverse fiber types (polypropylene, high-modulus polyacrylonitrile, and alkali-resistant glass fibers) alongside a reference mixture devoid of fiber. The three distinct fiber types in the mixtures (polypropylene, high modulus polyacrylonitrile, and alkali-resistant glass fibers) were evaluated to assess their impact on (i) the flowability of the cementitious mortar and the slump flow test of fresh concrete, (ii) the concrete compressive strength, (iii) the uniaxial tensile strength, (iv) the splitting tensile strength, and (v) the flexural tensile strength. Previous researchers designed a cylinder stability test to determine the shape stability of the 3D concrete layers and their capacity to support the stresses from subsequent layers. Furthermore, the numerical analysis corroborated the experimental findings with the finite element software ANSYS 2023 R2. The flexural performance of the examined beams was validated using the Menetrey–Willam constitutive model, which has recently been incorporated into ANSYS. The experimental data indicated that the incorporation of synthetic fiber into the CEM II/A-P mixtures enhanced the concrete’s compressive strength, the splitting tensile strength, and the flexural tensile strength, particularly in combination including alkali-resistant glass fibers. The numerical results demonstrated the efficacy of the Menetrey–Willam constitutive model, featuring a linear softening yield function in accurately simulating the flexural behavior of the analyzed beams with various fiber types. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Construction Materials and Technologies for a Sustainable Future)

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34 pages, 7121 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Prediction Model for the Sales Cycle of Second-Hand Houses Based on the Hybrid Kernel Extreme Learning Machine Optimized Using the Improved Crested Porcupine Optimizer

by Bo Yu, Deng Yan, Han Wu, Junwu Wang and Siyu Chen

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1200; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071200 - 6 Apr 2025

Viewed by 227

Abstract

Second-hand housing transactions are an important part of the housing market. Due to the dual influence of location and price, the sales cycle of second-hand housing has shown significant diversity. As a result, when residents sell or buy second-hand houses, they often cannot [...] Read more.

Second-hand housing transactions are an important part of the housing market. Due to the dual influence of location and price, the sales cycle of second-hand housing has shown significant diversity. As a result, when residents sell or buy second-hand houses, they often cannot accurately and quickly evaluate the cycle of the second-hand house; thus, the transaction fails. For this reason, this paper develops a prediction model of the second-hand housing sales cycle based on the hybrid kernel extreme learning machine (HKELM) optimized using the Improved Crested Porcupine Optimizer (CPO), which has achieved rapid and accurate prediction. Firstly, this paper uses a Stimulus–Organism–Response model to identify 33 factors that affect the second-hand housing sales cycle from three aspects: policy factors, economic factors, and market supply and demand. Then, in order to solve the problems of slow convergence, easy-to-fall-into local optimum, and insufficient optimization performance of the traditional CPO, this paper proposes an improved optimization algorithm for crowned porcupines (Cubic Chaos Mapping Crested Porcupine Optimizer, CMTCPO). Subsequently, this paper puts forward a prediction model of the second-hand housing sales cycle based on an improved CPO-HKELM. The model has the advantages of a simple structure, easy implementation, and fast calculation speed. Finally, this paper selects 400 second-hand houses in eight cities in China as case studies. The case study shows that the maximum relative error based on the model proposed in this paper is only 0.0001784. A ten-fold cross-test proves that the model does not have an over-fitting phenomenon and has high reliability. In addition, this paper discusses the performances of different chaotic maps to improve the CPO and proves that the algorithm including chaotic maps, mixed mutation, and tangent flight has the best performance. Compared with the classical meta-heuristic optimization algorithm, the improved CPO proposed in this paper has the smallest calculation error and the fastest convergence speed. Compared with a BPNN, LSSVM, RF, XGBoost, and LightGBM, the HKELM has advantages in prediction performance, being able to handle high-dimensional complex data sets more effectively and significantly reduce the consumption of computing resources. The relevant research results of this paper are helpful to predict the second-hand housing sales cycle more quickly and accurately. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on Real Estate and Housing Management—2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 3080 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Creep Deformation Characteristics and Damage Unified Creep Constitutive Model of Undisturbed Structural Loess Under Different Consolidation Conditions

by Yuan Yuan, Hui-Mei Zhang, Zhao-Yuan Gou and Pan Wang

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1199; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071199 - 6 Apr 2025

Viewed by 218

Abstract

In the loess-filling project, the original structural loess under the filling will produce creep deformation under the isometric consolidation stress state, affecting the upper building’s safe construction and later operation. Therefore, studying the creep deformation characteristics of structural loess under different consolidation coefficients [...] Read more.

In the loess-filling project, the original structural loess under the filling will produce creep deformation under the isometric consolidation stress state, affecting the upper building’s safe construction and later operation. Therefore, studying the creep deformation characteristics of structural loess under different consolidation coefficients is significant. In this paper, the following results are obtained by combining test and theoretical analysis. In view of the structural loess under the filling, the triaxial creep test of undisturbed loess under different isometric consolidation coefficients, confining pressures and shear stress levels was completed, and the creep deformation law of structural loess was obtained. The creep characteristics of undisturbed loess are found to be diversified under different coefficients, confining pressures, and shear stresses, including initial instantaneous deformation, subsequent creep attenuation deformation, and final stable creep deformation. The damage creep constitutive model of undisturbed loess is established, taking the binary medium model as the framework, the cementation element adopts the Nishihara model, the friction element introduces the overstress model and considers the isometric consolidation effect, and the damage creep constitutive model of undisturbed loess is established. The theoretical model is obtained by determining the relevant parameters of the constitutive model. The theoretical curve is compared with the experimental curve and shows that the damage creep model established in this paper can better reflect the creep of structural loess under isometric consolidation conditions well. The research results can provide systematic theoretical support and an experimental basis for the deformation problems involved in the filling project in the loess area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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16 pages, 5082 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Dynamic Deformation Characteristics of Artificial Structural Loess

by Yu Xi, Mingming Sun, Xueqing Hua, Yao Zhang and Ye Yuan

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1198; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071198 - 6 Apr 2025

Viewed by 212

Abstract

Due to the difficulties in sampling, high sensitivity to humidity, and inconvenience in storage, undisturbed loess is prone to changes in its original structure. Therefore, trace amounts of cement and salt are added to remolded soil to simulate the structure of undisturbed loess. [...] Read more.

Due to the difficulties in sampling, high sensitivity to humidity, and inconvenience in storage, undisturbed loess is prone to changes in its original structure. Therefore, trace amounts of cement and salt are added to remolded soil to simulate the structure of undisturbed loess. The GDS dynamic three-axial test apparatus was used to investigate the influence of dry density, cement content, and confining pressure (CP) on the dynamic distortion characteristics of artificially structured soil. Based on dynamic triaxial tests, the Hardin–Drnevich (H-D) model was established through fitting analysis. The research findings indicate that increased dry density, cement content, and CP can enhance the soil’s resistance to distortion. Under dynamic loading, the higher the CP, the smaller the damping ratio of the soil. With a dry density of 1.20 g/cm³ and 2% cement, the dynamic modulus of the artificially structured loess is similar to that of undisturbed loess. With a dry density of 1.60 g/cm³ and 2% cement, the CP is 200 kPa, the soil’s dynamic modulus of elasticity (DM-E) peak value is 113.14 MPa, and the damping ratio is 0.258. The good agreement between trial data and the predicted results demonstrates that the H-D hyperbolic model is appropriate for representing the DM-E of artificially structured loess. A three-dimensional model of the dynamic deformation characteristics and microstructure of artificial structural loess under dynamic loads was established. The findings can guide the study of the mechanical properties of loess under dynamic loading. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Building Vibration and Soil Dynamics—2nd Edition)

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30 pages, 1120 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Soft Skills for Teams in Public Linear Infrastructure: The Development of a Decision Support Tool

by Hollie K. Davies, John J. Posillico and David J. Edwards

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1197; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071197 - 5 Apr 2025

Viewed by 256

Abstract

Despite the plethora of digital and technological advances made in the construction industry over the past three decades, at its core, the sector remains human-centric. Consequently, this research investigates the core soft skills employed on public linear infrastructure (PLI) projects (during the construction [...] Read more.

Despite the plethora of digital and technological advances made in the construction industry over the past three decades, at its core, the sector remains human-centric. Consequently, this research investigates the core soft skills employed on public linear infrastructure (PLI) projects (during the construction phase) that are digitally enabled and concludes with the development of a decision support tool for PLI project team management. A mixed philosophical stance is implemented using interpretivism, postpositivism and grounded theory together with abductive reasoning to examine subject matter experts’ perceptions of the phenomena under investigation. Textual analysis is then utilised to formulate a decision support tool as a theoretical construct. The research findings demonstrate that communication, leadership and creativity/curiosity are the three main soft skills required of PLI projects. Furthermore, the key elements of a decision support tool—namely, trackable and measurable data, clear objectives and success criteria, and an easy-to-understand visual format—were identified. Such knowledge provides a strong base for building an emotionally intelligent project team. This research constitutes the first attempt to understand the essential soft skills required on PLI projects and, premised upon this, generate a decision support tool for project management in teams that helps to augment project performance through workforce investment via a learning organisation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Recent Studies and Innovative Approaches to Sustainable Communities, Buildings, Cities and Infrastructure)

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19 pages, 6114 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Alternative Modular Wooden System for Fast Assembly/Disassembly of Buildings

by Marco Bovo, Enrica Santolini and Alberto Barbaresi

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1196; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071196 - 5 Apr 2025

Viewed by 281

Abstract

Throughout human settlement history, the pursuit of durability has been a paramount objective in building construction. The emphasis on durability has resulted in the construction of buildings designed to outlast human lifespans. However, the lack of consideration for building demolition and disposal during [...] Read more.

Throughout human settlement history, the pursuit of durability has been a paramount objective in building construction. The emphasis on durability has resulted in the construction of buildings designed to outlast human lifespans. However, the lack of consideration for building demolition and disposal during the design and construction phases has created challenges for future generations. This oversight contributes to the environmental impact of structures after demolition, which is a significant concern given that the construction industry is a major contributor to energy consumption, CO₂ emissions, and solid waste production. In fact, in recent decades, there has been an increasing demand for temporary constructions, driven by factors such as migration phenomena, natural disasters, and the COVID-19 pandemic, but also in sectors like agriculture, where seasonality and annual variations in activities require adaptable structures such as warehouses, barns, livestock shelters, and food storage facilities. Unlike traditional constructions, these temporary buildings must be assembled and disassembled multiple times during their lifespan. The challenge lies in ensuring the structural integrity, adaptability to varying conditions, and compliance with specific requirements to extend their usability and postpone the disposal phase. This study focuses on the design of a novel type of temporary structures intended for temporary needs such as emergencies and planned agricultural activities, resulting in a European patent. The structure is based on a glulam frame inside two OSB panels—that work as structural bracing, creating a hollow, resistant, light structure—connected with external steel connections. This work reports results of mechanical simulations and thermal transmittance calculations. Specifically, it demonstrates the building maintains structural strength through multiple usages and its thermal characteristics can be easily adapted to the context. These are the first steps for a resilient and sustainable building. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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21 pages, 1672 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Efficiency, CO₂ Emission Reduction, and Real Estate Investment in Northern Europe: Trends and Impact on Sustainability

by Laima Okunevičiūtė Neverauskienė, Manuela Tvaronavičienė and Dominykas Linkevičius

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1195; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071195 - 5 Apr 2025

Viewed by 252

Abstract

Energy efficiency and CO₂ emission reduction are key objectives related to climate change mitigation, sustainable development, and energy resource management. In the Nordic context, energy consumption trends in both the residential and industrial sectors are closely linked to European Union policies, technological [...] Read more.

Energy efficiency and CO₂ emission reduction are key objectives related to climate change mitigation, sustainable development, and energy resource management. In the Nordic context, energy consumption trends in both the residential and industrial sectors are closely linked to European Union policies, technological innovation, and real estate investments. In recent decades, the development and renovation of the real estate sector has become one of the most important factors determining changes in energy consumption, especially in residential buildings, which remain among the largest energy consumers and polluters. In this context, countries’ efforts to reduce CO₂ emissions and increase energy efficiency are inseparable from the real estate sector’s contribution to these processes, by promoting investments in building modernization and energy-saving technologies. However, the real estate sector remains a complex area where economic interests need to be reconciled with environmental objectives, especially in the context of EU strategies such as the Renovation Wave and the Energy Efficiency Directive. This article examines the links between real estate investment, energy efficiency, and CO₂ emission reduction, based on quantitative analysis, to assess how the development of the real estate sector and EU policy measures affect sustainable development in Northern Europe. This study uses advanced quantitative methods, including a panel regression model, which helps better reveal the long-term dependencies between investment, energy consumption, and emissions dynamics. This article highlights the importance of the real estate sector in implementing sustainability policies and suggests strategic solutions that can help reconcile economic and environmental priorities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

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18 pages, 4307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Longitudinal Deformation of the Underlying Oblique Crossing Tunnel Induced by Foundation Excavation

by Yuhang Tang, Dazhi Wu, Peirui Cheng and Meiling Chen

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1194; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071194 - 5 Apr 2025

Viewed by 183

Abstract

Current research on analytical solutions for tunnel longitudinal deformation due to foundation pit excavation predominantly focuses on scenarios where the pit is perpendicular to the tunnel axis, with limited exploration of oblique intersection cases. This study employed the layer-wise summation method, grounded in [...] Read more.

Current research on analytical solutions for tunnel longitudinal deformation due to foundation pit excavation predominantly focuses on scenarios where the pit is perpendicular to the tunnel axis, with limited exploration of oblique intersection cases. This study employed the layer-wise summation method, grounded in the Mindlin solution, to determine the additional stress in the tunnel resulting from foundation pit excavation. The focus was on situations where the tunnel axis crosses the foundation pit axis at an oblique angle and where the tunnel is beneath the side wall of the foundation pit. A model was introduced to address the synchronized deformation of shield tunnel segment rings due to rotation and dislocation. A variational control equation, derived from the principle of minimum potential energy, evaluates longitudinal displacement, the ring-to-ring rotation angle, and tunnel dislocation. Two batches of engineering examples were assessed for the purposes of calculation and validation. The study reveals that the longitudinal deformation of tunnels intersecting at an oblique angle adheres to a Gaussian distribution and is asymmetrical relative to the center of the foundation pit excavation. In cases where the foundation pit and tunnel intersect obliquely, particularly when the tunnel is not directly below the pit, discrepancies between calculated and measured values can reach up to 5%. By contrast, not accounting for the oblique intersection can result in discrepancies of up to 300%. Therefore, the proposed method of calculation delivers a more accurate portrayal of the actual deformation behavior of tunnels in engineering practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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29 pages, 8860 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on Cement-Based Crack Injection Materials Using Reactive Ultra-Fine Fly Ash, Portland Cement (Type I), and Sulfoaluminate Cement

by Pei-Min Chuang, Wei-Chung Yeih, Ran Huang, Tai-An Chen and Jiang-Jhy Chang

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1193; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071193 - 5 Apr 2025

Viewed by 302

Abstract

The primary objective of this study is to determine appropriate mixes for cement-based crack injection materials by combining Portland cement (type I) and sulfoaluminate cement (SAC) with reactive ultra-fine fly ash (RUFA). Various weight percentages of SAC (W_SAC) and Portland cement [...] Read more.

The primary objective of this study is to determine appropriate mixes for cement-based crack injection materials by combining Portland cement (type I) and sulfoaluminate cement (SAC) with reactive ultra-fine fly ash (RUFA). Various weight percentages of SAC (W_SAC) and Portland cement (type I) (W_C) as binder materials were considered, while the weight percentage of RUFA (W_RUFA) in the binder was fixed at 5%. The usage of RUFA enhances the fluidity and strength of the paste, while SAC helps to mitigate shrinkage and improve early strength. The results indicate that the mixture with a water-to-binder ratio of 0.4, W_SAC = 75%, W_C = 20%, and W_RUFA = 5% can meet the requirements of relevant standards in terms of injectability, average splitting tensile strength, bleeding rate, and volume change. In addition, this mixture provides optimal performance in terms of setting time, compressive strength, slanted shear strength, and length change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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19 pages, 3153 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Whole-Building Life Cycle Assessment of the Four Framing Systems of the Bakers Place Building Using the Tally LCA Tool

by Nadia Zahabi, Hongmei Gu, Meng Gong and Janet Blackadar

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1192; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071192 - 5 Apr 2025

Viewed by 283

Abstract

The urgent need for climate change mitigation has increased the focus on reducing embodied carbon and energy, particularly in the construction sector. Utilizing sustainably sourced mass timber products provides a low-carbon alternative to traditional concrete and steel structural systems in buildings. These carbon [...] Read more.

The urgent need for climate change mitigation has increased the focus on reducing embodied carbon and energy, particularly in the construction sector. Utilizing sustainably sourced mass timber products provides a low-carbon alternative to traditional concrete and steel structural systems in buildings. These carbon impacts can be quantified by evaluating the total environmental impact of a building, from material extraction and product manufacturing to construction, operation, and demolition. This study evaluated the environmental impacts of a 14-storey mass timber–steel hybrid building in Madison, USA, through a Whole-Building Life Cycle Assessment (WBLCA) using the Tally LCA tool integrated with Autodesk Revit. The hybrid design was compared to full mass timber, full steel, and post-tensioned concrete structures, which are common structural systems for high-rise buildings, enabling meaningful comparisons of their environmental performance. The results showed that the full mass timber design had the lowest global warming potential (GWP), reducing emissions by 16% compared to the concrete structure. The hybrid design achieved a 14% reduction, with both timber-based systems demonstrating about 30% lower non-renewable energy use. In addition, they provided significant biogenic carbon storage during the building’s lifespan. However, the mass timber and hybrid systems showed higher impacts in categories such as acidification, eutrophication, ozone depletion, and smog formation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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21 pages, 5983 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Approach Design Inheriting Traditional Spatial Ambiguity: An Analysis of Arrangement and Composition in Takehara Yoshiji’s Independent Residential Works

by Luyang Li, Boyang Liu and Houjun Li

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1191; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071191 - 5 Apr 2025

Viewed by 265

Abstract

This study explores the design characteristics of approach spaces in architect Yoshiji Takehara’s independent residential works, focusing on their spatial arrangement, sinuosity, and experiential qualities. Through the analysis of Takehara’s projects and interviews with the architect, the research identifies key patterns in approach [...] Read more.

This study explores the design characteristics of approach spaces in architect Yoshiji Takehara’s independent residential works, focusing on their spatial arrangement, sinuosity, and experiential qualities. Through the analysis of Takehara’s projects and interviews with the architect, the research identifies key patterns in approach configurations, including entrance positioning, path complexity, and site-specific adaptations. The findings reveal that Takehara’s designs emphasize winding paths and deliberate spatial sequences, contrasting the simpler approaches of contemporaneous residential designs. The study categorizes approach configurations into distinct typologies, influenced by the site dimensions and entrance placement, and highlights a shift from physical obstructions to subtler, psychologically guided design elements over time. Takehara’s design method translates the concept of “Ma” from traditional tea gardens into the language of modern pathways, integrating traditional Japanese spatial ambiguity into contemporary residential design. This offers strategies to enhance spatial perception and experiential richness. Particularly in compact urban settings, the research provides valuable insights for contemporary residential design, emphasizing the importance of landscape-oriented approaches and spatial sequencing in creating meaningful entry experiences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human-Centric Space Design: Occupant Comfort, Wellbeing, and Post-occupancy Evaluation of Multi-Scale Built Environment)

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26 pages, 7941 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Edge-Computing-Driven Approach for Augmented Detection of Construction Materials: An Example of Scaffold Component Counting

by Xianzhong Zhao, Bo Cheng, Yujie Lu and Zhaoqi Huang

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1190; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071190 - 5 Apr 2025

Viewed by 173

Abstract

Construction material management is crucial for project progression. Counting massive amounts of scaffold components is a key step for efficient material management. However, traditional counting methods are time-consuming and laborious. Utilizing a vision-based method with edge devices for counting these materials undoubtedly offers [...] Read more.

Construction material management is crucial for project progression. Counting massive amounts of scaffold components is a key step for efficient material management. However, traditional counting methods are time-consuming and laborious. Utilizing a vision-based method with edge devices for counting these materials undoubtedly offers a promising solution. This study proposed an edge-computing-driven approach for detecting and counting scaffold components. Two algorithm refinements of YOLOX, including generalized intersection over union (GIoU) and soft non-maximum suppression (Soft-NMS), were introduced to enhance detection accuracy in conditions of occlusion. An automated pruning method was proposed to compress the model, achieving a 60.2% reduction in computation and a 9.1% increase in inference speed. Two practical case studies demonstrated that the method, when deployed on edge devices, achieved 98.9% accuracy and reduced time consumption for counting tasks by 87.9% compared to the conventional method. This research provides an edge-computing-driven framework for counting massive materials, establishing a comprehensive workflow for intelligent applications in construction management. The paper concludes with limitations of the current study and suggestions for future work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Intelligent Construction, Operation and Maintenance, 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 25714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Group Effect on In-Plane Shear Performance in Wooden Nail Connections

by Shuo Wang, Jingkang Lin, Baolei Jin, Fanxu Kong, Panpan Ma, Feibin Wang and Zeli Que

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1189; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071189 - 5 Apr 2025

Viewed by 224

Abstract

Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is ideal for tall timber structures but relies on environmentally concerning chemical adhesives. Nailed Cross-Laminated Timber (NCLT) offers a sustainable alternative by using densified wooden nails that form eco-friendly, adhesive-free bonds through lignin’s thermoplastic properties. However, significant uncertainties remain regarding [...] Read more.

Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is ideal for tall timber structures but relies on environmentally concerning chemical adhesives. Nailed Cross-Laminated Timber (NCLT) offers a sustainable alternative by using densified wooden nails that form eco-friendly, adhesive-free bonds through lignin’s thermoplastic properties. However, significant uncertainties remain regarding the synergistic effects of multiple wooden nails. To address this, this study systematically analyzed the impact of the group effect on the mechanical performance of wooden nail joints. The results show that within the elastic range, the number of wooden nails has no significant effect on the elastic behavior of a structure. However, it is significantly positively correlated with both the joint yield load and yield displacement, enabling the accurate prediction of the structural yield point based on the number of wooden nails. With consistent nail arrangements, the group effect coefficient for the load-bearing capacity remains highly stable and shows no significant correlation with the number of nails. Additionally, an increase in the number of wooden nails significantly enhances the deformation resistance and structural stiffness, while having a minimal impact on ductility. This study reveals the linear additive nature of the group effect in wooden nails, providing important theoretical support for the design of NCLT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Timber Building Design and Construction for a Sustainable Future)

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29 pages, 10470 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance-Based Design Assessment of a Chilean Prescriptive R.C. Shear Wall Building Using Nonlinear Static Analysis

by Mario Gutiérrez, Juan C. Vielma-Quintero, Jorge Carvallo and Juan C. Vielma

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1188; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071188 - 5 Apr 2025

Viewed by 172

Abstract

Performance-based seismic design (PBD) has emerged as a key approach for rationalizing prescriptive code provisions and improving the explicit assessment of structural performance. In Chile, where reinforced concrete shear wall buildings are the predominant structural typology, evaluating their seismic response beyond traditional linear [...] Read more.

Performance-based seismic design (PBD) has emerged as a key approach for rationalizing prescriptive code provisions and improving the explicit assessment of structural performance. In Chile, where reinforced concrete shear wall buildings are the predominant structural typology, evaluating their seismic response beyond traditional linear methodologies is crucial. This study assesses the seismic performance of a representative Chilean shear wall residential building using the ACHISINA manual’s performance-based seismic design framework. A nonlinear static (pushover) analysis is performed to verify compliance with prescribed design criteria, incorporating capacity design principles and a moment envelope approach to prevent premature yielding in upper stories. The results confirm that the building meets the performance objectives for both Immediate Occupancy and Additional Deformation Capacity limit states. The application of capacity design effectively controls shear demand, preventing brittle failure, while the flexural design ensures the formation of the yielding mechanism (plastic hinge) at the intended critical section. Additionally, the study highlights the limitations of pushover analysis in capturing higher-mode effects and recommends complementary nonlinear time-history analysis (NLTHA) for a more comprehensive assessment. The computed response reduction factors exceed those used in the prescriptive design, suggesting a conservatively safe approach in current Chilean practice. This research reinforces the need to integrate performance-based methodologies into Chilean seismic design regulations, particularly for shear wall structures. It provides valuable insights into the advantages and limitations of current design practices and proposes improvements for future applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Structural Techniques for Seismic and Wind Resilience: Innovations in Safety and Performance)

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19 pages, 6755 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Influence of Alfa Fiber Morphology on the Thermo-Mechanical Performance of Plaster-Based Composites and Exploring the Cost–Environmental Effects of Fiber Content

by Othmane Horma, Mohammed Drissi, Boutahar Laaouar, Sara El Hassani, Aboubakr El Hammouti and Ahmed Mezrhab

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1187; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071187 - 4 Apr 2025

Viewed by 168

Abstract

The construction industry’s escalating energy demands and greenhouse gas emissions underscore the need for sustainable, high-performance building materials. This study investigates the incorporation of locally sourced alfa fibers (AFs) into plaster-based composites to enhance thermal insulation, reduce environmental impact, and lower production costs. [...] Read more.

The construction industry’s escalating energy demands and greenhouse gas emissions underscore the need for sustainable, high-performance building materials. This study investigates the incorporation of locally sourced alfa fibers (AFs) into plaster-based composites to enhance thermal insulation, reduce environmental impact, and lower production costs. Three distinct AF morphologies—small (<5 mm), medium (10 ± 5 mm), and large (20 ± 5 mm)—were incorporated at fixed mass ratios, and their effects on key material properties were systematically evaluated. The results indicate that integrating AFs into plaster reduces composite density by up to 16.5%, improves thermal characteristics—lowering thermal conductivity and diffusivity by up to 52%—and diminishes both CO₂ emissions and production costs. The addition of fibers also enhances flexural strength (up to 40%) through a fiber bridging mechanism that mitigates crack propagation, although a general decline in compressive strength was observed. Notably, composites containing medium and large fibers achieved significantly lower densities (~1050 kg/m³) and superior thermal insulation (~0.25 W/mK) compared with those with small fibers, with the largest fibers delivering the greatest thermal performance at the expense of compressive strength. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of AF–plaster composites as environmentally responsible, high-performance building materials, while emphasizing the need to carefully balance mechanical trade-offs for structural applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Properties of Sustainable Composite Materials for Building Applications)

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35 pages, 16413 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Museum Environment Composition Containing Digital Media Interaction to Improve Communication Efficiency

by Lu Ai and Charanya Phaholthep

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1186; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071186 - 4 Apr 2025

Viewed by 342

Abstract

As a cultural tourism destination, museums offer opportunities for educational and exploratory experiences to all individuals. This aligns with the universal design, a concept including seven principles aimed at ensuring that everyone can equally enjoy visiting museums, facilities, and services. This paper aims [...] Read more.

As a cultural tourism destination, museums offer opportunities for educational and exploratory experiences to all individuals. This aligns with the universal design, a concept including seven principles aimed at ensuring that everyone can equally enjoy visiting museums, facilities, and services. This paper aims to develop a framework for assessing the impact of digital media interaction on the museum exhibition environment and on visitor behavior, employing universal design principles to enhance the efficiency of museum visits. Five museums, each representing different styles, were chosen as case studies from the newly constructed cultural tourism museums in China to achieve this research objective. Qualitative and quantitative data provide a detailed picture of each exhibition hall from the perspective of visitors and demonstrate the advantages of using the 7UD evaluation framework. The results of the environmental measurements demonstrate how the display environments of the five museums are constructed in different ways. The issues identified include the lack of specific guiding information or poor location of the digital media within the exhibition environment, obstacles in the main communication spaces, and overcrowding, which reduces the efficiency of visits. The results, based on the 7UD evaluation checklist, indicated that the environment, when combined with the digital media, which has more problems and barriers, and corresponds to lower 7UD scoring rates. The evaluation framework based on 7UD captures the visitors’ interactive behaviors with exhibits through detailed indicators and meticulous data collection. These findings identify issues and visiting obstacles present in the museum exhibition environment influenced by digital media and confirm that the seven principles of Universal Design can be applied to the hypothesized problems to find potential solutions. The results directly support the further development of the exhibition design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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20 pages, 9865 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Between Looms and Beds: Unveiling Transportation Challenges with a Radius-Led Mixed-Methods Approach in Informal Space Based on a Study Conducted in Guangzhou, China

by Wangwang Li, Haoxian Cai, Xiaodong Zheng and Wei Duan

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1185; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071185 - 4 Apr 2025

Viewed by 294

Abstract

We investigate the conflicts between formal and informal urban spaces and how formal urban policies’ neglect of informal needs exacerbates traffic chaos and segregation in East Asia, aiming to decipher the operational logic of informal transportation systems and their dynamic interactions with formal [...] Read more.

We investigate the conflicts between formal and informal urban spaces and how formal urban policies’ neglect of informal needs exacerbates traffic chaos and segregation in East Asia, aiming to decipher the operational logic of informal transportation systems and their dynamic interactions with formal urbanization processes. Focusing on Zhongda Textile City, we delve into the specific manifestation of these conflicts, which appear in four key aspects: (1) mismatch between urban planning and informal needs, (2) physical disconnection between formal and informal areas, (3) infrastructure projects occupying informal spaces, and (4) policy-making neglecting existing experiences. Using a mixed-method framework, we highlight the marginalization of informal spaces through their evolving relationship with formal systems and provide insights into urbanization strategies that account for these symbiotic yet contested dynamics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Urban and Regional Planning—2nd Edition)

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21 pages, 20193 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heat Transfer Analysis of Ventilated Photovoltaic Wall Panels with Curved Ribs for Different Parametric Cavity Structures

by Na Song, Xitong Xu, Yongxiao Zheng, Jikui Miao and Hongwen Yu

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1184; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071184 - 4 Apr 2025

Viewed by 208

Abstract

Photovoltaic (PV) wall panels are an integral part of Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) and have great potential for development. However, inadequate heat dissipation can reduce power generation efficiency. To reduce the temperature of photovoltaic wall panels and improve the photovoltaic conversion efficiency, this paper [...] Read more.

Photovoltaic (PV) wall panels are an integral part of Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) and have great potential for development. However, inadequate heat dissipation can reduce power generation efficiency. To reduce the temperature of photovoltaic wall panels and improve the photovoltaic conversion efficiency, this paper constructs a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical model of ventilated photovoltaic wall panels and verifies it, then simulates and analyzes the effects of three cavity structure forms on the thermal performance of photovoltaic wall panels and optimizes the dimensional parameters of the curved-ribbed cavity structure. The average surface temperatures of flat-plate, rectangular-ribbed, and arc-ribbed cavity structure PV wall panels were 59.42 °C, 57.56 °C, and 55.39 °C, respectively, under natural ventilation conditions. Among them, the arc-ribbed cavity structure PV wall panels have the best heat dissipation effect. Further studies have shown that the curvature, rib height, width, and spacing of the curved ribs significantly affect the heat dissipation performance of the photovoltaic panels. Compared to the flat-plate cavity structure, the parameter-optimized curved-rib cavity structure significantly reduces the average surface temperature of PV panels. As solar radiation intensity increases, the optimized structure’s heat dissipation effect strengthens, achieving a 6 °C temperature reduction at 1000 W/m² solar radiation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Solar Heating and Cooling)

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36 pages, 4396 KiB

Open AccessReview

Optimizing Energy Efficiency: Louver Systems for Sustainable Building Design

by Waseem Iqbal, Irfan Ullah, Asif Hussain, Meeryoung Cho, Jongbin Park, Keonwoo Lee and Seoyong Shin

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1183; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071183 - 3 Apr 2025

Viewed by 569

Abstract

As the global focus on sustainability intensifies, architects and engineers are increasingly seeking innovative passive strategies to improve building energy efficiency. Among these strategies, the strategic integration of louvers has garnered significant attention due to their potential to optimize building envelope performance and [...] Read more.

As the global focus on sustainability intensifies, architects and engineers are increasingly seeking innovative passive strategies to improve building energy efficiency. Among these strategies, the strategic integration of louvers has garnered significant attention due to their potential to optimize building envelope performance and reduce energy consumption. Louvers effectively manage solar heat gain, mitigating the impact of extreme temperatures on indoor spaces. Consequently, louvers reduce the reliance on active HVAC systems, leading to notable energy savings and a decreased carbon footprint. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the role of louvers in enhancing building energy efficiency, highlighting their designs, efficiency, and improvement suggestions. Moreover, this review article addresses potential challenges related to louver design, such as balancing the trade-off between solar heat gain and daylighting and how to optimize louver configurations for specific building types. Approaches to overcome these challenges, including advanced modeling techniques and parametric design, are also explored to assist architects and designers in achieving the most energy-efficient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Approaches to Climate-Responsive Building Design: Advancing Resilience and Sustainability in the Built Environment)

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15 pages, 4361 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From 2D to 3D Urban Analysis: An Adaptive Urban Zoning Framework That Takes Building Height into Account

by Tao Shen, Fulu Kong, Shuai Yuan, Xueying Wang, Di Sun and Zongshuo Ren

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1182; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071182 - 3 Apr 2025

Viewed by 250

Abstract

The vertical heterogeneous structures formed during the evolution of urban agglomerations, driven by globalization, pose challenges to traditional two-dimensional spatial analysis methods. This study addresses the vertical heterogeneity and spatial multiscale problem in three-dimensional urban space and proposes an adaptive framework that takes [...] Read more.

The vertical heterogeneous structures formed during the evolution of urban agglomerations, driven by globalization, pose challenges to traditional two-dimensional spatial analysis methods. This study addresses the vertical heterogeneity and spatial multiscale problem in three-dimensional urban space and proposes an adaptive framework that takes into account building height for multiscale clustering in urban areas. Firstly, we established a macro-, meso- and micro-level analysis system for the characteristics of urban spatial structures. Subsequently, we developed a parameter-adaptive model through a dynamic coupling mechanism of height thresholds and average elevations. Finally, we proposed a density-based clustering method that integrates the multiscale urban analysis with parameter adaptation to distinguish urban spatial features at different scales, thereby achieving multiscale urban regional delineation. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed clustering framework outperforms traditional density-based and hierarchical clustering algorithms in terms of both the Silhouette Coefficient and the Davies–Bouldin Index, effectively resolving the problem of vertical density variation in urban clustering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Digital City Planning)

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19 pages, 541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Receptiveness of Young Singaporeans Towards Smart Features in Public Residential Buildings (SPRBS): Drivers and Barriers

by Gao Shang, Low Sui Pheng and Kock Ho Ying

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1181; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071181 - 3 Apr 2025

Viewed by 155

Abstract

The development of smart and sustainable cities (SSCs) is a global focus to ensure cities remain resilient in a challenging environment. In Singapore, various initiatives have been introduced to maintain its competitiveness as an SSC. This study investigates the drivers and barriers affecting [...] Read more.

The development of smart and sustainable cities (SSCs) is a global focus to ensure cities remain resilient in a challenging environment. In Singapore, various initiatives have been introduced to maintain its competitiveness as an SSC. This study investigates the drivers and barriers affecting the receptiveness of young Singaporeans (aged 18 to 35) towards smart features in public residential buildings (SPRBs). Questionnaires were distributed to young Singaporeans, and 213 valid responses were collected over three months in 2023. It is worth noting over 40% of the respondents are 25 years old and below, classified as Generation Y. The results showed that among 80.3% of respondents who were familiar with SPRBs in Singapore, 68.1% of them either had a minimal or moderate understanding of SPRBs. The top five drivers were ease of access, safety-related factors, and psychological needs, while the top five barriers included cyberattacks, privacy and security concerns, overdependence, and task perception. Research findings have presented meaningful insights for relevant stakeholders to understand different perspectives of young Singaporeans arising from the implementation of SPRBs. It is hoped that public authorities will use this study to assess the feasibility of SPRBs and improve the concept to meet the evolving needs of future homebuyers in Singapore. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction Engineering)

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35 pages, 259443 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Topology Optimization as a Tool for the Design of Bracing Systems of High-Rise Buildings

by Paulo Ulisses da Silva, Gustavo Bono and Marcelo Greco

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1180; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071180 - 3 Apr 2025

Viewed by 179

Abstract

This study examines the impact of surrounding buildings and wind incidence angles on the aerodynamic loads of a high-rise building with a 1:1 base–edges and a 1:6 base–height ratio. CFD simulations were conducted using OpenFOAM with the classic RANS

k - ϵ

turbulence [...] Read more.

This study examines the impact of surrounding buildings and wind incidence angles on the aerodynamic loads of a high-rise building with a 1:1 base–edges and a 1:6 base–height ratio. CFD simulations were conducted using OpenFOAM with the classic RANS

k - ϵ

turbulence model, validated against experimental data from Tokyo Polytechnic University. The aerodynamic coefficients were analyzed for wind angles of

θ

= 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45°, varying with the adjacent building height. Additionally, topology optimization via the Bi-directional Evolutionary Structural Optimization (BESO) method was applied to determine the optimal bracing system under wind-induced loads. The results indicate that surrounding buildings significantly modify the aerodynamic response, particularly for asymmetric wind angles, where torsional effects become more pronounced. A shielding effect was observed, reducing drag and base moment but with a lesser influence on lift. The topology optimization results show that material distribution is directly influenced by aerodynamic coefficients, with “X” bracing patterns in case of low torsion and an additional member when torsional effects increase. This study highlights the importance of wind engineering in high-rise structural design and urban planning, emphasizing the necessity of specific wind assessments for accurate load predictions in dense urban environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Rise Building Design: Phenomena and Analyses Involved)

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27 pages, 8505 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Damage Detection Based on Sparrow Search Algorithm

by Ziyan Ma, Xi Peng, Fengjiang Qin, Qiuwei Yang and Bin Xu

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1179; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071179 - 3 Apr 2025

Viewed by 159

Abstract

Vibration modal parameters are widely used in structural damage identification due to their ease of measurement, facilitating rapid structural damage assessment in engineering practice. However, traditional vibration-based methods impose stringent requirements on data volume and accuracy, leaving room for improvement in computational efficiency [...] Read more.

Vibration modal parameters are widely used in structural damage identification due to their ease of measurement, facilitating rapid structural damage assessment in engineering practice. However, traditional vibration-based methods impose stringent requirements on data volume and accuracy, leaving room for improvement in computational efficiency and precision. To address this issue, a damage identification method combining the Sparrow Search Algorithm (SSA) and natural frequency sensitivity analysis is proposed. This method employs the SSA to solve the linear equations of frequency sensitivity to obtain structural damage parameters, thereby enabling structural damage assessment. The advantages of the proposed method are as follows: firstly, the SSA, compared to other swarm intelligence algorithms, can more accurately solve for damage parameters; secondly, sensitivity analysis is used to predefine the search area, thereby enhancing computational efficiency; furthermore, a conversion formula is applied to enhance computational accuracy in cases of significant damage. Three numerical cases and two experimental examples are used to validate the proposed algorithm, which is also compared with other swarm intelligence algorithms. The research results indicate that this method has significant advantages in locating damage and accurately assessing damage severity, with minimal misjudgment of undamaged units. The calculated damage parameters are closer to the true values compared to those obtained by other methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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31 pages, 4226 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Raster Image-Based House-Type Recognition and Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Technology

by Jianbo Chang, Yunlei Lv, Jian Wang, Hao Pang and Yaqiu Liu

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1178; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071178 - 3 Apr 2025

Viewed by 287

Abstract

The automatic identification and three-dimensional reconstruction of house plans has emerged as a significant research direction in intelligent building and smart city applications. Three-dimensional models reconstructed from two-dimensional floor plans provide more intuitive visualization for building safety assessments and spatial suitability evaluations. To [...] Read more.

The automatic identification and three-dimensional reconstruction of house plans has emerged as a significant research direction in intelligent building and smart city applications. Three-dimensional models reconstructed from two-dimensional floor plans provide more intuitive visualization for building safety assessments and spatial suitability evaluations. To address the limitations of existing public datasets—including low quality, inaccurate annotations, and poor alignment with residential architecture characteristics—this study constructs a high-quality vector dataset of raster house plans. We collected and meticulously annotated over 5000 high-quality floor plans representative of urban housing typologies, covering the majority of common residential layouts in the region. For architectural element recognition, we propose a key point-based detection approach for walls, doors, windows, and scale indicators. To improve wall localization accuracy, we introduce CPN-Floor, a method that achieves precise key point detection of house plan primitives. By generating and filtering candidate primitives through axial alignment rules and geometric constraints, followed by post-processing to refine the positions of walls, doors, and windows, our approach achieves over 87% precision and 88% recall, with positional errors within 1% of the floor plan’s dimensions. Scale recognition combines YOLOv8 with Shi–Tomasi corner detection to identify measurement endpoints, while leveraging the pre-trained multimodal OFA-OCR model for digital character recognition. This integrated solution achieves scale calculation accuracy exceeding 95%. We design and implement a house model recognition and 3D reconstruction system based on the WebGL framework and use the front-end MVC design pattern to interact with the data and views of the house model. We also develop a high-performance house model recognition and reconstruction system to support the rendering of reconstructed walls, doors, and windows; user interaction with the reconstructed house model; and the history of the house model operations, such as forward and backward functions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Information Technology in Building Construction Management)

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